Seed and Soil Provenance in the Production and Survival of Melanoxylon brauna Seedlings

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Seed propagation faces limitations associated with the difficulty of obtaining viable seeds and high seedling mortality in nurseries during large-scale production. This study aimed to evaluate the survival, morphophysiological, and biochemical growth of M. brauna seedlings from seeds collected in two locations and grown under different soil and substrate combinations. Soils collected near parent trees of M. brauna (100%) promoted the highest seedling survival rates, with 97.5% for treatments 3 and 10, respectively, and showed superior seedling quality index, regardless of seed origin. These soils also contained the highest number of fungal spores and three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species: Glomus macrocarpum Tul. & Tul., Sclerocystis spp., and Gigaspora spp. The results demonstrate that soils from areas near parent trees are the most suitable for seedling production, independent of the site of soil or seed collection. Furthermore, the natural presence of AMF in these soils plays a crucial role in improving survival and quality, reinforcing their importance in establishing efficient strategies for the conservation and propagation of this endangered species. Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Biological sciences/Plant sciences braúna seminiferous propagation organic substrate biochemistry mycorrhizal fungi Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction Melanoxylon brauna Schott., belonging to the Fabaceae family, is a species native to the Atlantic Forest and popularly known as brauna. Its distribution is mainly in the northeast and southeast regions of Brazil 1 . The wood of this species is recognized for its remarkable properties, such as an average density of 1.05 g cm − ³, high quality, durability, and mechanical resistance 2 . Due to its highly desirable characteristics, its wood has been extensively exploited in the past for construction building, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of poles and furniture 3 . Given the remarkable quality of M. brauna wood, the economic value attached to this material is high, which has led to the intense exploitation of this species and its inclusion on the Brazilian List of Endangered Species as vulnerable 4 . One alternative to reduce predatory exploitation of this species is to encourage its commercial propagation 5 . However, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the seedling production process of M. brauna . Brauna, like most native species, is predominantly propagated by seeds 6 . However, the seed propagation of M . brauna is hampered by the difficulty in locating the parent trees, the viability of the seeds which have their endosperm consumed by borer insects, as well as their storage 7 , 8 . In addition, large-scale seedling production is another obstacle, as the seedlings do not establish themselves in any type of soil or commercial substrate and die after reaching approximately 7 cm in length. Genetic variability associated with seed propagation can also influence the results of seedling production. This is because seedlings produced from seeds of the same species, but from different individuals, can show genetic variation within the same specific trait 9 . Moreover, individuals of the same species grown in different locations can undergo phenotypic adaptations in response to site-specific conditions such as temperature, light and rainfall 10 . The phenotypic adaptations that can affect plants are the result of intrinsic plasticity. Because of this plasticity, plants can withstand and adapt to stressful environments. Among the adaptations that can be induced under these conditions are biochemical and physiological changes, which are triggered by changes in the pattern of transcripts and the proteins associated with them 11 . Biochemical changes, specifically, reflect modifications in the levels of different plant constituents, such as lipids, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, starch and fibers 12 . Besides the previously mentioned obstacles, the type of soil and/or substrate used for seedling production is one of the limiting factors for the effectiveness of this process 13 . An ideal substrate must maintain its physical integrity during plant growth, as well as providing water, nutrients and gas exchange 14 . Soils must exhibit these same characteristics to allow plant growth, however; in addition to similar structures, such as generally abundant nutrients found in commercial substrates 15 , soils contain symbiotic microorganisms that can be essential for the growth of different species 16 . Among the symbiotic microorganisms are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These fungi are found in the topsoil (0–20 cm) and occupy a vast area due to their dense network of mycelia 17 . The main AMFs belong to the phylum Glomeromycota 18 . In general, AMFs are associated with the roots of most terrestrial plants and help in the absorption and utilization of nutrients 19 . In addition to aiding plants nutritionally, AMFs can provide other benefits, such as protecting them from salt stress, drought, pathogens, mitigating contamination by heavy metals 19 , and helping to regulate water absorption by these individuals 17 . Therefore, in general, AMFs can help seedlings grow. However, these effects do not occur in a similar way for all plants, making it necessary to understand more precisely the physiology and function of these fungi for different crops 18 . Considering this information, it is believed that the survival rate of M. brauna differs depending on the origin of the seeds and is reduced when grown in commercial substrates, since these may not contain AMFs. Thus, this study aimed to assess the survival and morphophysiological and biochemical growth of M. brauna from seeds collected in two different locations and cultivated in different combinations of soils and substrates. Material and Methods The seeds and soil near the M. brauna parent trees were collected from two locations, Laranja da Terra (19°52'44.6“S 40°56'50.6”W) (natural forest area - forest remnant) and Jerônimo Monteiro (20°46'26.93“S 41°23'53.00”O) (conducted planting), both towns in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The soil near the trees was collected with a mattock at a distance of 30 cm from the main stem, at a depth of 20–40 cm and transported to the forest nursery in plastic bags, where the treatments were prepared. The seeds were pre-germinated in a Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) regulated at 25°C and within a 12-hour photoperiod. After the primary roots had protruded, they were transferred to 280 cm³ tubes filled with different concentrations of soil and substrate, which gave rise to the treatments (Table 1 ). Table 1 Composition of soils and substrate, and the location of seed and soil used in the production of M. brauna seedlings Treatments Substrate composition Location Seeds Soil 1 Organic substrate LT * -- 2 Subsoil LT - 3 Soil near the parent tree with root (100%) LT JM 4 Sand (49.5%) + soil near the mother tree with roots (49.5%) + ground ** branches (1%) LT JM 5 Sand (33%) + subsoil (33%) + soil near the mother tree with roots (33%) + crushed branches (1%) LT JM 6 Sand (33%) + subsoil (32%) + soil near the mother tree with roots (33%) + crushed branches (2%) LT JM 7 Sand (33%) + subsoil (30%) + soil near the mother tree with roots (33%) + crushed branches (4%) LT JM 8 Organic substrate JM -- 9 Subsoil JM -- 10 Soil near the mother tree with root (100%) JM LT 11 Sand (49,5%) + soil near the mother tree with roots (49,5%) + crushed branches (1%) JM LT 12 Sand (33%) + subsoil (33%) + soil near the mother tree with roots (33%) + crushed branches (1%) JM LT 13 Sand (33%) + subsoil (32%) + soil near the mother tree with roots (33%) + crushed branches (2%) JM LT 14 Sand (33%) + subsoil (30%) + soil near the mother tree with roots (33%) + crushed branches (4%) JM LT * LT: Laranja da Terra town, ES; JM: Jerônimo Monteiro town, ES. ** The crushed branches were ground in a Wiley-Tecnal® mill. The following materials were used as raw materials for preparation of the treatments: commercial organic substrate Tropstrato® (pine bark, vermiculite, PG Mix 14-16-18, potassium nitrate, simple superphosphate and peat); parent tree soil (soil collected near the parent tree with the presence of fine M. brauna roots); sand (autoclaved at 121°C, 1 atm for 30 minutes); branches (branches of the parent tree ground in a Wiley-Tecnal® mill); and subsurface soil samples (passed through 2 mm sieves) (Table 1 ). After being placed in the tubes, the pre-germinated seeds were kept in the greenhouse. The tubes were positioned on suspended iron benches (12 m x 0.64 m) 80 cm above the ground. The greenhouse was covered with 150 µm plastic film and the sides were covered with an anti-aphid screen. Seedlings from any of the treatments were irrigated manually whenever necessary. Seedling growth The first assessment of the seedlings was carried out 40 days after sowing, analyzing the shoot length (cm), collar diameter (mm), the ratio of the shoot to collar diameter and the number of leaves. The final evaluation was carried out 150 days after the experiment was set up, where the following variables were analyzed: survival (%), shoot length (cm), shoot growth rate (cm) (shoot growth rate = C 150 -C 40 , where: C 150 is the shoot length at 150 days; C 40 is the shoot length at 40 days), collar diameter (mm), collar diameter growth rate (mm) (collar diameter growth rate = D 150 -D 40 , where: D 150 is the collar diameter at 150 days; D 40 is the collar diameter at 40 days), number of leaves, root length (cm), shoot/collar diameter ratio, dry matter of the shoot (g) and dry matter of the roots (g). And finally, the Dickson quality index (DQI) using the equation DQI = TDM/((SH/D)+(DMS/DMR)), where: TDM: total dry matter of the plant, SH: shoot height, D: collar diameter, DMS: dry matter of the shoot, DMR: dry matter of the roots 20 . The dry matter of the shoot and the root were obtained by drying in a forced air circulation oven, maintained at approximately 60 ºC until stabilization and quantified using an electronic analytical balance (0.0001 g). Chlorophyll index a and b and chlorophyll fluorescence a Two evaluations were conducted. The first at 40 days after the experiment was set up, and the final at 150 days. The chlorophyll indices a and b were measured using Clorofilog® at 9 a.m. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F v /F m ) was measured using a fluorimeter (FMS2, Hansatech, Norfolk, UK). Before taking the measurements, the leaves were kept in the dark for 30 minutes using tweezers. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II was obtained using the equation F v /F m =(F m -F 0 )/F m 21 . Biochemistry in seedlings Samples of the shoot and root of the seedlings from each treatment were kept in an oven at 45°C and then grinded. The extraction was carried out according to Bligh and Dyer 22 using 0.250 g of material, with four replicates for each treatment, initially extracted in an ethanolic series (98, 80, and 50%) and then in chloroform. For this extraction, the samples had to be kept in a water bath at 80°C for 20 minutes and then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, resulting in a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic liquid phase. The precipitated hydrophobic part of the extraction was used to measure the lipid content. The total soluble sugar content was measured by adding 80% ethanol and 0.2% anthrone to the hydrophilic solution, then placing the samples in a water bath at 100°C for 15 minutes and reading them on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 620 nm. For the analysis of the total soluble phenols, the Folin-Ciocalteau 10% and sodium carbonate 4% reagents were used, keeping the samples in a dark chamber for 30 minutes for reading on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 760 nm. The protein content was analyzed by adding 0.2 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) to the remaining pellet from the initial extraction, then placing it in a water bath at 75°C for 2 hours, followed by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes to remove the supernatant. The extract was then diluted in 0.2 M KOH and Bradford solution, leaving the samples to stand for 10 minutes. Readings were taken on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 595 nm. The starch was quantified by adding 3% hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the pellet obtained from the protein extraction, requiring the samples to be incubated in a dark chamber for three hours. After incubation, the samples were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was used for spectrophotometric readings at a wavelength of 620 nm. In turn, the fiber content was calculated by drying the pellet resulting from the starch extraction in an oven at 60°C until constant weight. Physical, chemical and basal respiration analysis of substrates The substrate samples from the different treatments used in the development of M. brauna seedlings were dried and sieved (2 mm mesh). Soil pH was measured in a 1:2.5 (soil:water) suspension. To determine the exchangeable Ca, Mg and Al contents, 10 cm 3 of soil was mixed with 100 mL KCl 1 M), followed by shaking and resting for 16 h. Then, 0.5 mL of extract was mixed with 10 mL of SrCl 2 to determine the exchangeable Ca and Mg contents, using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. To quantify Al, three drops of bromothymol blue indicator (1%) were added to the extract (25 mL) and titrated with NaOH (0.025 M). To determine H + Al, 5 cm 3 of soil was mixed with 75 mL of calcium acetate (0.5 M, pH 7.0), followed by shaking and 16 h of rest. Subsequently, two drops of phenolphthalein were added to 25 mL of extract, which was titrated with NaOH (0.025 M). For the extraction of P, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, 10 cm 3 of soil was mixed with 100 mL of Mehlich − 1 extracting solution (HCl 0.05 M, H 2 SO 4 0.0125 M), shaken and left to rest for 16 h. Na and K were quantified by flame photometer. To determine the P content, 5 mL of extract was mixed with 5 mL of working reagent (200 mL of 725 solution, 1.6 g of ascorbic acid, distilled water for 1000 mL) and determination was made by colorimetry (wavelength 725 nm). Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were analyzed directly from the extract using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Organic matter (OM), expressed in dag kg − 1 , was quantified by wet carbon oxidation with potassium dichromate in an acidic medium 23 . The physical analysis of the soil (particle size analysis) was in accordance with Embrapa 24 and IAC - Technical Bulletin 106 25 . Basal soil respiration was quantified from 100 g of soil, incubated for 168 h in a closed system, with the C-CO 2 captured in a 0.5 N sodium hydroxide solution. Barium chloride (50%) was subsequently added. and phenolphthalein to the solution, followed by titration with 0.5 N HCl 26 . C-CO 2 (mg kg − 1 h − 1 ) was determined according to Stotzky 27 . Mycorrhizal colonization After the collection, the soil samples were packed in plastic bags and sent to the laboratory, where they were sieved (2 mm mesh). The soil was stored in a refrigerator at 4 ºC for later extraction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores, determination of the number of spores and identification of the AMF species. The AMF spores were extracted according to Gerdemann and Nicolson 28 , followed by centrifugation in water and sucrose (45%). The spores were counted and then separated according to their morphological characteristics of color and size and stored frozen at -20 ºC in 2 mL Eppendorf tubes. The spores from each Eppendorf tube were poured into a Petri dish and divided into two groups, which were transferred to spots on a glass slide for microscopy using a Pasteur pipette. In this case, one group was fixed with PVLG (polyvinyl alcohol-lactoglycerol) and the other with PVLG + Melzer's reagent (1:1) 29 . The spores fixed with PVLG + Melzer's reagent was subjected to a small amount of pressure on the coverslip to break down the walls, which allowed the internal walls to be stained, serving as an identification parameter. After the assemblage, the slides were kept at room temperature for initial drying and then taken to the oven (± 40 ºC) for complete drying of the PVLG. The AMFs were identified at Embrapa Agrobiologia using an optical microscope (Leica® DM750) equipped with a micrometric eyepiece. The Schenck and Pérez 30 manual, original articles describing the species and characterizations of the species provided on the website of the “International Culture Collection of Arbuscular and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi” 31 were used to support the identification work. Statistical analysis The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, consisting of fourteen treatments (substrate compositions) with four replicates of 15 seedlings each (Table 1 ). The data was subjected to an analysis of variance and F test ( p < 0.05 ), compared using the Scott-Knott average grouping test (p < 0.05 ) and Pearson's correlation to compare the parameters. All statistical analyses were carried out using the R statistical program 32 . Results Forty days after transplanting the M. brauna seedlings, there was a significant difference in all the growth variables analyzed (Fig. 1 ). The shoot showed superior growth in treatment 5 and no statistical difference in relation to treatment 12, with both having similar proportions of soil (sand (33%) + subsoil (33%) + soil close to the parent tree with roots (33%) + crushed branches (1%)), varying the origin of the parent tree soil and the seed. This is also the case in treatments 1 and 8, in which the shoot length is statistically the same, and in both treatments organic substrate was used, with only the origin of the seeds varying, one being from Laranja da Terra (treatment 1) and the other from Jerônimo Monteiro (treatment 8) (Fig. 1 a). For the diameter of the collar, treatment 3 was statistically superior to the others tested; it used 100% soil from the LT parent tree and JM seeds. Alternatively, with the use of the organic substrate, the smallest diameters were obtained in treatments 1 and 8 (Fig. 1 b). The organic substrate was statistically superior in both the shoot/collar diameter ratio and the number of leaves, in seeds harvested from LT and JM, respectively (Fig. 1 c, d, respectively). The SPAD index and chlorophyll a, b at 40 days were statistically higher in treatment 10 (Fig. 2 a, b, c, respectively). While the F v /F m ratio (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II) was statistically higher in both treatments that used 100% soil from the parent tree (3 and 10), regardless of its origin (Fig. 2 d). The highest survival rate (97.50%) of M. brauna seedlings occurred in treatments 3 and 10. After 50 days from sowing, the seedlings from treatments 1 and 8 grown in organic substrate began to show drying and abscission, and by 60 days all the seedlings from these treatments had died (Fig. 3 a). The shoot variable was higher in treatments 5, 12 and 13, with 5 and 12 being similar in proportions and differing only in seed origin and parent tree soil (Fig. 3 b). As for the collar diameter and root length, they were statistically higher in the treatments with 100% soil from the parent tree (treatments 3 and 10) (Fig. 3 d, g). The number of leaves was also higher in treatment 3, as was in treatment 6 (Fig. 3 f). The dry matter of the shoot and of the root were statistically higher in treatment 3, in which 100% of the soil from the JM parent tree was used with the LT seeds (Fig. 3 i, j, respectively). The quality of the seedlings measured by the Dickson quality index (DQI) was also higher in treatments 3 and 10 (Fig. 3 k). The SPAD index, the chlorophyll b index and the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II were statistically higher in treatment 10, where 100% soil from the M. brauna parent tree was used (Fig. 4 ). In the biochemical analysis of the M. brauna seedlings at 150 days, it was observed that, in the different treatments, the shoot showed higher averages when compared to the root (Figs. 5 and 6 ). Lipids, proteins and starch in the shoot of LT and JM seedlings were statistically higher in treatment 10 (Fig. 5 a, d, e) and phenols were higher in treatment 3 (Fig. 5 c), where 100% of the parent tree soil was used. In the roots of M. brauna seedlings, lipids in treatment 12 were statistically superior to the others, with an average of 35.49% (Fig. 6 a). For carbohydrates and phenols, treatment 10 showed the highest averages, 44.90 and 4.11 mg g − 1 respectively (Fig. 6 b, c). Treatments 1 and 8 (organic substrate) presented statistically higher values ​​for the nutrients P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Zn, B and Na, in addition to higher concentrations of organic matter (OM) and higher soil basal respiration rate (SBR) (Table 2 ). However, the survival of M. brauna seedlings was higher in treatments 3 and 10, whose pH values ranged from 6.5 to 4,6, respectively (Fig. 3 ). These results indicate that seedling survival is not directly related to the amount of nutrients present in the soil in which they developed. Table 2 Chemical and physical characterization of the soil/substrates for the different treatments T P K S Ca Mg Al H + Al RBS mg dm − 3 cmolc dm − 3 C-CO 2 mg kg − 1 h − 1 1 and 8 197.5 a 547.5 a 201.0 a 8.7 a 2.5 a 0.0 f 3.7 c 0.635 a 2 and 9 7.8 b 40.0 c 20.3 b 2.7 c 0.6 b 0.0 f 1.6 f 0.326 b 3 7.5 b 55.0 b 13.0 c 3.4 b 0.5 c 0.0 f 1.9 f 0.313 b 4 4.3 d 28.8 c 13.3 c 1.4 e 0.3 d 0.0 f 1.7 f 0.296 b 5 7.0 b 33.3 c 17.3 b 1.8 d 0.4 d 0.0 f 1.8 f 0.300 b 6 8.5 b 39.0 c 13.5 c 1.5 e 0.4 d 0.0 f 2.0 e 0.314 b 7 7.3 b 44.5 b 11.5 c 1.5 e 0.5 c 0.0 f 2.1 e 0.307 b 10 2.8 d 34.3 c 6.3 c 0.4 h 0.2 e 1.0 a 6.6 a 0.326 b 11 4.0 d 33.8 c 9.5 c 0.6 h 0.3 e 0.7 b 5.5 b 0.295 b 12 5.3 c 40.8 c 12.3 c 0.9 g 0.5 c 0.5 c 3.6 c 0.296 b 13 5.8 c 50.3 b 11.8 c 1.1 f 0.4 d 0.4 d 2.8 d 0.303 b 14 5.8 c 50.0 b 11.3 c 1.2 f 0.2 e 0.3 e 2.2 e 0.294 b T pH OM Fe Zn Cu Mn B dag kg − 1 mg dm − 3 1 and 8 5.8 b 15.8 a 113.5 h 7.1 a 0.6 a 79.8 b 0.7 a 2 and 9 6.3 a 0.5 e 37.0 j 2.2 e 0.2 c 29.0 h 0.2 f 3 6.5 a 2.2 c 183.5 b 0.6 g 0.3 c 37.3 g 0.2 f 4 5.7 b 1.1 d 221.5 a 0.8 g 0.3 b 89.0 a 0.2 f 5 5.7 b 1.0 d 124.0 g 0.7 g 0.7 a 62.0 d 0.1 g 6 5.7 b 1.3 d 167.0 c 1.1 f 0.3 c 87.5 a 0.2 f 7 5.7 b 1.6 d 163.0 d 1.0 f 0.4 b 86.5 a 0.2 f 10 4.6 d 3.1 b 3.2 k 4.8 b 0.0 d 68.5 c 0.5 b 11 4.8 d 2.8 b 89.3 i 4.2 c 0.1 d 63.1 d 0.4 c 12 5.3 c 2.1 c 122.3 g 3.3 d 0.2 c 52.8 e 0.4 d 13 5.5 c 1.5 d 136.3 f 1.3 f 0.3 c 43.9 f 0.3 e 14 5.5 c 1.5 d 140.3 e 1.2 f 0.2 c 44.5 f 0.3 e T Na SB t T Sand Silt Clay mg dm − 3 cmolc dm − 3 g kg − 1 1 and 8 46.8 a 13.0 a 13.0 a 16.5 a 408.5 h 536.5 a 65.0 e 2 and 9 16.0 e 3.6 c 3.5 c 5.1 d 382.5 i 351.5 b 275.0 a 3 7.5 f 4.1 b 4.1 b 6.3 c 727.0 b 96.8 e 210.0 b 4 4.8 g 1.7 e 1.7 d 3.6 f 758.0 a 111.0 e 138.8 d 5 20.3 c 2.2 d 2.2 d 4.1 f 660.0 e 162.5 c 170.0 c 6 10.8 f 2.0 d 2.0 d 4.0 f 675.5 d 135.5 d 182.5 c 7 9.3 f 2.0 d 2.0 d 3.9 f 656.0 e 157.5 c 220.0 b 10 18.5 d 0.8 g 1.8 d 7.4 b 584.0 g 132.5 d 275.0 a 11 20.3 c 0.9 g 1.6 d 6.4 c 586.0 g 129.8 d 229.8 b 12 21.5 c 1.3 f 1.8 d 5.1 d 624.5 f 122.8 d 190.8 c 13 23.3 b 1.6 e 1.7 d 4.3 e 708.0 c 124.5 d 170.0 c 14 24.0 b 1.7 e 1.8 d 4.4 d 701.8 c 120.0 d 176.8 c 1 Averages followed by the same letter in the column within each variable, among the different treatments, belong to the same group of means, according to the Scott-Knott test ( p < 0.05 ). SB. Sum of bases; t. effective CTC; T. CTC at pH 7; RBS. Basal soil respiration. In the mycorrhizal analysis, it was noted that the number of spores was statistically higher in the soil near the M. brauna parent tree (Fig. 7 ) regardless of its origin, whether from LT or JM. It is important to note that the soil from the other treatments did not show any fungal spores (Table 3 ). Table 3 Number of spores from the different treatments regardless of the origin of the soil and the Melanoxylon brauna seeds Treatments Number of spores Organic substrate 0 b 1 Subsoil 0 b Rooted matrix soil 29 a Mixture 0 b ¹Averages followed by the same letter in the column within each variable, between the different treatments, do not differ by the Tukey test ( p < 0.05 ). *Sand (33%) + subsoil (32%) + soil near the parent tree with roots (33%) + crushed branches (2%). Fungal spores of Glomus macrocarpum , Sclerocytis spp., Gigaspora spp. were detected in the soil of the brauna parent tree with the presence of roots (Fig. 8 ). The presence of these mycorrhizal fungi in the soil influenced the quality of the M. brauna seedlings. Survival, shoot and root length, collar diameter and number of leaves showed a strong positive correlation with the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, F v /F m , (0.88; 0.90; 0.96; 0.92; 0.95, respectively), with an increase in F v /F m also resulting in an increase in these variables, indicating a strong interaction between physiological and morphological variables (Fig. 8 ). The integration of variables highlights how the conditions of the source soil influence the metabolism and physiological and morphological performance of M. brauna seedlings (Fig. 9 ). The soils from the mother trees (T3 and T10) differed from commercial substrates primarily in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores (29 spores per 100 g⁻¹) and chemical differences (pH, OM, RBS), resulting in plants with high photosynthetic performance (Fv/Fm) and vigor (DQI and reserves) (Fig. 9 ). Seedlings grown in soil close to the M. brauna matrix, regardless of location (treatments 3 and 10), showed a high DQI, with more expanded and greener leaves. However, the seedlings in the organic substrate began to show drying of the stem apex and leaf tips after 40 days, leading to the death of the plants after 60 days of the experiment (Fig. 9 ). Discussion The results suggest a specific interaction between the parent tree soil and the performance of M. brauna seedlings. This interaction can occur due to the characteristics of the rhizosphere, a region of the soil that surrounds the roots, where there can be associations caused by root exudations with microorganisms 35 . Many soil microorganisms have coevolved with plants, spending part of their life cycle interacting with the roots 36 . This complex interaction between plants and microorganisms can have a significant impact on the growth and health of M. brauna seedlings. The use of 100% of the soil from the M. brauna parent tree (treatments 3 and 10) resulted in greater survival, collar diameters, root length and Dickson quality indices (DQI) compared to the other treatments (Fig. 3 k). The DQI is a solid metric with proven scientific application in the selection of high-quality seedlings in various plant species 20 , 37 . Physical and biological interaction studies reveal an interconnected cycle between plants and soil microorganisms, initiated by the release of organic carbon by the roots, a process known as rhizodeposition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase rhizodeposition and promote the decomposition of soil organic matter 38 . Carbon stimulates the activity of soil microorganisms, leading to the production of molecular signals such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonates and salicylates, which are recognized by receptors in plant roots. These molecules interact with hormonal signaling pathways, influencing plant development and triggering immune responses. This interaction is fundamental for plant nutrition and ecological balance 39 , 40 . Despite the increase in seedling growth in the early stages being facilitated by the use of organic substrates, as evidenced by variables such as the highest number of leaves (treatment 8) and the highest ratio of shoot length to collar diameter (treatment 1) (Fig. 1 c, d), the use of organic substrate in treatments 1 and 8 resulted in the death of the seedlings 60 days after the start of the experiment (Fig. 3 a). Plants undergo various changes in their development processes in response to soil microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal bacteria (AMB), which are known to promote plant growth in natural soils 41 . The biochemical analyses of the M. brauna seedlings revealed significant differences between the treatments, both in the shoot and in the root. Treatment 10 (soil near the Laranja da Terra parent tree and Jerônimo Monteiro seeds) showed a higher concentration of lipids, proteins and starch in the shoot (Fig. 5 a, d, e), demonstrating that these are favorable conditions for the accumulation of these essential compounds for plant growth and development. Other studies on forest species have also shown that microorganisms can improve physiological performance and promote plant growth 42 , 43 . In addition, AMFs and rhizobacteria improve the absorption of nutrients by plants, resulting in a higher total content of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and starch in seeds, and the inoculation of these microorganisms optimized soil fertilization by 25% 44 . However, the predominance of phenols in treatment 3 (Fig. 5 c) may indicate a plant defense response to adverse conditions, such as abiotic stress or the presence of pathogens 45 . In the root, treatment 12 stood out for its high concentration of lipids, while treatment 10 showed higher levels of carbohydrates and phenols (Fig. 5 b, c). These differences reflect the complexity of the interactions between plants and the environment, highlighting the importance of considering multiple biochemical parameters to fully understand the physiological state of seedlings. Studies on model plants have shown multicomponent allelochemical interactions in soil microbial systems, in which the presence of microorganisms in the soil increases the persistence of allelochemicals such as phenolic, hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, vanillic, ferulic and protocatechuic acids 46 . The analyses performed demonstrated that the soil of the M. brauna matrix, regardless of the location (LT or JM), presents characteristics of high acidity (treatment 10), low fertility and low organic matter content. The low pH values ​​confirm high acidity 47 , which can negatively impact biological processes and the cycling of essential nutrients, such as phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) (Table 2 ) 48 . These results suggest the importance of symbiotic interactions between M. brauna plants and microorganisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, to optimize the efficiency in the use of these nutrients. Many fungi contribute to the absorption of nutrients by plants 49 , 50 , 51 , in symbiotic relationships 52 and in protection against soil pathogens 53 , which may explain the higher production of phenols in treatment 10 (Fig. 5 c). The detection of microorganisms such as Glomus macrocarpum , Sclerocytis spp. and Gigaspora spp. indicates a diverse community of mycorrhizal fungi that can contribute to the health and vitality of M. brauna seedlings. The development of crop-independent approaches has significantly increased the understanding of the biology associated with soil microbes, for example genomic DNA, RNA or metabolites that can be extracted directly from soil samples and analyzed through metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics. Metabolomics provides a comprehensive picture of metabolic pathways that are involved in interactions between the microbe and the host. This includes compounds secreted during beneficial interactions between plants and microbiota 54 . The correlation between the presence of these fungi and plant characteristics such as survival rate, collar diameter, root length, DQI, dry matter of the shoot and dry matter of the root, which were statistically higher in the treatments with 100% soil from the matrix (Fig. 3 ), demonstrates the importance of this symbiosis for the development of seedlings in natural soils. This interaction significantly improves the growth and resistance of M. brauna seedlings to environmental stresses such as drought and poor soil. Moreover, the presence of these fungal spores contributes to the health of the soil, increasing its fertility and structure, which is fundamental for the sustainable development of seedlings and their subsequent adaptation and survival in the field 55 . The inoculation of microorganisms from the genera Glomus and Gigaspora also revealed an increase in biomass (13.5–30.1%) and altered endogenous hormone levels in Litchi chinensis Sonn 56 . M. brauna is a forest species currently classified as vulnerable on the Brazilian flora red 57 , underscoring the relevance of comprehensive analyses integrating mycorrhiza and biotic factors. Such approaches can optimize seedling production and play a pivotal role in the conservation and ecological restoration of endangered tropical trees. Traditionally, cultivation practices have focused on direct plant nutrition; however, current ecological physiology emphasizes the importance of feeding the soil microbiome, as microorganisms sustain a complex and interdependent network between plants and their substrate, promoting both soil fertility and plant vigor 58 . This ecological interaction likely triggers metabolic and physiological adjustments that sustain growth and survival under contrasting soil conditions. These findings demonstrate that the superior performance of M. brauna seedlings in matrix soils results from a metabolic reprogramming driven by edaphic and symbiotic signaling. The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal propagules, even in soils with lower organic matter, activated pathways related to protein and lipid synthesis and phenolic metabolism, while promoting starch and carbohydrate mobilization. This shift sustained high photochemical efficiency and metabolic balance, directly reflected in the correlation between Fv/Fm and growth parameters. Together, the data indicate that the rhizospheric environment functions as a biochemical regulatory system that enhances physiological stability and ensures seedling establishment under contrasting soil conditions, highlighting the potential of parent-tree soils as natural bioinoculants for conservation and restoration programs (Fig. 9 ). Conclusions The use of organic substrate in the production of Melanoxylon brauna seedlings results in seedling mortality. After 40 days of transplanting the M. brauna seedlings, there was a significant influence of the type of soil and the origin of the seeds on the growth and survival of the plants. The treatments with soil close to the parent tree, regardless of location, showed better growth rates, collar diameter and number of leaves compared to the organic substrate. Treatments with 100% soil from the parent tree showed better growth rates and collar diameter, as well as a greater presence of beneficial mycorrhizal fungi, such as Glomus macrocarpum , Sclerocytis spp., and Gigaspora spp, these microorganisms seem to be essential for the survival of M. brauna seedlings. Biochemical analyses showed that the seedlings from the treatments with soil from the matrix had higher concentrations of nutrients in the shoots and in the roots. Therefore, it is recommended to use soil close to the M. brauna parent tree for seedling production, regardless of whether the soil and seed collection locations are different. Declarations Acknowledgments We acknowledge the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and Espírito Santo Research and Innovation Support Foundation (FAPES). We also acknowledge Embrapa Agrobiologia, especially assistant Itamar Garcia Ignácio, for the analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), their identification and the microphotographs. Additionally, it is noteworthy to mention that the Academic Writing Center (CAESA) at UFES supported this study with its free translation and review services. Author contributions Conceptualization Ingridh Medeiros Simões and Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre; Data curation: Ingridh Medeiros Simões and Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre; Formal analysis: Ingridh Medeiros Simões, Edilson Romais Schmildt; Funding acquisition: Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre; Investigation, Methodology: All authors; Supervision: Ingridh Medeiros Simões; Writing – original draft and review & editing: All authors. Declarations and Licenses Permission to work with the genetic material was granted by the National Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge Management System (SISGEN), No. A81745F, in accordance with Brazilian Law No. 13.123/2015. The licence to collect plant material was granted by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) via the Biodiversity Authorization and Information System (SISBIO), No. 101411-1. The specimen voucher was identified by Dr. Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre and deposited in the Capixaba Herbarium (CAP), under ID CAP010088, in the Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences of the Center for Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jerônimo Monteiro – ES, Brazil. All field collections of wild Melanoxylon brauna were conducted in full compliance with institutional, national, and international guidelines, including the IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). According to the official CITES species checklist, Melanoxylon brauna is not listed in any CITES Appendix (i.e. not subject to international trade restrictions under CITES). Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data availability Data will be made available upon request to Tamyris de Mello ( [email protected] ) or Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre ( [email protected] ). Funding This work was supported by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)/ Espírito Santo Research and Innovation Support Foundation (FAPES) - Postgraduate Development Program (PDPG), to the project “Consolidation of Graduate Programs in the area of Agricultural Sciences in the State of Espírito Santo - Forestry Sciences” for the financial support of the research, through FAPES/CNPq Notice N° 23/2018 - PRONEM (Grant Term 131/2021 and Process N° 2021-FDGS5) and, FAPES Notice N° 21/2022 SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION IN INTERDISCIPLINARY LABORATORIES. References Lorenzi, H. Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil . 384p. (Plantarum, Nova Odessa, 2009). Campos Filho, E. M. & Sartorelli, P. A. R. Guia de árvores com valor econômico . (Agroicone, São Paulo, 2015). Santos, M. M., Borges, E. E. L., Ataíde, G. M. & Souza, G. A. 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14:05:24","extension":"xml","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":198752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"4f091935656d4125b273dc7bddd1e4741structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/7e7fbf64b271ba7ec64f5cd6.xml"},{"id":96248271,"identity":"18576c80-2f1c-4a0a-b201-dc0ba836cda4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:28:16","extension":"html","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":210752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/665b7c1c1d68210e3c94c093.html"},{"id":96249049,"identity":"25ba04a9-0f36-4b66-b232-bda78822799f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:30:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":403003,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea. Shoot length (cm); b. Collar diameter (mm); c. Ratio between shoot length and collar diameter; d. Number of leaves of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings after 40 days in the different treatments. ¹Averages followed by the same letter in the bars within each variable, between the different treatments, belong to the same group of averages, according to the Scott-Knott test (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). These figures were prepared by the authors themselves using Excel Software\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/bd6dc59bd999e7e728df6a63.jpeg"},{"id":96093720,"identity":"3e3560fd-640a-4a62-ae63-dc3a52e38ac2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 14:05:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":417546,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea. SPAD index; b. Chlorophyll index \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e; c. Chlorophyll index \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e; d. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings after 40 days in the different treatments. ¹Averages followed by the same letter in the bars within each variable, between the different treatments, belong to the same group of averages, by the Scott-Knott test (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). These figures were prepared by the authors themselves using Excel Software\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/e34c04acf28169381453484c.jpeg"},{"id":96248132,"identity":"691177bd-f788-48b5-8dad-5dfc7e3a18c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:28:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":852825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea. Survival (%) b. Shoot length (cm); c. Shoot growth rate (cm); d. Collar diameter (mm); e. Collar diameter growth rate (mm); f. Number of leaves; g. Root length (cm); h. Ratio between shoot length and collar diameter; i. Dry matter of the shoot (g); j. Dry matter of the root (g); k. Dickson quality index (DQI) of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings after 150 days in the different treatments. ¹Averages followed by the same letter in the bars within each variable, between the different treatments, belong to the same group of averages, according to the Scott-Knott test (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). These figures were prepared by the authors themselves using Excel Software\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/2f3d9e087d27cb2f626adac1.jpeg"},{"id":96093723,"identity":"8f4968a5-f9de-469a-b958-7d1251663e2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 14:05:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":387381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea. SPAD index; b. Chlorophyll index \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e; c. Chlorophyll index \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e e; d. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/Fm) of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings after 150 days in the different treatments. ¹Averages followed by the same letter in the bars within each variable, between the different treatments, belong to the same group of averages, according to the Scott-Knott test (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). These figures were prepared by the authors themselves using Excel Software\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/7cd8629621b3812448e2bfcb.jpeg"},{"id":96093728,"identity":"8969075f-77cc-4d0e-b7d2-9ea57f60991a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 14:05:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":537494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea. Lipids (%); b. Carbohydrates (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e); c. Phenols (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e); d. Proteins (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e); e. Starch (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e); f. Fibers (%) of the shoot of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings after 150 days in the different treatments. ¹Averages followed by the same letter on the bars within each variable, between the different treatments, belong to the same group of averages, according to the Scott-Knott test (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). These figures were prepared by the authors themselves using Excel Software\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/582be2c8b4bb5748e7a24e68.jpeg"},{"id":96093726,"identity":"c546da25-bc7b-4635-a8f0-f3fecf45af21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 14:05:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":516936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea. Lipids (%), b. Carbohydrates (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), c. Phenols (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), d. Proteins (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), e. Starch (mg g-¹), f. Fibers (%) of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedling roots after 150 days under different treatments. ¹Averages followed by the same letter in the bars within each variable, between the different treatments, belong to the same group of means, according to the Scott-Knott test (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). These figures were prepared by the authors themselves using Excel Software\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/62a8b7cbfdcb9cd6f775e310.jpeg"},{"id":96250020,"identity":"8e7113dc-d479-4857-95b4-af9a8a08499d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:37:08","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":968333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePresence of mycorrhizal fungi in the different treatments and their relationship with \u003cem\u003eM. brauna \u003c/em\u003eseedlings. Bars: spores (20 µm); seedlings (1 cm). *Sand (33%) + subsoil dirt (32%) + soil near the mother tree with roots (33%) + crushed branches (2%). These figures were prepared by the authors themselves using Inkscape 0.92.5 Software\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/96566d16c7a32d029197c1cd.png"},{"id":96247137,"identity":"e3c757d7-5f35-4d46-ae13-d906ce6609db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:27:12","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":281802,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePearson's correlation coefficient between growth and physiological variables of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings after 150 days in the different treatments. SUR, survival (%); SL, shoot length (cm); CD, collar diameter (mm); NL, number of leaves; R, root length (cm); SL/CD, ratio between shoot length and collar diameter; DMS, dry matter of the shoot (g); DMR, dry matter of the root (g); DQI, Dickson quality index; SPAD, SPAD index; CHLA, chlorophyll a index; CHLB, chlorophyll b index. These figures were prepared by the authors themselves using R\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e Software.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/45ecacdfc031efd2c21ad3d5.png"},{"id":96093736,"identity":"af0ae356-20e5-419d-84db-9e307e67cfdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 14:05:24","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2037833,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIntegrated model of how parent tree soil and its microbiota enhance physiological, biochemical, and survival traits of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings. AMF, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal; SUR, survival; DQI, Dickson quality index; SL, shoot length; CD, collar diameter; NL, number of leaves; R, root length; OM, organic matter; SBR, soil basal respiration rate. Bars: 1 cm. These figures were prepared by the authors themselves using R\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e Software, Excel Software\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e, and Inkscape 0.92.5 Software\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/51f6c74b572411e49eed2168.png"},{"id":96256365,"identity":"1bbe8067-913d-4641-bdf1-4ded5023a75e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:50:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8128804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7811301/v1/0e9f1f92-10c3-4698-a56f-edf70be6b395.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Seed and Soil Provenance in the Production and Survival of Melanoxylon brauna Seedlings","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMelanoxylon brauna\u003c/em\u003e Schott., belonging to the Fabaceae family, is a species native to the Atlantic Forest and popularly known as brauna. Its distribution is mainly in the northeast and southeast regions of Brazil\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The wood of this species is recognized for its remarkable properties, such as an average density of 1.05 g cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026sup3;, high quality, durability, and mechanical resistance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Due to its highly desirable characteristics, its wood has been extensively exploited in the past for construction building, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of poles and furniture\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven the remarkable quality of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e wood, the economic value attached to this material is high, which has led to the intense exploitation of this species and its inclusion on the Brazilian List of Endangered Species as vulnerable\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. One alternative to reduce predatory exploitation of this species is to encourage its commercial propagation\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the seedling production process of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrauna, like most native species, is predominantly propagated by seeds\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the seed propagation of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ebrauna\u003c/em\u003e is hampered by the difficulty in locating the parent trees, the viability of the seeds which have their endosperm consumed by borer insects, as well as their storage\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, large-scale seedling production is another obstacle, as the seedlings do not establish themselves in any type of soil or commercial substrate and die after reaching approximately 7 cm in length.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenetic variability associated with seed propagation can also influence the results of seedling production. This is because seedlings produced from seeds of the same species, but from different individuals, can show genetic variation within the same specific trait\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, individuals of the same species grown in different locations can undergo phenotypic adaptations in response to site-specific conditions such as temperature, light and rainfall\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe phenotypic adaptations that can affect plants are the result of intrinsic plasticity. Because of this plasticity, plants can withstand and adapt to stressful environments. Among the adaptations that can be induced under these conditions are biochemical and physiological changes, which are triggered by changes in the pattern of transcripts and the proteins associated with them\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Biochemical changes, specifically, reflect modifications in the levels of different plant constituents, such as lipids, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, starch and fibers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBesides the previously mentioned obstacles, the type of soil and/or substrate used for seedling production is one of the limiting factors for the effectiveness of this process\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. An ideal substrate must maintain its physical integrity during plant growth, as well as providing water, nutrients and gas exchange\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Soils must exhibit these same characteristics to allow plant growth, however; in addition to similar structures, such as generally abundant nutrients found in commercial substrates\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, soils contain symbiotic microorganisms that can be essential for the growth of different species\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the symbiotic microorganisms are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These fungi are found in the topsoil (0\u0026ndash;20 cm) and occupy a vast area due to their dense network of mycelia\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The main AMFs belong to the phylum \u003cem\u003eGlomeromycota\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In general, AMFs are associated with the roots of most terrestrial plants and help in the absorption and utilization of nutrients\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition to aiding plants nutritionally, AMFs can provide other benefits, such as protecting them from salt stress, drought, pathogens, mitigating contamination by heavy metals\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and helping to regulate water absorption by these individuals\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, in general, AMFs can help seedlings grow. However, these effects do not occur in a similar way for all plants, making it necessary to understand more precisely the physiology and function of these fungi for different crops\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsidering this information, it is believed that the survival rate of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e differs depending on the origin of the seeds and is reduced when grown in commercial substrates, since these may not contain AMFs. Thus, this study aimed to assess the survival and morphophysiological and biochemical growth of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e from seeds collected in two different locations and cultivated in different combinations of soils and substrates.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe seeds and soil near the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e parent trees were collected from two locations, Laranja da Terra (19\u0026deg;52'44.6\u0026ldquo;S 40\u0026deg;56'50.6\u0026rdquo;W) (natural forest area - forest remnant) and Jer\u0026ocirc;nimo Monteiro (20\u0026deg;46'26.93\u0026ldquo;S 41\u0026deg;23'53.00\u0026rdquo;O) (conducted planting), both towns in Esp\u0026iacute;rito Santo, Brazil. The soil near the trees was collected with a mattock at a distance of 30 cm from the main stem, at a depth of 20\u0026ndash;40 cm and transported to the forest nursery in plastic bags, where the treatments were prepared.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe seeds were pre-germinated in a Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) regulated at 25\u0026deg;C and within a 12-hour photoperiod. After the primary roots had protruded, they were transferred to 280 cm\u0026sup3; tubes filled with different concentrations of soil and substrate, which gave rise to the treatments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComposition of soils and substrate, and the location of seed and soil used in the production of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubstrate composition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic substrate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsoil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil near the parent tree with root (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSand (49.5%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil near the mother tree with roots (49.5%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ground\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e branches (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSand (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;subsoil (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil near the mother tree with roots (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crushed branches (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSand (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;subsoil (32%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil near the mother tree with roots (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crushed branches (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSand (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;subsoil (30%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil near the mother tree with roots (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crushed branches (4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic substrate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsoil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil near the mother tree with root (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSand (49,5%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil near the mother tree with roots (49,5%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crushed branches (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSand (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;subsoil (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil near the mother tree with roots (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crushed branches (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSand (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;subsoil (32%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil near the mother tree with roots (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crushed branches (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSand (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;subsoil (30%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil near the mother tree with roots (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crushed branches (4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eLT: Laranja da Terra town, ES; JM: Jer\u0026ocirc;nimo Monteiro town, ES. \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003eThe crushed branches were ground in a Wiley-Tecnal\u0026reg; mill.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following materials were used as raw materials for preparation of the treatments: commercial organic substrate Tropstrato\u0026reg; (pine bark, vermiculite, PG Mix 14-16-18, potassium nitrate, simple superphosphate and peat); parent tree soil (soil collected near the parent tree with the presence of fine \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e roots); sand (autoclaved at 121\u0026deg;C, 1 atm for 30 minutes); branches (branches of the parent tree ground in a Wiley-Tecnal\u0026reg; mill); and subsurface soil samples (passed through 2 mm sieves) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter being placed in the tubes, the pre-germinated seeds were kept in the greenhouse. The tubes were positioned on suspended iron benches (12 m x 0.64 m) 80 cm above the ground. The greenhouse was covered with 150 \u0026micro;m plastic film and the sides were covered with an anti-aphid screen. Seedlings from any of the treatments were irrigated manually whenever necessary.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSeedling growth\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first assessment of the seedlings was carried out 40 days after sowing, analyzing the shoot length (cm), collar diameter (mm), the ratio of the shoot to collar diameter and the number of leaves. The final evaluation was carried out 150 days after the experiment was set up, where the following variables were analyzed: survival (%), shoot length (cm), shoot growth rate (cm) (shoot growth rate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e150\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003e, where: C\u003csub\u003e150\u003c/sub\u003e is the shoot length at 150 days; C\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003e is the shoot length at 40 days), collar diameter (mm), collar diameter growth rate (mm) (collar diameter growth rate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;D\u003csub\u003e150\u003c/sub\u003e-D\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003e, where: D\u003csub\u003e150\u003c/sub\u003e is the collar diameter at 150 days; D\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003e is the collar diameter at 40 days), number of leaves, root length (cm), shoot/collar diameter ratio, dry matter of the shoot (g) and dry matter of the roots (g). And finally, the Dickson quality index (DQI) using the equation DQI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;TDM/((SH/D)+(DMS/DMR)), where: TDM: total dry matter of the plant, SH: shoot height, D: collar diameter, DMS: dry matter of the shoot, DMR: dry matter of the roots\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dry matter of the shoot and the root were obtained by drying in a forced air circulation oven, maintained at approximately 60 \u0026ordm;C until stabilization and quantified using an electronic analytical balance (0.0001 g).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChlorophyll index a and b and chlorophyll fluorescence a\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo evaluations were conducted. The first at 40 days after the experiment was set up, and the final at 150 days. The chlorophyll indices \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e were measured using Clorofilog\u0026reg; at 9 a.m. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) was measured using a fluorimeter (FMS2, Hansatech, Norfolk, UK). Before taking the measurements, the leaves were kept in the dark for 30 minutes using tweezers. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II was obtained using the equation F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e=(F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e-F\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e)/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBiochemistry in seedlings\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSamples of the shoot and root of the seedlings from each treatment were kept in an oven at 45\u0026deg;C and then grinded. The extraction was carried out according to Bligh and Dyer\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e using 0.250 g of material, with four replicates for each treatment, initially extracted in an ethanolic series (98, 80, and 50%) and then in chloroform. For this extraction, the samples had to be kept in a water bath at 80\u0026deg;C for 20 minutes and then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, resulting in a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic liquid phase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe precipitated hydrophobic part of the extraction was used to measure the lipid content. The total soluble sugar content was measured by adding 80% ethanol and 0.2% anthrone to the hydrophilic solution, then placing the samples in a water bath at 100\u0026deg;C for 15 minutes and reading them on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 620 nm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the analysis of the total soluble phenols, the Folin-Ciocalteau 10% and sodium carbonate 4% reagents were used, keeping the samples in a dark chamber for 30 minutes for reading on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 760 nm. The protein content was analyzed by adding 0.2 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) to the remaining pellet from the initial extraction, then placing it in a water bath at 75\u0026deg;C for 2 hours, followed by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes to remove the supernatant. The extract was then diluted in 0.2 M KOH and Bradford solution, leaving the samples to stand for 10 minutes. Readings were taken on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 595 nm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe starch was quantified by adding 3% hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the pellet obtained from the protein extraction, requiring the samples to be incubated in a dark chamber for three hours. After incubation, the samples were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was used for spectrophotometric readings at a wavelength of 620 nm. In turn, the fiber content was calculated by drying the pellet resulting from the starch extraction in an oven at 60\u0026deg;C until constant weight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhysical, chemical and basal respiration analysis of substrates\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe substrate samples from the different treatments used in the development of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings were dried and sieved (2 mm mesh). Soil pH was measured in a 1:2.5 (soil:water) suspension.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine the exchangeable Ca, Mg and Al contents, 10 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e of soil was mixed with 100 mL KCl 1 M), followed by shaking and resting for 16 h. Then, 0.5 mL of extract was mixed with 10 mL of SrCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to determine the exchangeable Ca and Mg contents, using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. To quantify Al, three drops of bromothymol blue indicator (1%) were added to the extract (25 mL) and titrated with NaOH (0.025 M).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine H\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Al, 5 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e of soil was mixed with 75 mL of calcium acetate (0.5 M, pH 7.0), followed by shaking and 16 h of rest. Subsequently, two drops of phenolphthalein were added to 25 mL of extract, which was titrated with NaOH (0.025 M).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the extraction of P, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, 10 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e of soil was mixed with 100 mL of Mehlich\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e extracting solution (HCl 0.05 M, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 0.0125 M), shaken and left to rest for 16 h. Na and K were quantified by flame photometer. To determine the P content, 5 mL of extract was mixed with 5 mL of working reagent (200 mL of 725 solution, 1.6 g of ascorbic acid, distilled water for 1000 mL) and determination was made by colorimetry (wavelength 725 nm). Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were analyzed directly from the extract using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Organic matter (OM), expressed in dag kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, was quantified by wet carbon oxidation with potassium dichromate in an acidic medium\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe physical analysis of the soil (particle size analysis) was in accordance with Embrapa\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and IAC - Technical Bulletin 106\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBasal soil respiration was quantified from 100 g of soil, incubated for 168 h in a closed system, with the C-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e captured in a 0.5 N sodium hydroxide solution. Barium chloride (50%) was subsequently added. and phenolphthalein to the solution, followed by titration with 0.5 N HCl\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. C-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was determined according to Stotzky\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMycorrhizal colonization\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the collection, the soil samples were packed in plastic bags and sent to the laboratory, where they were sieved (2 mm mesh). The soil was stored in a refrigerator at 4 \u0026ordm;C for later extraction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores, determination of the number of spores and identification of the AMF species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe AMF spores were extracted according to Gerdemann and Nicolson\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, followed by centrifugation in water and sucrose (45%). The spores were counted and then separated according to their morphological characteristics of color and size and stored frozen at -20 \u0026ordm;C in 2 mL Eppendorf tubes. The spores from each Eppendorf tube were poured into a Petri dish and divided into two groups, which were transferred to spots on a glass slide for microscopy using a Pasteur pipette. In this case, one group was fixed with PVLG (polyvinyl alcohol-lactoglycerol) and the other with PVLG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Melzer's reagent (1:1)\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e. The spores fixed with PVLG\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Melzer's reagent was subjected to a small amount of pressure on the coverslip to break down the walls, which allowed the internal walls to be stained, serving as an identification parameter. After the assemblage, the slides were kept at room temperature for initial drying and then taken to the oven (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40 \u0026ordm;C) for complete drying of the PVLG.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe AMFs were identified at Embrapa Agrobiologia using an optical microscope (Leica\u0026reg; DM750) equipped with a micrometric eyepiece. The Schenck and P\u0026eacute;rez\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e manual, original articles describing the species and characterizations of the species provided on the website of the \u0026ldquo;International Culture Collection of Arbuscular and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi\u0026rdquo;\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e were used to support the identification work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was designed in randomized blocks, consisting of fourteen treatments (substrate compositions) with four replicates of 15 seedlings each (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The data was subjected to an analysis of variance and F test (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e), compared using the Scott-Knott average grouping test (p\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) and Pearson's correlation to compare the parameters. All statistical analyses were carried out using the R statistical program\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eForty days after transplanting the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings, there was a significant difference in all the growth variables analyzed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The shoot showed superior growth in treatment 5 and no statistical difference in relation to treatment 12, with both having similar proportions of soil (sand (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;subsoil (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil close to the parent tree with roots (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crushed branches (1%)), varying the origin of the parent tree soil and the seed. This is also the case in treatments 1 and 8, in which the shoot length is statistically the same, and in both treatments organic substrate was used, with only the origin of the seeds varying, one being from Laranja da Terra (treatment 1) and the other from Jer\u0026ocirc;nimo Monteiro (treatment 8) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the diameter of the collar, treatment 3 was statistically superior to the others tested; it used 100% soil from the LT parent tree and JM seeds. Alternatively, with the use of the organic substrate, the smallest diameters were obtained in treatments 1 and 8 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb). The organic substrate was statistically superior in both the shoot/collar diameter ratio and the number of leaves, in seeds harvested from LT and JM, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec, d, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe SPAD index and chlorophyll a, b at 40 days were statistically higher in treatment 10 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea, b, c, respectively). While the F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e ratio (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II) was statistically higher in both treatments that used 100% soil from the parent tree (3 and 10), regardless of its origin (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ed).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe highest survival rate (97.50%) of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings occurred in treatments 3 and 10. After 50 days from sowing, the seedlings from treatments 1 and 8 grown in organic substrate began to show drying and abscission, and by 60 days all the seedlings from these treatments had died (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). The shoot variable was higher in treatments 5, 12 and 13, with 5 and 12 being similar in proportions and differing only in seed origin and parent tree soil (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). As for the collar diameter and root length, they were statistically higher in the treatments with 100% soil from the parent tree (treatments 3 and 10) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ed, g). The number of leaves was also higher in treatment 3, as was in treatment 6 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ef). The dry matter of the shoot and of the root were statistically higher in treatment 3, in which 100% of the soil from the JM parent tree was used with the LT seeds (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ei, j, respectively). The quality of the seedlings measured by the Dickson quality index (DQI) was also higher in treatments 3 and 10 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ek).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe SPAD index, the chlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e index and the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II were statistically higher in treatment 10, where 100% soil from the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e parent tree was used (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the biochemical analysis of the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings at 150 days, it was observed that, in the different treatments, the shoot showed higher averages when compared to the root (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Lipids, proteins and starch in the shoot of LT and JM seedlings were statistically higher in treatment 10 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea, d, e) and phenols were higher in treatment 3 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec), where 100% of the parent tree soil was used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the roots of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings, lipids in treatment 12 were statistically superior to the others, with an average of 35.49% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea). For carbohydrates and phenols, treatment 10 showed the highest averages, 44.90 and 4.11 mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb, c).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments 1 and 8 (organic substrate) presented statistically higher values ​​for the nutrients P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Zn, B and Na, in addition to higher concentrations of organic matter (OM) and higher soil basal respiration rate (SBR) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, the survival of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings was higher in treatments 3 and 10, whose pH values ranged from 6.5 to 4,6, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). These results indicate that seedling survival is not directly related to the amount of nutrients present in the soil in which they developed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical and physical characterization of the soil/substrates for the different treatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"17\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Al\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emg dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecmolc dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eh\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 and 8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e547.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" 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8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 and 9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ej\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ek\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ei\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e408.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e536.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 and 9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e382.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ei\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e351.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e275.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e727.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e758.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e660.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e675.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e656.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e584.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e275.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e586.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e229.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e624.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e708.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e701.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eAverages followed by the same letter in the column within each variable, among the different treatments, belong to the same group of means, according to the Scott-Knott test (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). SB. Sum of bases; t. effective CTC; T. CTC at pH 7; RBS. Basal soil respiration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the mycorrhizal analysis, it was noted that the number of spores was statistically higher in the soil near the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e parent tree (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) regardless of its origin, whether from LT or JM. It is important to note that the soil from the other treatments did not show any fungal spores (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of spores from the different treatments regardless of the origin of the soil and the \u003cem\u003eMelanoxylon brauna\u003c/em\u003e seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of spores\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic substrate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 b\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsoil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRooted matrix soil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026sup1;Averages followed by the same letter in the column within each variable, between the different treatments, do not differ by the Tukey test (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). *Sand (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;subsoil (32%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil near the parent tree with roots (33%)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;crushed branches (2%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFungal spores of \u003cem\u003eGlomus macrocarpum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSclerocytis\u003c/em\u003e spp., \u003cem\u003eGigaspora\u003c/em\u003e spp. were detected in the soil of the brauna parent tree with the presence of roots (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of these mycorrhizal fungi in the soil influenced the quality of the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurvival, shoot and root length, collar diameter and number of leaves showed a strong positive correlation with the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e, (0.88; 0.90; 0.96; 0.92; 0.95, respectively), with an increase in F\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e/F\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e also resulting in an increase in these variables, indicating a strong interaction between physiological and morphological variables (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe integration of variables highlights how the conditions of the source soil influence the metabolism and physiological and morphological performance of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). The soils from the mother trees (T3 and T10) differed from commercial substrates primarily in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores (29 spores per 100 g⁻\u0026sup1;) and chemical differences (pH, OM, RBS), resulting in plants with high photosynthetic performance (Fv/Fm) and vigor (DQI and reserves) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedlings grown in soil close to the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e matrix, regardless of location (treatments 3 and 10), showed a high DQI, with more expanded and greener leaves. However, the seedlings in the organic substrate began to show drying of the stem apex and leaf tips after 40 days, leading to the death of the plants after 60 days of the experiment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results suggest a specific interaction between the parent tree soil and the performance of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings. This interaction can occur due to the characteristics of the rhizosphere, a region of the soil that surrounds the roots, where there can be associations caused by root exudations with microorganisms\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Many soil microorganisms have coevolved with plants, spending part of their life cycle interacting with the roots\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This complex interaction between plants and microorganisms can have a significant impact on the growth and health of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of 100% of the soil from the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e parent tree (treatments 3 and 10) resulted in greater survival, collar diameters, root length and Dickson quality indices (DQI) compared to the other treatments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ek). The DQI is a solid metric with proven scientific application in the selection of high-quality seedlings in various plant species\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical and biological interaction studies reveal an interconnected cycle between plants and soil microorganisms, initiated by the release of organic carbon by the roots, a process known as rhizodeposition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase rhizodeposition and promote the decomposition of soil organic matter\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Carbon stimulates the activity of soil microorganisms, leading to the production of molecular signals such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonates and salicylates, which are recognized by receptors in plant roots. These molecules interact with hormonal signaling pathways, influencing plant development and triggering immune responses. This interaction is fundamental for plant nutrition and ecological balance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the increase in seedling growth in the early stages being facilitated by the use of organic substrates, as evidenced by variables such as the highest number of leaves (treatment 8) and the highest ratio of shoot length to collar diameter (treatment 1) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec, d), the use of organic substrate in treatments 1 and 8 resulted in the death of the seedlings 60 days after the start of the experiment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). Plants undergo various changes in their development processes in response to soil microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal bacteria (AMB), which are known to promote plant growth in natural soils\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe biochemical analyses of the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings revealed significant differences between the treatments, both in the shoot and in the root. Treatment 10 (soil near the Laranja da Terra parent tree and Jer\u0026ocirc;nimo Monteiro seeds) showed a higher concentration of lipids, proteins and starch in the shoot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea, d, e), demonstrating that these are favorable conditions for the accumulation of these essential compounds for plant growth and development. Other studies on forest species have also shown that microorganisms can improve physiological performance and promote plant growth\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, AMFs and rhizobacteria improve the absorption of nutrients by plants, resulting in a higher total content of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and starch in seeds, and the inoculation of these microorganisms optimized soil fertilization by 25%\u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the predominance of phenols in treatment 3 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec) may indicate a plant defense response to adverse conditions, such as abiotic stress or the presence of pathogens\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the root, treatment 12 stood out for its high concentration of lipids, while treatment 10 showed higher levels of carbohydrates and phenols (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb, c). These differences reflect the complexity of the interactions between plants and the environment, highlighting the importance of considering multiple biochemical parameters to fully understand the physiological state of seedlings. Studies on model plants have shown multicomponent allelochemical interactions in soil microbial systems, in which the presence of microorganisms in the soil increases the persistence of allelochemicals such as phenolic, hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, vanillic, ferulic and protocatechuic acids\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analyses performed demonstrated that the soil of the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e matrix, regardless of the location (LT or JM), presents characteristics of high acidity (treatment 10), low fertility and low organic matter content. The low pH values ​​confirm high acidity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which can negatively impact biological processes and the cycling of essential nutrients, such as phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These results suggest the importance of symbiotic interactions between \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e plants and microorganisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, to optimize the efficiency in the use of these nutrients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany fungi contribute to the absorption of nutrients by plants\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, in symbiotic relationships\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and in protection against soil pathogens\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which may explain the higher production of phenols in treatment 10 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec). The detection of microorganisms such as \u003cem\u003eGlomus macrocarpum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSclerocytis\u003c/em\u003e spp. and \u003cem\u003eGigaspora\u003c/em\u003e spp. indicates a diverse community of mycorrhizal fungi that can contribute to the health and vitality of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings. The development of crop-independent approaches has significantly increased the understanding of the biology associated with soil microbes, for example genomic DNA, RNA or metabolites that can be extracted directly from soil samples and analyzed through metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics. Metabolomics provides a comprehensive picture of metabolic pathways that are involved in interactions between the microbe and the host. This includes compounds secreted during beneficial interactions between plants and microbiota\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe correlation between the presence of these fungi and plant characteristics such as survival rate, collar diameter, root length, DQI, dry matter of the shoot and dry matter of the root, which were statistically higher in the treatments with 100% soil from the matrix (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), demonstrates the importance of this symbiosis for the development of seedlings in natural soils. This interaction significantly improves the growth and resistance of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings to environmental stresses such as drought and poor soil. Moreover, the presence of these fungal spores contributes to the health of the soil, increasing its fertility and structure, which is fundamental for the sustainable development of seedlings and their subsequent adaptation and survival in the field\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The inoculation of microorganisms from the genera \u003cem\u003eGlomus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGigaspora\u003c/em\u003e also revealed an increase in biomass (13.5\u0026ndash;30.1%) and altered endogenous hormone levels in \u003cem\u003eLitchi chinensis\u003c/em\u003e Sonn\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e is a forest species currently classified as vulnerable on the Brazilian flora red\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, underscoring the relevance of comprehensive analyses integrating mycorrhiza and biotic factors. Such approaches can optimize seedling production and play a pivotal role in the conservation and ecological restoration of endangered tropical trees. Traditionally, cultivation practices have focused on direct plant nutrition; however, current ecological physiology emphasizes the importance of feeding the soil microbiome, as microorganisms sustain a complex and interdependent network between plants and their substrate, promoting both soil fertility and plant vigor\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This ecological interaction likely triggers metabolic and physiological adjustments that sustain growth and survival under contrasting soil conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings demonstrate that the superior performance of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings in matrix soils results from a metabolic reprogramming driven by edaphic and symbiotic signaling. The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal propagules, even in soils with lower organic matter, activated pathways related to protein and lipid synthesis and phenolic metabolism, while promoting starch and carbohydrate mobilization. This shift sustained high photochemical efficiency and metabolic balance, directly reflected in the correlation between Fv/Fm and growth parameters. Together, the data indicate that the rhizospheric environment functions as a biochemical regulatory system that enhances physiological stability and ensures seedling establishment under contrasting soil conditions, highlighting the potential of parent-tree soils as natural bioinoculants for conservation and restoration programs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of organic substrate in the production of \u003cem\u003eMelanoxylon brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings results in seedling mortality. After 40 days of transplanting the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings, there was a significant influence of the type of soil and the origin of the seeds on the growth and survival of the plants. The treatments with soil close to the parent tree, regardless of location, showed better growth rates, collar diameter and number of leaves compared to the organic substrate. Treatments with 100% soil from the parent tree showed better growth rates and collar diameter, as well as a greater presence of beneficial mycorrhizal fungi, such as \u003cem\u003eGlomus macrocarpum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSclerocytis\u003c/em\u003e spp., and \u003cem\u003eGigaspora\u003c/em\u003e spp, these microorganisms seem to be essential for the survival of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings. Biochemical analyses showed that the seedlings from the treatments with soil from the matrix had higher concentrations of nutrients in the shoots and in the roots. Therefore, it is recommended to use soil close to the \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e parent tree for seedling production, regardless of whether the soil and seed collection locations are different.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe acknowledge the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u0026nbsp;(CAPES) and Esp\u0026iacute;rito Santo Research and Innovation Support Foundation (FAPES). We also acknowledge Embrapa Agrobiologia, especially assistant Itamar Garcia Ign\u0026aacute;cio, for the analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), their identification and the microphotographs. Additionally, it is noteworthy to mention that the Academic Writing Center (CAESA) at UFES supported this study with its free translation and review services.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions Conceptualization\u003c/strong\u003e Ingridh Medeiros Sim\u0026otilde;es and Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre; Data curation: Ingridh Medeiros Sim\u0026otilde;es and Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre; Formal analysis: Ingridh Medeiros Sim\u0026otilde;es, Edilson Romais Schmildt; Funding acquisition: Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre; Investigation, Methodology: All authors; Supervision: Ingridh Medeiros Sim\u0026otilde;es; Writing \u0026ndash; original draft and review \u0026amp; editing: All authors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations and Licenses\u003c/strong\u003e Permission to work with the genetic material was granted by the National Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge Management System (SISGEN), No. A81745F, in accordance with Brazilian Law No. 13.123/2015. The licence to collect plant material was granted by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) via the Biodiversity Authorization and Information System (SISBIO), No. 101411-1. The specimen voucher was identified by Dr. Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre and deposited in the Capixaba Herbarium (CAP), under ID CAP010088, in the Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences of the Center for Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Federal University of Esp\u0026iacute;rito Santo, Jer\u0026ocirc;nimo Monteiro \u0026ndash; ES, Brazil. All field collections of wild \u003cem\u003eMelanoxylon brauna\u003c/em\u003e were conducted in full compliance with institutional, national, and international guidelines, including the IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). According to the official CITES species checklist, \u003cem\u003eMelanoxylon brauna\u003c/em\u003e is not listed in any CITES Appendix (i.e. not subject to international trade restrictions under CITES).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e Data will be made available upon request to Tamyris de Mello ([email protected]) or Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre ([email protected]).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e This work was supported by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel \u0026nbsp;(CAPES)/ Esp\u0026iacute;rito Santo Research and Innovation Support Foundation (FAPES) - Postgraduate Development Program (PDPG), to the project \u0026ldquo;Consolidation of Graduate Programs in the area of Agricultural Sciences in the State of Esp\u0026iacute;rito Santo - Forestry Sciences\u0026rdquo; for the financial support of the research, through FAPES/CNPq Notice N\u0026deg; 23/2018 - PRONEM (Grant Term 131/2021 and Process N\u0026deg; 2021-FDGS5) and, FAPES Notice N\u0026deg; 21/2022 SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION IN INTERDISCIPLINARY LABORATORIES.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLorenzi, H. \u003cem\u003e\u0026Aacute;rvores brasileiras: manual de identifica\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o e cultivo de plantas arb\u0026oacute;reas nativas do Brasil\u003c/em\u003e. 384p. 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Growth responses and endogenous IAA and iPAs changes of litchi (\u003cem\u003eLitchi chinensis\u003c/em\u003e Sonn.) seedlings induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation. \u003cem\u003eSci. Hortic.\u003c/em\u003e 105, 145\u0026ndash;151 (2005). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.01.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.scienta.2005.01.003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMartinelli, G. \u0026amp; Moraes, M. A. \u003cem\u003eLivro vermelho da flora do Brasil\u003c/em\u003e. 534 p. (Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u0026acirc;nico do Rio de Janeiro, 2013). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://dspace.jbrj.gov.br/jspui/handle/doc/26\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://dspace.jbrj.gov.br/jspui/handle/doc/26\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCentenaro, G., Hudek, C., Zanella, A. \u0026amp; Crivellaro, A. Root-soil physical and biotic interactions with a focus on tree root systems: A review. \u003cem\u003eAppl. Soil Ecol.\u003c/em\u003e 123, 318\u0026ndash;327 (2018). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.017\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.017\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"braúna, seminiferous propagation, organic substrate, biochemistry, mycorrhizal fungi","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7811301/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7811301/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMelanoxylon brauna\u003c/em\u003e Schott, popularly known as bra\u0026uacute;na, is classified as endangered, mainly due to indiscriminate exploitation driven by its desirable wood characteristics. Seed propagation faces limitations associated with the difficulty of obtaining viable seeds and high seedling mortality in nurseries during large-scale production. This study aimed to evaluate the survival, morphophysiological, and biochemical growth of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e seedlings from seeds collected in two locations and grown under different soil and substrate combinations. Soils collected near parent trees of \u003cem\u003eM. brauna\u003c/em\u003e (100%) promoted the highest seedling survival rates, with 97.5% for treatments 3 and 10, respectively, and showed superior seedling quality index, regardless of seed origin. These soils also contained the highest number of fungal spores and three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species: \u003cem\u003eGlomus macrocarpum\u003c/em\u003e Tul. \u0026amp; Tul., \u003cem\u003eSclerocystis\u003c/em\u003e spp., and \u003cem\u003eGigaspora\u003c/em\u003e spp. The results demonstrate that soils from areas near parent trees are the most suitable for seedling production, independent of the site of soil or seed collection. Furthermore, the natural presence of AMF in these soils plays a crucial role in improving survival and quality, reinforcing their importance in establishing efficient strategies for the conservation and propagation of this endangered species.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seed and Soil Provenance in the Production and Survival of Melanoxylon brauna Seedlings","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-17 14:05:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7811301/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-03T17:26:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-30T15:49:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"50620935404179167110876662321191998614","date":"2025-11-21T04:27:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T00:43:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"152987240838951585636161479532060600516","date":"2025-11-10T02:34:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"234088867824006871772793553998993043458","date":"2025-11-06T09:32:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T08:56:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T08:40:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T16:25:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-21T01:14:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-10-21T01:11:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"76754e51-fff7-4b3f-b8ab-61d1193960e3","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":58059617,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":58059618,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":58059619,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-21T14:55:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-17 14:05:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7811301","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7811301","identity":"rs-7811301","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}