Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Wound Isolates from Patients Attending Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi

Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Wound Isolates from Patients Attending Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi | bioRxiv /* */ /* */ <!-- <!-- /*! * yepnope1.5.4 * (c) WTFPL, GPLv2 */ (function(a,b,c){function d(a){return"[object Function]"==o.call(a)}function e(a){return"string"==typeof a}function f(){}function g(a){return!a||"loaded"==a||"complete"==a||"uninitialized"==a}function h(){var a=p.shift();q=1,a?a.t?m(function(){("c"==a.t?B.injectCss:B.injectJs)(a.s,0,a.a,a.x,a.e,1)},0):(a(),h()):q=0}function i(a,c,d,e,f,i,j){function k(b){if(!o&&g(l.readyState)&&(u.r=o=1,!q&&h(),l.onload=l.onreadystatechange=null,b)){"img"!=a&&m(function(){t.removeChild(l)},50);for(var d in y[c])y[c].hasOwnProperty(d)&&y[c][d].onload()}}var j=j||B.errorTimeout,l=b.createElement(a),o=0,r=0,u={t:d,s:c,e:f,a:i,x:j};1===y[c]&&(r=1,y[c]=[]),"object"==a?l.data=c:(l.src=c,l.type=a),l.width=l.height="0",l.onerror=l.onload=l.onreadystatechange=function(){k.call(this,r)},p.splice(e,0,u),"img"!=a&&(r||2===y[c]?(t.insertBefore(l,s?null:n),m(k,j)):y[c].push(l))}function j(a,b,c,d,f){return q=0,b=b||"j",e(a)?i("c"==b?v:u,a,b,this.i++,c,d,f):(p.splice(this.i++,0,a),1==p.length&&h()),this}function k(){var a=B;return a.loader={load:j,i:0},a}var l=b.documentElement,m=a.setTimeout,n=b.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o={}.toString,p=[],q=0,r="MozAppearance"in l.style,s=r&&!!b.createRange().compareNode,t=s?l:n.parentNode,l=a.opera&&"[object Opera]"==o.call(a.opera),l=!!b.attachEvent&&!l,u=r?"object":l?"script":"img",v=l?"script":u,w=Array.isArray||function(a){return"[object Array]"==o.call(a)},x=[],y={},z={timeout:function(a,b){return b.length&&(a.timeout=b[0]),a}},A,B;B=function(a){function b(a){var a=a.split("!"),b=x.length,c=a.pop(),d=a.length,c={url:c,origUrl:c,prefixes:a},e,f,g;for(f=0;f<d;f++)g=a[f].split("="),(e=z[g.shift()])&&(c=e(c,g));for(f=0;f<b;f++)c=x[f](c);return c}function g(a,e,f,g,h){var i=b(a),j=i.autoCallback;i.url.split(".").pop().split("?").shift(),i.bypass||(e&&(e=d(e)?e:e[a]||e[g]||e[a.split("/").pop().split("?")[0]]),i.instead?i.instead(a,e,f,g,h):(y[i.url]?i.noexec=!0:y[i.url]=1,f.load(i.url,i.forceCSS||!i.forceJS&&"css"==i.url.split(".").pop().split("?").shift()?"c":c,i.noexec,i.attrs,i.timeout),(d(e)||d(j))&&f.load(function(){k(),e&&e(i.origUrl,h,g),j&&j(i.origUrl,h,g),y[i.url]=2})))}function h(a,b){function c(a,c){if(a){if(e(a))c||(j=function(){var a=[].slice.call(arguments);k.apply(this,a),l()}),g(a,j,b,0,h);else if(Object(a)===a)for(n in m=function(){var b=0,c;for(c in a)a.hasOwnProperty(c)&&b++;return b}(),a)a.hasOwnProperty(n)&&(!c&&!--m&&(d(j)?j=function(){var a=[].slice.call(arguments);k.apply(this,a),l()}:j[n]=function(a){return function(){var b=[].slice.call(arguments);a&&a.apply(this,b),l()}}(k[n])),g(a[n],j,b,n,h))}else!c&&l()}var h=!!a.test,i=a.load||a.both,j=a.callback||f,k=j,l=a.complete||f,m,n;c(h?a.yep:a.nope,!!i),i&&c(i)}var i,j,l=this.yepnope.loader;if(e(a))g(a,0,l,0);else if(w(a))for(i=0;i (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;j.type='text/javascript';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M677548'); Skip to main content Home About Submit ALERTS / RSS Search for this keyword Advanced Search New Results Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Wound Isolates from Patients Attending Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi David Tyover Kajo , Martina E Okoh doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.24.677996 David Tyover Kajo 1 Benue State University , Makurdi, Nigeria Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site For correspondence: davidkajo94{at}gmail.com Martina E Okoh 1 Benue State University , Makurdi, Nigeria Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for this author on this site Abstract Full Text Info/History Metrics Preview PDF Abstract The medical importance of honey has been documented in many old medical literatures and since ancient times. It has been known to poses antimicrobial properties and wound healing activity; this is mostly due to the enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 , some non-peroxide components and its acidic nature. The current problems with conventional antibacterial agents have led to the choice of honey and other natural products by the populace in treatment of bacterial infections. The present study therefore evaluates the Antibacterial activity of honey on wound isolates from patients attending Benue state university, Makurdi and compared same with ampiclox. Different concentrations (50, 75 and 100%) honey were studied using agar disc diffusion on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis and data was subjected to chi-square analysis. All bacteria were susceptible to honey at 100% concentration. Proteus mirabilis had the highest Z.I (25mm), S. aureus (23mm), E. coli (22mm) and Klebsiella (10mm). Inhibition zone of neat honey and ampliclox on test bacteria were E. coli (22, 20mm), S. aureus (23, 25mm), Proteus mirabilis (25, 23mm) and Klebsiella (10, 11mm) respectively. While antibacterial activity at different dilutions was significant, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of honey was determined using broth dilution method and data obtained presented Proteus mirabilis as most susceptible organism and Klebsiella the least. Honey also had an acidic pH of 4.15 and ash content of 0.029g. The neat concentration (100%) had potency similar but not superior to that of ampiclox. Increase in this branch of alternative medicine and consumption of honey is therefore highly recommended. 1. Introduction Honey is a thick sweet liquid made by honey bees gotten from nectar of flowers. Bees create honey during their routine of gathering nectar from plants. The nectar eventually becomes honey, when the nectar gathered is stored in a hive and special enzymes are added. The honey produced is stored in the small waxy cells of the honey comb. It is a popular sweetener, nontoxic, nonirritant and a common house hold product. Honey is composed mainly of sugars (70 – 80%) such as fructose, sucrose, glucose, etc a low level of water, proteins, hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid (Agbagwa et al ., 2010). Honey has high nutritive value as it contains several physicochemical and mineral components ( Al-wail, 2005 ). It is rich in both enzymatic antioxidants and non-antioxidants including catalase, ascorbic acid and flavonoids and alkaloids. Apart from possessing these nutritive qualities, honey had been found useful in management of wound which enables healing and prevents the spread of infection to other body tissues. However, all honeys are not chemically equal and new bioactive components are still being discovered ( Kwakman, 2011 ). The antibacterial properties of honey may be due to its acidic nature and hydrogen peroxide produced enzymically. The use of traditional medicine to treat infection has been practiced for centuries and honey is one of the oldest traditional medicines considered to be important in the treatment of several human ailments. Honey is hygroscopic in nature and hence speeds up growth of healing tissue and sometimes dries it ( Molan et al ., 2010 ). Recent researches have shown that honey is effective in clearing wound infections where other treatments have failed and in preventing sepsis in burns. Antimicrobial agents are essentially important in reducing the global burden of infectious disease, however as resistant pathogens develop and spread, the effectiveness of the antibiotic is diminished ( Jande, 2016 ). This type of bacteria resistance to antimicrobial agents posses a very serious threat to public health and for all kinds of antibiotics, the frequencies of resistance are increasing worldwide (Mandal et al ., 2010, 2009). Efforts are therefore been made to develop antimicrobial agents from local sources for better chemotherapeutic effects. This research therefore highlight proximate analysis of honey, isolation and identify pathogens associated with wound and seeks to test the potency and antibacterial property of locally sourced honey against some wound infectious bacteria on wound samples of patients attending Benue State University Teaching Hospital Makurdi, Benue State. Objectives To determine the antibacterial activity of natural honey against some human pathogens as a contribution to the search of alternative medicine. To determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bacteriocidal concentration of honey on wound bacteria. To determine the major physicochemical components of the honey. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Source of Honey The honey used for this study was obtained from Adikpo, Kwande Local government area, Benue state. The honey was filtered through a sterile mesh cloth to remove the debris. 2.2 Collection of Test Organisms The bacterial isolate were gotten from Benue state university teaching hospital Makurdi. The isolates; Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were selected due to their medical importance in causing wound infections. All organisms were taken to the lab in pure cultures and maintained on nutrient agar slant. 2.3 Preparation of Test Bacterial Isolates Fresh plates of the test bacteria were prepared from the isolated culture obtained on agar slants. Colonies of each of the isolates were picked with an inoculating loop and was then diluted with sterile distilled water to turbidity that matches 0.5McFarland standard (10 5 CFU/ml). 1 ml of the standard inoculums of the different bacterial isolates was used in flooding nutrient agar plates in the agar diffusion method of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 2.4 Honey Dilution Honey samples were diluted to different concentrations of 50%, 75% with corresponding volumes of sterile distilled water and undiluted honey (100%) served as neat as described by Yahaya et al ., (2015). 2.5 Antibacterial Assay Using Agar Disc Diffusion Method Filter paper discs of 6 mm diameter were prepared as described by Mahendran and Kumarasamy, (2015) . The discs were impregnated with the different concentrations of each honey 50%, 75%, 100% and ampiclox as control. A sterile cotton swab was dipped into the standardized bacterial suspension and used to evenly inoculate the agar plates. They were allowed to dry for 3 to 5 minutes. Thereafter, all discs were placed on the plates and pressed gently to ensure complete contact with agar. The plates were allowed on the bench for 40 minutes for pre-diffusion, and then incubated at 37 0 C overnight. The resulting zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. 2.6 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (Mic) Using Broth Dilution The minimum inhibitory concentration gave the lowest concentration (highest dilution) of the honey that can inhibit the growth of the test bacteria. This was determined using the broth dilution method as described by Ceyhan and Ugar (2001) . Freshly prepared broth was used in sterile tubes. 1 ml of nutrient broth was put into test tubes number two (2) to test tube number twelve (12). 1 ml of the honey was added to tubes 1 and 2. The honey in tube 2 was therefore diluted 1:2. It was properly mixed then 1 ml was transferred to tube 3 giving 1:4 dilutions. This was continued until the 11 th tube from which 1 ml was discarded. The tube 12 which contain only nutrient broth was added to all tubes. The entire procedure was repeated for all test organisms that were susceptible to honey. The tubes were thoroughly mixed and incubated at 37 0 C for 24 hours, thereafter were usually observed for turbidity after incubation by comparing with control tube. 2.7 Determination of Minimum Bacteriocidal Concentration (Mbc) Using Broth Dilution The MBC is the lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial agent that kills 99.9% of a given strain of bacteria ( Nester et al ., 2004 ). This was determined by sub-culturing the tubes from MIC that shows no growth on a fresh honey free medium and incubated for 24 hours. The concentration at which no growth occurs served as the Minimum Bactericidal concentration. 2.8 Physicochemical Analysis of Honey ph: the pH of the honey sample was determined using a pH meter Ash content: 10 g of honey sample was weighed into a dried crucible and incinerated in a furnace at 600 0 C to a constant weight. Ash, % by mass = W2 – W1/M W2 = weight of Ash + crucible W1 = weight of Crucible M = weight of Initial sample before burning 3. Results The data obtained shows inhibitory effect of honey at 50, 75 and 100% concentrations on all the test organisms. The neat Honey (100%) showed the highest antibacterial activity with 25 mm zone of inhibition, while 50% concentration showed the least antibacterial activity with 0 mm inhibition. The result was statistically significant at P<0.05. The result in Table 2 showed that ampiclox had the highest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (25mm) when compared with neat honey which had the least against Klebsiella pneumonia (10 mm). The neat concentration had potency similar but not superior to that of ampiclox. The result is statistically not significant at P>0.05. View this table: View inline View popup Download powerpoint Table 1: Antibacterial activity of different concentrations of honey against bacterial isolates. View this table: View inline View popup Download powerpoint Table 2: Antibacterial activity of neat against bacterial isolates compared with Ampiclox Figure 1 shows the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bacteriocidal Concentration (MBC) of honey. The MIC of honey was found to be more effective on Proteus mirabilis (1.56 mg/ml) and least effective on Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5 mg/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.5 mg/ml). Download figure Open in new tab Figure 1: Antibacterial activity of honey using broth dilution method MIC = Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (mg/ml) MBC = Minimum bacterial Concentration (mg/ml) Physicochemical analysis of pure honey showed that, honey has a pH of 4.15 and the ash content of 0.029g. 4. Discussion The result obtained from this study shows that the antibacterial activity of undiluted honey was effective against wound pathogenic bacteria which are Escherichia coli (22mm), staphylococcus aureus (23mm), Proteus mirabilis (25mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10mm). This agrees with Oyeleke et al ., 2010 which showed that undiluted honey was also able to inhibit the growth of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae . 75% concentration of honey also showed antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli (25mm), Staph (19mm), Proteus mirabilis (21mm), Klebsiella (0). At 50% concentration, the activity was weak against the pathogens tested. E. coli (0), Staph (15mm), Proteus (19mm), Klebsiella (0). This agrees with the findings of Tonks et al ., 2009 that if honey is diluted, the pH will be so low and the acidity of the honey may not be an effective inhibitor of many species of bacteria. This may probably be responsible for the resistance of E. coli and Klebsiella . It also agrees with the result of Yahaya et al ., 2012 which showed that honey can stop growth of bacteria at 50% dilution. The zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) obtained in this study for all test bacteria was similar to those obtained by Agbagwa and Frank, 2010 who tested Nigerian honeys from the 4 regions viz; North, West, East and south and found the average ZDI for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and P. mirabilis to be (5.3-15.6)mm, (14-15.4)mm, (4.4-13.4)mm and (9.1-17)mm respectively and with honey concentrations 80-100%. It again agreed with Agbagwa and Frank, 2010 that the antibacterial effect of honey samples on microorganisms increased as honey concentrations increase. The MIC of honey on E. coli was found to be 6.25mg/ml while that of S. aureus and Klebsiella was 12.5mg/ml, Proteus mirabilis had MIC of 1.56mg/ml. This corroborated with the findings of Oyeleke et al ., 2010 which reveals that honey can be used as a therapeutic drug against tested bacterial pathogens. Data from MIC suggests that the most susceptible microbe to honey was Proteus mirabilis and the order of susceptibility is Proteus mirabilis > S. aureus > E. coli > Klebsiella pneumoniae . This was found to be lower than those obtained by Agbaje et al ., 2006 who recorded MICs of (3.20, 12.80 and 64.0)mg/ml for Proteus mirabilis, E. coli and S. aureus respectively using honey from Ogun state Nigeria and equal to the ones obtained by Raied, 2009 (with MICs of 12.5 and 1.5mg/ml for S. aureus and Proteus respectively using local honey from Basrah region, Iraf). Physicochemical analysis showed that the pH of honey was 4.15, which is low enough to inhibit the growth of pathogens. The optimum pH for growth of bacterial species normally falls between 7.2 and 7.4. The minimum pH values for growth of some common wound infected species as reported by Oyeleke et al ., 2010 are; E. coli 4.3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4.4, Salmonella spp . 4.0. This pH values signifies that undiluted honey has significant antibacterial factors. 5. Conclusion The crude honey used showed excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae related respectively to urinary tract infection, skin lesion, enteric fever and diarrhea among human patients and thus the honey may be considered against such common infections. Microbial resistance to honey has never been reported which also makes it a very promising antimicrobial against infections of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The low pH of honey showed that honey possess some acidic quality which provide antibacterial activities against the tested wound pathogens. Recommendations Further studies which include pharmacological standardization and clinical evaluation on the effect of honey in order to consider it as a preventive and curative measure to the infections caused by the test bacterial strains are encouraged. Comprehensive study should be undertaken to determine the various types of honey as it will serve as a guide in choosing the honey most suitable for particular cases. Oral consumption of crude honey is also encouraged due to its excellent antibacterial and immunological properties. APPENDIX Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Honey on test Organisms . View this table: View inline View popup Download powerpoint Download figure Open in new tab Plate 1: Bacteria isolates on agar slants Download figure Open in new tab Plate 2: Zone of Inhibition Download figure Open in new tab Plate 3: Measurement of Zone of inhibition Download figure Open in new tab Plate 4: Setup for determination of MIC References Adeleke , O.E. , Olaitan , J.O. and Okpekpe , E.I. ( 2007 ). Comparative antibacterial activity of honey and gentamicin against E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Annals of burns and fire disaster , 1592 – 9566 . Adebiyi , F. , Akpan , I. , Eusebius , O. and Bamidele , O. ( 2004 ). Chemical/physical characterization of Nigerian Honey . Pakistan Journal of Nutrition , 3 ( 5 ): 46 – 66 OpenUrl Adebowale , T.O. , Samuel , O.A. and Adewole , A.A. ( 2013 ). Antimicrobial and Proximate Properties of some processed Honey in Ado-Ekiti . International Journal of Aquatic Science , 4 ( 1 ): 36 – 43 . OpenUrl Adenekan , M.O. , Nojimu , A.A. , Olusegun , A.L. and Okpese , V.E. ( 2012 ). Physicochemical and Microbiological properties of Honey samples obtained from Ibadan . Journal of Natural Science Research , 19 ( 6 ): 143 – 166 . OpenUrl Al-Wail and Saloom . ( 1999 ). Honey to treat post-operative wound infections due to gram positive and gram negative bacteria following caesarian section and hysterectomies . European Journal of Medical Resources , 4 : 126 – 141 . OpenUrl ↵ Agbaje , E.O. , Ogunsanya , T. and Aiwerioba , O.I. ( 2006 ). Conventional Use of Honey as Antibacterial Agent . Annals of African Medicine , 5 : 78 – 81 . OpenUrl ↵ Agbagwa , O.E. and Frank , N. ( 2010 ). Effect of raw commercial honey from Nigeria on selected pathogenic bacteria . African journal of microbiology Research , 4 ( 16 ): 1801 – 1803 . OpenUrl Aggad , H. and Guemour , D. ( 2014 ). Medicinal and Aromatic plants . A review article on Honey Antibacterial Activity , 3 ( 2 ): 23 – 31 OpenUrl Ahmed , A.K. , Hoekstra , M.J. , Haga , J.J. and Karim , R.B. ( 2003 ). Honey-medicated dressing: Transformation of an ancient remedy into modern therapy . Annual Plant Surgery , 50 : 147 – 833 . OpenUrl ↵ Al-Wail , N.S. ( 2005 ). Investigating the antimicrobial activity of honey and its effect on the pathogenic bacterial infections of surgical wound and conjunctiva . Journal of Education and Food , 7 ( 2 ): 210 – 222 . OpenUrl ↵ Ceyhan , N. and Ugar , A. ( 2001 ). Investigation into in-vitro antimicrobial activity of honey . Revista di Biologia , 94 ( 2 ): 352 – 363 . OpenUrl Elijah , M.I. , Imohiosen , O. , Lamidi , B.T. and Umar , M.S. ( 2015 ). Biochemical screening of pure honey and its antibacterial activity on some bacterial isolates compared with a common antibiotics . International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention , 4 ( 5 ): 15 – 20 . OpenUrl ↵ Jande , M.D. ( 2016 ). Antibacterial activity of Honey against selected bacterial species . A project in the department of Biological Sciences Benue state University, Makurdi . 01 – 26 . Kambai , C. , Popoola , V. , Ugbe , C. , Janfa , N. and Ukanyirioha , C. ( 2015 ). Proximate and Mineral Elements Composition of Honey from Selected Hives in Jos Metropolic, Nigeria . Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology , 9 ( 9 ): 2319 – 2399 . OpenUrl Kowsalya , V. ( 2012 ). Antibacterial Activity of Honey and Erytlaria Acualis against Bacteria Isolated From Burnt Wound Sepsis . Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences , 1 ( 5 ): 01 – 20 . OpenUrl ↵ Kwakman , P.H. ( 2011 ). Medical grade honey kills antibiotic-resistant bacteria in vitro and eradicates skin colonization . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 46 : 1677 – 1682 OpenUrl Lusby , P.E. , Coombes , A.L. and Wilkinson , J.M. ( 2005 ). Bacterial activity of different Honeys against pathogenic bacteria . Archeological Medical Resources , 36 : 464 – 467 . OpenUrl ↵ Mahendran , S. and Kumarasamy , D. ( 2015 ). Antimicrobial activity of some honey samples against pathogenic bacteria . International Letter of Natural Sciences , 34 : 15 – 20 . OpenUrl Mandal , M.D. and Shyamapada , M. ( 2011 ). Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity . Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine , 4 ( 2 ): 23 – 37 . OpenUrl Mandal , M.D. ( 2010 ). Synergistic anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity amoxicillin in combination with emblica officials and nymphae oderata extract . Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine , 5 ( 2 ): 135 – 140 . OpenUrl Manisha , S. and Mandal D. ( 2011 ). Medicinal property and antibacterial activity . Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine , 12 ( 5 ): 43 – 36 . OpenUrl ↵ Molan , P.C. , Rain , E.T. and Hector , T.Y. ( 2010 ). The antibacterial nature of honey. The nature of the antibacterial activity . Bee World , 73 : 5 – 28 . OpenUrl ↵ Nester , E.W. , Anderson , D.G. , Pearsall , N.N. and Roberts , C.E. ( 2004 ). Microbiology: A human perspective , 5 ( 4 ): 34 – 47 . OpenUrl Noori , S. , Khelod , S. , Ahmad , A. and Al-Ghamdi , G. ( 2011 ). Honey for wound healing, Ulcers, and Burns . The Scientific World Journal , 11 : 766 – 787 . OpenUrl PubMed Olaitan , P.B. , Adeleke , D.E. and Ola , I.O. ( 2007 ). Honey: A reservoir for microorganisms and an inhibitory agent for microbes . African Health Science , 7 ( 3 ): 256 – 277 . OpenUrl ↵ Oyeleke , S.B. , Dauda , B.E. , Jimoh , T. and Musa , S.O. ( 2010 ). Nutritional Aanalysis and Antibacterial Effect of Honey on Bacterial Wound Pathogens . Journal of Applied Science Research , 6 ( 11 ): 1561 – 1565 . OpenUrl ↵ Raied , T.A. ( 2009 ). Evaluation of in-vitro inhibitory effect of honey on some microbial isolate . Journal of Bacteriology Research , 1 ( 6 ): 064 – 067 . OpenUrl Rasheed , O. , Nkem , T. , Saheed , A. , Sodiq , K. , Tesleem , O. and Wasiu , O. ( 2017 ). Study on Antibacterial Efficacy of different honey types in South Western Nigeria against Wound associated Bacteria . Journal of Apitherapy , 5 ( 3 ): 090 – 101 . OpenUrl Subrahmanyam , M. , Sahapure , A.G. , Nagana , N.S. and Bhagwat , V.R. ( 2001 ). Effects of Topical Application of Honey on Burn Wound Healing , 14 ( 3 ): 12 – 56 . OpenUrl Subrahmanyam , M. ( 1998 ). A prospective randomized clinical and histological study of superficial burn wound healing with honey and silver sulfadiazine . Burns , 24 ( 2 ): 157 – 161 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed Web of Science ↵ Tonks , A. , Cooper , A.J. , Molan , P.C. and Jones , K.P. ( 2009 ). Stimulation of TNF-alpha release in monocytes by honey . Cytokine , 14 ( 4 ): 240 – 242 . OpenUrl White , J.R. and Doner. ( 1980 ). Honey Composition and Properties . Beekeeping in the United States Agriculture Handbook , 3 ( 5 ): 82 – 91 . OpenUrl ↵ Yahaya , O. , Yabefa , J.A. , Umar , I.O. , Datshen , M.M. , Egbunu , Z.K. and Ameh , J. ( 2012 ). Combine antimicrobial effect of ginger and honey on some human pathogens . British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxocology , 3 ( 5 ): 237 – 239 . OpenUrl Zafar , H. ( 2014 ). Antimicrobial Properties of Honey . American Journal of Therapeutics , 21 , 304 – 323 . OpenUrl CrossRef PubMed View the discussion thread. Back to top Previous Next Posted September 24, 2025. Download PDF Email Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about bioRxiv. NOTE: Your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article. Your Email * Your Name * Send To * Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. You are going to email the following Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Wound Isolates from Patients Attending Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from bioRxiv Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the bioRxiv website. Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Share Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Wound Isolates from Patients Attending Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi David Tyover Kajo , Martina E Okoh bioRxiv 2025.09.24.677996; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.24.677996 Share This Article: Copy Citation Tools Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Wound Isolates from Patients Attending Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi David Tyover Kajo , Martina E Okoh bioRxiv 2025.09.24.677996; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.24.677996 Citation Manager Formats BibTeX Bookends EasyBib EndNote (tagged) EndNote 8 (xml) Medlars Mendeley Papers RefWorks Tagged Ref Manager RIS Zotero Tweet Widget Facebook Like Google Plus One Subject Area Microbiology Subject Areas All Articles Animal Behavior and Cognition (7635) Biochemistry (17691) Bioengineering (13892) Bioinformatics (41937) Biophysics (21452) Cancer Biology (18588) Cell Biology (25504) Clinical Trials (138) Developmental Biology (13378) Ecology (19899) Epidemiology (2067) Evolutionary Biology (24320) Genetics (15609) Genomics (22506) Immunology (17736) Microbiology (40394) Molecular Biology (17181) Neuroscience (88605) Paleontology (666) Pathology (2832) Pharmacology and Toxicology (4824) Physiology (7641) Plant Biology (15156) Scientific Communication and Education (2045) Synthetic Biology (4294) Systems Biology (9825) Zoology (2271)