Investigation of the device Performance in 1T and 2H Phases of MoS 2 based Symmetric Supercapacitors

Investigation of the device Performance in 1T and 2H Phases of MoS 2 based Symmetric Supercapacitors | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Investigation of the device Performance in 1T and 2H Phases of MoS 2 based Symmetric Supercapacitors Hareesh P, Deepak Joshy, Govind Raj, Anjana P. M, Periyat P, Jithesh Kavil This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7773330/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract MoS 2 -based transition metal dichalcogenide electrodes have received a great deal of attention as the electrode in energy storage devices. However, the bulk phase of MoS 2 (2H) with semiconducting nature suffers inherently low electrochemical properties due to its small surface area and electrical conductivity. Conducting phase of MoS 2 (1T) has a relatively high surface area due to the two-dimensional lamellar structure and possess excellent hydrophilicity. In the present work, both the semiconducting and conducting phases of MoS 2 were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The phase purity and the crystal structure of the MoS 2 phases were analysed by X-ray diffraction studies and FT Raman spectroscopy. The materials were employed as the electrode in symmetric supercapacitor devices in 1M KOH electrolyte. Electrochemical studies indicate that the supercapacitor device fabricated from 1T MoS 2 exhibited a specific capacitance of 510 Fg − 1 which is fivefold greater than the performance of 2H MoS 2 . Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Decentralized renewable energy policy has been recently introduced as an effort to mitigate energy poverty among developing countries.[ 1 ]Lithium-ion batteries have been used conventionally as an off-grid energy storage system to store renewable energy.[ 2 – 4 ] However, the low power density, ageing and high cost make them less attractive in the energy market.[ 5 ] Supercapacitors or ultracapacitors have been developed recently as an alternative storage for intermittent clean energy in an economically and environmentally benign manner.[ 6 – 8 ] The customarily used electrodes in electrical double layer(EDLC) are carbon allotropes. The trade-off between high energy density and low power density in EDLC can be surpassed by using pseudo-capacitive metal dichalcogenide-based electrodes.[ 9 – 12 ] Among the dichalcogenides, MoS 2 is the well-known candidates, which is analogous to graphene owing to its 2-dimensional lamellar structure. MoS 2 exists mainly in two allotropic forms, such as hexagonal 2H phase and trigonal 1T phase due to its dissimilar atomic and electronic arrangements. Commonly occurring 2H MoS 2 have been used as electrode material in batteries, supercapacitors and for hydrogen production. However, the semiconducting nature with a band gap of 1.2 to 1.9 eV makes it undesirable in energy conversion/storage applications. Recently conducting 1T MoS 2 phase inspired as a functional material in sustainable applications such as renewable energy conversion, environmental remediation and hydrogen generation owing to its ultra high conductivity (10–100 S cm − 1 ), expanded layer separation (= 1nm) and high hydrophilicity than 2H MoS 2 . [ 13 – 16 ] Compared to bulk in the semiconducting (2H) phase, the two-dimensional MoS 2 in (1T) could provide a very large number of surface-active sites for electrode-electrolyte interactions.[ 16 – 20 ]. Recent studies on the electrochemical performance of H + , Li + , Na + and K + intercalated 1T MoS 2 phase, showed that they can be used as electrodes for high voltage window (3.5 V) devices as well as in organic electrolytes.[ 21 ] Bose et.al. used a simple hydrothermal strategy for the synthesis of defect-rich MoS 2 in the 1T phase. They reported that the 1T MoS 2 phase with high defect density can produce a specific capacitance of 68.9 Fg − 1 at a current density of 1 Ag − 1 in a symmetric two-electrode configuration.[ 17 ] Here for the first time, we report a comparative study of the electrochemical performance of conducting (1T MoS 2 ) and semiconducting (2H MoS 2 ) phases of MoS 2 . We have developed nano-spindles of 1T MoS 2 and flower-shaped 2H MoS 2 by hydrothermal method changing the stoichiometry and chemical combinations. The 1T phase of MoS 2 exhibits a trigonal crystalline phase whereas 2H MoS 2 displays hexagonal structure. Symmetric supercapacitor devices were fabricated with 1T MoS 2 and 2H MoS 2 as electrode and 1M KOH solution as electrolyte. The device performance shows that 1T MoS 2 represents a potential candidate for supercapacitor applications. 2. Experimental Technique 2.1. Synthesis of hexagonal 2H MoS 2 1.2 g Na 2 MoO 4 .2H 2 O (Merk, India) and 1.6 g NH 2 CSNH 2 were dissolved in 50 ml of de-ionised water and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature to get a homogeneous solution. The clear solution was then heat treated in a stainless steel autoclave at 200 o C for 24 hours. The black precipitate obtained after hydrothermal treatment was washed several times with ethanol-water mixture and dried at 100 o C for 6 hours in a vacuum oven to get dark green MoS 2 nano particles.[ 22 ] 2.2. Synthesis of Trigonal 1T MoS 2 0.15 g of molybdenum trioxide (Merk, India) and 0.55 g of NH 2 CSNH 2 (Merk, India) were dissolved in 40 ml of distilled water and stirred for 1 hour to get a homogeneous solution. The mixture was then transferred to a 50 ml Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and kept at 200 ˚C for 24 h. The dark green MoS 2 nanoparticles were centrifuged, washed several times with ethanol-water mixture and dried at 100 ˚C for 6 hours in a vacuum oven.[ 17 ] 2.3. Characterization Techniques Crystalline phase dentification of the samples were recorded from Rigaku X-ray diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å . Raman spectral analysis was carried out from Bruker RFS 27 multiRAM FT Raman spectrometer. Surface morphology of samples was analyzed with high-resolution field emission electron microscope (FESEM, Carl Zeiss Ultra55). 2.4. Electrode preparation and Electrochemical measurements The electrochemical analysis of the synthesized 1T and 2H MoS 2 nanostructures were analysed in a symmetric two-electrode configuration. For the fabrication of electrodes; the activematerial, activated carbon and poly-tetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE) are mixed with ethanol in the ratio 8:2:1. The slurry obtained was then uniformly coated on two symmetric carbon cloth electrodes having dimension 1cm 2 . The electrode was then sandwiched on a polymer film which was previously dipped in 2 M KOH electrolyte.[ 22 ] The entire assembly was then arranged in an electrochemical test cell for electrochemical analysis from an electrochemical workstation (Biologic) using cyclic voltammogram, galvanostatic charge-discharge curve and electrochemical impedance spectra. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1. X-ray Diffraction Analysis The crystalline phase formation in 1T and 2H MoS 2 were analyzed using x-ray diffraction studies (Fig. 1). The diffraction peaks from (002), (100), (103), (006), (110) at 13.9, 33.1, 39.1, 43.9 and 58.6 confirms 2H MoS 2 phase formation with hexagonal crystal structure.[ 22 ] The phase formation of trigonal 1T MoS 2 is confirmed by the presence of (002) and (004) planes at 9. 8 and 19.62 peaks respectively, in addition to the peaks of 2H MoS 2 .[ 23 ] Figure 1. XRD spectra of 1T and 2H phases of MoS 2 3.2. FT Raman Analysis The peaks in Raman spectrum that arise from the scattering associated with the characteristic molecular or lattice vibrations (phonon modes) present in the samples are used to identify the phase of MoS 2 . In Fig. 2 , the phonon modes at 154 (J1), 225 (J2), 283 (E 1g ), 339 cm − 1 (J3) indicates the formation of trigonal (1T) phase in the sample. [ 24 – 26 ] The E 1g mode results from the opposing vibration of S atoms in the plane of a single layer and in phase with the neighboring layer. The presence of E 1 2g (369 cm − 1 ), and A 1g (403 cm − 1 ) peaks indicates that the material is in the 2H phase.[ 27 ] The E 1 2g symmetric mode is characterized by the in-plane vibration of the Mo atom in one direction and the S atoms in another. Adjacent layers vibrate in opposite directions and are out of phase. The S atoms expanding out of plane and vibrating in opposite directions causes the formation of A 1g peak. The moderately larger FWHM values and weaker intensity of the E 1 2g peak can be ascribed to the phonon confinement and also indicates that the crystal structures contain considerable defect sites [ 28 – 30 ]. The higher intensity of E 1 2g peak in comparison with A 1g mode indicating that the synthesized MoS 2 sample has strong in-plane opposite vibrations, which proposes that the edges of MoS 2 nano-flowers are highly exposed [ 31 , 32 ]. 3.3. Morphology Analysis Morphology of the synthesized 1T and 2H MoS 2 phases at different magnifications were depicted in Fig. 3 . 1T MoS 2 exhibited an interesting spindle-shaped morphology while the 2H MoS 2 samples show flower-type morphology. Both the spindle and flower-shaped MoS 2 are almost uniformly distributed in the entire area of the material. It is clear from the SEM analysis that the morphology of the 1T MoS 2 phase is more suited for better electrode-electrolyte interactions than the other phase due to the presence of high surface area nano spindles. 3.4. Cyclic Voltammogram (CV) The CV analysis of the supercapacitor devices fabricated from 1T and 2H MoS 2 at different scan rates are given in Fig. 4 . The shape of the CV curve is almost rectangular for 1T MoS 2 -based electrodes compared to 2H MoS 2 which shows that the former shows ideal capacitive material than the later electrode. In both electrodes, the area of the CV curve increases with an increase in scan rate due to the effective electrode-electrolyte interaction.[ 33 ] The current response in the current-voltage curve of 1T MoS 2 -based capacitor is found to be very high which also contribute to the charge storage capacity of the device. The specific capacitance (Csp) calculated from the CV curve for 1T and 2H MoS 2 -based devices at a current density of 1Ag − 1 was found to be 620 Fg − 1 and 169 Fg − 1 respectively. The Csp value of each electrode at various current densities was given in Table 1 . The excellent electrochemical properties exhibited by 1T MoS 2 can be attributed to the intrinsically high electrical conductivity and lamellar 2D layer structure of the trigonal phase of MoS 2 which can offer a large number of sites for the electrode-electrolyte interactions. Table 1 Csp of 2H and 1T phase of MoS 2 at different scan rates from CV Scan rate mVs − 1 2H MoS 2 Csp(Fg − 1 ) 1T MoS 2 Csp(Fg − 1 ) 5 55 169 69 620 10 136 569 20 108 453 50 85 320 100 73 254 200 59 210 3.5. Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge curve (GCD) GCD analysis was performed at different current densities to check the suitability of the electrode material under practical operating conditions (Fig. 5). GCD curve shows an almost rectangular type charge-discharge curve, which is the characteristic feature of an ideal capacitor material obtained for 1T MoS 2 , moreover, the IR-drop value of this device is very small compared to 2H MoS 2 . A very high value of IR-drop value arises due to the high internal resistance offered by the semiconducting phase of MoS 2 . As evidenced from the figure, the discharge time of 1T MoS 2 is remarkably higher than that of 2H MoS 2 which will directly enhance the specific capacitance of the material by the relation: \(\:Csp=\frac{2I}{m}\left(\frac{?t}{?v}\right)\:\) where ‘I/m’ is the current density, ‘Δt’ is the discharge time after IR-drop and ‘Δv’ is the voltage window selected for the charge-discharge process.[ 7 , 34 ] The specific capacitance calculated from GCD was found to be 115 Fg − 1 and 510Fg − 1 for 2H MoS 2 and 1T MoS 2 respectively at a current density of 1 Ag − 1 . Figure 5. GCD analysis of 2H and 1T phases of MoS 2 at different current densities Table 2 Csp of 2H and 1T phase of MoS 2 at different current densities from GCD Current density Ag − 1 2H MoS 2 Csp (Fg − 1 ) 1T MoS 2 Csp (Fg − 1 ) 1 1 1 115 5115 510 510510 2 109 468 3 98 446 4 91 425 5 86 408 In MoS 2 , Molybdenum exists in + 4 oxidation state with an electronic configuration of [Kr]4d 2 . The enhanced electrochemical performance of the 1T phase compared to 2H phase is attributed to the dissimilar electronic arrangements in these phases. The octahedrally coordinated 1T phase (D 3d point group) features two sets of degenerate d orbitals such as dz 2 , dx 2 -y 2 (e g ) and dxy, dyz, dxz (t 2g ). Due to the incomplete filling of t 2g orbitals, the 1T MoS 2 phase exhibits metallic electronic properties. [ 35 , 36 ] On the other hand, The Mo atoms in the 2H-MoS 2 phase have a trigonal prismatic coordination (point group D 3h ) with three sets of degenerate orbitals such as dz 2 , (dxy, dx 2 -y 2 ) and (dxz, dyz) orbitals. The lower lying dz 2 orbital is fully occupied resulting in a semiconductor nature having decreased conductivity.[ 37 , 38 ] 3.6. Electrochemical impedance Spectra (EIS) EIS spectra are used to represent the resistance offered by the electrochemical device for electrochemical reactions. As depicted in Fig. 6 , the spectra consisted of the high-frequency region and low-frequency region. The resistance operates at high-frequency regions are solution resistance (Rs) and charge transfer resistance (Rct). In the present case, the solution resistances offered by 2H MoS 2 and 1T MoS 2 are 1.19 Ω and 1.06 Ω respectively. The radius of the arc at the high-frequency region represents the charge transport resistance.[ 39 ] The arc radius at the high-frequency region is very small for 1T MoS 2 as compared to 2H MoS 2 which indicates a low resistance for ion transport at the electrode-electrolyte interface.[ 40 ] The low-frequency region in EIS represents the resistance for ion transport from the bulk of the solution. The length of a straight line at the low-frequency region is very small and the line is inclined to the y-axis for 1T MoS 2 , indicating that the ion transport from the bulk of the solution to the electrode surface takes place at a comparatively higher rate than in 2H MoS 2 electrode. 4. Conclusions Transition metal dichalcogenide, MoS 2 was prepared in two crystalline phases such as hexagonal 2H and tetragonal 1T phases by adjusting the preparation method. A flower shape and spindle-shaped morphologies were obtained for the 2H and 1T phases respectively. The materials were used as an electrode in a symmetric supercapacitor device using 1M KOH as the electrolyte. The conducting 1T phases have given a surprisingly high device performance, delivering with 620 Fg − 1 in cyclic voltammetry and 510 Fg − 1 in charge-discharge analysis as compared to 2H phase which showed 169 Fg − 1 and 115 Fg − 1 respectively. Metallic electronic properties and potential electrochemical performance of 1T MoS 2 is attributed to the incomplete filling of t 2g orbitals, making the conducting phase a suitable candidate for supercapactor devices. Declarations Funding Statement The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Author Contribution P. Hareesh, Deepak Joshy-MethodologyGovind Raj-Crystal Analysis P. M. Anjana-Electrochemical AnalysisP. Periyat, Jithesh Kavil-Project Investigation Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to Dr. R.B. Rakhi, CSIR NIIST Trivandrum, Kerala,India for helpful discussion and analysis of electrochemical data. P. Hareesh is thankful to Kannur University, Kerala, India for Research support. References Abbas, S., et al., Toward fostering environmental innovation in OECD countries: do fiscal decentralization, carbon pricing, and renewable energy investments matter? Gondwana Research,2023. 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Zhendong Lei, Jing Zhan, Liang Tang,* Yong Zhang, and Yong Wang*, Recent Development of Metallic (1T) Phase of Molybdenum Disulfide for Energy Conversion and Storage, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 1703482 Wang, J.-G., et al., One-pot synthesis of nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbon spheres for high-rate and long-cycle life supercapacitors , Carbon., 2018,127,,85–92. Wang, J.G., et al., Green synthesis of hierarchically porous carbon nanotubes as advanced materials for high-efficient energy storage , Small., 2018,14(13),1703950. Scheme 1 Scheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files floatimage6.png Scheme 1. Representation of the dissimilar electron filling in 2H and 1T phase of MoS 2 . 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10:06:59","extension":"html","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":88354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7773330/v1/1daad0b636aba3e679c10166.html"},{"id":95356961,"identity":"3f094de4-751d-4533-b1e1-df11d29a512d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-07 06:49:30","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115786,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD spectra of 1T and 2H phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7773330/v1/768b58dcb40ba0f39dc324f2.jpg"},{"id":95356957,"identity":"719e6fe0-911e-4d02-ac4b-83eb30ddfa0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-07 06:49:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":190732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRaman spectra of 1T and 2H phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7773330/v1/5e69ee0cecda56c4d6772d30.jpeg"},{"id":95525439,"identity":"0c143811-9db4-41ca-a2bf-ee06c2560862","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:05:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":911955,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM analysis of 1T (a, b) and 2H (c, d) phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7773330/v1/2460acd63fa0380c429161fd.jpeg"},{"id":95356959,"identity":"c5fae0cf-aacf-4f09-998a-7e42319c3ae7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-07 06:49:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":117707,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCyclic Voltammogram of 2H and\u0026nbsp; 1T phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003eat different scan rates\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7773330/v1/c17cceed8549ad9f4c0cd728.jpeg"},{"id":95525882,"identity":"9ac8ccc3-e0b2-418a-9cae-b7d8ef93316e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:05:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":107446,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGCD analysis of 2H and 1T phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003eat different current densities\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7773330/v1/69914cb43b08d4b2681f740b.jpeg"},{"id":95356962,"identity":"ceaa4d7e-0461-456f-8b26-e4fafc3e102f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-07 06:49:30","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNyquist plot of 2H and\u0026nbsp; 1T phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7773330/v1/4893b4215970fb2c00860ae0.jpeg"},{"id":96573522,"identity":"bae28a62-777a-41b6-a9bf-beb164300c3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-23 20:38:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2203962,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7773330/v1/844f2ea6-ce47-4e3c-9d6e-98bed3c7e603.pdf"},{"id":95524600,"identity":"bd9d7527-7928-44e4-a8b9-fac794df995a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:03:00","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":29684,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScheme 1. Representation of the dissimilar electron filling in 2H and 1T phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7773330/v1/a932124f285a04b2e2a8c931.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigation of the device Performance in 1T and 2H Phases of MoS 2 based Symmetric Supercapacitors","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDecentralized renewable energy policy has been recently introduced as an effort to mitigate energy poverty among developing countries.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]Lithium-ion batteries have been used conventionally as an off-grid energy storage system to store renewable energy.[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] However, the low power density, ageing and high cost make them less attractive in the energy market.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] Supercapacitors or ultracapacitors have been developed recently as an alternative storage for intermittent clean energy in an economically and environmentally benign manner.[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] The customarily used electrodes in electrical double layer(EDLC) are carbon allotropes. The trade-off between high energy density and low power density in EDLC can be surpassed by using pseudo-capacitive metal dichalcogenide-based electrodes.[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the dichalcogenides, MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is the well-known candidates, which is analogous to graphene owing to its 2-dimensional lamellar structure. MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exists mainly in two allotropic forms, such as hexagonal 2H phase and trigonal 1T phase due to its dissimilar atomic and electronic arrangements. Commonly occurring 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e have been used as electrode material in batteries, supercapacitors and for hydrogen production. However, the semiconducting nature with a band gap of 1.2 to 1.9 eV makes it undesirable in energy conversion/storage applications. Recently conducting 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phase inspired as a functional material in sustainable applications such as renewable energy conversion, environmental remediation and hydrogen generation owing to its ultra high conductivity (10\u0026ndash;100 S cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), expanded layer separation (=\u0026thinsp;1nm) and high hydrophilicity than 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] Compared to bulk in the semiconducting (2H) phase, the two-dimensional MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in (1T) could provide a very large number of surface-active sites for electrode-electrolyte interactions.[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecent studies on the electrochemical performance of H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Li\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e intercalated 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phase, showed that they can be used as electrodes for high voltage window (3.5 V) devices as well as in organic electrolytes.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] Bose et.al. used a simple hydrothermal strategy for the synthesis of defect-rich MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the 1T phase. They reported that the 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phase with high defect density can produce a specific capacitance of 68.9 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at a current density of 1 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in a symmetric two-electrode configuration.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHere for the first time, we report a comparative study of the electrochemical performance of conducting (1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and semiconducting (2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. We have developed nano-spindles of 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and flower-shaped 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e by hydrothermal method changing the stoichiometry and chemical combinations. The 1T phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibits a trigonal crystalline phase whereas 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e displays hexagonal structure. Symmetric supercapacitor devices were fabricated with 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as electrode and 1M KOH solution as electrolyte. The device performance shows that 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e represents a potential candidate for supercapacitor applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental Technique","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.1. Synthesis of hexagonal 2H MoS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 g Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMoO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e.2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (Merk, India) and 1.6 g NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCSNH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were dissolved in 50 ml of de-ionised water and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature to get a homogeneous solution. The clear solution was then heat treated in a stainless steel autoclave at 200 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 24 hours. The black precipitate obtained after hydrothermal treatment was washed several times with ethanol-water mixture and dried at 100\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 6 hours in a vacuum oven to get dark green MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nano particles.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.2. Synthesis of Trigonal 1T MoS\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15 g of molybdenum trioxide (Merk, India) and 0.55 g of NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCSNH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Merk, India) were dissolved in 40 ml of distilled water and stirred for 1 hour to get a homogeneous solution. The mixture was then transferred to a 50 ml Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and kept at 200 ˚C for 24 h. The dark green MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles were centrifuged, washed several times with ethanol-water mixture and dried at 100 ˚C for 6 hours in a vacuum oven.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Characterization Techniques\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrystalline phase dentification of the samples were recorded from Rigaku X-ray diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation, \u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.54178 \u003cem\u003e\u0026Aring;\u003c/em\u003e. Raman spectral analysis was carried out from Bruker RFS 27 multiRAM FT Raman spectrometer. Surface morphology of samples was analyzed with high-resolution field emission electron microscope (FESEM, Carl Zeiss Ultra55).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Electrode preparation and Electrochemical measurements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe electrochemical analysis of the synthesized 1T and 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanostructures were analysed in a symmetric two-electrode configuration. For the fabrication of electrodes; the activematerial, activated carbon and poly-tetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE) are mixed with ethanol in the ratio 8:2:1. The slurry obtained was then uniformly coated on two symmetric carbon cloth electrodes having dimension 1cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The electrode was then sandwiched on a polymer film which was previously dipped in 2 M KOH electrolyte.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] The entire assembly was then arranged in an electrochemical test cell for electrochemical analysis from an electrochemical workstation (Biologic) using cyclic voltammogram, galvanostatic charge-discharge curve and electrochemical impedance spectra.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. X-ray Diffraction Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe crystalline phase formation in 1T and 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were analyzed using x-ray diffraction studies (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). The diffraction peaks from (002), (100), (103), (006), (110) at 13.9, 33.1, 39.1, 43.9 and 58.6 confirms 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phase formation with hexagonal crystal structure.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] The phase formation of trigonal 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is confirmed by the presence of (002) and (004) planes at 9. 8 and 19.62 peaks respectively, in addition to the peaks of 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 1. XRD spectra of 1T and 2H phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. FT Raman Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe peaks in Raman spectrum that arise from the scattering associated with the characteristic molecular or lattice vibrations (phonon modes) present in the samples are used to identify the phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the phonon modes at 154 (J1), 225 (J2), 283 (E\u003csub\u003e1g\u003c/sub\u003e), 339 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (J3) indicates the formation of trigonal (1T) phase in the sample. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] The E\u003csub\u003e1g\u003c/sub\u003e mode results from the opposing vibration of S atoms in the plane of a single layer and in phase with the neighboring layer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe presence of E\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e (369 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and A\u003csub\u003e1g\u003c/sub\u003e (403 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) peaks indicates that the material is in the 2H phase.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] The E\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e symmetric mode is characterized by the in-plane vibration of the Mo atom in one direction and the S atoms in another. Adjacent layers vibrate in opposite directions and are out of phase. The S atoms expanding out of plane and vibrating in opposite directions causes the formation of A\u003csub\u003e1g\u003c/sub\u003e peak. The moderately larger FWHM values and weaker intensity of the E\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e peak can be ascribed to the phonon confinement and also indicates that the crystal structures contain considerable defect sites [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The higher intensity of E\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e peak in comparison with A\u003csub\u003e1g\u003c/sub\u003e mode indicating that the synthesized MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sample has strong in-plane opposite vibrations, which proposes that the edges of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nano-flowers are highly exposed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Morphology Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorphology of the synthesized 1T and 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phases at different magnifications were depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited an interesting spindle-shaped morphology while the 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e samples show flower-type morphology. Both the spindle and flower-shaped MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are almost uniformly distributed in the entire area of the material. It is clear from the SEM analysis that the morphology of the 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phase is more suited for better electrode-electrolyte interactions than the other phase due to the presence of high surface area nano spindles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4. Cyclic Voltammogram (CV)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe CV analysis of the supercapacitor devices fabricated from 1T and 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at different scan rates are given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The shape of the CV curve is almost rectangular for 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-based electrodes compared to 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e which shows that the former shows ideal capacitive material than the later electrode. In both electrodes, the area of the CV curve increases with an increase in scan rate due to the effective electrode-electrolyte interaction.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] The current response in the current-voltage curve of 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-based capacitor is found to be very high which also contribute to the charge storage capacity of the device. The specific capacitance (Csp) calculated from the CV curve for 1T and 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-based devices at a current density of 1Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was found to be 620 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 169 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. The Csp value of each electrode at various current densities was given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The excellent electrochemical properties exhibited by 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e can be attributed to the intrinsically high electrical conductivity and lamellar 2D layer structure of the trigonal phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e which can offer a large number of sites for the electrode-electrolyte interactions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCsp of 2H and 1T phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at different scan rates from CV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScan rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emVs\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCsp(Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCsp(Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 \u003cb\u003e55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169\u003cb\u003e69\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e620\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e569\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e453\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5. Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge curve (GCD)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCD analysis was performed at different current densities to check the suitability of the electrode material under practical operating conditions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5). GCD curve shows an almost rectangular type charge-discharge curve, which is the characteristic feature of an ideal capacitor material obtained for 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, moreover, the IR-drop value of this device is very small compared to 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. A very high value of IR-drop value arises due to the high internal resistance offered by the semiconducting phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. As evidenced from the figure, the discharge time of 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is remarkably higher than that of 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e which will directly enhance the specific capacitance of the material by the relation: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:Csp=\\frac{2I}{m}\\left(\\frac{?t}{?v}\\right)\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e where \u0026lsquo;I/m\u0026rsquo; is the current density, \u0026lsquo;Δt\u0026rsquo; is the discharge time after IR-drop and \u0026lsquo;Δv\u0026rsquo; is the voltage window selected for the charge-discharge process.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] The specific capacitance calculated from GCD was found to be 115 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 510Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e respectively at a current density of 1 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 5. GCD analysis of 2H and 1T phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at different current densities\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCsp of 2H and 1T phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at different current densities from GCD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent density\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCsp (Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCsp (Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 1\u003c/b\u003e115\u003cb\u003e5115\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e510\u003cb\u003e510510\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e468\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e446\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e425\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e408\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Molybdenum exists in +\u0026thinsp;4 oxidation state with an electronic configuration of [Kr]4d\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the 1T phase compared to 2H phase is attributed to the dissimilar electronic arrangements in these phases. The octahedrally coordinated 1T phase (D\u003csub\u003e3d\u003c/sub\u003e point group) features two sets of degenerate d orbitals such as dz\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, dx\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-y\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (e\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) and dxy, dyz, dxz (t\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e). Due to the incomplete filling of t\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e orbitals, the 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phase exhibits metallic electronic properties. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] On the other hand, The Mo atoms in the 2H-MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phase have a trigonal prismatic coordination (point group D\u003csub\u003e3h\u003c/sub\u003e) with three sets of degenerate orbitals such as dz\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, (dxy, dx\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-y\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and (dxz, dyz) orbitals. The lower lying dz\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e orbital is fully occupied resulting in a semiconductor nature having decreased conductivity.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6. Electrochemical impedance Spectra (EIS)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEIS spectra are used to represent the resistance offered by the electrochemical device for electrochemical reactions. As depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the spectra consisted of the high-frequency region and low-frequency region. The resistance operates at high-frequency regions are solution resistance (Rs) and charge transfer resistance (Rct). In the present case, the solution resistances offered by 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are 1.19 Ω and 1.06 Ω respectively. The radius of the arc at the high-frequency region represents the charge transport resistance.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] The arc radius at the high-frequency region is very small for 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as compared to 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e which indicates a low resistance for ion transport at the electrode-electrolyte interface.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] The low-frequency region in EIS represents the resistance for ion transport from the bulk of the solution. The length of a straight line at the low-frequency region is very small and the line is inclined to the y-axis for 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, indicating that the ion transport from the bulk of the solution to the electrode surface takes place at a comparatively higher rate than in 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e electrode.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eTransition metal dichalcogenide, MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was prepared in two crystalline phases such as hexagonal 2H and tetragonal 1T phases by adjusting the preparation method. A flower shape and spindle-shaped morphologies were obtained for the 2H and 1T phases respectively. The materials were used as an electrode in a symmetric supercapacitor device using 1M KOH as the electrolyte. The conducting 1T phases have given a surprisingly high device performance, delivering with 620 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in cyclic voltammetry and 510 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in charge-discharge analysis as compared to 2H phase which showed 169 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 115 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. Metallic electronic properties and potential electrochemical performance of 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is attributed to the incomplete filling of t\u003csub\u003e2g\u003c/sub\u003e orbitals, making the conducting phase a suitable candidate for supercapactor devices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eP. Hareesh, Deepak Joshy-MethodologyGovind Raj-Crystal Analysis P. M. Anjana-Electrochemical AnalysisP. Periyat, Jithesh Kavil-Project Investigation\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to Dr. R.B. Rakhi, CSIR NIIST Trivandrum, Kerala,India for helpful discussion and analysis of electrochemical data. P. Hareesh is thankful to Kannur University, Kerala, India for Research support.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbbas, S., et al., \u003cem\u003eToward fostering environmental innovation in OECD countries: do fiscal decentralization, carbon pricing, and renewable energy investments matter?\u003c/em\u003e Gondwana Research,2023.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi, M., et al., \u003cem\u003e30 years of lithium-ion batteries\u003c/em\u003e. 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Energy Mater. 2018, 1703482\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang, J.-G., et al., \u003cem\u003eOne-pot synthesis of nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbon spheres for high-rate and long-cycle life supercapacitors\u003c/em\u003e, Carbon., 2018,127,,85\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang, J.G., et al., \u003cem\u003eGreen synthesis of hierarchically porous carbon nanotubes as advanced materials for high-efficient energy storage\u003c/em\u003e, Small., 2018,14(13),1703950.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Scheme 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eScheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7773330/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7773330/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-based transition metal dichalcogenide electrodes have received a great deal of attention as the electrode in energy storage devices. However, the bulk phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (2H) with semiconducting nature suffers inherently low electrochemical properties due to its small surface area and electrical conductivity. Conducting phase of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(1T) has a relatively high surface area due to the two-dimensional lamellar structure and possess excellent hydrophilicity. In the present work, both the semiconducting and conducting phases of MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The phase purity and the crystal structure of the MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e phases were analysed by X-ray diffraction studies and FT Raman spectroscopy. The materials were employed as the electrode in symmetric supercapacitor devices in 1M KOH electrolyte. Electrochemical studies indicate that the supercapacitor device fabricated from 1T MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited a specific capacitance of 510 Fg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e which is fivefold greater than the performance of 2H MoS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation of the device Performance in 1T and 2H Phases of MoS 2 based Symmetric Supercapacitors","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-07 06:49:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7773330/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7cf1edd5-c66a-4aef-85f0-f19429aed253","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-23T20:38:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-07 06:49:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7773330","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7773330","identity":"rs-7773330","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}