Patient’s knowledge and perception of anesthesia and the anesthesiologist at a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia

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It addresses a significant gap in understanding in a region where trained nurses rather than specialist doctors often administer anesthesia. The aim is to investigate patients' knowledge and perception of anesthesia and the anesthetist at a tertiary hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Erdogan Hospital, Mogadishu, from September to December 2023. Participants were elective patients aged 15 or older, interviewed using pre-tested questionnaires covering demographics, knowledge of anesthesia, and perceptions of anesthesiologists. Results: Out of 495 participants, 65.5% were aware of anesthesia, predominantly informed by friends and relatives. While most understood the role of anesthesiologists in administering anesthesia during surgery, there was limited awareness of their broader responsibilities. Critical factors associated with more excellent anesthesiology knowledge included educational level, which increased anesthesiology knowledge by a factor of 0.232 units (β=0.232, P-value=0.002). Employed people had 0.369 times more understanding of anesthesiology than unemployed ones (β=0.369, P-value=0.034). Female participants had higher knowledge scores in anesthesiology than male participants (β=0.383, P-value=0.037). Conclusion: The study highlights a crucial knowledge gap among patients in Somalia regarding anesthesia and the role of anesthesiologists, underscoring the need for enhanced public education and specialized training. The results are, however, limited by the study's singular hospital setting and sample size. Anesthesia Anesthesiologists Patient Knowledge Public Perception Health Education. Introduction Since its early beginning in the nineteenth century, the field of anesthesia has undergone constant development and change[1]. While traditionally associated with surgery, anesthetists play a crucial role in various aspects of healthcare beyond the operating room. Their expertise extends to pain management, critical care, and palliative care, offering relief and support to patients in diverse situations. Additionally, anesthetists possess valuable skills in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, life support, and disaster management, making them essential contributors to emergency response efforts. This expanded role highlights the multifaceted nature of anesthesiology and its vital impact on patient care across various settings[2][3][4]. A study [5]conducted in Ghana revealed a concerning lack of awareness; only 53% of patients were aware of anesthesia services. This highlights the need for further investigation in Africa since healthcare systems face unique challenges, including disparities in access to healthcare services, limited resources, and a diverse range of cultural beliefs and practices. These factors can influence patients' knowledge and perceptions of anesthesia and anesthesiologists. Each year, on October 16th, World Anesthesia Day is celebrated worldwide. Awareness campaigns are held in both developed and developing countries to promote a better understanding of the anesthesia specialty. Despite extensive global research on anesthesia, there is a need for more studies focusing on Africa, particularly on the evaluation of anesthetists in Somalia. Anesthesia services in Somalia are mainly provided by trained nurses, although some regions have specialist doctors supported by qualified anesthesia technicians. The goal of this study is to investigate patients' knowledge and perception of anesthesia and anesthetists at a tertiary hospital. Methods Between September and December 2023, Erdogan Hospital conducted an institutional-based cross-sectional study using direct participant interviews based on a questionnaire. Erdogan, a public hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, was founded in 2014 as a referral hospital and is now the country's sole teaching and referral facility. All elective patients aged 15 and older were personally questioned during the pre-anesthetic assessment phase after receiving an ethical exemption from the institutional review board of the Education of Medicine. Each participant gave their informed consent before being allowed to continue in the study, and those who did not want to were allowed to do so. Patients who were emotionally, physically, or emotionally unstable were excluded from the study. Sampling and subject selection A maximum of 10 adult patients (≥ 18 years) presenting for outpatient preoperative anesthetics assessment and who gave consent were consecutively recruited daily at the pre-anesthetic clinic during the study period. This was done to provide enough time for questionnaire administration, to increase the period over which patients will be selected, and to increase the variability among recruited patients. During the research period, a maximum of 10 adult patients over the age of 18 who were presenting for an outpatient preoperative anesthetics assessment were sequentially recruited each day at the pre-anesthetic clinic. This was done to provide ample time for the delivery of the questionnaire, to increase the period over which patients will be selected, and to increase the range of patients who would be recruited. Data collection Pre-tested questionnaires were used for the data collection process. Basic demographic information was gathered, including age, gender, education, and occupation. The degree of education was calculated using the highest level acquired. Junior secondary and high school were classified as primary, senior secondary and high school as secondary, and any other education beyond secondary was designated as tertiary. Additionally, details on the participant's understanding of anesthesia, the anesthetist's identity and job description, and patients' opinions of anesthesia and the anesthetist were gathered. Anesthetist specialists created the questionnaire. The pre-testing of the questionnaire involved ten preoperative inpatients whose pre-anesthesia evaluation was performed by anesthetists on the surgical wards. Following the pre-test, specific questions were changed to make them more transparent. A knowledge score was calculated using responses to the questionnaire's 6 (Appendix 1). For correctly identifying the anesthetist as doing one of the roles stated in question 6 of the questionnaire, one point was given for each answer. The total of the properly-recognized roles that anesthetists are involved in was added to create a knowledge score. As a result, a score as high as 6 was possible. Data analysis Data was gathered, then underwent computer entry and subsequent analysis using SPSS (IBM) Statistical Program Version 26. descriptive research was conducted first, and variables were summarized through tables. Furthermore, associations were assessed using chi-square tests. Notably, factors showing significance at the bivariate level were subsequently entered into a multiple logistic regression analysis. Significant associations were determined based on odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), with statistical significance of p < 0.05. Results Sociodemographic characteristics A total of 495 patients were recruited for the study. Nearly two-thirds (66.3%) of the patients were male. The ages of the patients ranged from 15 to 92 with a mean of 38.79 ± 17.24, and most of the patients (31.9%) were aged from 20 to 29. almost half of the patients (48.3%) have never received formal education. Over half of the participants (50.9%) had not undergone previous surgical procedures. Most of the participants (56%) were unemployed ( Table 1). Patients’ knowledge of anesthesia and the role of the anesthetist Three hundred twenty-four (65.5%) participants had heard about anesthesia. Most of them were heard from friends and relatives (48.5%). Most of the participants were referred by the surgeon for preoperative assessment, and only (3%) did not know why to apply to an anesthesia polyclinic. Most participants who had heard of anesthesia knew that it was not used the same way in all patients (89.2%). A third of the participants (88%) knew anesthesia was needed if surgery had to be performed. Most participants knew solid and liquid food should be stopped before the operation (78.1). Only three participants (0.9%) believed that foods were eaten little by little before the operation. More than (51.2%) of the respondents did not know about the preoperative fasting period, while (21.9%) of the participants responded that 12 hours of fasting is needed before the operation. When asked why a preoperative fasting period is required, most of the participants (66.7%) did not know the reason, (15.1%) of the participants responded due to nausea and vomiting, and only (3.7%) of the respondents knew about the risk of aspiration. Most participants (75.6 %) selected an anesthesia doctor when asked who applies anesthesia, while only two chose the surgeon. More than half of the participants (57.4 %) knew an anesthetist was a medically qualified doctor. In comparison (34%) of the respondents answered that an anesthetist is an educated person in the hospital who administers anesthesia. Almost all participants (96.6 %) did not know that anesthesia doctors work outside the operation theatre. One hundred eighty-seven (57.7 %) of the participants knew the role of the anesthesia doctor in interoperative is only to alleviate pain, forty-three of the participants (13.3 %) equally answered the role of the anesthesia doctor intraoperatively is monitoring vital signs, waking up the patient and (15.7 %) of the participants did not know about it. Two hundred forty-eight participants (76.5 %) only knew general anesthesia, while (7.7 %) did not see any anesthesia. Two hundred twenty participants (67.9 %) needed to learn who is responsible for postoperative care, while eighty-nine (27.5 %) answered the surgeon. Postoperative pain has to be tolerated, answered by one hundred sixty-eight participants (51.9 %). (40.7 %) of participants responded that it is undesirable and has to be stopped, while six participants answered that it is a marker of healing. Most participants (85.2 %) replied that the anesthesia doctor's role is significant (Table 2). Linear logistic regression An increase of one unit in educational level was found to increase anesthesiology knowledge by a factor of 0.232 units (β=0.232, P-value=0.002). Employed people had 0.369 times more understanding of anesthesiology than unemployed ones (β=0.369, P-value=0.034). Female participants had higher knowledge scores in anesthesiology than male participants (β=0.383, P-value=0.037) (Table 3). Discussion The study at Erdogan Hospital showed that about two-thirds of participants were familiar with anesthesia, mainly learning about it through personal connections like family and friends. This level of awareness is higher compared to Ghana, as reported by [5] but still points to a general trend across Africa of limited patient understanding of anesthesia services [6] The study indicates that educational attainment plays a critical role in patients’ knowledge of anesthesiology. Linear logistic regression analysis showed that for every unit increase in educational level, there was a corresponding 0.232 increase in knowledge scores. This result is consistent with previous studies, which found that education is a significant determinant of health literacy, particularly in areas requiring technical understanding like anesthesia ([7][8]. The lack of formal education for nearly half (48.3%) of the patients highlights a critical gap in knowledge about anesthesia, pointing to the need for more targeted educational interventions. Employment status also emerged as a predictor of anesthesia knowledge. Employed individuals demonstrated a higher level of understanding compared to unemployed individuals as similar studies found a strong association between level of knowledge and employment status[9]. This could be attributed to the increased access to information and medical services that typically accompany employment, as well as better overall health literacy. The study also found that female participants exhibited higher knowledge scores in anesthesiology compared to their male counterparts . This finding match with some earlier research that suggested women generally have higher health literacy[8] [10]. However, it may also reflect specific cultural or social dynamics in the studied population, where women may be more proactive in seeking health information or discussing medical procedures with healthcare providers. Further investigation is warranted to explore these gender-specific trends. Additionally, while 89.2% of participants recognized the necessity of anesthesia for surgery, misconceptions persisted, particularly regarding postoperative care. A significant number of respondents (67.9%) did not know who was responsible for postoperative care, with many incorrectly attributing this responsibility to the surgeon rather than the anesthesiologist. This finding mirrors global trends, where the anesthesiologist’s role in postoperative care is often underappreciated as in Africa [11] While 85.2% of respondents recognized the importance of the anesthesiologist’s role, many remained unaware of the broader scope of their responsibilities beyond the operating theatre. Most participants associated the anesthesiologist solely with intraoperative pain management, with little understanding of their role in monitoring vital signs or managing postoperative care. This is consistent with previous research suggesting that patients often overlook the anesthesiologist’s comprehensive role in perioperative medicine [12] [13]. Given the centrality of anesthesiologists in ensuring patient safety across the surgical continuum, these knowledge gaps underscore the need for enhanced patient education and communication. Anxiety about anesthesia also emerged as a common issue, as many patients demonstrated uncertainty regarding the risks and processes involved. For example, although 88% of participants knew anesthesia was necessary for surgery, there was confusion about the preoperative fasting requirement and its purpose, leading to increased anxiety. with studies highlighting how fear of the unknown, concerns about waking up during surgery, and postoperative complications contribute to patient stress[14] This study investigated the knowledge and perceptions of anesthesia and the anesthetist's role among patients undergoing surgery at Erdogan Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia Declarations Acknowledgments We want to say a huge thank you to the patients at Erdogan Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Their willingness to participate made this study happen! We also really appreciate the hospital's administration. They supported us & worked with us throughout the entire research process. A big shoutout goes to the data collection team, and also the anesthetist specialists. They created and tested our study questionnaires. Their help was super important for making sure our data was clear and accurate. We can't forget the amazing statistical consultants and the data collection team their input was invaluable in ensuring the accuracy and clarity of the data gathered. To all of the patients at Erdogan Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, we extend our sincere gratitude. This study was made possible by their participation! We are also very grateful to the hospital's management. They cooperated and helped us during the whole research process. A particular thanks to the anesthetist specialists and the data gathering team. Our study questionnaires were developed and tested by them. Their assistance was crucial to ensuring the accuracy and clarity of our data. Author Declaration Funding We hereby certify that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and that this work did not receive any financial support that could have influenced its results. Ethics approval and consent to participate We confirm that there are no individuals who meet the criteria for authorship but are not listed, and we verify that all named authors have reviewed and approved the work. Furthermore, we assure that all authors have accepted the order of authorship as indicated in the manuscript. Additionally, we guarantee that the study described has been conducted with the necessary ethical approval, as stated in the publication. We also confirm that all research involving participants was carried out in strict adherence to ethical guidelines approved by all relevant bodies, as outlined within the manuscript. The data used in this article is fully available and accessible to readers. Any data generated or analyzed during the study has been appropriately documented and stored, ensuring transparency and reproducibility. Clinical trial number not applicable Data availability This data can be provided upon reasonable request from the corresponding author, adhering to institutional and ethical guidelines. A statement of ethics approval Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Training and Research Hospital (approval number: MSTH/16078) prior to its initiation. The study was conducted in strict adherence to the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. References D. H. Robinson and A. H. Toledo, “Historical development of modern anesthesia,” Jun. 2012. doi: 10.3109/08941939.2012.690328. T. Sable and N. Dagdu Waghchoure, “ISSN 2347-954X (Print) Patients and nurses knowledge and attitude regarding general anaesthesia and anesthesiologist,” Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS , vol. 4, no. 9A, pp. 3261–3265, 2016, doi: 10.36347/sjams.2016.v04i09.015. R. Djagbletey et al. , “Patients’ knowledge and perception of anaesthesia and the anaesthetist at a tertiary health care facility in Ghana,” 2017, Medpharm Publications . doi: 10.1080/22201181.2017.1281518. M. Imran and F. Khan, “Change In Patient’s Perception And Knowledge Regarding Anaesthetic Practice After A Preoperative Anaesthesia Clinic Visit,” 2012. S. Suglo, J. Gross, A. Boakye Yiadom, A. Wuni, and S. Achaab, “Assessing Patients’ Knowledge on Anesthesia Services at Tamale Teaching Hospital,” 2020, SAGE Publications Inc. doi: 10.1177/2377960820907798. S. Hailu, T. Girma, and T. Regasa, “Assessment of patient’s perception and knowledge towards anesthesia services at Dilla University Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study,” International Journal of Surgery: Global Health , vol. 5, no. 5, pp. e79–e79, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1097/gh9.0000000000000079. O. A. Ige, O. O. Oyedepo, B. O. Bolaji, A. M. Adewunmi, and O. O. Abe, “PERCEPTION OF ANAESTHESIA AND THE ANAESTHETIST AMONG ADULT SURGICAL PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY FACILITY IN NIGERIA.,” Sierra Leone Journal of Biomedical Research , vol. 8, no. 1, p. 12, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.4314/sljbr.v8i1.3. A. Sagün, H. Birbiçer, and G. Yapici, “Patients’, who applied to the anesthesia clinic, perceptions and knowledge about anesthesia in Türkiye,” Saudi J Anaesth , vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 170–174, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.114076. N. Riskey Arefayne, A. Belete Getahun, T. B. Melkie, S. Endalew, and Y. A. Nigatu, “Cross-sectional Study Patients’ knowledge and perception of anesthesia and the anesthetists: Cross-sectional study,” Annals of Medicine and Surgery , vol. 78, p. 103740, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103740. B. M. Biccard and L. Green-Thompson, “Socially accountable anaesthesia: matching human resources with community need for safe care,” Mar. 01, 2018, Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi: 10.1111/anae.14161. P. A. Talane, A. Mamoojee, and N. Madima, “A survey of the perceptions and knowledge of anaesthesia and anaesthetists among Grade 12 learners in four Johannesburg districts,” Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia , vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 24–30, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.36303/SAJAA.2814. R. Renuka, “Perception about anaesthesia and anaesthesiologists among non-medical graduate professionals,” Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia , vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 299–303, 2021, doi: 10.36303/SAJAA.2021.27.6.2634. S. Hailu, T. Girma, and T. Regasa, “Assessment of patient’s perception and knowledge towards anesthesia services at Dilla University Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study,” International Journal of Surgery: Global Health , vol. 5, no. 5, pp. e79–e79, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1097/gh9.0000000000000079. D. Nagrampa, S. Bazargan-Hejazi, G. Neelakanta, M. Mojtahedzadeh, A. Law, and M. Miller, “A survey of anesthesiologists’ role, trust in anesthesiologists, and knowledge and fears about anesthesia among predominantly Hispanic patients from an inner-city county preoperative anesthesia clinic,” J Clin Anesth , vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 97–104, Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2014.05.012. Tables Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics Factor Frequency % Gender Male 328 (66.3) Female 167 (33.7) Age 15-19 30 (6.1) 20-29 158 (31.9) 30-39 117 (23.6) 40-49 59 (11.9) 50-59 47 (9.5) 60 and above 84 (17) Educational status Never 239 (48.3) Primary 106 (21.4) Secondary 97 (19.6) Graduate 53 (10.7) Previous surgery/anesthesia No 165 (50.9) Yes 159 (49.1) Unemployed 277 (56) Employed 218 (44) Table 2: Patients’ knowledge of anesthesia and the role of the anesthetist Factor Response Frequency (%) Have you heard about anesthesia? No 171 (34.5) Yes 324 (65.5) Source of knowledge about anesthesia: Friends and Relatives 157 (48.5) Patient 143 (44.1) Media 24 (7.4) Reason for applying to anesthesia Polyclinic Referred 270 (83.3 Do not know 10 (3.1)) To explain the operation, I had 37 (11.4) To give information about existing illnesses 7 (2.2) Is anesthesia applied in the same way in all patients? No 289 (89.2) Yes 35 (7.1) Is anesthesia needed if surgery has to be performed? Yes 285 (88) Do not know 34 (10.5) No 5 (1.5) What is to be stopped before surgery? Both solid and liquid 253 (78.1) Only solids 46 (14.2) No need to stop 13 (4) Only liquids 9 (2.8) The foods are eaten little by little 3 (0.9) Pre-op fasting period Do not know 166 (51.2) 12 Hours 71 (21.9) 6 Hours 62 (19.1) 24 Hours 16 (4.9) 2 Hours 9 (2.8) Why preoperative fasting period is essential? Do not know 216 (66.7) Nausea and vomiting 49 (15.1) surgery can be complicated during an operation 47 (14.5) Risk of Aspiration 12 (3.7) Who applies anesthesia? Anesthesia doctor 245 (75.6) Nurse 41 (12.7) Do not know 19 (5.9) Anesthesia technician 17 (5.2) Surgeon 2 (0.6) Anaesthetists are? Medically qualified doctor 186 (57.4) Educated person 110 (34) University graduate 20 (6.2) Non‑medically qualified doctor 5 (1.5) Nurse 3 (0.9) Where do anesthesia doctors work? Operation theater 313 (96.6) Do not know 5 (1.5) Intensive care units 3 (0.9) Pain units 3 (0.9) What is the role of an anesthesia doctor during an operation? Relieving pain 187 (57.7) Do not know 51 (15.7) Waking up the patient 43 (13.3) Monitoring vital signs 43 (13.3) What type of anesthesia do you know? General anesthesia 248 (76.) Do not know 25 (7.7) Spinal anesthesia 8 (2.5) local anesthesia 8 (2.5) all 35 (10.8) Who is responsible for postoperative care? I have no idea 220 (67.9) The surgeon 89 (27.5) Anesthesia doctor 12 (3.7) Another doctor 3 (0.9) Postoperative pain It has to be tolerated 168 (51.9) It is an undesirable condition 132 (40.7) It is natural 11 (3.4) The drug must not be used 7 (2.2) It is a marker of healing 6 (1.9) Important of anesthesia doctor Very important 276 (85.2) moderately important 36 (11.2) Not much important 6 (1.9) Do not know 6 (1.9) Table 3: Linear logistic regression Covariates β P-value 95.0% Confidence Interval for B Lower Bound Upper Bound Age -0.008 0.102 -0.018 0.002 Education 0.232 0.002 0.083 0.382 Occupation 0.369 0.034 0.028 0.710 Sex (female) 0.383 0.037 0.023 0.744 β = beta Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Anesthesiology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5400877","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":377680536,"identity":"4f711ce0-1ed5-44a7-aaa1-628819894cc3","order_by":0,"name":"Abdalla Mohamed Hussein Hussein","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNgkGA4YHBUCWBPMBEClDUAs/SEuCAUgxWwKI5CGoRXIGXAsPiGQgrMXgdvPGDwkGNtH80j2fX92oseBhYD98dANeLXeOFUskGKTlzpxzdpt1zjGgw3jS0m7g1XIjxwCo5XDuhhu524xz2IBaJHjM8Gqxv5Fj/CPB4D9QS84z45x/RGgB2mIGtOUASAvz49w2YrTcOVZmkWCQnDtzRpoZc26fBA8bQb/cbt5840OFXW6/RPLjzznf6uT42Q8fw6sFGQBTAogkVjkIMH8gRfUoGAWjYBSMHAAAbchL2SJ+cZEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Mogadishu Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdalla","middleName":"Mohamed Hussein","lastName":"Hussein","suffix":""},{"id":377680537,"identity":"082f8ec5-3374-47ff-a88b-dec73314f3ad","order_by":1,"name":"Mine Bacak Bacak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mogadishu Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mine","middleName":"Bacak","lastName":"Bacak","suffix":""},{"id":377680538,"identity":"168773e7-06e8-4821-b9b2-893bde2eabd9","order_by":2,"name":"Aşır Eraslan Eraslan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mogadishu Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aşır","middleName":"Eraslan","lastName":"Eraslan","suffix":""},{"id":377680539,"identity":"a6a36904-2b81-4998-ad66-5e43e6224935","order_by":3,"name":"Sertac Cimen Cimen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mogadishu Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sertac","middleName":"Cimen","lastName":"Cimen","suffix":""},{"id":377680540,"identity":"e7cfb370-5031-46b2-8f66-3ef48a2966a6","order_by":4,"name":"Irshad Ibrahim Ali Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mogadishu Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Irshad","middleName":"Ibrahim Ali","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":377680541,"identity":"a9048215-a511-414b-8db3-4c0c5561b8fc","order_by":5,"name":"Rahma Yusuf Haji Mohamud Haji Mohamud","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mogadishu Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rahma","middleName":"Yusuf Haji Mohamud Haji","lastName":"Mohamud","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-06 08:23:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5400877/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5400877/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-025-03357-8","type":"published","date":"2025-09-29T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92533075,"identity":"abc7a4de-6acb-4e03-bf3c-3cd8fdb37410","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-30 16:57:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":542418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5400877/v1/519e78e7-fbf4-45f2-87fb-380ec79dcea4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Patient’s knowledge and perception of anesthesia and the anesthesiologist at a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSince its early beginning in the nineteenth century, the field of anesthesia has undergone constant development and change[1]. While traditionally associated with surgery, anesthetists play a crucial role in various aspects of healthcare beyond the operating room. Their expertise extends to pain management, critical care, and palliative care, offering relief and support to patients in diverse situations. Additionally, anesthetists possess valuable skills in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, life support, and disaster management, making them essential contributors to emergency response efforts. This expanded role highlights the multifaceted nature of anesthesiology and its vital impact on patient care across various settings[2][3][4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA study [5]conducted in Ghana revealed a concerning lack of awareness; only 53% of patients were aware of anesthesia services. This highlights the need for further investigation in Africa since healthcare systems face unique challenges, including disparities in access to healthcare services, limited resources, and a diverse range of cultural beliefs and practices. These factors can influence patients\u0026apos; knowledge and perceptions of anesthesia and anesthesiologists.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach year, on October 16th, World Anesthesia Day is celebrated worldwide. Awareness campaigns are held in both developed and developing countries to promote a better understanding of the anesthesia specialty. Despite extensive global research on anesthesia, there is a need for more studies focusing on Africa, particularly on the evaluation of anesthetists in Somalia. Anesthesia services in Somalia are mainly provided by trained nurses, although some regions have specialist doctors supported by qualified anesthesia technicians. The goal of this study is to investigate patients\u0026apos; knowledge and perception of anesthesia and anesthetists at a tertiary hospital.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eBetween September and December 2023, Erdogan Hospital conducted an institutional-based cross-sectional study using direct participant interviews based on a questionnaire. Erdogan, a public hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, was founded in 2014 as a referral hospital and is now the country\u0026apos;s sole teaching and referral facility. All elective patients aged 15 and older were personally questioned during the pre-anesthetic assessment phase after receiving an ethical exemption from the institutional review board of the Education of Medicine. Each participant gave their informed consent before being allowed to continue in the study, and those who did not want to were allowed to do so. Patients who were emotionally, physically, or emotionally unstable were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSampling and subject selection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;A maximum of 10 adult patients (\u0026ge; 18 years) presenting for outpatient preoperative anesthetics assessment and who gave consent were consecutively recruited daily at the pre-anesthetic clinic during the study period. This was done to provide enough time for questionnaire administration, to increase the period over which patients will be selected, and to increase the variability among recruited patients.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the research period, a maximum of 10 adult patients over the age of 18 who were presenting for an outpatient preoperative anesthetics assessment were sequentially recruited each day at the pre-anesthetic clinic. This was done to provide ample time for the delivery of the questionnaire, to increase the period over which patients will be selected, and to increase the range of patients who would be recruited.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePre-tested questionnaires were used for the data collection process. Basic demographic information was gathered, including age, gender, education, and occupation. The degree of education was calculated using the highest level acquired. Junior secondary and high school were classified as primary, senior secondary and high school as secondary, and any other education beyond secondary was designated as tertiary. Additionally, details on the participant\u0026apos;s understanding of anesthesia, the anesthetist\u0026apos;s identity and job description, and patients\u0026apos; opinions of anesthesia and the anesthetist were gathered. Anesthetist specialists created the questionnaire.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pre-testing of the questionnaire involved ten preoperative inpatients whose pre-anesthesia evaluation was performed by anesthetists on the surgical wards. Following the pre-test, specific questions were changed to make them more transparent. A knowledge score was calculated using responses to the questionnaire\u0026apos;s 6 (Appendix 1). For correctly identifying the anesthetist as doing one of the roles stated in question 6 of the questionnaire, one point was given for each answer. The total of the properly-recognized roles that anesthetists are involved in was added to create a knowledge score. As a result, a score as high as 6 was possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was gathered, then underwent computer entry and subsequent analysis using SPSS (IBM) Statistical Program Version 26. descriptive research was conducted first, and variables were summarized through tables. Furthermore, associations were assessed using chi-square tests. Notably, factors showing significance at the bivariate level were subsequently entered into a multiple logistic regression analysis. Significant associations were determined based on odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), with statistical significance of p \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 495 patients were recruited for the study. Nearly two-thirds (66.3%) of the patients were male. The ages of the patients ranged from 15 to 92 with a mean of 38.79 \u0026plusmn; 17.24, and most of the patients (31.9%) were aged from 20 to 29. \u0026nbsp;almost half of the patients (48.3%) have never received formal education. Over half of the participants (50.9%) had not undergone previous surgical procedures. Most of the participants (56%) were unemployed ( Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients\u0026rsquo; knowledge of anesthesia and the role of the anesthetist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree hundred twenty-four (65.5%) participants had heard about anesthesia. Most of them were heard from friends and relatives (48.5%). Most of the participants were referred by the surgeon for preoperative assessment, and only (3%) did not know why to apply to an anesthesia polyclinic. Most participants who had heard of anesthesia knew that it was not used the same way in all patients (89.2%). A third of the participants (88%) knew anesthesia was needed if surgery had to be performed. Most participants knew solid and liquid food should be stopped before the operation (78.1). Only three participants (0.9%) believed that foods were eaten little by little before the operation. More than (51.2%) of the respondents did not know about the preoperative fasting period, while (21.9%) of the participants responded that 12 hours of fasting is needed before the operation. When asked why a preoperative fasting period is required, most of the participants (66.7%) did not know the reason, (15.1%) of the participants responded due to nausea and vomiting, and only (3.7%) of the respondents knew about the risk of aspiration. Most participants (75.6 %) selected an anesthesia doctor when asked who applies anesthesia, while only two chose the surgeon. More than half of the participants (57.4 %) knew an anesthetist was a medically qualified doctor. In comparison (34%) of the respondents answered that an anesthetist is an educated person in the hospital who administers anesthesia. Almost all participants (96.6 %) did not know that anesthesia doctors work outside the operation theatre. One hundred eighty-seven (57.7 %) of the participants knew the role of the anesthesia doctor in interoperative is only to alleviate pain, forty-three of the participants (13.3 %) equally answered the role of the anesthesia doctor intraoperatively is monitoring vital signs, waking up the patient and (15.7 %) of the participants did not know about it. Two hundred forty-eight participants (76.5 %) only knew general anesthesia, while (7.7 %) did not see any anesthesia. Two hundred twenty participants (67.9 %) needed to learn who is responsible for postoperative care, while eighty-nine (27.5 %) answered the surgeon. Postoperative pain has to be tolerated, answered by one hundred sixty-eight participants (51.9 %). (40.7 %) of participants responded that it is undesirable and has to be stopped, while six participants answered that it is a marker of healing. Most participants (85.2 %) replied that the anesthesia doctor\u0026apos;s role is significant (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLinear logistic regression\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn increase of one unit in educational level was found to increase anesthesiology knowledge by a factor of 0.232 units (\u0026beta;=0.232, P-value=0.002). Employed people had 0.369 times more understanding of anesthesiology than unemployed ones (\u0026beta;=0.369, P-value=0.034). Female participants had higher knowledge scores in anesthesiology than male participants (\u0026beta;=0.383, P-value=0.037) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study at Erdogan Hospital showed that about two-thirds of participants were familiar with anesthesia, mainly learning about it through personal connections like family and friends. This level of awareness is higher compared to Ghana, as reported by [5] but still points to a general trend across Africa of limited patient understanding of anesthesia services [6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study indicates that educational attainment plays a critical role in patients\u0026rsquo; knowledge of anesthesiology. Linear logistic regression analysis showed that for every unit increase in educational level, there was a corresponding 0.232 increase in knowledge scores. This result is consistent with previous studies, which found that education is a significant determinant of health literacy, particularly in areas requiring technical understanding like anesthesia ([7][8]. The lack of formal education for nearly half (48.3%) of the patients highlights a critical gap in knowledge about anesthesia, pointing to the need for more targeted educational interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmployment status also emerged as a predictor of anesthesia knowledge. Employed individuals demonstrated a higher level of understanding compared to unemployed individuals as similar studies found a strong association between level of knowledge and employment status[9]. This could be attributed to the increased access to information and medical services that typically accompany employment, as well as better overall health literacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study also found that female participants exhibited higher knowledge scores in anesthesiology compared to their male counterparts . This finding match with some earlier research that suggested women generally have higher health literacy[8]\u0026nbsp;[10]. However, it may also reflect specific cultural or social dynamics in the studied population, where women may be more proactive in seeking health information or discussing medical procedures with healthcare providers. Further investigation is warranted to explore these gender-specific trends.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, while 89.2% of participants recognized the necessity of anesthesia for surgery, misconceptions persisted, particularly regarding postoperative care. A significant number of respondents (67.9%) did not know who was responsible for postoperative care, with many incorrectly attributing this responsibility to the surgeon rather than the anesthesiologist. This finding mirrors global trends, where the anesthesiologist\u0026rsquo;s role in postoperative care is often underappreciated as in Africa\u0026nbsp;[11]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile 85.2% of respondents recognized the importance of the anesthesiologist\u0026rsquo;s role, many remained unaware of the broader scope of their responsibilities beyond the operating theatre. Most participants associated the anesthesiologist solely with intraoperative pain management, with little understanding of their role in monitoring vital signs or managing postoperative care. This is consistent with previous research suggesting that patients often overlook the anesthesiologist\u0026rsquo;s comprehensive role in perioperative medicine\u0026nbsp;[12]\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[13]. Given the centrality of anesthesiologists in ensuring patient safety across the surgical continuum, these knowledge gaps underscore the need for enhanced patient education and communication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnxiety about anesthesia also emerged as a common issue, as many patients demonstrated uncertainty regarding the risks and processes involved. For example, although 88% of participants knew anesthesia was necessary for surgery, there was confusion about the preoperative fasting requirement and its purpose, leading to increased anxiety. with studies highlighting how fear of the unknown, concerns about waking up during surgery, and postoperative complications contribute to patient stress[14]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the knowledge and perceptions of anesthesia and the anesthetist\u0026apos;s role among patients undergoing surgery at Erdogan Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe want to say a huge thank you to the patients at Erdogan Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Their willingness to participate made this study happen! We also really appreciate the hospital\u0026apos;s administration. They supported us \u0026amp; worked with us throughout the entire research process.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA big shoutout goes to the data collection team, and also the anesthetist specialists. They created and tested our study questionnaires. Their help was super important for making sure our data was clear and accurate. We can\u0026apos;t forget the amazing statistical consultants and the data collection team their input was invaluable in ensuring the accuracy and clarity of the data gathered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo all of the patients at Erdogan Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, we extend our sincere gratitude. This study was made possible by their participation! We are also very grateful to the hospital\u0026apos;s management. They cooperated and helped us during the whole research process.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA particular thanks to the anesthetist specialists and the data gathering team. Our study questionnaires were developed and tested by them. Their assistance was crucial to ensuring the accuracy and clarity of our data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe hereby certify that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and that this work did not receive any financial support that could have influenced its results.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe confirm that there are no individuals who meet the criteria for authorship but are not listed, and we verify that all named authors have reviewed and approved the work. Furthermore, we assure that all authors have accepted the order of authorship as indicated in the manuscript. Additionally, we guarantee that the study described has been conducted with the necessary ethical approval, as stated in the publication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also confirm that all research involving participants was carried out in strict adherence to ethical guidelines approved by all relevant bodies, as outlined within the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used in this article is fully available and accessible to readers. Any data generated or analyzed during the study has been appropriately documented and stored, ensuring transparency and reproducibility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;This data can be provided upon reasonable request from the corresponding author, adhering to institutional and ethical guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA statement of ethics approval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Training and Research Hospital (approval number: MSTH/16078) prior to its initiation. The study was conducted in strict adherence to the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD. H. Robinson and A. H. Toledo, \u0026ldquo;Historical development of modern anesthesia,\u0026rdquo; Jun. 2012. doi: 10.3109/08941939.2012.690328.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eT. Sable and N. Dagdu Waghchoure, \u0026ldquo;ISSN 2347-954X (Print) Patients and nurses knowledge and attitude regarding general anaesthesia and anesthesiologist,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eScholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 4, no. 9A, pp. 3261\u0026ndash;3265, 2016, doi: 10.36347/sjams.2016.v04i09.015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR. Djagbletey \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;Patients\u0026rsquo; knowledge and perception of anaesthesia and the anaesthetist at a tertiary health care facility in Ghana,\u0026rdquo; 2017, \u003cem\u003eMedpharm Publications\u003c/em\u003e. doi: 10.1080/22201181.2017.1281518.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Imran and F. Khan, \u0026ldquo;Change In Patient\u0026rsquo;s Perception And Knowledge Regarding Anaesthetic Practice After A Preoperative Anaesthesia Clinic Visit,\u0026rdquo; 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Suglo, J. Gross, A. Boakye Yiadom, A. Wuni, and S. Achaab, \u0026ldquo;Assessing Patients\u0026rsquo; Knowledge on Anesthesia Services at Tamale Teaching Hospital,\u0026rdquo; 2020, \u003cem\u003eSAGE Publications Inc.\u003c/em\u003e doi: 10.1177/2377960820907798.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Hailu, T. Girma, and T. Regasa, \u0026ldquo;Assessment of patient\u0026rsquo;s perception and knowledge towards anesthesia services at Dilla University Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Surgery: Global Health\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. e79\u0026ndash;e79, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1097/gh9.0000000000000079.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO. A. Ige, O. O. Oyedepo, B. O. Bolaji, A. M. Adewunmi, and O. O. Abe, \u0026ldquo;PERCEPTION OF ANAESTHESIA AND THE ANAESTHETIST AMONG ADULT SURGICAL PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY FACILITY IN NIGERIA.,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eSierra Leone Journal of Biomedical Research\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 12, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.4314/sljbr.v8i1.3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Sag\u0026uuml;n, H. Birbi\u0026ccedil;er, and G. Yapici, \u0026ldquo;Patients\u0026rsquo;, who applied to the anesthesia clinic, perceptions and knowledge about anesthesia in T\u0026uuml;rkiye,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eSaudi J Anaesth\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 170\u0026ndash;174, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.114076.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eN. Riskey Arefayne, A. Belete Getahun, T. B. Melkie, S. Endalew, and Y. A. Nigatu, \u0026ldquo;Cross-sectional Study Patients\u0026rsquo; knowledge and perception of anesthesia and the anesthetists: Cross-sectional study,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Medicine and Surgery\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 78, p. 103740, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103740.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e B. M. Biccard and L. Green-Thompson, \u0026ldquo;Socially accountable anaesthesia: matching human resources with community need for safe care,\u0026rdquo; Mar. 01, 2018, \u003cem\u003eBlackwell Publishing Ltd\u003c/em\u003e. doi: 10.1111/anae.14161.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e P. A. Talane, A. Mamoojee, and N. Madima, \u0026ldquo;A survey of the perceptions and knowledge of anaesthesia and anaesthetists among Grade 12 learners in four Johannesburg districts,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eSouthern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 24\u0026ndash;30, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.36303/SAJAA.2814.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e R. Renuka, \u0026ldquo;Perception about anaesthesia and anaesthesiologists among non-medical graduate professionals,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eSouthern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 299\u0026ndash;303, 2021, doi: 10.36303/SAJAA.2021.27.6.2634.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e S. Hailu, T. Girma, and T. Regasa, \u0026ldquo;Assessment of patient\u0026rsquo;s perception and knowledge towards anesthesia services at Dilla University Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Surgery: Global Health\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. e79\u0026ndash;e79, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1097/gh9.0000000000000079.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e D. Nagrampa, S. Bazargan-Hejazi, G. Neelakanta, M. Mojtahedzadeh, A. Law, and M. Miller, \u0026ldquo;A survey of anesthesiologists\u0026rsquo; role, trust in anesthesiologists, and knowledge and fears about anesthesia among predominantly Hispanic patients from an inner-city county preoperative anesthesia clinic,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ Clin Anesth\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 97\u0026ndash;104, Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2014.05.012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Sociodemographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e328 (66.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (33.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 (31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97 (19.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious surgery/anesthesia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165 (50.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159 (49.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277 (56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 166px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 163px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218 (44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Patients\u0026rsquo; knowledge of anesthesia and the role of the anesthetist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResponse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave you heard about anesthesia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171 (34.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e324 (65.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource of knowledge about anesthesia:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFriends and Relatives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157 (48.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (44.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReason for applying to anesthesia Polyclinic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReferred\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270 (83.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (3.1))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo explain the operation, I had\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo give information about existing illnesses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs anesthesia applied in the same way in all patients?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289 (89.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIs anesthesia needed if surgery has to be performed?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e285 (88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat is to be stopped before surgery?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoth solid and liquid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253 (78.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnly solids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo need to stop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnly liquids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe foods are eaten little by little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-op fasting period\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (51.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (21.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhy preoperative fasting period is essential?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNausea and vomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esurgery can be complicated during an operation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk of Aspiration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWho applies anesthesia?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnesthesia doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245 (75.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnesthesia technician\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgeon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnaesthetists are?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedically qualified doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186 (57.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducated person\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity graduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon‑medically qualified doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere do anesthesia doctors work?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOperation theater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313 (96.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensive care units\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePain units\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat is the role of an anesthesia doctor during an operation?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelieving pain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187 (57.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaking up the patient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonitoring vital signs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat type of anesthesia do you know?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral anesthesia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248 (76.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpinal anesthesia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elocal anesthesia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWho is responsible for postoperative care?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI have no idea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220 (67.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe surgeon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (27.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnesthesia doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnother doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostoperative pain\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt has to be tolerated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168 (51.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is an undesirable condition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (40.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is natural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe drug must not be used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is a marker of healing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImportant of anesthesia doctor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276 (85.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emoderately important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot much important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Linear logistic regression\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"652\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCovariates\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026beta;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;P-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 274px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.0% Confidence Interval for B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower Bound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper Bound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex (female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 652px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta; = beta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anesthesia, Anesthesiologists, Patient Knowledge, Public Perception, Health Education.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5400877/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5400877/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e The field of anesthesia, evolving since the nineteenth century, extends beyond surgery to include critical roles in pain management, critical care, and emergency response, reflecting its importance in diverse healthcare scenarios. It addresses a significant gap in understanding in a region where trained nurses rather than specialist doctors often administer anesthesia. The aim is to investigate patients' knowledge and perception of anesthesia and the anesthetist at a tertiary hospital.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A cross-sectional study was conducted at Erdogan Hospital, Mogadishu, from September to December 2023. Participants were elective patients aged 15 or older, interviewed using pre-tested questionnaires covering demographics, knowledge of anesthesia, and perceptions of anesthesiologists.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Out of 495 participants, 65.5% were aware of anesthesia, predominantly informed by friends and relatives. While most understood the role of anesthesiologists in administering anesthesia during surgery, there was limited awareness of their broader responsibilities. Critical factors associated with more excellent anesthesiology knowledge included educational level, which increased anesthesiology knowledge by a factor of 0.232 units (β=0.232, P-value=0.002). Employed people had 0.369 times more understanding of anesthesiology than unemployed ones (β=0.369, P-value=0.034). Female participants had higher knowledge scores in anesthesiology than male participants (β=0.383, P-value=0.037).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e The study highlights a crucial knowledge gap among patients in Somalia regarding anesthesia and the role of anesthesiologists, underscoring the need for enhanced public education and specialized training. The results are, however, limited by the study's singular hospital setting and sample size.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Patient’s knowledge and perception of anesthesia and the anesthesiologist at a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-14 04:33:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5400877/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"143a476d-ed39-401a-b82a-71657329888e","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-30T16:57:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5400877","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-025-03357-8","journal":{"identity":"bmc-anesthesiology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Anesthesiology"},"publishedOn":"2025-09-29 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-14 04:33:03","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12871-025-03357-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-025-03357-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5400877","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5400877","identity":"rs-5400877","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}