Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective.

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This study seeks to examine the impact of burnout and health impairment in the maritime industry, using the Job Demand-Resources theory as a framework. Methods To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents (94.6% men, Mage = 39.44, SD = 12.8). We tested a mediated Structural Equation Model (SEM) aimed at predicting negative health outcomes. Results The results show that burnout plays a mediating role between job demands (such as workload and cognitive strain) and health impairment (such as sleep quality and physical well-being) (Total Indirect Effect = 0.443, p < .0001) as well as between job resources (such as social support and transformational leadership) and health impairment (Total Indirect Effect = -0.249, p < .0001). Furthermore, the findings highlight the direct influence of occupational resources on seafarers’ health. Conclusions The discussion highlights the urgent need for more research in the field of organisational psychology in the maritime industry and the discrepancies between these findings, which are consistent with the existing maritime literature, and other studies that do not include seafarers in their sample groups. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19", "name": "Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and..." } } ] } Home Browse Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Buscema F, Cena L, Cricenti C et al. Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159198.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] Francesco Buscema https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-3072 1 , Lorenzo Cena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0747-448X 1 , Clarissa Cricenti 2 , Margherita Zito 3 , Lara Bertola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-3100 4 , Lara Colombo 1 Francesco Buscema https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-3072 1 , Lorenzo Cena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0747-448X 1 , [...] Clarissa Cricenti 2 , Margherita Zito 3 , Lara Bertola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-3100 4 , Lara Colombo 1 PUBLISHED 20 Feb 2025 Author details Author details 1 Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Piedmont, Italy 2 Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy 3 Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumption, IULM, Milan, Lombardy, Italy 4 Department of Management and Organization, Rennes School of Business, Rennes, Brittany, France Francesco Buscema Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Lorenzo Cena Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – Review & Editing Clarissa Cricenti Roles: Investigation, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Margherita Zito Roles: Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Lara Bertola Roles: Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Lara Colombo Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Social Psychology gateway. Abstract Background The work experience of seafarers differs significantly from other land-based occupations due to several factors, particularly remoteness and the restricted work environment. This study seeks to examine the impact of burnout and health impairment in the maritime industry, using the Job Demand-Resources theory as a framework. Methods To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents (94.6% men, Mage = 39.44, SD = 12.8). We tested a mediated Structural Equation Model (SEM) aimed at predicting negative health outcomes. Results The results show that burnout plays a mediating role between job demands (such as workload and cognitive strain) and health impairment (such as sleep quality and physical well-being) (Total Indirect Effect = 0.443, p < .0001) as well as between job resources (such as social support and transformational leadership) and health impairment (Total Indirect Effect = -0.249, p < .0001). Furthermore, the findings highlight the direct influence of occupational resources on seafarers’ health. Conclusions The discussion highlights the urgent need for more research in the field of organisational psychology in the maritime industry and the discrepancies between these findings, which are consistent with the existing maritime literature, and other studies that do not include seafarers in their sample groups. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Burnout, Seafarers, Health Impairment, JD-R Model, Quality of Sleep Corresponding Author(s) Francesco Buscema ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Francesco Buscema Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Buscema F et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Buscema F, Cena L, Cricenti C et al. Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159198.2 ) First published: 03 Jan 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159198.1 ) Latest published: 20 Feb 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159198.2 ) Revised Amendments from Version 1 Thanks to the work of the three reviewers, we were able to improve the quality of our paper and incorporate the following changes: In the abstract, we clarified the number of participants and provided a more detailed analysis of the results. In the introduction, we have explained the reasons for choosing the JD-R model to assess psychosocial risks in the maritime sector. In the literature review, we clarified the gaps in the existing literature. In the methods section, we better defined the sampling technique and specified that participation was voluntary. We have included more details on the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. We have also clarified the reasons for selecting the survey instruments. In the section on the results, we have better explained the coefficients of the model and clarified the meaning of the acronym CI (Confidence Interval). In the discussion, we expanded our interpretation of the results and made suggestions for improving the quality of life of seafarers on board. We proposed two approaches: firstly, the promotion of leadership training based on transformational leadership, and secondly, the promotion of social support training and team-building activities. In addition, we explained the specific characteristics of the maritime sector and its relationship with other high-stress occupations. In the conclusion, we explained the importance of assessing burnout in seafarers, even considering the overlap between burnout and depression. In addition, we provided an estimate of the number of seafarers employed in Italy. Thanks to the work of the three reviewers, we were able to improve the quality of our paper and incorporate the following changes: In the abstract, we clarified the number of participants and provided a more detailed analysis of the results. In the introduction, we have explained the reasons for choosing the JD-R model to assess psychosocial risks in the maritime sector. In the literature review, we clarified the gaps in the existing literature. In the methods section, we better defined the sampling technique and specified that participation was voluntary. We have included more details on the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. We have also clarified the reasons for selecting the survey instruments. In the section on the results, we have better explained the coefficients of the model and clarified the meaning of the acronym CI (Confidence Interval). In the discussion, we expanded our interpretation of the results and made suggestions for improving the quality of life of seafarers on board. We proposed two approaches: firstly, the promotion of leadership training based on transformational leadership, and secondly, the promotion of social support training and team-building activities. In addition, we explained the specific characteristics of the maritime sector and its relationship with other high-stress occupations. In the conclusion, we explained the importance of assessing burnout in seafarers, even considering the overlap between burnout and depression. In addition, we provided an estimate of the number of seafarers employed in Italy. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Andrea Russo See the authors' detailed response to the review by Vairavan C See the authors' detailed response to the review by Inga Bartuseviciene READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Literature review Seafarers’ mental health Seafaring is a demanding profession both mentally and physically. The physical risks associated with maritime occupations, such as musculoskeletal problems, have been widely studied in the literature ( Hansen et al., 2008 ; Remmen et al., 2023 ; van de Wijdeven et al., 2023 ), while psychosocial risk factors and dimensions of mental health have only been addressed in recent years, with a focus on specific issues such as burnout ( Chung et al., 2017 ; Oldenburg et al., 2010 , 2014 ; Wan et al., 2023 ), fatigue ( Abila & Acejo, 2021 ; Oldenburg & Jensen, 2019 ) and sleep quality ( Hystad & Eid, 2016 ; Lützhöft et al., 2011 ). Nevertheless, the number of studies dealing with these topics is still small and there are even fewer studies in the Italian context. Seafarers may develop psychological or post-traumatic symptoms after experiencing a pirate attack during their working hours ( Abila & Tang, 2014 ). A recent report on seafarers’ mental health shows that the prevalence of depression and anxiety affected 28% of the 1262 seafarers surveyed in 2019 ( Lefkowitz & Slade, 2019 ). Some studies show that the factor that has the greatest impact on seafarers’ quality of life on board and mental health is isolation from family ( Buscema et al., 2023 ; Lefkowitz & Slade, 2019 ). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the maritime sector played a key role in the survival of the global economy. However, seafarers faced problems that affected their mental health, such as the inability to change shifts, shortages of supplies on board, increased workloads and overdue services ( Baygi et al., 2021 ; Brooks & Greenberg, 2022 ; Pauksztat et al., 2022 ). Our study will aim to deepen the knowledge of psychosocial risk factors and possible factors that mediate the well-being of seafarers. JD-R Model Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory is a model of occupational psychology that assumes that the balance between job demands and individual and contextual resources influences work stress and well-being ( Bakker et al., 2023 ). This theory is able to overcome the limitations of the most common theories of work stress, such as the two-factor theory ( Herzberg, 1966 ), the job characteristics theory ( Hackman & Oldham, 1976 ), the job demand-control model ( Karasek, 1979 ), the effort-reward-imbalance model ( Siegrist, 1996 ) and conservation of resources theory ( Hobfoll et al., 2018 ). JD-R theory is general enough to be applied to all jobs and fits the project design as it can explain the job characteristics of seafarers through the categories of job demands and job resources. In addition, JD-R examines the process of health impairment and motivation, personal resources such as self-efficacy, resilience and humour at work, and the role of exhaustion in job performance ( Bakker et al., 2023 ). Few studies have examined the role of job resources on shipboard mental health using the JD-R model, suggesting that social support (from peers and external support) and the opportunity to go ashore for holidays, as well as access to communication and entertainment, may reduce mental health problems in seafarers ( Pauksztat et al., 2022 ; Tang et al., 2022 ). Another study examines the role of JD-R among cruise ship crew and shows that the negative effects of job demands on work engagement are mitigated by workers’ individual strategies, such as recovery or work-related effort ( Radic et al., 2020 ). A recent study investigates the moderating role of a fun environment onboard between job demands and turnover intentions. Specifically, the condition of low job demands and high fun environment, turnover intentions are significantly lower than in the low fun environment condition ( Gu et al., 2020 ). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to test the JD-R model on Italian seafarers and thus enriches the extant literature. The activities of seafarers on board could be associated with a hierarchical environment in which the roles of all crew members are not interchangeable. Leaders or supervisors play a crucial role in steering not only the ship but also the crew members. For this reason, leadership styles such as transformational leadership could be very effective on board to prevent safety issues and motivate seafarers ( Sandhåland et al., 2017 ). Transformational leadership can be summarised as a leadership model consisting of four factors: idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualised consideration ( Bass & Riggio, 2006 ). Research hypotheses and model construction Work and cognitive load According to the JD-R model ( Bakker et al., 2023 ), work and cognitive load are considered predictors of stress, burnout and health impairment in the workplace. A recent study confirms the role of high workload as a predictor of burnout in a large sample of Chinese seafarers ( Wan et al., 2023 ). In addition, the role of human factors, such as cognitive load, is considered to be one of the most important dimensions influencing workplace safety, especially in the maritime environment ( Seyfzadehdarabad et al., 2023 ). Fatigue and stress could be considered as consequences of high cognitive load over long periods of time in seafarers ( Žagar et al., 2020 ). Hypothesis 1: Work and cognitive load (job demands) are positively related to health impairments through the mediation of job burnout. Social support and transformational leadership Living in an isolated environment for so long means that every seaman has to deal with every crew member. The hierarchical way in which seafarers are managed on board is a crucial issue for the quality of life of all seafarers. For this reason, leadership and social support could be considered as such resources according to the JD-R model ( Bakker et al., 2023 ). Transformational and authentic leadership can be considered a resource that promotes the development of psychological capital and creativity according to recent studies ( Rego et al., 2012 ; Yuen et al., 2020 ). By embodying social support and transformational leadership, crew members should be able to create a positive work environment that acts as a resource against burnout and health impairment ( Lucas et al., 2021 ; Sampson & Zhao, 2003 ; Wan et al., 2023 ). Hypothesis 2: Social support and transformational leadership (job resources) are negatively related to health impairments through the mediation of job burnout. Hypothetical model The model aims to analyse the mediating role of burnout between the JD-R dimensions and health impairments, using years of navigation as a control variable, as shown in Figure 1 . Figure 1. Hypothetical model based on JD-R model. Note. Ovals represent latent variables; square represents manifest variable. Methods Data collection and respondents An online survey was conducted from February to May 2023 using the Qualtrics XM platform. The questionnaire used the JD-R model ( Bakker et al., 2023 ) to investigate psychosocial risks on board. Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary. Through a dedicated website and thanks to the support of the unions in disseminating the questionnaire, 629 seafarers from all departments and ranks responded to the questionnaire. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. After excluding cases with missing values and workers employed in the catering department, the total valid sample for the present analysis was 239 seafarers. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee [Prot. n. 0513027 del 03/10/2022 - UOR: SI000045—Classif. III/11]. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 28.0.1.1 and MPlus version 8. The gender distribution shows that 5.4% of the sample is female, reflecting the gender gap in the maritime environment ( Baltic and International Maritime Council & International Chamber of Shipping, 2021 ). The average age was 39.44 years (SD = 12.81 years). Concerning the marital status of our sample, 47.7% were married, 25.1% were engaged, 20.5% were single, while the rest were divorced or widowed. All ranks of deck and engine department were included in the study: 64.4% of seafarers were employed in the deck department. 18.8% of the seafarers were Captains, 30.1% were deck officers, 6.3% were deck cadets, 8.8% were deck ratings, 9.2% were Chief engineers, 14.6% were engine officers, 10.9% were engine ratings. 51.9% of the participants had more than ten years’ experience in shipping. Furthermore, 64.9% of the sample responded to the survey while on board. The means and standard deviations of all the constructs studied are presented in Table 1 , while Table 2 presents the correlations between all the constructs studied. We tested our hypotheses using a structural equation model (SEM) with MPlus version 8. We implemented bootstrap method to create 2000 bootstrap samples ( Preacher & Hayes, 2008 ). Estimates of the indirect effect composed of the products of alpha paths (i.e., from job demands and job resources to burnout) and the beta path (i.e., from burnout to health impairment) were estimated with the associated 95% confidence interval (CI). If the CI does not include zero, then we consider the indirect effect to be statistically significant ( p < .05). Table 1. Means, standard deviations of the constructs studied. Constructs Mean S.D. Workload 4.26 1.23 Cognitive load 4.29 0.81 Social support 2.89 1.07 Transformational leadership 3.01 1.10 Burnout 3.09 1.02 Musculoskeletal pain 2.64 0.95 Quality of sleep 3.81 1.15 Table 2. Correlation between model constructs. N M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.Workload 239 4.20 1.21 -- 2.Cognitive load 239 4.21 0.86 .64 ** -- 3.Social support 239 2.88 1.08 -.24 ** -.10 -- 4.Transformational leadership 239 3.02 1.09 -.13 -.04 .47 ** -- 5.Burnout 239 3.05 0.99 .46 ** .30 ** -.45 ** -.27 ** -- 6.Musculoskeletal pain 239 2.68 0.98 .33 ** .26 ** -.29 ** -.12 .47 ** -- 7.Quality of sleep 239 3.72 1.15 .50 ** .37 ** -.46 ** -.35 ** .68 ** .57 ** -- ** p value < 0.01. * p value < 0.05. Questionnaire and measures Based on the studies related to the JD-R model, we selected as variables for job demands: Workload and Cognitive Load. Job resource variables were social support and transformational leadership, while the outcome variables were burnout and health impairment. Years of navigation were used as control variables. Job demands The Italian adaptation of the Psychological Workload and Physical Workload subscales of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), which is one of the most common instrument for assessing workload, were used to examine work and cognitive load ( Baldasseroni et al., 2001 ; Karasek et al., 1998 ). 6 items were used to examine workload (e.g., “I have too much work to do”) (Cronbach’s α = 0.882), while 4 items examined cognitive load (e.g., “My work requires my constant attention”) (Cronbach’s α = 0.831). All items on workload are rated on a 6-point scale from completely disagree (1) to completely agree (6), while the items on cognitive load are rated on a 5-point scale from completely disagree (1) to completely agree (5). Job resources Based on a previous study of the maritime sector, the following scales were selected to examine social support and transformational leadership ( Yuen et al., 2020 ). 5 Items from the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS) ( Dambi et al., 2018 ; Zimet et al., 1988 ) were used to assess on-board social support (e.g., “I receive emotional help and support I need from my teammates”). The original MSPSS includes not only perceived social support from colleagues, but also from family and friends. Following Yuen et al. (2020) , it was decided to use only social support from colleagues. The items are measured on a 5-point rating scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) (Cronbach’s α = 0.916). 5 items from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire ( Schuckert et al., 2018 ) were used to explore transformational leadership on board (e.g., “My superior spends time teaching and coaching”). These items relate to: attributed idealised influence, behavioural idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualised consideration. The scale is measured on a 5-point rating scale from not at all (1) to always (5) (Cronbach’s α = 0.890). Outcomes We used the Maslach Burnout Inventory ( Maslach & Leiter, 2016 ) to measure burnout on board, using 6 items as conducted by Yuen et al. (2020) . Burnout is composed of emotional exhaustion (e.g., “I feel emotionally drained from work”), depersonalisation (e.g., “I worry that this job is hardening me emotionally”), and reduced achievement (e.g., “I have accomplished many worthwhile things in this job”). The items are measured on a 5-point rating scale from never (1) to always (5). To increase the reliability of burnout, the item “I have accomplished many worthwhile things in this job” was removed from the analysis Cronbach’s α increases from 0.726 to 0.780. According to the JD-R theory ( Bakker et al., 2023 ) and following job design of Wan et al. (2023) , health impairment was measured by two different indicators: musculoskeletal pain and bad quality of sleep. Musculoskeletal pain was measured using 8 items from the psycho-physical symptoms indicator (e.g., “How often did you suffer the following symptoms: Muscle and joint pain”) by Avallone and Paplomatas (2004) (Cronbach’s α = 0.867). Items are measured on a 5-point rating scale from never (1) to always (5). The Italian adaptation of the Mini Sleep Questionnaire ( Natale et al., 2014 ) was used to assess the quality of sleep on board. This scale consists of 10 items (e.g., “I have had problems sleeping”) measured on a 7-point rating scale from never (1) to always (7) (Cronbach’s α = 0.894). Results The model showed good fit indices CFI = 0.909, TLI = 0.903, χ 2 (883, N =239) = 1466.436, p < .0001, SRMR = 0.071, RMSEA = 0.053, Confidence Interval (C.I.) = .048 - .057, according to Hayduk et al. (2007) and Kline (2005) . CFI and TLI have values that are above the cut-off (0.90), while SRMR and RMSEA are acceptable as the values are below the cut-off (.08 and .05 respectively), indicating that the model has a good fit ( Hu & Bentler, 1999 ). In our measurement model, we used our items to model the constructs as latent variables using CFA. All factor loadings were significant (less than p < .001) and are listed in Table 3 . Table 3. Loading of items on factors studied. Construct Item/Factor Estimate S.E. p -value Workload Q7 0.550 0.058 <0.001 Q8 0.659 0.052 <0.001 Q9 0.874 0.027 <0.001 Q10 0.854 0.031 <0.001 Q11 0.688 0.048 <0.001 Q12 0.762 0.035 <0.001 Cognitive load Q13 0.837 0.034 <0.001 Q14 0.644 0.062 <0.001 Q15 0.664 0.065 <0.001 Q16 0.686 0.062 <0.001 Social support Q17 0.873 0.024 <0.001 Q18 0.913 0.015 <0.001 Q19 0.883 0.023 <0.001 Q20 0.740 0.037 <0.001 Q21 0.666 0.045 <0.001 Transformational leadership Q22 0.756 0.045 <0.001 Q23 0.630 0.059 <0.001 Q24 0.840 0.035 <0.001 Q25 0.870 0.026 <0.001 Q26 0.815 0.035 <0.001 Burnout Q27 0.824 0.030 <0.001 Q28 0.818 0.033 <0.001 Q29 0.602 0.056 <0.001 Q30 0.685 0.044 <0.001 Q32R 0.241 0.072 <0.001 Musculoskeletal pain Q33 0.412 0.062 <0.001 Q34 0.619 0.048 <0.001 Q35 0.871 0.024 <0.001 Q36 0.761 0.039 <0.001 Q37 0.712 0.039 <0.001 Q38 0.686 0.046 <0.001 Q39 0.726 0.044 <0.001 Q40 0.447 0.059 <0.001 Bad quality of sleep Q41 0.649 0.042 <0.001 Q42 0.665 0.044 <0.001 Q43 0.421 0.050 <0.001 Q44 0.713 0.034 <0.001 Q45 0.785 0.028 <0.001 Q46 0.287 0.067 <0.001 Q47 0.643 0.041 <0.001 Q48 0.757 0.031 <0.001 Q49 0.892 0.019 <0.001 Q50 0.837 0.024 <0.001 Job demands Workload 0.943 0.054 <0.001 Cognitive load 0.824 0.051 <0.001 Job resources Social support 0.859 0.084 <0.001 Transformational leadership 0.628 0.066 <0.001 Health impairment Musculoskeletal pain 0.632 0.059 <0.001 Bad quality of sleep 0.949 0.037 <0.001 The results of the path coefficients of the model were mostly significant at p < 0.001, with the exception of the direct effect of job demands on health impairment and the effect of the control variable (years of navigation) on health impairment ( Table 4 ). Confirming the theoretical model of JD-R, job demands (work and cognitive load) were positively associated with burnout (estimate = 0.622, p < 0.001), while job resources (social support and transformational leadership) were negatively associated with burnout (estimate = - 0.350, p < 0.001). Moreover, burnout was strongly and positively associated with health impairment (estimate = 0.713, p < 0.001). Table 4. The structural model. Model path Estimate S.E. p -value Work and Cognitive load on Burnout 0.622 0.068 <0.001 Work and Cognitive load on Health impairment 0.040 0.102 0.693 Social support and Transformational leadership on Burnout -0.350 0.068 <0.001 Social support and Transformational leadership on Health impairment -0.217 0.091 0.018 Burnout on Health impairment 0.713 0.134 <0.001 Year of navigation on Health impairment ( control variable ) -0.079 0.056 0.154 We analysed the standardised total and specific indirect effects. The results ( Figure 2 ) show that the C.I. for the two indirect effects do not include zero, confirming both hypotheses of mediation at a significant level ( p < .05). First, burnout fully mediates the relationship between job demands and health impairment (Standardised Total Indirect Effect = 0.443, p < .0001, C.I. = 0.259 to 0.682), as the specific direct effect of job demands on health impairment is not significant ( p = .69). Second, burnout partially mediates the relationship between job resources and health impairment (Standardised Total Indirect Effect = -0.249, p < .0001, C.I. = -0.398 to -0.143), because the direct effect of job resources on health impairment is still significant when the indirect effect of mediation is taken into account (estimate = 0.217, p = .018). Figure 2. The estimated JD-R model. Note. Dotted lines represent not significant relationships. Ovals represent latent variables; square represents manifest variable. Significance is represented as follow: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001. Our model explains 77.4% of the variance in health impairment. We confirmed the full mediation of hypothesis 1 and partially confirmed hypothesis 2 because the mediation is not full. Discussion The aim of our study was to understand the relationship between burnout, JD-R variables and health impairment in the maritime industry. Our findings, which follow recent studies on these topics ( Bakker et al., 2023 ; Yang & Hayes, 2020 ), confirm that burnout plays a crucial role in predicting health impairments in the seafarer population as well. We have gained valuable insights into the dynamics at play in this particular work environment. The model fits the data well and explains much of the variance in our independent variables. Both hypotheses were fully or partially confirmed. According to the JD-R theory, job demands are composed of two dimensions of workload: physical and cognitive. In addition, job demands were expected to have a direct effect on health impairment, as severe job demands have been found to lead to health impairment in the literature ( Bakker et al., 2023 ). According to the process outlined by JD-R theory, frequency and severity of job demands lead to an increase in effort, which depletes workers’ physical and cognitive resources, leading to exhaustion and health impairment. Our findings deepen our knowledge of this process, as in our study severe job demands only lead to health impairments through the mediation of burnout. The partial mediation of burnout that we found between job resources and health impairments is also related to recent studies in the maritime industry that have found a direct relationship between job resources and health impairments ( Lucas et al., 2021 ; Sampson & Zhao, 2003 ; Wan et al., 2023 ). This finding suggests that in the maritime industry, job resources such as social support and transformational leadership have a direct influence on the prevention of health impairments, while in other occupations this relationship was hardly observed ( Alarcon, 2011 ; Mayerl et al., 2016 ). Our study has shown that burnout is a crucial variable in mediating between job demands and resources and negative health outcomes. More specifically, this study has identified two different ways in which job resources predict health impairment. First, the direct effect of resources on reducing health impairment, and second, a mediated effect via burnout. For example, a scenario where a group of seafarers with a transformative leadership style on board and a supportive work environment between all crew members could limit the risk of an increase in health impairment both directly and indirectly by reducing negative psychological experiences such as burnout. In this way, the support and positive atmosphere created by leadership and crew members act as a buffer against the negative health consequences of the demanding work environment, leading to improved overall seafarer well-being. Identifying and addressing these factors can be critical to developing effective interventions and strategies to promote better occupational health in the maritime industry. It is crucial to design and implement training programmes that focus on these aspects which can empower ship masters to create a supportive environment that encourages open communication, recognition of individual contributions and collective problem solving. For example, leaders who practise transformational leadership can actively engage crew members in decision-making processes, thereby increasing their sense of ownership and reducing feelings of helplessness that often accompany high job demands ( Sætrevik & Hystad, 2017 ; Sandhåland et al., 2017 ). Furthermore, improving social support systems on board ships is crucial for coping with the particular challenges seafarers face, such as isolation and confined living conditions. Research shows that social support from peers contributes significantly to psychological well-being and can mitigate the negative effects of job demands ( Brooks & Greenberg, 2022 ). Establishing structured peer support programmes where crew members can share their experiences and coping strategies can be helpful in promoting resilience. In addition, the integration of regular team-building activities can strengthen interpersonal relationships and thus improve the overall support network available to crew members. Finally, it is important to note that the maritime industry has unique stressors that differ from those of the general employee population. For example, studies have shown that seafarers are more likely to suffer from mental health problems such as depression and anxiety, compared to land-based workers ( Makara-Studzińska et al., 2020 ). This discrepancy emphasises the need for tailored measures that take into account the specific demands of working at sea. By drawing parallels with findings from other high-stress professions such as healthcare ( Ghislieri et al., 2021 ) or professors ( Huynh et al., 2014 ), we can better understand the impact of burnout and health impairment among seafarers and advocate for industry-specific solutions ( Bakker et al., 2023 ). Conclusion The findings highlight the need to further develop research on organisational psychology in the maritime industry. The results show the mediating role of burnout between job demands (workload, cognitive load) and resources (social support, transformational leadership) variables and health impairment variables (bad quality of sleep and health problems). Furthermore, the results highlight the direct role of job resources in preventing health impairment among seafarers. As we discussed in the previous section, our results show the incongruence between the results from a sample of seafarers and other samples from the general worker population. There are some limitations to this study. All data were collected using an online self-report questionnaire on a voluntary basis, which means that participant-reported effects may be biased, especially for sensitive topics such as health and psychological well-being ( Roccato, 2003 ). The burnout measure in the questionnaire was not developed for diagnostic purposes. In the questionnaire, burnout is measured by exploring symptoms, not in a clinical way ( Demerouti et al., 2021 ). Another limitation related to burnout is the possible overlap with the construct of depression. A recent meta-analysis shows that these two constructs are difficult to distinguish (correlation of r = 0.80), concluding that burnout problematically overlaps with depression ( Bianchi et al., 2021 ). Nevertheless, the ongoing exploration of burnout is crucial not only for distinguishing it from depression but also for developing effective strategies to support mental health specifically in high-stress occupations, such as seafarers ( Koutsimani et al., 2019 ). Moreover, the sample is not representative of the total population of seafarers, as determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy ( Duci et al., 2019 ). Furthermore, the particular nature of the maritime population does not allow for a multi-group analysis based on gender ( Baltic and International Maritime Council & International Chamber of Shipping, 2021 ). Finally, the data was collected using a cross-sectional design with a questionnaire that could not provide information on the causality of the variables. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to investigate whether we can assume causality between the variables considered in this study. Other methods, such as qualitative interviews and diary studies, could deepen our knowledge of these issues. Notwithstanding these limitations, the sample is one of the largest and most diverse in the Italian maritime sector to our knowledge, with an ongoing project to back it up that will lead to subsequent studies with qualitative and longitudinal approaches. In particular, this study presents new findings related to JD-R theory and contributes to the literature to increase knowledge related to maritime psychology. Based on the findings of this study, some practical conclusions can be drawn for the development of interventions that focus on strengthening on-board labour resources, such as social support and transformational leadership training. This study clearly shows that job demands such as work and cognitive load have a direct impact on seafarers’ psychological well-being (burnout), but are not directly related to their physical well-being. Interventions that improve relationships with colleagues and supervisors not only have an impact on reducing burnout, but also improve physical well-being by reducing musculoskeletal pain and improving sleep quality. Ethics The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee [Prot. n. 0513027 del 03/10/2022 - UOR: SI000045—Classif. III/11]. Consent to participate Informed written consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. The procedure was approved by the Ethics Committee. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 03 Jan 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Piedmont, Italy 2 Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy 3 Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumption, IULM, Milan, Lombardy, Italy 4 Department of Management and Organization, Rennes School of Business, Rennes, Brittany, France Francesco Buscema Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Lorenzo Cena Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – Review & Editing Clarissa Cricenti Roles: Investigation, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Margherita Zito Roles: Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Lara Bertola Roles: Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Lara Colombo Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 20 Feb 2025, 14:19 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159198.2 version 1 Published: 03 Jan 2025, 14:19 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159198.1 Copyright © 2025 Buscema F et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Buscema F, Cena L, Cricenti C et al. Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159198.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 20 Feb 2025 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Bartuseviciene I. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177601.r367846 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v2#referee-response-367846 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 28 Feb 2025 Inga Bartuseviciene , World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177601.r367846 In my view, the authors have properly addressed the ... Continue reading READ ALL In my view, the authors have properly addressed the comments and the paper is ready to be indexed. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Maritime Education and training, well-being and resilience I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Bartuseviciene I. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177601.r367846 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v2#referee-response-367846 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: C V. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177601.r367847 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v2#referee-response-367847 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 27 Feb 2025 Vairavan C , AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177601.r367847 As per the recommendations all the ... Continue reading READ ALL As per the recommendations all the points incorporated in the manuscript. No revisions. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Psychological well-being, burnout, and health impairment among maritime professionals. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT C V. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177601.r367847 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v2#referee-response-367847 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Reviewer Response 27 Feb 2025 Vairavan C , AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, India 27 Feb 2025 Reviewer Response Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Reviewer Response 27 Feb 2025 Vairavan C , AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, India 27 Feb 2025 Reviewer Response Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 03 Jan 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Russo A. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358865 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v1#referee-response-358865 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 Jan 2025 Andrea Russo , University of Split, Split, Croatia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358865 The study is very interesting and makes a valuable contribution to the scientific literature. The number of respondents to whom the questionnaire was sent and the number of those who responded should be clearly stated in the ... Continue reading READ ALL The study is very interesting and makes a valuable contribution to the scientific literature. The number of respondents to whom the questionnaire was sent and the number of those who responded should be clearly stated in the sampling section. In the abstract, only the number of respondents who completed the questionnaire should be mentioned to avoid confusion for the reader. Regarding the statement: "There is no information on the real number of seafarers in Italy," a clearer explanation is needed. The concern is how this information is assessed, as seafarers are typically required to obtain certification, and there should be a sailor registry or similar official records. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Preservation of the mental health of seafarers I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Russo A. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358865 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v1#referee-response-358865 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 20 Feb 2025 Francesco Buscema , Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Italy 20 Feb 2025 Author Response Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total ... Continue reading Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents. We added the following information in the text to better explain the difficulty in getting the actual numbers of the Italian seafarers: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).”. Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents. We added the following information in the text to better explain the difficulty in getting the actual numbers of the Italian seafarers: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).”. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 20 Feb 2025 Francesco Buscema , Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Italy 20 Feb 2025 Author Response Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total ... Continue reading Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents. We added the following information in the text to better explain the difficulty in getting the actual numbers of the Italian seafarers: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).”. Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents. We added the following information in the text to better explain the difficulty in getting the actual numbers of the Italian seafarers: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).”. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: C V. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358867 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v1#referee-response-358867 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 Jan 2025 Vairavan C , AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358867 The article examines burnout and health impairment among Italian seafarers using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. This topic is highly relevant given the unique challenges faced by maritime professionals. The study offers significant contributions by focusing on the underexplored demographic ... Continue reading READ ALL The article examines burnout and health impairment among Italian seafarers using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. This topic is highly relevant given the unique challenges faced by maritime professionals. The study offers significant contributions by focusing on the underexplored demographic of Italian seafarers and employing a structural equation model to analyze the mediating role of burnout. However, the manuscript has several areas that require improvement to ensure clarity, consistency, and alignment with the stated objectives. While the findings are meaningful, the presentation of data, methodology, and interpretations can be enhanced to increase the overall impact and reproducibility of the research. Specific Comments: Abstract The abstract effectively introduces the study but contains inconsistencies in reporting sample sizes. It mentions 239 respondents, yet the methods section refers to an initial sample of 629. This discrepancy must be clarified to maintain transparency and ensure the validity of the reported findings. Additionally, the abstract lacks key statistical highlights, such as path coefficients or confidence intervals, which would provide a more robust summary of results. Introduction The introduction contextualizes the study well, emphasizing the distinct work conditions of seafarers and the relevance of the JD-R model. However, the transition from general observations to the theoretical framework feels abrupt. A more explicit linkage between the challenges of maritime work and the JD-R framework is needed to strengthen coherence. Literature Review The review comprehensively covers prior studies on seafarers' mental health and the JD-R model. However, it does not critically evaluate gaps in existing research. For instance, while the review mentions studies on burnout and fatigue, it does not explain how the study addresses these gaps in the context of Italian seafarers. Including this analysis would enhance the rationale for the study. Methods The methodology is adequately detailed but raises concerns regarding sampling and potential biases. The description of how participants were recruited—"through a dedicated website and union support"—requires elaboration. Were participants self-selected, or was random sampling used? This distinction affects the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the use of a cross-sectional design limits causal interpretations, a limitation that is only briefly acknowledged in the discussion. Results The results section is well-organized and presents the data effectively using tables and figures. However, these findings would benefit from additional interpretation within the text. For example, while the structural equation model results are statistically robust, the implications of specific fit indices and path coefficients are not thoroughly explained. Furthermore, some terminology, such as "C.I.," may be unfamiliar to non-specialist readers and should be briefly clarified. Discussion The discussion highlights key findings, particularly the mediating role of burnout between job demands/resources and health impairments. While these findings are significant, their practical applications are underexplored. For example, the authors could elaborate on how transformational leadership training or enhanced social support systems could be implemented aboard ships to mitigate burnout and health impairments. Additionally, the discussion could benefit from a more explicit comparison with studies in other occupational contexts. The current text mentions incongruence with general worker populations but does not provide sufficient examples or interpretations to support this claim. Conclusion The conclusion effectively summarizes the study’s key findings but is reiterative. It calls for longitudinal studies, which is appropriate, but the authors could also suggest immediate interventions based on their findings, such as policies to reduce cognitive load or improve crew relationships. Limitations The limitations section is comprehensive but could further address the overlap between burnout and depression. This overlap is mentioned briefly, but its implications for the study's conclusions are not fully explored. Additionally, the absence of gender-based analysis due to the small number of female participants is a missed opportunity that could have been acknowledged more explicitly. References The references are extensive and relevant. However, a few citations, such as those related to the JD-R model, are outdated. Incorporating more recent studies would strengthen the theoretical grounding. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Psychological well-being, burnout, and health impairment among maritime professionals.The application of the JD-R model to study job demands, resources, and mental health.Social structures, leadership styles, and challenges in the maritime industry. Wind-assisted propulsion technologies like Flettner Rotors and sails.Biodiesel production using waste cooking oil and coffee husks oil. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT C V. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358867 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v1#referee-response-358867 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 20 Feb 2025 Francesco Buscema , Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Italy 20 Feb 2025 Author Response Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Abstract - Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the ... Continue reading Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Abstract - Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents”. Moreover, we added path coefficients for the mediations in the results section of the abstract. Introduction - We added the following linkage between theory and context in the introduction as follow: “Stressors, such as prolonged isolation, demanding physical tasks and the psychological strain of working in a confined environment, are exacerbated by the limited availability of resources, such as social support and effective leadership, which are critical to mitigating the negative effects of these demands. Considering this, the JD-R model is particularly relevant in this context as it assumes that the balance between job demands and resources has a direct impact on employee wellbeing and stress levels.” […] “By applying this model to the maritime sector, we can better understand how specific job resources can alleviate the psychological and physical stress of seafarers and thus promote a healthier working environment.” Literature Review - Thank you, we made clear the literature gaps and how we addressed them with our study. We added the following sentences to the text: “Nevertheless, the number of studies dealing with these topics if still small and there are even fewer studies in the Italian context.”, “Our study will aim to deepen the knowledge of psychosocial risk factors and possible factors that mediate the well-being of seafarers.”, and “To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to test the JD-R model on Italian seafarers, and thus enriches the international literature.”. Methods - We agreed with the reviewer that voluntary participation was not explicitly disclosed and therefore added the following sentence in the Methods section: “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impacts the representativity of the finding: “There are some limitations to this study. All data were collected using an online self-report questionnaire on a voluntary basis, which means that participant-reported effects may be biased, especially for sensitive topics such as health and psychological well-being”. Results - We added the full form of the acronym (Confidence Interval = C.I.) at the first occurrence. Regarding the fit indices, we already provided the thresholds in the text “CFI and TLI have values that are above the cut-off (0.90), while SRMR and RMSEA are acceptable as the values are below the cut-off (.08 and .05 respectively), indicating that the model has a good fit ( Hu & Bentler, 1999 ).”. Finally, regarding the path coefficient, we added the following sentences to better explain the results “Confirming the theoretical model of JD-R, job demands (work and cognitive load) were positively associated with burnout (estimate = 0.622, p < 0.001)., while job resources (social support and transformational leadership) were negatively associated with burnout (estimate = - 0.350, p < 0.001). Moreover, burnout was strongly and positively associated with health impairment (estimate = 0.713, p < 0.001).” Discussion - Thank you for the valuable suggestions, we took this opportunity to expand and deeper explain the discussion section adding indication to design leadership training and team-building activities. Moreover, we compared more explicitly our study population with other professions. See the last two paragraphs in the discussion. Conclusion - Thank you for recognising the importance of intervention in the maritime sector. We believe we have addressed this issue in the revised version by discussing leadership training and team-building activities to improve the well-being of seafarers and their social working environment. Limitations - We have added a better explanation of why it is still important to assess burnout in high-stress occupations, as stated in a recent review by Koutsimani et al. 2019. We have also added a reference to the actual gender distribution in the maritime sector. References - In reviewing the references, we have found that all citations appear to be current (such as Bakker et al., 2023), except for those that refer specifically to older models for comparison with the JD-R model. Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Abstract - Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents”. Moreover, we added path coefficients for the mediations in the results section of the abstract. Introduction - We added the following linkage between theory and context in the introduction as follow: “Stressors, such as prolonged isolation, demanding physical tasks and the psychological strain of working in a confined environment, are exacerbated by the limited availability of resources, such as social support and effective leadership, which are critical to mitigating the negative effects of these demands. Considering this, the JD-R model is particularly relevant in this context as it assumes that the balance between job demands and resources has a direct impact on employee wellbeing and stress levels.” […] “By applying this model to the maritime sector, we can better understand how specific job resources can alleviate the psychological and physical stress of seafarers and thus promote a healthier working environment.” Literature Review - Thank you, we made clear the literature gaps and how we addressed them with our study. We added the following sentences to the text: “Nevertheless, the number of studies dealing with these topics if still small and there are even fewer studies in the Italian context.”, “Our study will aim to deepen the knowledge of psychosocial risk factors and possible factors that mediate the well-being of seafarers.”, and “To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to test the JD-R model on Italian seafarers, and thus enriches the international literature.”. Methods - We agreed with the reviewer that voluntary participation was not explicitly disclosed and therefore added the following sentence in the Methods section: “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impacts the representativity of the finding: “There are some limitations to this study. All data were collected using an online self-report questionnaire on a voluntary basis, which means that participant-reported effects may be biased, especially for sensitive topics such as health and psychological well-being”. Results - We added the full form of the acronym (Confidence Interval = C.I.) at the first occurrence. Regarding the fit indices, we already provided the thresholds in the text “CFI and TLI have values that are above the cut-off (0.90), while SRMR and RMSEA are acceptable as the values are below the cut-off (.08 and .05 respectively), indicating that the model has a good fit ( Hu & Bentler, 1999 ).”. Finally, regarding the path coefficient, we added the following sentences to better explain the results “Confirming the theoretical model of JD-R, job demands (work and cognitive load) were positively associated with burnout (estimate = 0.622, p < 0.001)., while job resources (social support and transformational leadership) were negatively associated with burnout (estimate = - 0.350, p < 0.001). Moreover, burnout was strongly and positively associated with health impairment (estimate = 0.713, p < 0.001).” Discussion - Thank you for the valuable suggestions, we took this opportunity to expand and deeper explain the discussion section adding indication to design leadership training and team-building activities. Moreover, we compared more explicitly our study population with other professions. See the last two paragraphs in the discussion. Conclusion - Thank you for recognising the importance of intervention in the maritime sector. We believe we have addressed this issue in the revised version by discussing leadership training and team-building activities to improve the well-being of seafarers and their social working environment. Limitations - We have added a better explanation of why it is still important to assess burnout in high-stress occupations, as stated in a recent review by Koutsimani et al. 2019. We have also added a reference to the actual gender distribution in the maritime sector. References - In reviewing the references, we have found that all citations appear to be current (such as Bakker et al., 2023), except for those that refer specifically to older models for comparison with the JD-R model. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reviewer Response 27 Feb 2025 Vairavan C , AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, India 27 Feb 2025 Reviewer Response Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 20 Feb 2025 Francesco Buscema , Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Italy 20 Feb 2025 Author Response Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Abstract - Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the ... Continue reading Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Abstract - Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents”. Moreover, we added path coefficients for the mediations in the results section of the abstract. Introduction - We added the following linkage between theory and context in the introduction as follow: “Stressors, such as prolonged isolation, demanding physical tasks and the psychological strain of working in a confined environment, are exacerbated by the limited availability of resources, such as social support and effective leadership, which are critical to mitigating the negative effects of these demands. Considering this, the JD-R model is particularly relevant in this context as it assumes that the balance between job demands and resources has a direct impact on employee wellbeing and stress levels.” […] “By applying this model to the maritime sector, we can better understand how specific job resources can alleviate the psychological and physical stress of seafarers and thus promote a healthier working environment.” Literature Review - Thank you, we made clear the literature gaps and how we addressed them with our study. We added the following sentences to the text: “Nevertheless, the number of studies dealing with these topics if still small and there are even fewer studies in the Italian context.”, “Our study will aim to deepen the knowledge of psychosocial risk factors and possible factors that mediate the well-being of seafarers.”, and “To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to test the JD-R model on Italian seafarers, and thus enriches the international literature.”. Methods - We agreed with the reviewer that voluntary participation was not explicitly disclosed and therefore added the following sentence in the Methods section: “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impacts the representativity of the finding: “There are some limitations to this study. All data were collected using an online self-report questionnaire on a voluntary basis, which means that participant-reported effects may be biased, especially for sensitive topics such as health and psychological well-being”. Results - We added the full form of the acronym (Confidence Interval = C.I.) at the first occurrence. Regarding the fit indices, we already provided the thresholds in the text “CFI and TLI have values that are above the cut-off (0.90), while SRMR and RMSEA are acceptable as the values are below the cut-off (.08 and .05 respectively), indicating that the model has a good fit ( Hu & Bentler, 1999 ).”. Finally, regarding the path coefficient, we added the following sentences to better explain the results “Confirming the theoretical model of JD-R, job demands (work and cognitive load) were positively associated with burnout (estimate = 0.622, p < 0.001)., while job resources (social support and transformational leadership) were negatively associated with burnout (estimate = - 0.350, p < 0.001). Moreover, burnout was strongly and positively associated with health impairment (estimate = 0.713, p < 0.001).” Discussion - Thank you for the valuable suggestions, we took this opportunity to expand and deeper explain the discussion section adding indication to design leadership training and team-building activities. Moreover, we compared more explicitly our study population with other professions. See the last two paragraphs in the discussion. Conclusion - Thank you for recognising the importance of intervention in the maritime sector. We believe we have addressed this issue in the revised version by discussing leadership training and team-building activities to improve the well-being of seafarers and their social working environment. Limitations - We have added a better explanation of why it is still important to assess burnout in high-stress occupations, as stated in a recent review by Koutsimani et al. 2019. We have also added a reference to the actual gender distribution in the maritime sector. References - In reviewing the references, we have found that all citations appear to be current (such as Bakker et al., 2023), except for those that refer specifically to older models for comparison with the JD-R model. Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Abstract - Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents”. Moreover, we added path coefficients for the mediations in the results section of the abstract. Introduction - We added the following linkage between theory and context in the introduction as follow: “Stressors, such as prolonged isolation, demanding physical tasks and the psychological strain of working in a confined environment, are exacerbated by the limited availability of resources, such as social support and effective leadership, which are critical to mitigating the negative effects of these demands. Considering this, the JD-R model is particularly relevant in this context as it assumes that the balance between job demands and resources has a direct impact on employee wellbeing and stress levels.” […] “By applying this model to the maritime sector, we can better understand how specific job resources can alleviate the psychological and physical stress of seafarers and thus promote a healthier working environment.” Literature Review - Thank you, we made clear the literature gaps and how we addressed them with our study. We added the following sentences to the text: “Nevertheless, the number of studies dealing with these topics if still small and there are even fewer studies in the Italian context.”, “Our study will aim to deepen the knowledge of psychosocial risk factors and possible factors that mediate the well-being of seafarers.”, and “To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to test the JD-R model on Italian seafarers, and thus enriches the international literature.”. Methods - We agreed with the reviewer that voluntary participation was not explicitly disclosed and therefore added the following sentence in the Methods section: “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impacts the representativity of the finding: “There are some limitations to this study. All data were collected using an online self-report questionnaire on a voluntary basis, which means that participant-reported effects may be biased, especially for sensitive topics such as health and psychological well-being”. Results - We added the full form of the acronym (Confidence Interval = C.I.) at the first occurrence. Regarding the fit indices, we already provided the thresholds in the text “CFI and TLI have values that are above the cut-off (0.90), while SRMR and RMSEA are acceptable as the values are below the cut-off (.08 and .05 respectively), indicating that the model has a good fit ( Hu & Bentler, 1999 ).”. Finally, regarding the path coefficient, we added the following sentences to better explain the results “Confirming the theoretical model of JD-R, job demands (work and cognitive load) were positively associated with burnout (estimate = 0.622, p < 0.001)., while job resources (social support and transformational leadership) were negatively associated with burnout (estimate = - 0.350, p < 0.001). Moreover, burnout was strongly and positively associated with health impairment (estimate = 0.713, p < 0.001).” Discussion - Thank you for the valuable suggestions, we took this opportunity to expand and deeper explain the discussion section adding indication to design leadership training and team-building activities. Moreover, we compared more explicitly our study population with other professions. See the last two paragraphs in the discussion. Conclusion - Thank you for recognising the importance of intervention in the maritime sector. We believe we have addressed this issue in the revised version by discussing leadership training and team-building activities to improve the well-being of seafarers and their social working environment. Limitations - We have added a better explanation of why it is still important to assess burnout in high-stress occupations, as stated in a recent review by Koutsimani et al. 2019. We have also added a reference to the actual gender distribution in the maritime sector. References - In reviewing the references, we have found that all citations appear to be current (such as Bakker et al., 2023), except for those that refer specifically to older models for comparison with the JD-R model. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Reviewer Response 27 Feb 2025 Vairavan C , AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, India 27 Feb 2025 Reviewer Response Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Bartuseviciene I. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358862 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v1#referee-response-358862 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 17 Jan 2025 Inga Bartuseviciene , World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358862 The topic of the paper is relevant, because the research provides critical insights into the psychological well-being of Italian seafarers, highlighting the interplay between job demands, burnout, and health impairment, and underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions in the ... Continue reading READ ALL The topic of the paper is relevant, because the research provides critical insights into the psychological well-being of Italian seafarers, highlighting the interplay between job demands, burnout, and health impairment, and underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions in the maritime industry to enhance seafarers' quality of life and work conditions. However, in my opinion, some of the issues related to the quality of the manuscript can be improved: The information of the sample of the respondents should be provided consistently: in the Abstract – “online questionnaire was sent to 239 Italian seafarers“; in the methods section - “629 seafarers from all departments and ranks responded to the questionnaire” and “total valid sample for the present analysis was 239 seafarers”. Providing more detailed socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents could be useful. An explanation of the sampling method should be provided. A critical analysis of why the used instruments are the most appropriate for the purpose of the research could be useful. This statement is doubtful: “there is no information on the actual number of seafarers in Italy”, usually maritime administration of the country has information about the number of issued certificates. This might be useful to provide insight about the generalisability of the outcomes at least for the population of seafarers in Italy. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Buscema F, Cena L, Cricenti C, Zito M, et al.: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. F1000Research . 2025; 14 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Maritime Education and training, well-being and resilience I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Bartuseviciene I. Reviewer Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358862 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v1#referee-response-358862 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 20 Feb 2025 Francesco Buscema , Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Italy 20 Feb 2025 Author Response Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total ... Continue reading Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers, and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents” We added two further information about the sample in the methods section: “Concerning the marital status of our sample, 47.7% were married, 25.1% were engaged, 20.5% were single, while the rest were divorced or widowed.” […] “Furthermore, 64.9% of the sample responded to the survey while on board.” We added the following sentence in the section regarding data collection “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impact the representativity of findings. Regarding workload and physical workload, we opted for the Italian adaptation of the Psychological Workload and Physical Workload subscales of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), which is one of the standards in research following the JD-R model (Zappalà et al., 2008; Forcella et al., 2012; Ramaci, 2024). To clarify this, we have added the following sentence in the manuscript: “which is one of the most common instrument for assessing workload”. We also opted for the scales to assessing job resources based on the study by Yuen et al. (2020) mentioned in the manuscript. The measurement tool to assess burnout was selected based on a literature review in the maritime sector, with the most commonly used tool chosen to allow easy comparison with other studies. The measurement tools to assess health impairment were selected based on the study by Wan et al. (2023), adapting them to the Italian context. Thank you for the valuable suggestion, we added the following sentence in the text: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).” Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers, and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents” We added two further information about the sample in the methods section: “Concerning the marital status of our sample, 47.7% were married, 25.1% were engaged, 20.5% were single, while the rest were divorced or widowed.” […] “Furthermore, 64.9% of the sample responded to the survey while on board.” We added the following sentence in the section regarding data collection “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impact the representativity of findings. Regarding workload and physical workload, we opted for the Italian adaptation of the Psychological Workload and Physical Workload subscales of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), which is one of the standards in research following the JD-R model (Zappalà et al., 2008; Forcella et al., 2012; Ramaci, 2024). To clarify this, we have added the following sentence in the manuscript: “which is one of the most common instrument for assessing workload”. We also opted for the scales to assessing job resources based on the study by Yuen et al. (2020) mentioned in the manuscript. The measurement tool to assess burnout was selected based on a literature review in the maritime sector, with the most commonly used tool chosen to allow easy comparison with other studies. The measurement tools to assess health impairment were selected based on the study by Wan et al. (2023), adapting them to the Italian context. Thank you for the valuable suggestion, we added the following sentence in the text: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).” Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 20 Feb 2025 Francesco Buscema , Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Italy 20 Feb 2025 Author Response Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total ... Continue reading Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers, and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents” We added two further information about the sample in the methods section: “Concerning the marital status of our sample, 47.7% were married, 25.1% were engaged, 20.5% were single, while the rest were divorced or widowed.” […] “Furthermore, 64.9% of the sample responded to the survey while on board.” We added the following sentence in the section regarding data collection “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impact the representativity of findings. Regarding workload and physical workload, we opted for the Italian adaptation of the Psychological Workload and Physical Workload subscales of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), which is one of the standards in research following the JD-R model (Zappalà et al., 2008; Forcella et al., 2012; Ramaci, 2024). To clarify this, we have added the following sentence in the manuscript: “which is one of the most common instrument for assessing workload”. We also opted for the scales to assessing job resources based on the study by Yuen et al. (2020) mentioned in the manuscript. The measurement tool to assess burnout was selected based on a literature review in the maritime sector, with the most commonly used tool chosen to allow easy comparison with other studies. The measurement tools to assess health impairment were selected based on the study by Wan et al. (2023), adapting them to the Italian context. Thank you for the valuable suggestion, we added the following sentence in the text: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).” Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers, and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents” We added two further information about the sample in the methods section: “Concerning the marital status of our sample, 47.7% were married, 25.1% were engaged, 20.5% were single, while the rest were divorced or widowed.” […] “Furthermore, 64.9% of the sample responded to the survey while on board.” We added the following sentence in the section regarding data collection “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impact the representativity of findings. Regarding workload and physical workload, we opted for the Italian adaptation of the Psychological Workload and Physical Workload subscales of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), which is one of the standards in research following the JD-R model (Zappalà et al., 2008; Forcella et al., 2012; Ramaci, 2024). To clarify this, we have added the following sentence in the manuscript: “which is one of the most common instrument for assessing workload”. We also opted for the scales to assessing job resources based on the study by Yuen et al. (2020) mentioned in the manuscript. The measurement tool to assess burnout was selected based on a literature review in the maritime sector, with the most commonly used tool chosen to allow easy comparison with other studies. The measurement tools to assess health impairment were selected based on the study by Wan et al. (2023), adapting them to the Italian context. Thank you for the valuable suggestion, we added the following sentence in the text: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).” Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 03 Jan 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 2 (revision) 20 Feb 25 read read Version 1 03 Jan 25 read read read Inga Bartuseviciene , World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden Vairavan C , AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, India Andrea Russo , University of Split, Split, Croatia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Bartuseviciene I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 28 Feb 2025 | for Version 2 Inga Bartuseviciene , World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden 0 Views copyright © 2025 Bartuseviciene I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions In my view, the authors have properly addressed the comments and the paper is ready to be indexed. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Maritime Education and training, well-being and resilience I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Bartuseviciene I. Peer Review Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177601.r367846) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v2#referee-response-367846 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 C V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 27 Feb 2025 | for Version 2 Vairavan C , AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 C V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions As per the recommendations all the points incorporated in the manuscript. No revisions. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Psychological well-being, burnout, and health impairment among maritime professionals. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Reviewer Response 27 Feb 2025 Vairavan C, AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, India Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern C V. Peer Review Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.177601.r367847) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v2#referee-response-367847 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Russo A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Jan 2025 | for Version 1 Andrea Russo , University of Split, Split, Croatia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Russo A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The study is very interesting and makes a valuable contribution to the scientific literature. The number of respondents to whom the questionnaire was sent and the number of those who responded should be clearly stated in the sampling section. In the abstract, only the number of respondents who completed the questionnaire should be mentioned to avoid confusion for the reader. Regarding the statement: "There is no information on the real number of seafarers in Italy," a clearer explanation is needed. The concern is how this information is assessed, as seafarers are typically required to obtain certification, and there should be a sailor registry or similar official records. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Preservation of the mental health of seafarers I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 20 Feb 2025 Francesco Buscema, Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Italy Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents. We added the following information in the text to better explain the difficulty in getting the actual numbers of the Italian seafarers: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).”. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Russo A. Peer Review Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358865) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v1#referee-response-358865 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 C V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Jan 2025 | for Version 1 Vairavan C , AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 C V. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (2) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The article examines burnout and health impairment among Italian seafarers using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. This topic is highly relevant given the unique challenges faced by maritime professionals. The study offers significant contributions by focusing on the underexplored demographic of Italian seafarers and employing a structural equation model to analyze the mediating role of burnout. However, the manuscript has several areas that require improvement to ensure clarity, consistency, and alignment with the stated objectives. While the findings are meaningful, the presentation of data, methodology, and interpretations can be enhanced to increase the overall impact and reproducibility of the research. Specific Comments: Abstract The abstract effectively introduces the study but contains inconsistencies in reporting sample sizes. It mentions 239 respondents, yet the methods section refers to an initial sample of 629. This discrepancy must be clarified to maintain transparency and ensure the validity of the reported findings. Additionally, the abstract lacks key statistical highlights, such as path coefficients or confidence intervals, which would provide a more robust summary of results. Introduction The introduction contextualizes the study well, emphasizing the distinct work conditions of seafarers and the relevance of the JD-R model. However, the transition from general observations to the theoretical framework feels abrupt. A more explicit linkage between the challenges of maritime work and the JD-R framework is needed to strengthen coherence. Literature Review The review comprehensively covers prior studies on seafarers' mental health and the JD-R model. However, it does not critically evaluate gaps in existing research. For instance, while the review mentions studies on burnout and fatigue, it does not explain how the study addresses these gaps in the context of Italian seafarers. Including this analysis would enhance the rationale for the study. Methods The methodology is adequately detailed but raises concerns regarding sampling and potential biases. The description of how participants were recruited—"through a dedicated website and union support"—requires elaboration. Were participants self-selected, or was random sampling used? This distinction affects the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the use of a cross-sectional design limits causal interpretations, a limitation that is only briefly acknowledged in the discussion. Results The results section is well-organized and presents the data effectively using tables and figures. However, these findings would benefit from additional interpretation within the text. For example, while the structural equation model results are statistically robust, the implications of specific fit indices and path coefficients are not thoroughly explained. Furthermore, some terminology, such as "C.I.," may be unfamiliar to non-specialist readers and should be briefly clarified. Discussion The discussion highlights key findings, particularly the mediating role of burnout between job demands/resources and health impairments. While these findings are significant, their practical applications are underexplored. For example, the authors could elaborate on how transformational leadership training or enhanced social support systems could be implemented aboard ships to mitigate burnout and health impairments. Additionally, the discussion could benefit from a more explicit comparison with studies in other occupational contexts. The current text mentions incongruence with general worker populations but does not provide sufficient examples or interpretations to support this claim. Conclusion The conclusion effectively summarizes the study’s key findings but is reiterative. It calls for longitudinal studies, which is appropriate, but the authors could also suggest immediate interventions based on their findings, such as policies to reduce cognitive load or improve crew relationships. Limitations The limitations section is comprehensive but could further address the overlap between burnout and depression. This overlap is mentioned briefly, but its implications for the study's conclusions are not fully explored. Additionally, the absence of gender-based analysis due to the small number of female participants is a missed opportunity that could have been acknowledged more explicitly. References The references are extensive and relevant. However, a few citations, such as those related to the JD-R model, are outdated. Incorporating more recent studies would strengthen the theoretical grounding. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Psychological well-being, burnout, and health impairment among maritime professionals.The application of the JD-R model to study job demands, resources, and mental health.Social structures, leadership styles, and challenges in the maritime industry. Wind-assisted propulsion technologies like Flettner Rotors and sails.Biodiesel production using waste cooking oil and coffee husks oil. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (2) Author Response 20 Feb 2025 Francesco Buscema, Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Italy Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Abstract - Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents by adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents”. Moreover, we added path coefficients for the mediations in the results section of the abstract. Introduction - We added the following linkage between theory and context in the introduction as follow: “Stressors, such as prolonged isolation, demanding physical tasks and the psychological strain of working in a confined environment, are exacerbated by the limited availability of resources, such as social support and effective leadership, which are critical to mitigating the negative effects of these demands. Considering this, the JD-R model is particularly relevant in this context as it assumes that the balance between job demands and resources has a direct impact on employee wellbeing and stress levels.” […] “By applying this model to the maritime sector, we can better understand how specific job resources can alleviate the psychological and physical stress of seafarers and thus promote a healthier working environment.” Literature Review - Thank you, we made clear the literature gaps and how we addressed them with our study. We added the following sentences to the text: “Nevertheless, the number of studies dealing with these topics if still small and there are even fewer studies in the Italian context.”, “Our study will aim to deepen the knowledge of psychosocial risk factors and possible factors that mediate the well-being of seafarers.”, and “To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to test the JD-R model on Italian seafarers, and thus enriches the international literature.”. Methods - We agreed with the reviewer that voluntary participation was not explicitly disclosed and therefore added the following sentence in the Methods section: “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impacts the representativity of the finding: “There are some limitations to this study. All data were collected using an online self-report questionnaire on a voluntary basis, which means that participant-reported effects may be biased, especially for sensitive topics such as health and psychological well-being”. Results - We added the full form of the acronym (Confidence Interval = C.I.) at the first occurrence. Regarding the fit indices, we already provided the thresholds in the text “CFI and TLI have values that are above the cut-off (0.90), while SRMR and RMSEA are acceptable as the values are below the cut-off (.08 and .05 respectively), indicating that the model has a good fit ( Hu & Bentler, 1999 ).”. Finally, regarding the path coefficient, we added the following sentences to better explain the results “Confirming the theoretical model of JD-R, job demands (work and cognitive load) were positively associated with burnout (estimate = 0.622, p < 0.001)., while job resources (social support and transformational leadership) were negatively associated with burnout (estimate = - 0.350, p < 0.001). Moreover, burnout was strongly and positively associated with health impairment (estimate = 0.713, p < 0.001).” Discussion - Thank you for the valuable suggestions, we took this opportunity to expand and deeper explain the discussion section adding indication to design leadership training and team-building activities. Moreover, we compared more explicitly our study population with other professions. See the last two paragraphs in the discussion. Conclusion - Thank you for recognising the importance of intervention in the maritime sector. We believe we have addressed this issue in the revised version by discussing leadership training and team-building activities to improve the well-being of seafarers and their social working environment. Limitations - We have added a better explanation of why it is still important to assess burnout in high-stress occupations, as stated in a recent review by Koutsimani et al. 2019. We have also added a reference to the actual gender distribution in the maritime sector. References - In reviewing the references, we have found that all citations appear to be current (such as Bakker et al., 2023), except for those that refer specifically to older models for comparison with the JD-R model. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Reviewer Response 27 Feb 2025 Vairavan C, AMET Deemed to be University, Chennai, India Authors has revised and modified based on the comments. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern C V. Peer Review Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358867) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-19/v1#referee-response-358867 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Bartuseviciene I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 17 Jan 2025 | for Version 1 Inga Bartuseviciene , World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden 0 Views copyright © 2025 Bartuseviciene I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The topic of the paper is relevant, because the research provides critical insights into the psychological well-being of Italian seafarers, highlighting the interplay between job demands, burnout, and health impairment, and underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions in the maritime industry to enhance seafarers' quality of life and work conditions. However, in my opinion, some of the issues related to the quality of the manuscript can be improved: The information of the sample of the respondents should be provided consistently: in the Abstract – “online questionnaire was sent to 239 Italian seafarers“; in the methods section - “629 seafarers from all departments and ranks responded to the questionnaire” and “total valid sample for the present analysis was 239 seafarers”. Providing more detailed socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents could be useful. An explanation of the sampling method should be provided. A critical analysis of why the used instruments are the most appropriate for the purpose of the research could be useful. This statement is doubtful: “there is no information on the actual number of seafarers in Italy”, usually maritime administration of the country has information about the number of issued certificates. This might be useful to provide insight about the generalisability of the outcomes at least for the population of seafarers in Italy. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Buscema F, Cena L, Cricenti C, Zito M, et al.: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. F1000Research . 2025; 14 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Maritime Education and training, well-being and resilience I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 20 Feb 2025 Francesco Buscema, Psychology, University of Turin Department of Psychology, Turin, Italy Thanks for the valuable revision, we addressed the issues according to your suggestions as follows: Thank you for finding the mistake in the abstract, we clarified the total number of respondents adding the following sentence in the abstract: “To investigate these phenomena, an online questionnaire was sent to 629 Italian seafarers, and we conducted analysis on a valid sample of 239 respondents” We added two further information about the sample in the methods section: “Concerning the marital status of our sample, 47.7% were married, 25.1% were engaged, 20.5% were single, while the rest were divorced or widowed.” […] “Furthermore, 64.9% of the sample responded to the survey while on board.” We added the following sentence in the section regarding data collection “Respondents were recruited through snowball sampling and participation was voluntary.” Furthermore, we added in the conclusion that this kind of sampling impact the representativity of findings. Regarding workload and physical workload, we opted for the Italian adaptation of the Psychological Workload and Physical Workload subscales of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), which is one of the standards in research following the JD-R model (Zappalà et al., 2008; Forcella et al., 2012; Ramaci, 2024). To clarify this, we have added the following sentence in the manuscript: “which is one of the most common instrument for assessing workload”. We also opted for the scales to assessing job resources based on the study by Yuen et al. (2020) mentioned in the manuscript. The measurement tool to assess burnout was selected based on a literature review in the maritime sector, with the most commonly used tool chosen to allow easy comparison with other studies. The measurement tools to assess health impairment were selected based on the study by Wan et al. (2023), adapting them to the Italian context. Thank you for the valuable suggestion, we added the following sentence in the text: “determining the exact number of seafarers is Italy is challenging due to the lack of a public register. A report from Confitarma (2019) suggested an estimate of 46,350 seafarers in Italy (Duci et al., 2019).” View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Bartuseviciene I. Peer Review Report For: Through restful waters and deep commotion: A study on burnout and health impairment of Italian seafarers from the JD-R model perspective. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :19 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174890.r358862) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });