Stress Perception Mediates the Relationship between Stress and Quality of Life among Chinese Police Officers

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However, there is little direct research that describes the relationship between police officers’ quality of life and stress. Current study aims to investigate police officers’ quality of life and explore the effect of stress on life quality of police officers. Our study also explores the effect of stress perception on the relationship between the stress and quality of life to see whether changing police officers’ stress perception can improve their quality of life. Methods We conduct literature search on police officers’ life quality in China, and compare the result against the general population. We also investigate 914 Chinese police officers, measured their life quality, stress level and stress perception, and analyze the stress’ influence on quality of life. Results The result shows that the life quality of police officers is generally lower than the general population, and many factors, such as age, education level and gender, will influence the quality of life. Police officer’s life quality is negatively correlated with their stress level, and stress perception appears to mediate the relationship between the stress and quality of life. Conclusion Police officers’ quality of life is low, and stress has negative effect on it. And stress would affect the stress perception and then influence mental and physical health of police officers. Health Economics & Outcomes Research police officer stress quality of life stress perception mediation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Quality of life is defined by WHO as an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. Previous studies reported that depression, economic condition, health condition, cognitive function and marriage condition would influence the elderly’s quality of life (Xu, 1994 ; Dai, Liu, & Ma, 2003 ), and the quality of life of people with breast cancer correlated with social support (Sammarco, & Angela, 2001 ). Besides, stress is also an influential factor of life quality. Some studies on cancer patients indicated that quality of life was affected negatively by stress (Kreitler, Peleg, & Ehrenfeld,2010). An online study in 2014 examined the relationship between generally perceived levels of stress and the quality of life on Facebook and found that people who spent the more time on Facebook had the higher stress and lower quality of life(Bevan, Gomez, & Sparks,2014). Since police work is known for its high-stress nature (He, Zhao, & Archbold, 2002 ; Sarason, et al.,1980), police officer’s quality of life may be in the lower end of the spectrum. Police officers are often exposed to some stressful events, such as confrontation, violence, traumatic incidents, and human misery (Chen, et al.,2006). Besides the stress from work, police officers also suffer the stress from family and relationship, since they tend to have little time to deal with family issues. Lipp and Marilda ( 2009 ) investigated the levels of occupational stress and quality of life of Brazilian police officer and found that the police officers considered their job to be very stressful and their standard of quality of life was found to be poor. Santanu and his colleagues ( 2016 ) studied the relationship between job stress and quality of life among police personnel in India, and found that officers were more stressed than constables, while the score of quality of life was higher in constables than officers, which implied that policemen who had higher work stress had lower quality of life. Few studies have investigated the relationship between the stress and quality of life of Chinese police officers, thus our study aims to investigate current situation of quality of life of police officers in China, to compare it against the general population, and to explore the effect of stress on quality of life of Chinese police officers. We assume that life quality of police officers would be lower than the general population(hypothesis1), and stress would have negative effect on life quality of police officers (hypothesis 2). Due to the impracticality of enhancing police officers’ life quality by cutting their workloads and work-derived raw stress, we investigate the relationship between stress and quality of life and try to discover another possible route. Previous study on U.S.A. adult found that high amounts of stress and the perception that stress impacts health were each associated with poor physical and mental health (Keller, Peleg, & Ehrenfeld, 2012). And according to Ellis’s ABC Theory of Emotion, activating event will influence the people’s belief and then affect consequence (Ellis, 1985 ). Therefore, we want to explore the effect of stress perception on the relationship between the stress and quality of life. We assume that stress perception would mediate the relationship between the stress and quality of life (hypothesis 3), and we can change the stress perception of police officers to improve their quality of life. Method Study 1: current situation of quality of life Data base and key words We take ‘quality of life’ and ‘police officer’ as key words and used China Academic Journals Electronic Publishing House as database in our literature search. Inclusion criteria Our inclusion criteria are: (1) written in Chinese; (2) literature is research study; (3) quality of life is measured by the questionnaires which have norm in China, such as SF-36, WHOQOL-BREF; (4) the sample can represent the normal police population. Data analysis According to our standards, we include 4 papers in our study. We list the data of quality of life in the tables and compare them against the norm of general population. Study2: the relationship between stress and quality of life Participants Yiwu is a county-level city in Zhejiang province and is the largest county-level city in China, with about 1200 policemen. Questionnaires were sent out during the annual health examination of policemen, and 914 police officers aged from 22 to 60 participated in the study voluntarily, and 900 (mean age = 38.3, SD = 9.8) completed the questionnaire thoroughly. 6 police officers returned incomplete data and 8 refused to offer demographic data. The effective response rate of the questionnaire is 98.5%, and the response rate of entire sample is 75%. Measure Police stress scale Our study used the Police stress scale (Chen, & Xu, 2012) to measure the stress of police officers. This scale has 46 items and 6 dimensions, including task-related stressor, social life stressor, power motive stressor, self-related stressor, negative emotion stressor and organization management stressor. Participates were required to judge whether the event described in item occurred to themselves. If it did not occur, it is recorded as 0. If the event occurred, the participates were asked to evaluate the impact of the event by 5-point Likert format (not affected, mild, moderate, severe, or extremely severe), and high score indicates high levels of stress. The scale has been found to have highly acceptable psychometric property (Chen, & Xu, 2012) in the sample of Chinese policemen. Chinese version of perceived stress scale The Chinese version of perceived stress scale (CPSS-14) (Yang & Huang, 2003 ) was used to measure the stress perception, which consists of 14 items under two dimensions. The positive dimension (7 items) estimates the degree of ability to cope with existing stressors, while the negative dimension (7 items) evaluates the sense of losing control and negative affective reactions. It measures stress that one perceived in preceding month. The items are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0(never) to 4(very often). Short form health survey The Short form health survey (SF-12) (Huo, et al.,2018) is one of the most used HRQoL questionnaires. This scale incorporates two dimensions: physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS), for estimating health-related functions along eight subscales: physiological function (PF), Role limitations due to physical problems (RP), body pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social function (SF), Role limitations due to emotion problems (RE), mental health (MH). Each dimension is scored by Likert's cumulative method, and scores are transformed onto a 0 to 100 scale. Data analysis For statistical analysis, Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) are computed. Analysis of variance is used to examine the differences of stress, stress perception, and quality of life for age, education, years of service, and t-testing was used to analyze the gender difference. Analysis of variance is also used to test the effect of stress on quality of life. Mediation analysis is used to explore the relationship among stress, stress perception and quality of life. All data are analyzed with the SPSS 22.0 statistical analysis software package and Process 3.4 software package. Result Current situation of police officers’ quality of life According to the data provided by the WHO quality of life research group, the score of WHOQOL-BREF tested in Chinese people from 2000 to 2002 shows: physiological score is 61.3 ± 16.3, psychological score is 61.6 ± 13.7, social relations score is 64.6 ± 14.2, environment score is 52.9 ± 13.5. After comparison (Table 1 ), the result of first article shows that the life quality of recruits of China armed police is higher than the general population. The result is well within our expectation, since the sample is consisted by new recruits who barely experienced much stress. The second article indicates that the scores of four fields of quality of life are lower in police officer than normal people, which is in accordance with our hypothesis. Table 1 result of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire in previous research article questionnaire N subscale M SD Quality of life and its Associated Factors among recruits of south China armed police before and after their Basic Military Training WHOQOL- BREF 820 physiological score 67.90 13.31 psychological score 65.16 14.26 social relation score 66.16 16.71 environmental score 59.98 14.23 The Life Quality of Policemen in Kunming and Its Influencing Factors WHOQOL- BREF 70 physiological score 58.06 14.88 psychological score 54.35 14.40 social relation score 60.00 20.29 environmental score 47.41 19.61 total score 57.59 10.52 Table 4 Analysis of variance of variables for years of service years of service stress stress perception PCS MCS M SD M SD M SD M SD 1–5(N = 194) 88.37 39.33 25.50 8.55 45.15 9.03 46.54 6.43 6–10(N = 209) 89.48 40.29 24.56 9.00 45.67 8.93 47.61 6.15 11–15(N = 187) 92.01 38.09 25.80 8.00 43.23 9.91 48.06 6.06 16–20(N = 77) 94.47 41.50 26.39 7.10 41.14 9.51 48.15 6.21 21–25(N = 79) 84.67 33.49 25.19 7.29 41.77 8.95 48.93 5.87 26–30(N = 66) 79.67 30.48 24.94 6.99 42.50 9.63 48.86 6.52 31–35(N = 53) 81.28 35.01 26.09 7.36 41.53 7.53 47.56 5.73 36–40(N = 35) 67.86 39.41 24.03 7.59 42.56 10.52 47.80 6.11 F 2.81 0.78 4.07 1.91 P 0.01 0.61 < 0.01 0.07 Note. PCS = physical component summary; MCS = mental component summary According to the research of life quality of people in Sichuan province in 2001, the norm of SF-36 in Chinese people(Li, et al.,2001) is: score of physiological function is 90.80 ± 15.07, score of role limitations due to physical problems is 79.51 ± 34.70, score of body pain is 82.41 ± 21.25, score of general health is 67.30 ± 21.97, score of vitality is 71.44 ± 15.81, score of social function is 85.29 ± 18.06, score of role limitations due to emotion problems is 76.48 ± 38.47, score of mental health is 73.52 ± 15.68. The results of two articles (Table 2 ) both indicate that the scores of physiological function, social function and mental health of police officers are lower than the norm, which means the level of physiological function, social function and mental health of police officers are lower than normal people. Table 2 result of SF-36 questionnaire in previous research article questionnaire N subscale M SD Investigation on the Quality of Life of Traffic Policemen SF-36 179 PF 86.71 10.84 RP 82.85 21.23 BP 86.29 18.42 GH 76.75 12.54 VT 71.28 14.27 SF 80.33 18.99 RE 74.96 36.71 MH 59.57 14.10 Cross-sectional Survey of Mental Health Status and Life Quality of Police Population in Shanghai SF-36 1611 PF 86.58 16.68 RP 78.82 33.31 BP 81.78 18.89 GH 66.42 21.24 VT 70.08 18.32 SF 81.31 19.16 RE 79.97 33.21 MH 69.12 15.59 Notes: PF = physiological function, RP = Role limitations due to physical problems, BP = body pain, GH = general health, VT = vitality, SF = social function, RE = Role limitations due to emotion problems, MH = mental health General level of life quality of police officers in Yiwu In our research, we find that PCS of police officers in Yiwu is 43.72 ± 9.37, and MCS police officers in Yiwu is 47.73 ± 6.20. According to the previous research of life quality of people in Chengdu(Li, et al.,2010), the score of PCS is 51.2 ± 6.6, and the score of MCS is 49.9 ± 7.7. Thus, the scores of life quality of police officers in Yiwu is lower than the norm in terms of PCS and MCS, which means the general level of life quality of police officers in Yiwu is lower than normal people. Analysis of influence factors Table 3 shows the differences of stress, stress perception and quality of life among different ages. The police officers aged from 21–25 and 41–45 get highest scores in stress and stress perception, which means these police officers experience the most stressful events and perceive the largest amount of stress. As for the quality of life, the policemen aged from 26–35 have higher PCS than policemen in other age intervals, while the policemen aged from 46–50 have the lowest level of PCS. And the policemen aged from 46–50 have the highest level of MCS, while 21–25 have the lowest level of MCS. Table 4 indicates that police officers who have worked around 15–20 years have highest level of stress and stress perception. And the police officers who have worked around 31–35 or 16–25 years have the lowest level of PCS, and the police officers who have worked around 1–5 years have the lowest level of MCS. As for education level (Table 5 ), our study finds that there are no significant differences in stress and stress perception among different educational status, but the policemen who have a better education would have a higher level of PCS. The analysis of gender difference shows significant gender difference in stress, quality of life. The female police officers have a lower level of stress and a higher level of MCS (Table 6 ). Thus, age, years of service and gender are the influence factors of stress and quality of life, and education only correlates with quality of life. Table 3 Analysis of variance of variables for age age stress stress perception PCS MCS M SD M SD M SD M SD 21–25(N = 68) 95.04 41.83 27.99 8.75 44.06 7.58 45.38 7.00 26–30(N = 179) 88.39 38.46 24.40 8.14 45.26 9.43 47.07 6.22 31–35(N = 157) 85.41 38.60 24.28 8.89 46.40 8.85 48.14 6.07 36–40(N = 155) 91.85 37.46 25.80 7.57 43.79 9.18 48.17 5.84 41–45(N = 94) 96.02 41.71 25.76 8.81 42.03 10.53 46.70 5.69 46–50(N = 115) 85.56 34.23 26.30 7.31 40.70 9.52 49.33 6.20 51–55(N = 67) 80.13 38.49 24.78 7.70 42.13 8.29 48.61 6.39 56–60(N = 61) 72.23 33.62 24.69 6.52 41.92 9.29 47.81 6.03 F 3.24 2.22 5.48 3.65 P < 0.01 0.03 < 0.01 0.01 Note. PCS = physical component summary; MCS = mental component summary Table 5 Analysis of variance of variables for education education stress stress perception PCS MCS M SD M SD M SD M SD junior high school(N = 5) 76.80 37.10 25.40 4.67 44.19 5.79 44.61 7.80 high school(N = 74) 80.41 36.18 26.24 6.32 41.88 9.51 47.06 6.59 university(N = 784) 88.40 38.55 25.25 8.24 43.72 9.43 47.80 6.16 master(N = 37) 89.59 41.01 25.19 8.98 47.35 7.06 47.97 6.19 F 1.14 0.34 2.83 0.76 P 0.33 0.80 0.04 0.52 Note. PCS = physical component summary; MCS = mental component summary Table 6 Analysis of gender difference gender stress stress perception PCS MCS M SD M SD M SD M SD Male(N = 797) 90.17 38.36 25.41 7.97 43.54 9.38 47.57 6.21 Female(N = 103) 68.85 33.89 24.70 9.19 45.15 9.25 48.96 6.00 T 5.37 0.84 1.65 2.14 P < 0.01 0.40 1.00 0.03 Note. PCS = physical component summary; MCS = mental component summary Effect of stress on quality of life We divide the police officers into three groups (low stress level, medium stress level, high stress level) according to the stress level. The result of analysis of variance (Fig. 1 ) indicates that stress level has significant impact on both PCS (F = 89.76, p < 0.01) and MCS (F = 63.38, p < 0.01). The police officers who have higher level of stress have the lower level of life quality. Correlation analysis The descriptive statistics and correlation matrix are presented in Table 7 . Stress is positive correlated with stress perception, and negatively correlated with PCS and MCS. Stress perception is negatively correlated with PCS and MCS. Table 7 The result of correlation analysis M SD 1 2 3 4 1.stress 87.73 38.46 - 2.stress perception 25.33 8.11 0.61 ** - 3.PCS 43.72 9.37 -0.45 ** -0.44 ** - 4.MCS 47.73 6.20 -0.37 ** -0.53 ** 0.02 - Note. N = 1196. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. Testing for proposed model The main results generated by SPSS macro PROCESS are presented in Table 8 and Table 9 , which consist of two parts: mediator and dependent variable model of PCS and mediator and dependent variable model of MCS. The mediator variable model is to test the effect of stress, and the dependent variable model is to test the effects of stress, stress perception. The LLCI and ULCI of the sequence of indirect effect are used to estimate the 95% confidence interval. Shall the interval does not contain zero, mediator effect exists. As can be seen from the result showed in Table 8 and Table 9 , the intervals of two models don’t contain zero, which mean stress perception have mediator effect on the relationship between the stress and quality of life. As can be seen from the mediator variable model of PCS ( F = 115.18, R 2 = 0.39, p < 0.01) and dependent variable model of PCS ( F = 58.28, R 2 = 0.28, p < 0.01), stress positively predicts stress perception( β = 0.13, p < 0.01), stress perception negatively predicts PCS( β =-0.29, p = 0.04), stress negatively predicts PCS( β =-0.08, p < 0.001). These results indicate that stress perception partially mediates the relationship between stress and PCS(Fig. 2 ). And the mediator variable model of MCS ( F = 115.18, R 2 = 0.39, p < 0.01) and dependent variable model of MCS ( F = 65.27, R 2 = 0.30, p < 0.01) indicates that: stress positively predicts stress perception( β = 0.13, p < 0.01), stress perception negatively predicts MCS( β =-0.38, p = 0.04). These results indicate that stress perception totally mediates the relationship between stress and MCS(Fig. 3 ). Table 8 The result of mediation model of PCS Model of PCS β SE t p Mediator variable model constant 14.78 2.98 4.97 0.00 stress 0.13 0.01 23.95 0.00 Dependent variable model constant 60.88 3.79 16.07 0.00 stress -0.08 0.01 -8.53 0.00 stress perception -0.29 0.04 -6.81 0.00 β Boot SE LLCI ULCI Direct effect -0.08 -0.01 -0.10 -0.06 β Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI Mediator -0.04 0.01 -0.05 -0.03 Note. N = 900. Bootstrap sample size = 5000. LL = low limit, CI = confidence interval, UL = upper limit. Table 9 The result of mediation model of MCS Model of MCS β SE t p Mediator variable model constant 14.78 2.98 4.97 0.00 stress 0.13 0.01 23.95 0.00 Dependent variable model constant 49.19 2.47 20.0 0.00 stress -0.08 0.01 -1.26 0.21 stress perception -0.38 0.03 -14.02 0.00 β Boot SE LLCI ULCI Direct effect -0.01 -0.01 0.21 -0.02 β Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI Mediator -0.05 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 Note. N = 900. Bootstrap sample size = 5000. LL = low limit, CI = confidence interval, UL = upper limit. Discussion Both the results of our study and previous literature indicates that life quality of police officers are lower than normal people, which concur with our first hypothesis. The result of analysis of relationship between stress and life quality shows that stress would affect police officers’ life quality, which is in accordance with our second hypothesis. Meanwhile, the result of mediation analysis shows that stress perception is the mediator of the relationship between stress and quality of life. It’s concordant with our third hypothesis. According to analysis of previous studies of SF-36, we find that police officers score lower in the dimensions of physiological function, social function and mental health, which is accordant with our expectation. In our field experience, police officers always have to work overtime when urgent event happens, which heavily shrinks their quality time with their families and friends. Police officers also tend to report stress from social relationship, which negatively impacts their social function. Besides, exposing to other occupational stressful events will also affect police officers’ physiological function and mental health. Our study find that many factors would influence police officers’ stress and quality of life, including age, years of service and gender. The result indicates that police officers aged from 20 to 25 had the highest level of stress as well as low level of life quality, which could possibility be that new police officers have not yet adapted to their new job. We also find female police officers have a lower level of stress and a higher level of MCS, which is different from the finding of previous studies. Previous research abroad (Maran et al., 2016; He, Zhao, & Archbold, 2002 ) found that female police officers had worse mental health than male, in terms of depression and somatization. This difference may have two explanations: one is cultural difference, the other is that female sample in our research is much smaller than male sample. Thus, the gender difference of stress and life quality in police population still requires further research. The analysis of mediation model indicates that stress perception can partially mediate relationship between stress and MCS, and totally mediate the relationship between stress and PCS. These results mean that stress can directly influence physical health and indirectly through the stress perception. While mental health can only be indirectly influenced by stress through the stress perception. Since mental health is more closely related to belief and cognition, these results are within our expectation. Because of the nature of police occupation, it’s unrealistic to alleviate police officers’ psychological and physical difficulties by cutting their work burden and objective stress level. But the mediation model our study has found provides a possible way to decrease the negative effect of stress on life quality: intervention of stress perception. Previous studies found that mindfulness (Ivan & Kuijpers,2008), mind/body intervention (Deckro, et al.,2002) and eurythmy therapy (Berger, et al.,2015) had effects on reducing the stress perception. Thus, future study can focus on the intervention of stress perception, to see whether the change of stress perception can lead to the improvement of life quality of police officers. Conclusion Our study find that life quality of police officer is low, and stress has negative effect on quality of life. Our results support the mediation effect of stress perception on the relationship between the stress and quality of life. Stress would affect the stress perception and then influence mental and physical health of police officers. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: The research was approved by the institutional review boards of Zhejiang University. Consent for publication: not applicable Availability of data and materials: The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding: There is no funding in this study. Authors' contributions: YZ analyzed and interpreted the data and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. CJ collected data from police officers and revised the manuscript. JW collected the questionnaires used in research, write and revised part of the manuscript. YJ revised the manuscript. SC directed research and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement: The authors appreciated the help from the Yiwu public security bureau. 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Helping police officers to cope with stress: a cognitive-behavioral approach. Am J Community Psychol. 1980;7(6):593–603. doi: 10.1007/BF00891964 . Xu H. Life satisfaction and its influential factors in the elderly. Chinese Mental Health Journal. 1994;8(4):160–2. Yang T-z, Huang H-t. A epidemiological study on stress among urban residents in social transition period. Chinese journal of epidemiology. 2003;24(9):760–4. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-25922","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":547024,"identity":"def9479a-b35d-4845-8829-6a1e69e37b28","order_by":1,"name":"Yueping Zhu","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-6999","institution":"Zhejiang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yueping","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""},{"id":547025,"identity":"9da87036-1359-45d4-9fe8-3119ad4e1622","order_by":2,"name":"Wenchen Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenchen","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":547026,"identity":"ab6ab5c3-8f20-49e3-8b76-dbadffa5676c","order_by":3,"name":"Jiayu Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiayu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":547027,"identity":"dbdda582-49a1-471d-8ba9-6bda78c33463","order_by":4,"name":"Yongyong Jiao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yongyong","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiao","suffix":""},{"id":547028,"identity":"50aaa4d4-5654-4562-b81d-f470027d535d","order_by":5,"name":"Shulin Chen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA40lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSBmbGCQYWNgPgDmMBwgUgsPGwNbAolaGBh4DCAihLTwz24+9vDnjsM8fNI9nz9YtjHI8d1IYPxcgM+SO8fSjXnPHOZhkzm7wUCyjcFY8kYCs/QMPFoMJHLMpBnbgFokcjckALUkbriRwMbMg1dL/jfJn2AtOQ8OALXUE6Elh02CF6KFsQGoJcGAkBaJG2lm0rxt6UAtacYMEuckDGeeedgsjU8L/4zkZ0CHWcvJz0h+/FmizEae73jywc/4tKAAZglYNBENGD8Qr3YUjIJRMApGEAAAL8dD2e83nHkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4114-3297","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shulin","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-04-29 05:09:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-25922/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-25922/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":1070330,"identity":"dd6a1228-cc76-4820-9057-1a1a16318aae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-05-11 16:05:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19599,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"effect of stress on life quality","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-25922/v1/Fig1.jpg"},{"id":1070331,"identity":"fb6362b5-8517-453c-9207-586dea8275c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-05-11 16:05:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10847,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"mediation model of PCS","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-25922/v1/Fig2.jpg"},{"id":1070332,"identity":"de351099-8a78-4526-b39d-f99657d9e79f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-05-11 16:05:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"mediation model of MCS","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-25922/v1/Fig3.jpg"},{"id":13502449,"identity":"0ece8676-864a-47b8-ac9e-b7e144e40503","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 23:14:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":478953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-25922/v1/6a65c5a0-6006-4188-a8c6-a2815e1f593a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Stress Perception Mediates the Relationship between Stress and Quality of Life among Chinese Police Officers","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":" \u003cp\u003eQuality of life is defined by WHO as an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. Previous studies reported that depression, economic condition, health condition, cognitive function and marriage condition would influence the elderly\u0026rsquo;s quality of life (Xu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Dai, Liu, \u0026amp; Ma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), and the quality of life of people with breast cancer correlated with social support (Sammarco, \u0026amp; Angela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBesides, stress is also an influential factor of life quality. Some studies on cancer patients indicated that quality of life was affected negatively by stress (Kreitler, Peleg, \u0026amp; Ehrenfeld,2010). An online study in 2014 examined the relationship between generally perceived levels of stress and the quality of life on Facebook and found that people who spent the more time on Facebook had the higher stress and lower quality of life(Bevan, Gomez, \u0026amp; Sparks,2014). Since police work is known for its high-stress nature (He, Zhao, \u0026amp; Archbold, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Sarason, et al.,1980), police officer\u0026rsquo;s quality of life may be in the lower end of the spectrum. Police officers are often exposed to some stressful events, such as confrontation, violence, traumatic incidents, and human misery (Chen, et al.,2006). Besides the stress from work, police officers also suffer the stress from family and relationship, since they tend to have little time to deal with family issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipp and Marilda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the levels of occupational stress and quality of life of Brazilian police officer and found that the police officers considered their job to be very stressful and their standard of quality of life was found to be poor. Santanu and his colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) studied the relationship between job stress and quality of life among police personnel in India, and found that officers were more stressed than constables, while the score of quality of life was higher in constables than officers, which implied that policemen who had higher work stress had lower quality of life. Few studies have investigated the relationship between the stress and quality of life of Chinese police officers, thus our study aims to investigate current situation of quality of life of police officers in China, to compare it against the general population, and to explore the effect of stress on quality of life of Chinese police officers. We assume that life quality of police officers would be lower than the general population(hypothesis1), and stress would have negative effect on life quality of police officers (hypothesis 2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to the impracticality of enhancing police officers\u0026rsquo; life quality by cutting their workloads and work-derived raw stress, we investigate the relationship between stress and quality of life and try to discover another possible route. Previous study on U.S.A. adult found that high amounts of stress and the perception that stress impacts health were each associated with poor physical and mental health (Keller, Peleg, \u0026amp; Ehrenfeld, 2012). And according to Ellis\u0026rsquo;s ABC Theory of Emotion, activating event will influence the people\u0026rsquo;s belief and then affect consequence (Ellis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, we want to explore the effect of stress perception on the relationship between the stress and quality of life. We assume that stress perception would mediate the relationship between the stress and quality of life (hypothesis 3), and we can change the stress perception of police officers to improve their quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy 1: current situation of quality of life\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData base and key words\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe take \u0026lsquo;quality of life\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;police officer\u0026rsquo; as key words and used China Academic Journals Electronic Publishing House as database in our literature search.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur inclusion criteria are: (1) written in Chinese; (2) literature is research study; (3) quality of life is measured by the questionnaires which have norm in China, such as SF-36, WHOQOL-BREF; (4) the sample can represent the normal police population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to our standards, we include 4 papers in our study. We list the data of quality of life in the tables and compare them against the norm of general population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy2: the relationship between stress and quality of life\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYiwu is a county-level city in Zhejiang province and is the largest county-level city in China, with about 1200 policemen. Questionnaires were sent out during the annual health examination of policemen, and 914 police officers aged from 22 to 60 participated in the study voluntarily, and 900 (mean age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38.3, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.8) completed the questionnaire thoroughly. 6 police officers returned incomplete data and 8 refused to offer demographic data. The effective response rate of the questionnaire is 98.5%, and the response rate of entire sample is 75%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMeasure\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePolice stress scale\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study used the Police stress scale (Chen, \u0026amp; Xu, 2012) to measure the stress of police officers. This scale has 46 items and 6 dimensions, including task-related stressor, social life stressor, power motive stressor, self-related stressor, negative emotion stressor and organization management stressor. Participates were required to judge whether the event described in item occurred to themselves. If it did not occur, it is recorded as 0. If the event occurred, the participates were asked to evaluate the impact of the event by 5-point Likert format (not affected, mild, moderate, severe, or extremely severe), and high score indicates high levels of stress. The scale has been found to have highly acceptable psychometric property (Chen, \u0026amp; Xu, 2012) in the sample of Chinese policemen.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChinese version of perceived stress scale\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese version of perceived stress scale (CPSS-14) (Yang \u0026amp; Huang, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) was used to measure the stress perception, which consists of 14 items under two dimensions. The positive dimension (7 items) estimates the degree of ability to cope with existing stressors, while the negative dimension (7 items) evaluates the sense of losing control and negative affective reactions. It measures stress that one perceived in preceding month. The items are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0(never) to 4(very often).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eShort form health survey\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Short form health survey (SF-12) (Huo, et al.,2018) is one of the most used HRQoL questionnaires. This scale incorporates two dimensions: physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS), for estimating health-related functions along eight subscales: physiological function (PF), Role limitations due to physical problems (RP), body pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social function (SF), Role limitations due to emotion problems (RE), mental health (MH). Each dimension is scored by Likert's cumulative method, and scores are transformed onto a 0 to 100 scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor statistical analysis, Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) are computed. Analysis of variance is used to examine the differences of stress, stress perception, and quality of life for age, education, years of service, and t-testing was used to analyze the gender difference. Analysis of variance is also used to test the effect of stress on quality of life. Mediation analysis is used to explore the relationship among stress, stress perception and quality of life. All data are analyzed with the SPSS 22.0 statistical analysis software package and Process 3.4 software package.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCurrent situation of police officers\u0026rsquo; quality of life\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the data provided by the WHO quality of life research group, the score of WHOQOL-BREF tested in Chinese people from 2000 to 2002 shows: physiological score is 61.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.3, psychological score is 61.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.7, social relations score is 64.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.2, environment score is 52.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.5. After comparison (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), the result of first article shows that the life quality of recruits of China armed police is higher than the general population. The result is well within our expectation, since the sample is consisted by new recruits who barely experienced much stress. The second article indicates that the scores of four fields of quality of life are lower in police officer than normal people, which is in accordance with our hypothesis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eresult of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire in previous research\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003earticle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003equestionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esubscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuality of life and its Associated Factors among recruits of south China armed police before and after their Basic Military Training\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHOQOL-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBREF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e820\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ephysiological score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epsychological score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esocial relation score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eenvironmental score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Life Quality of Policemen in Kunming and Its Influencing Factors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHOQOL-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBREF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ephysiological score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epsychological score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esocial relation score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eenvironmental score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etotal score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance of variables for years of service\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eyears of service\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress perception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;194)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;209)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;15(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;187)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;20(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e94.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;25(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;79)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;30(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;35(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;40(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNote. PCS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;physical component summary; MCS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;mental component summary\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the research of life quality of people in Sichuan province in 2001, the norm of SF-36 in Chinese people(Li, et al.,2001) is: score of physiological function is 90.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.07, score of role limitations due to physical problems is 79.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.70, score of body pain is 82.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.25, score of general health is 67.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.97, score of vitality is 71.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.81, score of social function is 85.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.06, score of role limitations due to emotion problems is 76.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38.47, score of mental health is 73.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.68. The results of two articles (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) both indicate that the scores of physiological function, social function and mental health of police officers are lower than the norm, which means the level of physiological function, social function and mental health of police officers are lower than normal people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eresult of SF-36 questionnaire in previous research\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003earticle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003equestionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esubscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInvestigation on the Quality of Life of Traffic Policemen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSF-36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCross-sectional Survey of Mental Health Status and Life Quality of Police Population in Shanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSF-36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1611\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNotes: PF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;physiological function, RP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Role limitations due to physical problems, BP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;body pain, GH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;general health, VT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;vitality, SF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;social function, RE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Role limitations due to emotion problems, MH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;mental health\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eGeneral level of life quality of police officers in Yiwu\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our research, we find that PCS of police officers in Yiwu is 43.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.37, and MCS police officers in Yiwu is 47.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.20. According to the previous research of life quality of people in Chengdu(Li, et al.,2010), the score of PCS is 51.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6, and the score of MCS is 49.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7. Thus, the scores of life quality of police officers in Yiwu is lower than the norm in terms of PCS and MCS, which means the general level of life quality of police officers in Yiwu is lower than normal people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of influence factors\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the differences of stress, stress perception and quality of life among different ages. The police officers aged from 21\u0026ndash;25 and 41\u0026ndash;45 get highest scores in stress and stress perception, which means these police officers experience the most stressful events and perceive the largest amount of stress. As for the quality of life, the policemen aged from 26\u0026ndash;35 have higher PCS than policemen in other age intervals, while the policemen aged from 46\u0026ndash;50 have the lowest level of PCS. And the policemen aged from 46\u0026ndash;50 have the highest level of MCS, while 21\u0026ndash;25 have the lowest level of MCS. Table\u0026nbsp;4 indicates that police officers who have worked around 15\u0026ndash;20\u0026nbsp;years have highest level of stress and stress perception. And the police officers who have worked around 31\u0026ndash;35 or 16\u0026ndash;25\u0026nbsp;years have the lowest level of PCS, and the police officers who have worked around 1\u0026ndash;5\u0026nbsp;years have the lowest level of MCS. As for education level (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), our study finds that there are no significant differences in stress and stress perception among different educational status, but the policemen who have a better education would have a higher level of PCS. The analysis of gender difference shows significant gender difference in stress, quality of life. The female police officers have a lower level of stress and a higher level of MCS (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, age, years of service and gender are the influence factors of stress and quality of life, and education only correlates with quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance of variables for age\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress perception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;25(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;30(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;179)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;35(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;157)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;40(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;155)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;45(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;94)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;50(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;115)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;55(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u0026ndash;60(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;61)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNote. PCS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;physical component summary; MCS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;mental component summary\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance of variables for education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eeducation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress perception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ejunior high school(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehigh school(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003euniversity(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;784)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emaster(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNote. PCS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;physical component summary; MCS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;mental component summary\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of gender difference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003egender\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress perception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;797)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;103)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNote. PCS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;physical component summary; MCS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;mental component summary\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of stress on quality of life\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe divide the police officers into three groups (low stress level, medium stress level, high stress level) according to the stress level. The result of analysis of variance (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) indicates that stress level has significant impact on both PCS (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;89.76, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and MCS (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63.38, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The police officers who have higher level of stress have the lower level of life quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCorrelation analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe descriptive statistics and correlation matrix are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Stress is positive correlated with stress perception, and negatively correlated with PCS and MCS. Stress perception is negatively correlated with PCS and MCS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result of correlation analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.stress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.stress perception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.PCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.45\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.44\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.MCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.37\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.53\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote. N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1196. *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTesting for proposed model\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main results generated by SPSS macro PROCESS are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, which consist of two parts: mediator and dependent variable model of PCS and mediator and dependent variable model of MCS. The mediator variable model is to test the effect of stress, and the dependent variable model is to test the effects of stress, stress perception. The LLCI and ULCI of the sequence of indirect effect are used to estimate the 95% confidence interval. Shall the interval does not contain zero, mediator effect exists. As can be seen from the result showed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, the intervals of two models don\u0026rsquo;t contain zero, which mean stress perception have mediator effect on the relationship between the stress and quality of life. As can be seen from the mediator variable model of PCS (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;115.18, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.39, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and dependent variable model of PCS (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;58.28, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.28, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), stress positively predicts stress perception(\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.13, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), stress perception negatively predicts PCS(\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e=-0.29, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04), stress negatively predicts PCS(\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e=-0.08, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). These results indicate that stress perception partially mediates the relationship between stress and PCS(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). And the mediator variable model of MCS (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;115.18, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.39, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and dependent variable model of MCS (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65.27, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) indicates that: stress positively predicts stress perception(\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.13, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), stress perception negatively predicts MCS(\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e=-0.38, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04). These results indicate that stress perception totally mediates the relationship between stress and MCS(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result of mediation model of PCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel of PCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMediator variable model\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003econstant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDependent variable model\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003econstant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-8.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress perception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-6.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoot SE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLLCI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eULCI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDirect effect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoot SE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBootLLCI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBootULCI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMediator\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNote. N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;900. Bootstrap sample size\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5000. LL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;low limit, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence interval, UL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;upper limit.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result of mediation model of MCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel of MCS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMediator variable model\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003econstant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDependent variable model\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003econstant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003estress perception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-14.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoot SE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLLCI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eULCI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDirect effect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoot SE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBootLLCI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBootULCI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMediator\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNote. N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;900. Bootstrap sample size\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5000. LL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;low limit, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence interval, UL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;upper limit.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eBoth the results of our study and previous literature indicates that life quality of police officers are lower than normal people, which concur with our first hypothesis. The result of analysis of relationship between stress and life quality shows that stress would affect police officers\u0026rsquo; life quality, which is in accordance with our second hypothesis. Meanwhile, the result of mediation analysis shows that stress perception is the mediator of the relationship between stress and quality of life. It\u0026rsquo;s concordant with our third hypothesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to analysis of previous studies of SF-36, we find that police officers score lower in the dimensions of physiological function, social function and mental health, which is accordant with our expectation. In our field experience, police officers always have to work overtime when urgent event happens, which heavily shrinks their quality time with their families and friends. Police officers also tend to report stress from social relationship, which negatively impacts their social function. Besides, exposing to other occupational stressful events will also affect police officers\u0026rsquo; physiological function and mental health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study find that many factors would influence police officers\u0026rsquo; stress and quality of life, including age, years of service and gender. The result indicates that police officers aged from 20 to 25 had the highest level of stress as well as low level of life quality, which could possibility be that new police officers have not yet adapted to their new job. We also find female police officers have a lower level of stress and a higher level of MCS, which is different from the finding of previous studies. Previous research abroad (Maran et al., 2016; He, Zhao, \u0026amp; Archbold, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) found that female police officers had worse mental health than male, in terms of depression and somatization. This difference may have two explanations: one is cultural difference, the other is that female sample in our research is much smaller than male sample. Thus, the gender difference of stress and life quality in police population still requires further research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of mediation model indicates that stress perception can partially mediate relationship between stress and MCS, and totally mediate the relationship between stress and PCS. These results mean that stress can directly influence physical health and indirectly through the stress perception. While mental health can only be indirectly influenced by stress through the stress perception. Since mental health is more closely related to belief and cognition, these results are within our expectation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of police occupation, it\u0026rsquo;s unrealistic to alleviate police officers\u0026rsquo; psychological and physical difficulties by cutting their work burden and objective stress level. But the mediation model our study has found provides a possible way to decrease the negative effect of stress on life quality: intervention of stress perception. Previous studies found that mindfulness (Ivan \u0026amp; Kuijpers,2008), mind/body intervention (Deckro, et al.,2002) and eurythmy therapy (Berger, et al.,2015) had effects on reducing the stress perception. Thus, future study can focus on the intervention of stress perception, to see whether the change of stress perception can lead to the improvement of life quality of police officers.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eOur study find that life quality of police officer is low, and stress has negative effect on quality of life. Our results support the mediation effect of stress perception on the relationship between the stress and quality of life. Stress would affect the stress perception and then influence mental and physical health of police officers.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e The research was approved by the institutional review boards of Zhejiang University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials: \u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests: \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e There is no funding in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e YZ analyzed and interpreted the data and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. CJ collected data from police officers and revised the manuscript. JW collected the questionnaires used in research, write and revised part of the manuscript. YJ revised the manuscript. SC directed research and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement: \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors appreciated the help from the Yiwu public security bureau. The authors acknowledge all the police officer for their participation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eBerger B, Bertram M, Kanitz J, Pretzer K, Seifert G. \u0026ldquo;like walking into an empty room\u0026rdquo;: effects of eurythmy therapy on stress perception in comparison with a sports intervention from the subjects\u0026rsquo; perspective\u0026mdash;a qualitative study. 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Chinese journal of epidemiology. 2003;24(9):760\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"police officer, stress, quality of life, stress perception, mediation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-25922/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-25922/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground \u003c/strong\u003ePolice officers are known for working under high-stress environment, and it is widely reported that police officers suffer from stress-related ailments which could subsequently impact their life quality. However, there is little direct research that describes the relationship between police officers’ quality of life and stress. Current study aims to investigate police officers’ quality of life and explore the effect of stress on life quality of police officers. Our study also explores the effect of stress perception on the relationship between the stress and quality of life to see whether changing police officers’ stress perception can improve their quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods \u003c/strong\u003eWe conduct literature search on police officers’ life quality in China, and compare the result against the general population. We also investigate 914 Chinese police officers, measured their life quality, stress level and stress perception, and analyze the stress’ influence on quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults \u003c/strong\u003eThe result shows that the life quality of police officers is generally lower than the general population, and many factors, such as age, education level and gender, will influence the quality of life. Police officer’s life quality is negatively correlated with their stress level, and stress perception appears to mediate the relationship between the stress and quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion \u003c/strong\u003ePolice officers’ quality of life is low, and stress has negative effect on it. And stress would affect the stress perception and then influence mental and physical health of police officers.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Stress Perception Mediates the Relationship between Stress and Quality of Life among Chinese Police Officers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-05-11 16:04:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-25922/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"046fb5bd-bd8f-4ce8-8a04-4170d7a4ce92","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 11th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":97306,"name":"Health Economics \u0026 Outcomes Research"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-08-15T23:50:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-05-11 16:04:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-25922","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-25922","identity":"rs-25922","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}