The Role of Slope Orientation and Source Mechanism in Topographic Amplification: Insights from the 2022 Ms6.8 Luding Earthquake

The Role of Slope Orientation and Source Mechanism in Topographic Amplification: Insights from the 2022 Ms6.8 Luding Earthquake | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Role of Slope Orientation and Source Mechanism in Topographic Amplification: Insights from the 2022 Ms6.8 Luding Earthquake qifang liu, Jilei liu, hongcai zhang, li jiang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7669700/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We utilized the source process inverted from near-field strong-motion records and three-dimensional spectral element method to simulate the strong ground motion of the 2022 Mₛ6.8 Luding Earthquake, analyzing frequency-dependent topographic amplification and resonance effects with particular emphasis on the influence of slope orientation relative to seismic wave propagation direction on ground motion amplification. Key findings reveal a strong correlation between landslide intensity and vector peak ground velocity (VPGV), with the most severe slope failures occurring in areas characterized by the highest VPGV values. In critical zones, the maximum PGV components aligned with the slope dip direction, likely enhancing downslope driving forces and triggering failures, while significant vertical ground motion served as an additional triggering mechanism. Slope orientation relative to seismic wave propagation fundamentally controlled energy distribution patterns. Wave-facing slopes exhibited significant amplification due to geometric focusing effects and scattered wave interference, while opposing slopes showed attenuation through suppressed direct wave amplitudes. Micro-scale topographic features displayed contrasting amplification patterns, with localized wave-facing zones within opposing slopes showing stronger amplification primarily driven by direct body waves, and wave-opposing zones within facing slopes functioning as seismic energy barriers through geometric defocusing and destructive interference. The strike-slip mechanism governed both topographic amplification and scattered wave generation, with the tangential component dominating horizontal motion and amplification. Topographic amplification landslide Slope orientation Source mechanism Strong motion distribution Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 25 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7669700","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":522440840,"identity":"260e92f2-1037-4c72-9c19-99e01f201fc0","order_by":0,"name":"qifang liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZsYHIEqGjYH5wIEPFURpYTYAUTxsDGyJB2ecIc4aiBYgMj7M20KEBr7jzIyfC34x8PBJ5Hw4wNvAIM8vdgC/FsnDzMzSM/uADpPI3XBAcgeD4czZCfi1GBzmPyDN2wPVYniGIcHgNkEtzMy/IVpyHhxIbCNOC5s0zw+wFoYDB4nRAvQLmzXQ1zxsPM8MDjackSDsF77zh5lv8/xhkJNvT378+U+FjTy/NAEtDAeAmLHtP4wrQUA5TAvDHyIUjoJRMApGwcgFAB/7P2xlt6NtAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"qifang","middleName":"","lastName":"liu","suffix":""},{"id":522440841,"identity":"239b7696-8edb-42be-bdb3-17796e075f00","order_by":1,"name":"Jilei liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jilei","middleName":"","lastName":"liu","suffix":""},{"id":522440842,"identity":"dcae2000-45b1-4b4f-8d0f-2a9b3fc39fdc","order_by":2,"name":"hongcai zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fujian Earthquake Administration","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"hongcai","middleName":"","lastName":"zhang","suffix":""},{"id":522440843,"identity":"3ced89f5-8b38-4425-838f-e02d1cb40451","order_by":3,"name":"li jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"li","middleName":"","lastName":"jiang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-22 06:59:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7669700/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7669700/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93524606,"identity":"f4961a54-4597-41f2-a3f5-713f74f1379c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"xml","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"beeeBEEED2500889.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/cb2a5cf20de19f9fe84a663a.xml"},{"id":93524607,"identity":"bf28d587-ea1a-409d-85e9-049820ec2d48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":938,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BEEED250088919989.go.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/9c669ac5185e037d7a606899.xml"},{"id":93524608,"identity":"254e5962-337c-490d-9da7-802296b1daef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BEEED2500889Import.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/24c6e6d7cd929c1f8db84366.xml"},{"id":93525103,"identity":"cd4e5db5-399d-40e3-8d67-74accbca1b62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":126126,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BEEED25008890enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/c19967f6d251e2cd8db7f865.xml"},{"id":93524609,"identity":"530d329b-fe9a-4f95-b73a-77243cc1e520","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":267357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/1d13bc72954eb91c87ad5d77.jpeg"},{"id":93524616,"identity":"e6c2ce34-1fec-4c00-9800-d71ca650d942","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":727480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/e76018fce9bde7f1edd3c20a.jpeg"},{"id":93524615,"identity":"dc6b64ab-8236-4d9d-aaca-7494ce34e5e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1120303,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/6771d71df7163852b7d86012.jpeg"},{"id":93524611,"identity":"94fef691-ad38-470d-b5a3-451c79dd53f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1128985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/29f7eb8cd10cdc17c4161552.jpeg"},{"id":93524610,"identity":"4799e0ac-073b-4191-b627-a4d2a9e3b842","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":446727,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/8c2729b04abe3be1ce9b0665.png"},{"id":93524613,"identity":"96a7149e-e10a-4a65-b622-c7d33a5d827e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1118959,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/019339d64e42fc624a0ad730.jpeg"},{"id":93524618,"identity":"04128a60-b4d4-465e-a92b-8c243adc052a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":895759,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/94c74ced2c67ac1ebbb5dfcc.jpeg"},{"id":93525105,"identity":"cda2cb62-bb60-4688-92f1-136c02e01c80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4974529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/728103b3634587bc1a87935d.png"},{"id":93525109,"identity":"599a0700-b6d4-4889-8b40-835ec1609f35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3250569,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/9da6342af9d91224b526589a.png"},{"id":93597746,"identity":"fb861d9c-dec3-4abf-9963-4ad09557d40a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 14:22:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2254369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/967ed71903f14586b77020da.jpeg"},{"id":93524633,"identity":"9a4aa10c-f402-4779-8c9a-acff9fc0adeb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":903255,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/a68ef71f614c74fd6f6c2f53.jpeg"},{"id":93524619,"identity":"9f856d1f-7c18-4be8-90df-49db79b5b9d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":785567,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/e28d7b614d4a712a05b8ffb9.jpeg"},{"id":93524626,"identity":"cc22e24b-8d8d-403b-a16e-96f2df7d2e13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":782734,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/acdeb5d7a6f1c49619331c2c.jpeg"},{"id":93524629,"identity":"29d9561f-d2b2-4d5f-a423-abe0ce549f6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":738272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/3c95a9a27aadaefb85a9d1b8.jpeg"},{"id":93524639,"identity":"0b579c02-acb9-4f31-bc4e-0aa76735953c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":869017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/b405d37e5acc90de5698941e.png"},{"id":93525104,"identity":"c1c30860-af02-4044-b495-8ccc68e6f3d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":297323,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/cfbfea4a0934c5f896d44a50.png"},{"id":93525115,"identity":"24d2bbc6-8165-40b7-bcea-86b6ed7c41d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/dbdc06991e9ac30b5c8195d3.png"},{"id":93525111,"identity":"265c267a-80ae-43dd-b128-7cba6f5d07af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":196601,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/0c64927a2feeffe9cdc76985.png"},{"id":93525106,"identity":"a71fbbfe-97c8-4d89-af6b-7fb6f3742fab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":78622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/7686a7b1b6d569fe5201b1c2.png"},{"id":93524631,"identity":"49ab4e69-9e59-4bb0-ac7e-51cb0fa2177b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2432632,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/17113bd70b8ec1216adca20c.png"},{"id":93524630,"identity":"dd1cc372-3236-43fa-aa35-e11cbf831d1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":183939,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/9199655f9f378b58cec1b21d.png"},{"id":93597577,"identity":"13897bd8-d50c-45db-97f2-5e26b9d48090","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 14:15:58","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":938252,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/27904b342788656220c1f7a0.png"},{"id":93525114,"identity":"f7ce88c2-6d7d-4dd8-9048-edb510c29596","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":558464,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/a8ca5c52b614f2e43b73ceda.png"},{"id":93524638,"identity":"9216fe17-c232-40a0-8164-5bf03fd42996","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":869406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/48c5ca023a6fee7f0c42c69b.png"},{"id":93525113,"identity":"2bb36c6b-94d7-4604-95f5-aa8777e6a741","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":278732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/804168e2ea1e41d5d6a97c5e.png"},{"id":93525107,"identity":"eea41f5e-7625-4979-82a3-1bd303e8be8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:10:50","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":131187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/7f695036cda2e0559a3084a9.png"},{"id":93524621,"identity":"c6ea7888-5366-4b3f-91fb-0375ea4238e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":346748,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/158712498ef90fbde78021c7.png"},{"id":93597700,"identity":"61e681d5-0407-420a-8df5-a648c2a9bfd8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 14:19:34","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":307877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/890ecdca9299188d67c8de6b.png"},{"id":93524635,"identity":"dc1ccc9f-fee1-4379-83db-2b75b55b25c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"xml","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":124101,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BEEED25008890structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/00f79136dd1b1d283f250aa1.xml"},{"id":93524636,"identity":"278bd014-ab79-4f74-8fad-575e5720ba03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 19:02:50","extension":"html","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":132904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1/368f31816f6df330d23b3fd9.html"},{"id":93598378,"identity":"fff72db0-dae4-4fdc-bb64-59a2ceaa1abb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-15 14:28:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2607052,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript20250924lqf.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7669700/v1_covered_2d83441a-a6ae-4ab1-af4b-46a4ba2d6038.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"The Role of Slope Orientation and Source Mechanism in Topographic Amplification: Insights from the 2022 Ms6.8 Luding Earthquake","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bulletin-of-earthquake-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"beee","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/10518)","snPcode":"10518","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10518/3","title":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Topographic amplification, landslide, Slope orientation, Source mechanism, Strong motion distribution","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7669700/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7669700/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWe utilized the source process inverted from near-field strong-motion records and three-dimensional spectral element method to simulate the strong ground motion of the 2022 Mₛ6.8 Luding Earthquake, analyzing frequency-dependent topographic amplification and resonance effects with particular emphasis on the influence of slope orientation relative to seismic wave propagation direction on ground motion amplification.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey findings reveal a strong correlation between landslide intensity and vector peak ground velocity (VPGV), with the most severe slope failures occurring in areas characterized by the highest VPGV values. In critical zones, the maximum PGV components aligned with the slope dip direction, likely enhancing downslope driving forces and triggering failures, while significant vertical ground motion served as an additional triggering mechanism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlope orientation relative to seismic wave propagation fundamentally controlled energy distribution patterns. Wave-facing slopes exhibited significant amplification due to geometric focusing effects and scattered wave interference, while opposing slopes showed attenuation through suppressed direct wave amplitudes. Micro-scale topographic features displayed contrasting amplification patterns, with localized wave-facing zones within opposing slopes showing stronger amplification primarily driven by direct body waves, and wave-opposing zones within facing slopes functioning as seismic energy barriers through geometric defocusing and destructive interference. The strike-slip mechanism governed both topographic amplification and scattered wave generation, with the tangential component dominating horizontal motion and amplification.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Role of Slope Orientation and Source Mechanism in Topographic Amplification: Insights from the 2022 Ms6.8 Luding Earthquake","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-14 19:02:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7669700/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-11-14T23:49:09+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T18:13:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","date":"2025-09-25T15:28:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T09:16:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","date":"2025-09-24T01:44:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bulletin-of-earthquake-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"beee","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/10518)","snPcode":"10518","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10518/3","title":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"43a63320-feb6-48df-9e83-e1bc09ee2ca0","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-14T19:02:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-14 19:02:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7669700","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7669700","identity":"rs-7669700","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}