Impact of Organic Fertilizer Substitution on Soil Quality and Microbial Diversity in Maize Ecosystems

Impact of Organic Fertilizer Substitution on Soil Quality and Microbial Diversity in Maize Ecosystems | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Impact of Organic Fertilizer Substitution on Soil Quality and Microbial Diversity in Maize Ecosystems Jianjun Zhao, Caixia Di, Bin Li, Tiejun Zhang, Yanwei Liu, Fengcheng Sun, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033838/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study addresses the global issue of soil degradation and the decline in soil quality caused by excessive fertilizer use. Field experiments were conducted in the Northeast Black Soil Region and the North China Plain to evaluate the potential of organic fertilizer as a substitute for chemical fertilizers. Four treatment groups were established: control with no fertilization (CK), pure chemical fertilizer (T0), 25% organic fertilizer substitution (T25), and 50% organic fertilizer substitution (T50). The study systematically analyzed changes in soil physical and chemical properties, organic carbon fractions, microbial communities, and maize yield. The results showed that organic fertilizer substitution significantly reduced soil bulk density and pH, while increasing available phosphorus, potassium content, and various active organic carbon components (DOC, MBC, POC, ROC) by 28.21%–52.97%. The T25 treatment resulted in a 194.1% and 30.17% increase in carbon pool management index and activity index, respectively, while also promoting microbial diversity and the abundance of functional microbial groups. Nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency increased by 17.95%–33.33%, and maize yield traits were significantly optimized. In conclusion, 25% organic fertilizer substitution is the optimal ratio for improving soil quality, microbial activity, and maize yield. Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Biological sciences/Microbiology Biological sciences/Plant sciences organic fertilizer substitution soil quality carbon storage varieties of microorganisms maize production Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 26 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 15 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 06 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 05 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8033838","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549307171,"identity":"80b085fc-756f-4887-9688-67e3216ee21b","order_by":0,"name":"Jianjun 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Ecosystems","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"organic fertilizer substitution, soil quality, carbon storage, varieties of microorganisms, maize production","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033838/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033838/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study addresses the global issue of soil degradation and the decline in soil quality caused by excessive fertilizer use. Field experiments were conducted in the Northeast Black Soil Region and the North China Plain to evaluate the potential of organic fertilizer as a substitute for chemical fertilizers. Four treatment groups were established: control with no fertilization (CK), pure chemical fertilizer (T0), 25% organic fertilizer substitution (T25), and 50% organic fertilizer substitution (T50). The study systematically analyzed changes in soil physical and chemical properties, organic carbon fractions, microbial communities, and maize yield. The results showed that organic fertilizer substitution significantly reduced soil bulk density and pH, while increasing available phosphorus, potassium content, and various active organic carbon components (DOC, MBC, POC, ROC) by 28.21%\u0026ndash;52.97%. The T25 treatment resulted in a 194.1% and 30.17% increase in carbon pool management index and activity index, respectively, while also promoting microbial diversity and the abundance of functional microbial groups. Nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency increased by 17.95%\u0026ndash;33.33%, and maize yield traits were significantly optimized. In conclusion, 25% organic fertilizer substitution is the optimal ratio for improving soil quality, microbial activity, and maize yield.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Organic Fertilizer Substitution on Soil Quality and Microbial Diversity in Maize Ecosystems","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-24 05:18:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8033838/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-02T05:27:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-26T06:42:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"57881380007418312883918351421646277878","date":"2026-01-19T05:42:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330803913209788237457441392639811795854","date":"2026-01-17T03:36:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T04:51:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"274007418546774707696236806294028878438","date":"2025-11-26T06:12:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"58440132215732683058456952093544313225","date":"2025-11-25T08:23:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"315827380157466100400103841740263985303","date":"2025-11-24T06:19:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"206919180222567543621953383771582062564","date":"2025-11-14T04:22:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T11:38:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T11:36:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T11:20:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-05T17:35:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-11-05T17:30:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"72d8468b-1192-4af9-b47a-29fe1aacabd2","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":58449016,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":58449017,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":58449018,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":58449019,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology"},{"id":58449020,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T05:39:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-24 05:18:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8033838","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8033838","identity":"rs-8033838","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}