Reconstructing past volcanic plume activity of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, Japan, using historical bird’s-eye views of the Kusatsu spa area

Reconstructing past volcanic plume activity of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, Japan, using historical bird’s-eye views of the Kusatsu spa area | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Reconstructing past volcanic plume activity of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, Japan, using historical bird’s-eye views of the Kusatsu spa area Akihiko Terada, Akiko Sekido This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6845755/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Bulletin of Volcanology → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Kusatsu–Shirane volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan and is characterized by frequent phreatic eruptions. Understanding its history of plume activity, including minor phreatic eruptions and temporal variations in fumarolic activity, is critical for evaluating its future eruptive potential. In this study, we focused on historical bird’s-eye view (BEV) of the Kusatsu spa area, located at the foot of the volcano. Numerous BEVs are still preserved because they were frequently published and widely circulated as souvenirs from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, whereas a major fire in the Kusatsu spa area in 1869 destroyed many historical documents. Based on analyses of 69 BEVs, 5 historical documents, and two pictorial maps, we show that volcanic plume activity has persisted for the past 200 year, with the exception of a quiescent period during 1849–1881 AD. The heat discharge rate is estimated to have been on the order of around 50–100 MW, which is comparable to, or possibly greater than, that of the present-day activity. Preceding the 1882 eruption, which was one of the two largest eruptions of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano in historical times, volcanic plumes and hot crater lakes showed a temporary decline for ca . 30 year (1849–1881 AD), probably due to the sealing of subsurface fluid pathways that led to the subsequent major eruption in 1882. Since the 1941 eruption, thermal activity has changed from persistent plume emissions to a hot crater lake. The onset of lower-enthalpy fluid emissions was likely caused by a change in the heat and mass balance of the underlying hydrothermal system. For the first time, historical documents describing the activity of the Motoshirane pyroclastic cone have been identified. These indicate that transient, vigorous fumarolic activity or a single eruptive event similar to the 2018 eruption at the Motoshirane pyroclastic cone occurred during 1815–1830. bird’s-eye view Kusatsu spa area Kusatsu–Shirane volcano volcanic plume phreatic eruption Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Historical documents have been used to reconstruct the eruptive histories of volcanoes, including Vesuvius in Italy (Principe et al. 2004 ), Popocatépetl volcano in Mexico (Martin-Del Pozzo et al. 2016 ), Etna in Italy (Branca and Abate 2019 ), Baekdu in China and DPR Korea (Yun et al. 2023 ), and Campi Flegrei in Italy (Trasatti et al. 2023 ). These previous studies have determined the past eruption sequences, extents of disaster areas (Pyle and Barkley 2020; Costa et al. 2022 ; Di Traglia et al. 2024 ), volumes of intruded magmas (Matsushima 2003 ; Principe and Marini 2008 ), and subsurface permeabilities, which control the timescales of thermal activity at volcanoes (Ingebritsen et al. 2010 ; Chen et al. 2018 ; Peiffer et al. 2018 ; Collard et al. 2020 ; Stissi et al. 2021 ). Kusatsu–Shirane volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan and produces frequent phreatic eruptions (Hayakawa and Yui 1989 ; Geological Survey of Japan AIST 2011a ). Because this volcano is a popular tourist destination, even small phreatic eruptions pose a significant risk to visitors, as demonstrated by incidents at other tourist spots, such as Ontake Volcano in Japan (Maeno 2016) and White Island in New Zealand (Caudron et al. 2021 ). Despite the implementation of dense multiparametric monitoring networks at volcanoes, the prediction of phreatic eruptions remains challenging (Barberi et al. 1992 ; Stix and de Moor 2018 ; Montanaro 2022). Indeed, a phreatic eruption occurred at Kusatsu–Shirane volcano in 2018, resulting in 1 death and 11 injuries (Kametani et al. 2021b ). A popular spa has been located at the foot of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, ~ 6 km from the summit, for several centuries. Therefore, historical documents and paintings depicting the volcano are likely to have been created over this period, potentially enabling the reconstruction of past thermal activity, including phreatic eruptions, volcanic plumes, fumaroles, and crater lakes (CLs). However, a major fire that occurred in the Kusatsu spa area in 1869 resulted in the loss of most of these materials, and only a few historical records of the volcano have survived to the present-day (Kubo 1940 ). In this study, we focused on historical bird’s-eye views (BEVs) of the Kusatsu spa area. Many BEVs have survived to the present-day because they were frequently published and widely circulated as souvenirs from the 19th to the early 20th centuries (Sekido 2018a , b ). Phreatic eruptions are likely to result from an increase in the supply of hot fluids from depth and the sealing of subsurface fluid pathways (Ardid et al. 2022 ; Montanaro et al. 2022 ), indicating that long-term temporal changes in thermal activity at volcanoes are essential data for assessing the likelihood of future phreatic eruptions. Based on historical paintings, past thermal activity over hundreds of years has been reconstructed for Vesuvius volcano (Principe and Marini 2008 ; Lemaire et al. 2024 ) and Etna volcano (Branca and Carlo 2005 ; Branca and Vigliotti 2015 ; Branca and Abate 2019 ) in Italy, Kilauea volcano in Hawaii (Orr et al. 2021 ), and Popocatépetl volcano in Mexico (Martin-Del Pozzo et al. 2016 ). In this study, we reconstructed the thermal history of Kusatsu–Shirane Volcano since the 18th century based on historical BEVs and a small number of historical documents. Eruptive history before the 1882 eruption Kusatsu–Shirane volcano consists of the Shirane, Ainomine, and Motoshirane pyroclastic cones (PCs), aligned from north to south at the top of the volcano (Fig. 1 ). Since the phreatic eruption in 1882 that ejected 5 × 10⁹ kg of material from the Shirane PC (Tsuya 1933 ; Hayakawa 1999 ), phreatic eruptions have occurred exclusively at the Shirane PC (Geological Survey of Japan AIST 2011a ; Terada 2018 ), with the exception of the 2018 eruption at the Motoshirane PC (Kametani et al. 2021b ). Given that no eruptions at the Motoshirane PC have been reported in historical documents (Ishizaki et al. 2020 ; Kametani et al. 2021b ), no monitoring was conducted at the Motoshirane PC to assess volcanic activity prior to the eruption in 2018, in contrast to the Shirane PC (Terada et al. 2021 ). Shirane pyroclastic cone The oldest eruption in historical times is thought to have occurred at the Shirane PC in 1805 (Yagi 1941 ; Uto et al. 1983 ), but details of the eruption are unknown. Prior to the next eruption in 1882 (Tsuya 1933 ), oral history indicates that Kusatsu–Shirane volcano had not emitted a volcanic plume for ca . 70 year (Ohashi 1914 ). At the time of the 1882 eruption, the Shirane PC was almost entirely covered with vegetation and contained two cold CLs. One of these was an acidic lake corresponding to the present-day Yugama CL, although it was smaller in size and lower in temperature as compared with the current Yugama CL (Ohba et al. 2000 ; Yaguchi et al. 2021 ; Terada and Kuwahara 2025 ). Since the 1882 eruption, Yugama CL has been consistently reported in the literature (Kawasaki 1902 ; Ohashi 1914 ; Tsuya 1933 ; Minami et al. 1952 ). The other lake corresponds to the present-day Mizugama CL (Ossaka and Kikawada 2009 ) and contains freshwater that supports insect life (Ohashi 1914 ). According to a different oral history, historical paintings depicted a volcanic plume being emitted from Kusatsu–Shirane volcano during the Genroku era (1688–1704 AD), although these paintings were destroyed in the 1869 fire (Kubo 1940 ). Geological surveys indicate that the most recent eruption prior to the 1805 eruption occurred on the southern flank of the Shirane PC at about 1000 year BP ( ca . 1000 AD). Motoshirane and Ainomine pyroclastic cones Although there are no historical records of eruptive activity at the Motosirane PC, geological surveys have revealed that the most recent eruption prior to the 2018 eruption occurred during 411–315 year BP ( ca . 1650 AD), which was thought to be the latest eruption at the Motoshirane PC in historical times (Ishizaki et al. 2025 ). According to geological surveys, the Yumi-ike maar at the foot of the Ainomine PC was formed ca . 1400 year ago (Kametani et al. 2021a ). Unlike the Shirane PC, both the Motoshirane and Ainomine PCs are almost entirely covered with vegetation and have no geothermal activity. However, aligned small-scale vents occur on the surface of both PCs, indicating that phreatic eruptions have occurred repeatedly in the past, as at the Shirane PC (Ishizaki et al. 2025 ). Methods The historical records examined in this study are listed in Table 1 . The historical BEVs of the Kusatsu spa area are both paintings and geographical maps. They are expressions of the author’s artistic attributes and are not quantitative maps based on measurements. For example, objects that were considered important for religious reasons are often depicted larger than they actually are (Sekido 2018b ). Details of the historical BEVs of the Kusatsu spa area are presented in the Appendix. In addition, we surveyed a public pictorial village map (Mura-ezu; Kimura 1960 ; Matsuo 2018 ) published in 1788 (Anonymous 1788 ) (Fig. 4 ), and a pictorial map of the great earthquake in Shinshu on March 24, 1847 (Koka 4), with landslides, river blockages, and flooding published in 1848 (Kitahara 2002 ), and five historical reports (Sou 1755 ; Anonymous of Matsushiro-han 1784; Jippensha 1823; Asaka 1853 ; Tsuboya 1906 ) written by visitors to the Kusatsu spa area. Two reports (Sou 1755 ; Jippensha 1823) contain sketches depicting Kusatsu–Shirane volcano. We also examined geological survey reports by Kawasaki ( 1902 ), Ohashi ( 1914 ), Kubo ( 1940 ), Kajima and Takano ( 1933 ), Maebashi Meteorological Observatory Gunma Prefecture ( 1933 ), Tsuya ( 1933 ), and Minami et al. ( 1952 ). Table 1 Details of the historical records used in this study Type of record No. of records Bird’s-eye view (BEV) 69 Pictorial map 2 Documents written by visitors to the Kusatsu spa area 5 Total 75 Historical bird’s-eye views of the Kusatsu spa area BEVs were frequently published from the 19th to early 20th centuries. The BEVs were compiled to reconstruct changes in the landscape of the Kusatsu spa area in the late modern period (Tables 2 – 3 ). In addition to 46 BEVs examined in a previous study (Sekido 2012 ), we compiled a further 25 BEVs for this study. We examined 69 BEVs in total, but two were not particularly useful because the year of publication was not shown on the maps. Another two of 69 BEVs only have a range for the publication year, because they only show the name of the era in which they were published. Fifty of the BEVs were marked with the publisher or place of publication on the edges of the BEVs; 25 of the 50 BEVs were inferred as having been published in the Kusatsu spa area or in cooperation with inhabitants of the area (Appendix). The BEVs we examined were published at 1–3 year intervals from 1810 to 1938, with exceptions of a 9 year interval from 1831 to 1839 and a 10 year interval from 1864 to 1873 (Table 3 ). Table 2 Sources of the bird’s-eye views used in this study Ref. No. Source 1 Gunma Prefectural Library 2 Gunma Prefectural Museum of History 3 Gunma Prefectural Archives 4 Maebashi City Library 5 Kusatsu Town Hot Spring Library 6 Kansai University Library 7 Waseda University Library 8 Tokyo Metropolitan Central Library 9 International Research Center for Japanese Studies 10 Gunma Prefectural History Compilation Committee (1980) 11 Kusatsu Onsen History Compilation Committee (1976) 12 Kogure (2003) unlabeled A.S. (i.e., one of the authors of this study) Table 3 Publication year, publisher, and locality of the bird’s-eye views used in this study. The symbols used in the table are as follows: ○ = volcanic plume; × = no volcanic plume; – = a mountain of interest was not depicted. See Table 2 for references No. Year Publisher Place Shirane Motoshirane Manza Asama References 1 1810 Oumiya and Toshimaya – ○ – × – 2 1804 –1818 Oumiya and Toshimaya – ○ – × – 3 3 1812 Anonymous – ○ – × – 2, 5, 11 4 1817 Anonymous – ○ – × – 8, 11, 12 5 1820 Anonymous – ○ – × – 6 6 1821 Anonymous – ○ – × – 2 7 1821 Anonymous – ○ – × – 3 8 1825 Anonymous – ○ – × – 2, 6 9 1818 –1830 Anonymous – ○ ○ × – 1 10 1818 –1830 Anonymous – ○ – × – 6 11 1827 Anonymous – ○ – – – 2 12 1829 Anonymous – ○ – × ○ 13 1829 Anonymous – ○ – – – 3 14 1843 Anonymous – ○ – – – 8 15 1848 Ichidaya Kusatsu ○ – × – 8 16 1849 Mishimaya – × × × ○ 1 17 1853 Anonymous – × × × ○ 5 18 1853 Anonymous – × × × ○ 6 19 1854 Anonymous – × × × ○ 20 1855 Shirobe Mishimaya – × × × ○ 1, 5 21 1856 Ichidaya Kusatsu × × × ○ 22 1857 Anonymous – × × × ○ 6 23 1859 Choujiya – × × × ○ 1 24 1859 Yasube Yumoto Kusatsu × × × ○ 12 25 1863 Matsunoya – × × × ○ 6 26 1874 Anonymous – × × × ○ 6 27 1875 Anonymous – × × × ○ 6 28 1879 Yohei Ichikawa Kusatsu × × – ○ 29 1879 Ootsuya Kusatsu ○ × – – 30 1880 Sakichi Orita and Kitaro Kobayashi Kusatsu × × × ○ 3, 4, 5 31 1881 Kumajiro Fukuda Tokyo × × – ○ 5 32 1884 Oosakaya Kusatsu ○ – – – 5 33 1884 Danjyu Miyazaki Kusatsu ○ – – ○ 8 34 1885 Gorobei Miyazaki Kusatsu ○ × – ○ 5 35 1885 Matsuda Atsutomo Tokyo ○ × × ○ 36 1887 Gorobei Miyazaki Kusatsu ○ – – ○ 4 37 1887 Tunejyu Miyazaki Kusatsu ○ × × – 5 38 1888 Zenkichi Abe Tokyo ○ × × ○ 39 1888 Shounosuke Tahara Tokyo ○ × – ○ 5 40 1889 Zenkichi Abe Tokyo ○ × – – 1, 4 41 1890 Zenkichi Abe Tokyo ○ – × – 3, 5 42 1891 Buhei Sakagami Kusatsu ○ – – ○ 2 43 1891 Buhei Sakagami Kusatsu ○ × × ○ 44 1892 Anonymous – ○ – × – 45 1893 Tsunekichi Miyazaki Kusatsu ○ × × – 4 46 1893 Zenkichi Abe Tokyo ○ – × – 1, 3, 8 47 1896 Zenkichi Abe Tokyo ○ – × – 5 48 1896 Danjyu Miyazaki Kusatsu ○ × × – 1 49 1897 Zenkichi Abe Kusatsu ○ × × ○ 50 1898 Yoheiji Yamamoto Kusatsu ○ × × ○ 1 51 1901 Zenkichi Abe Kusatsu ○ × × ○ 52 1903 Zenkichi Abe Kusatsu ○ × × ○ 4 53 1905 Jiemon Yamada and Tunekichi Ichidaya Tokyo/Kusatsu ○ × × ○ 54 1908 Gunji Fujimoto Kusatsu ○ × × ○ 55 1909 Jiemon Yamada Tokyo ○ × × ○ 1 56 1914 Kunisaburo Tomaru Tokyo ○ × × ○ 57 1914 Chiemaro Washimi Tokyo ○ × × ○ 7 58 1916 Asakichi Nakazawa Kusatsu ○ × × ○ 59 1917 Ginjiro Nomura Tokyo ○ × × ○ 4 60 1920 Shusui Hagiwara Naganohara City, Gunma – – – – 61 1920 Kouyusha Tokyo ○ × × ○ 3 62 1922 Kunisaburo Tomaru Tokyo ○ × × ○ 63 1923 Regulation Office of Kusatsu Mineral Spring Kusatsu ○ × – ○ 10 64 1926 Motoo Torii Jyoetsu City, Niigata ○ × × ○ 65 1928 Kusatsu Printing Company Kusatsu ○ × – ○ 66 1932 Kunisaburo Tomaru Tokyo – × – ○ 4 67 1934 Kunisaburo Tomaru Tokyo ○ × – ○ 10 68 1936 Hatsusaburo Yoshida Kyoto ○ × – ○ 10 69 1938 Testutaro Matsui Matsudo City, Chiba × × – ○ 2 The BEVs show Yubatake (Ossaka et al. 1998 ; Ohba et al. 2000 ), which is a representative hot spring fountain in the Kusatsu spa area, in the center of the BEVs, with mountains shown in the distance (YB in Fig. 2 ). The depicted mountains vary from BEV to BEV, but the Shirane PC is shown in most BEVs because of its religious significance. Changes in the situation were typically reflected on BEVs within a few years, as evidenced by comparisons with other historical documents (Sekido 2018b ). For example, the gatehouse (Edo ban-ya, herein GH; Fig. 2 ), which was established in 1815, was first depicted on the No. 4 BEV in 1817 (Table 4 ). The Shirane shrine (SS; Fig. 2 ), which was moved to a different location in 1873, was depicted at the new location on the No. 26 BEV in 1874, whereas the Shirane shrine was depicted at its previous location on the No. 27 BEV in 1875. After 1879, the Shirane shrine is always shown in its correct location. After the 1882 eruption, which occurred after a quiescent period of several decades, a volcanic plume was shown in the No. 32 BEV in 1884. The telegraph office (TO; Fig. 2 ), established in 1897, is shown in the No. 49 BEV in 1897. Table 4 Comparison of the BEVs in terms of depicting changes in the area that occurred in 1815, 1873, 1882, and 1897. “+y” = years after the publication date of the map that the event occurred; ○ = map shows the change; × = map does not show the change; – = no BEV map was examined in this year +y (AD) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Event 1815 – – ○ – – ○ ○ – Establishment of a gatehouse (Edo-Banya) 1873 – ○ × – – – ○ ○ Relocation of the Shirane shrine 1882 – – ○ ○ – ○ ○ ○ 1882 eruption of the Shirane PC 1897 ○ ○ – – ○ – ○ – Establishment of a telegraph office Evaluation of the presence/absence of volcanic plumes on the bird’s-eye views We focused on the Shirane and Motoshirane PCs, whose names are marked on the BEVs. In addition, we examined Asama volcano and Mt. Manza. Asama volcano is located 26 km south of the Kusatsu spa area and is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. A Plinian eruption from this volcano in 1783 resulted in more than 1200 fatalities (Geological Survey of Japan AIST 2011b ; Yasui and Koyaguchi 2004 ). Mt. Manza is a non-volcanic mountain that consists of Tertiary volcanic rocks (Uto et al. 1983 ). Both of these mountains are commonly depicted on the BEVs and can be used to evaluate the reliability of the inferred presence or absence of volcanic plumes. Firstly, we confirmed the arrangement of the mountains on each BEV. The Shirane, Motoshirane, and Asama volcanoes should be ordered from right to left on BEVs when viewed from the Kusatsu spa area (Fig. 1 ). Mt. Manza is located behind the Shirane and Motoshirane PC, and should be shown near the two PCs on the BEVs. If the name of each mountain of interest was not marked, we did not examine the BEVs for volcanic plumes (dashes in Table 3 ). We then evaluated the presence or absence of volcanic plumes. If smoke-like wavy lines were drawn from the summit to the sky (Fig. 3 ; Table 3 ), we evaluate that this mountain was emitting a volcanic plume at that time (Table 3 ). If there were no wavy lines around the summit, we evaluate this mountain was not emitting volcanic plumes visible from the Kusatsu spa area (Fig. 3 ; Table 3 ). Some sort of patterning on the mountains (Fig. 3 ) could be interpreted as grass or trees, but the details of this are unknown. The representations of the mountains and volcanic plumes on the BEVs are rather crude as compared with 18th–19th century paintings of Vesuvius (Principe and Marini 2008 ; Lemaire et al. 2024 ) and Etna (Branca and Carlo 2005 ; Branca and Abate 2019 ) in Italy, and thus quantitative estimations of the spatial scales of plumes could not be made. Due to the poor color of the BEVs, we did not evaluate whether the volcanic plumes included tephra. Therefore, we could not distinguish whether these volcanic plumes are indicative of a volcanic eruption emitting tephra or just large-scale fumarolic activity. The volcanic plumes on the BEVs were interpreted to represent volcanic plumes of a size large enough to be visible from the Kusatsu spa area at that time. The same procedure was applied to the sketch included in a historical document from 1755 (Sou 1755 ) (Fig. 4 ) and two pictorial maps (Anonymous 1788 ; Kitahara 2002 ). In addition, we examined five historical documents that mentioned the Shirane PC (Table 5 ). No descriptions of eruptions or fumarolic activity at the Motoshirane PC were found in the historical documents listed in Table 5 . Table 5 Descriptions of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano in historical documents. The authors Sou, “anonymous of Matsushiro-han”, and Jippensha visited the Kusatsu spa area. However, it is uncertain whether they climbed Mt. Shirane. Jippensha is known to have visited the Kusatsu spa area in 1818 or 1819 (Hagiwara 1948 ). Year AD Description Reference 1688–1704 (an oral history) Mt. Shirane emitting a volcanic plume was depicted in an old painting in the Genroku era (1688–1704) of the Edo period. Kubo ( 1940 ) 1755 Mt. Shirane was constantly emitting volcanic plumes, as was Asama volcano (two sketches of Mt. Shirane are attached) (Fig. 4 a). Sou ( 1755 ) 1784 Mt. Shirane has many “Yugama” (hot water bowls) that erupted hot water fountains to a height of 1–2 m. Anonymous of Matsushiro-han (1784) 1818–1823 Mt. Shirane constantly emitted volcanic plumes. Jippensha (1823) 1838 This is a report of an ascent to Mt. Shirane in May 1838. Mt. Shirane had two lakes, one of which was filled with deep, cold freshwater. Adjacent to this lake was a larger lake that was warm enough to bathe in. The area around this warm lake was red and black due to volcanic gas emissions. The two lakes were close together, but had different temperatures. Mt. Asama was emitting a volcanic plume (as seen from the foot of the Mt. Asama). Asaka ( 1853 ) 1812(?)–1882 (an oral history) Prior to the 1882 eruption, Mt. Shirane was covered with vegetation and had not emitted volcanic plumes for ~ 70 year. A cold, acidic crater lake existed in the northern part of the Yugama crater. The Mizugama crater contained a cold freshwater lake that supported insect life. Ohashi ( 1914 ) 1906 This is a report of an ascent of Mt. Shirane in August 1906. Mt. Shirane had two crater lakes (West Pond and East Pond). East Pond, which was a crater formed by the 1882 eruption, was almost entirely covered with steam. Part of West Pond was blue in color. Tsuboya ( 1906 ) Results The long-term volcanic plume activity in the study area is summarized in Fig. 5 . The Shirane PC is depicted in 67 of 69 BEVs. A volcanic plume from the Shirane PC is depicted on 53 BEVs (Fig. 3 a–b and e). The Motoshirane PC is depicted on 44 BEVs, and on 87% of the BEVs published since 1849. The Motoshirane PC is only depicted with a volcanic plume on the No. 9 BEV (1818–1830; corresponding to the Bunsei era of the Edo period). It is the only historical record depicting volcanic activity of the Motoshirane PC. Mt. Manza is shown on 53 BEVs, none of which show an associated volcanic plume. In contrast, Asama volcano is shown on 45 BEVs and is always associated with a volcanic plume. Yugama CL was first depicted in the No. 55 BEV (1909), followed by the No. 63 (1923) and No. 69 (1938) BEVs. This suggests that Yugama crater existed during this period and came to be recognized as a tourist attraction. Typical examples of the BEVs are described below. Bird’s-eye view maps 1810 AD (No. 1) This is the oldest BEV of the Kusatsu spa area, with the year of publication marked at the top of the map (red square in Fig. 2 a). Several mountains, including Shirane and Manza, were depicted in the background. The Shirane PC is enlarged relative to the other mountains, probably because of its religious significance. We infer that 19 wavy lines drawn around the summit of the Shirane PC towards the sky represent a volcanic plume (Fig. 3 a). An eddy at the summit could be interpreted to reflect a turbulent vortex in the volcanic plume or associated with a CL, but this interpretation is speculative. 1818–1830 AD (Bunsei era of the Edo period) (No. 9) This is the first BEV depicting the Motoshirane PC, and was made during the Bunsei era (Fig. 2 b). We estimate that this BEV was published during 1818–1830. Volcanic plumes are shown being emitted from both the Shirane and Motoshirane PCs. Notably, this is the only known BEV that shows a volcanic plume being emitted from the Motoshirane PC. The Motoshirane PC is depicted as a variety of trapezoidal shapes, which broadly correspond to the actual topography that comprises several small pyroclastic cones. The plume is shown being emitted from the northernmost part of the Motoshirane PC, corresponding to the Kagami-ike-kita PC (KKPC, Fig. 1 ), which erupted in 2018. 1856 AD (No. 21) This map shows the Shirane and Motoshirane PCs, and Mt. Manza, without volcanic plumes, as well as Asama with a volcanic plume. The publisher is named on the left side of the map (a hotel at the Kusatsu spa area), along with the year of publication (Fig. 3 c). 1879 AD (Nos 28 and 29) No volcanic plumes are depicted at the Shirane and Motoshirane PCs, or Mt. Manza (Fig. 3 d), on the No. 28 BEV in 1879, while a volcanic plume from the Shirane PC is shown on the other BEV in 1879 (No. 29) (Table 3 ). The phreatic eruption of the Shirane PC occurred in 1882, 70 year after the 1802 eruption (Tsuya 1933 ). The BEVs published between 1874 and 1881 (Nos 26–31) do not depict volcanic plumes at the Shirane PC, except for the No. 29 BEV in 1879. This is the only example of such an inconsistency. Asama is shown with a volcanic plume in the distance. 1905 AD (No. 53) The Shirane PC and Asama volcano are shown emitting volcanic plumes, while the Motoshirane PC and Mt. Manza are depicted without volcanic plumes. The publisher and their address are stated on the left side of the map, indicating the BEV was produced or edited by a resident of the Kusatsu spa area, and printed and published by persons in Tokyo (Fig. 2 d). 1938 AD (No. 69) Although the Shirane PC erupted repeatedly in 1937–1939, volcanic plumes are not depicted on this BEV. Instead, two depressions with wavy lines resembling rising steam are shown, which can be interpreted as representing hot CLs. This is consistent with the reports of Tstuya (1933) and Minakami ( 1939 ), who described CLs at the Shirane PC in 1931 and 1938, respectively, as documented by photographs. The Motoshirane PC is not shown with a volcanic plume, whereas Asama volcano is depicted with a volcanic plume. Other historical records The oldest historical document mentioning Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, published along with two sketches in 1755 (Sou 1755 ), stated the Shirane PC had continuously emitted a volcanic plume, similar to Asama volcano (Fig. 4 a; Table 5 ). The public pictorial village map published in 1788 (Fig. 4 b) showed the Shirane PC with a volcanic plume. Although an oral history suggests that the volcanic plume ceased to exist in ca . 1812 (Ohashi 1914 ), a volcanic plume was reported in 1818–1823 (Jippensha 1823), which is consistent with the depictions on the BEVs (Fig. 5 ). The pictorial map published in 1848 (Kitahara 2002 ) shows both the Shirane PC and Asama volcanoes emitting volcanic plumes. These depictions indicate that volcanic plume activity, visible from the Kusatsu spa area, continued from the 18th century and was followed by the 1805 eruption and subsequent plume activity until around 1848 (BEV No. 15). The first documented report of hot CLs at the Shirane PC was in 1784, but their size and temperature are unknown (Anonymous of Matsushiro-han 1784). In 1838, hot and cold CLs were reported at the Shirane PC based on in situ observations made during a climb (Asaka 1853 ). In contrast, according to oral history, only cold CLs and no fumarolic activity characterized the Shirane PC just before the 1882 eruption (Ohashi 1914 ). Hot CL(s) with steam were again reported in 1906 (Tsuboya 1906 ), and are shown in BEVs No. 64 in 1909, No. 72 in 1923, and No. 78 in 1938 (Fig. 5 ; Table 5 ). Discussion Based on 69 BEVs and several historical documents, we reconstructed the thermal activity (e.g., volcanic plumes and hot CLs) at Kusatsu–Shirane volcano since the 18th century (Fig. 4 ). We also identified, for the first time, evidence of volcanic activity at the Motoshirane PC during historical times. In general, past eruptions have been studied based on geological surveys, but it is likely that the small amounts of ejecta produced by the phreatic eruptions are washed away by rain and wind after the eruptions. Our results suggest the BEVs are a useful tool for reconstructing past volcanic activity, such as small eruptions, fumaroles, and hot CLs. Reliability of volcanic plume activity inferred from bird’s-eye views Some unreliable old paintings depicting volcanoes have been identified, such as those illustrating the 1792 eruption of Unzen volcano in Japan. These paintings often exaggerate volcanic phenomena and contain incorrect place names and locations, likely due to their reliance on hearsay (Ota 2003). The reliability of the BEVs of the Kusatsu spa area is supported by several observations. Firstly, given that the BEVs were published to promote the Kusatsu spa area, they likely reflect the contemporary state of the area (Sekido 2018b ). When conditions changed, these changes were typically adopted on the BEVs within a few years (Table 4 ). Of the 50 BEVs that include publisher information, 25 appear to have been produced in cooperation with local residents (Table 3 ; Appendix), suggesting they were not merely based on hearsay. The period during which volcanic plumes were depicted at the Shirane PC is clearly distinguishable from the period in which no plumes were shown (Fig. 5 ), with the exception of the 1879 BEV (No. 29). No volcanic plumes were depicted on Mt. Manza on any of the BEVs, consistent with the fact that it is not an active volcano. In contrast, Asama Volcano, which is well known for frequent eruptions, is consistently shown with volcanic plumes. A historical document published in 1818–1823 (Jippensha 1823) and a pictorial map published in 1848 (Kitahara 2002 ) represented a volcanic plume, which is consistent with depictions on the BEVs (Fig. 5 ). Furthermore, the placement of the mountains on the BEVs is consistent with the actual view from the Kusatsu spa area. There are no significant discrepancies between the depictions on the BEVs and actual known conditions, indicating the temporal changes in plume activity recorded by the BEVs likely reflect real volcanic phenomena. Thermal history of the Shirane PC In contrast to the oral history (Table 5 ; Ohashi 1914 ), the BEVs show that volcanic plume activity has occurred over the past > 200 year, with the exception of the period during 1849–1881 AD. If a steam plume was large enough to be visible from the foot of the volcano, its heat discharge rate can be estimated to be 50–100 MW (10 6 J/s) (Kagiyama 1986 ). The total present-day heat discharge rate from Yugama CL and fumaroles of the Shirane PC is estimated to be 30–40 MW (Terada and Kuwahara 2025 ), suggesting thermal activity in the 18th to early 20th centuries was comparable to or greater than that today. We found that thermal activity decreased temporarily for ca . 30 year during 1849–1881 (Fig. 5 ), prior to the 1882 eruption, which was one of the two largest eruptions of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano in recorded history. This temporary decrease in heat discharge was likely due to the sealing of subsurface fluid pathways (Chiodini 1992; Kennedy et al. 2020 ; Heap et al. 2021 ), which might have contributed to the subsequent major eruption in 1882. The Shirane PC discharged heat primarily in the form of volcanic gas from the 18th to early 20th centuries, and subsequently evolved into a hot CL during the 1940s. Since 1906, a hot CL has been depicted on BEVs and documented with photographs, including reports depicting phreatic eruptions at the Shirane PC (Tsuya 1933 ; Minakami 1939 ; Minakami et al. 1942 ). Since the 1950s, the presence of a hot CL corresponding to the present-day Yugama CL has been continuously reported (Minami et al. 1952 ; Ohba et al. 2008 ; Terada and Kuwahara 2025 ). However, no volcanic plumes visible from the foot of the volcano have been reported. The onset of emissions of a lower-enthalpy fluid from Yugama crater was probably caused by a shift in the heat and mass balance of the hydrothermal system. Past eruptive activity at the Motoshirane PC Prior to the 2018 eruption, no historical eruptions at the Motoshirane PC had been reported (Kametani et al. 2021b ). In this study, we found that the No. 9 BEV made in 1818–1830 (i.e., the Bunsei era; Figs. 2 b and 3 b) depicted a volcanic plume originating from the Motoshirane PC. During 1810–1848, the Motoshirane PC was not depicted in any BEVs, except for No. 9, suggesting that attention was only temporarily focused on the Motoshirane PC during this period. We infer that a single eruption or a brief episode of intense fumarolic activity likely occurred during the Bunsei era. The volcanic plume depicted on the No. 9 appears to have originated from the northern part of the Motoshirane PC, specifically the KKPC (Fig. 1 ), where the most recent phreatic eruption occurred in 2018 (Kametani et al. 2021b ). In addition, the Furikozawa lava flow, which represents the most recent magmatic eruption of the Motoshirane PC, was also emitted from the KKPC ca . 1200 year ago (Ishizaki et al. 2025 ). Several tens of small crater chains have been identified on the KKPC and neighboring PC (Ishizaki et al. 2021). Although some of these craters appear to be relatively fresh, their ages remain uncertain (Ishizaki et al. 2025 ). Further geological surveys focusing on these small-scale eruptions are essential for understanding the eruption frequency of the Motoshirane PC. Conclusions Using 69 BEVs, 5 historical documents, and two pictorial maps, we reconstructed the thermal activity (e.g., volcanic plumes and hot CLs) over the last 200 year at Kusatsu–Shirane volcano. The BEVs indicate that volcanic plume activity persisted for nearly all of the 200 year, with the exception of a quiescent period during 1849–1881 AD. This temporary decrease in heat discharge was likely caused by the sealing of subsurface fluid pathways, which might have contributed to the subsequent major eruption in 1882. The heat discharge rate of the volcanic plumes is estimated to have been on the order of 50–100 MW, which is comparable to, or possibly greater than, the present-day rate. Since the 1940s, the thermal activity of the Shirane PC has changed from persistent plume emissions to a hot CL. The onset of lower-enthalpy fluid emissions from Yugama crater was likely caused by a change in the heat and mass balance of the hydrothermal system. For the first time, historical records describing volcanic activity of the Motoshirane PC have been identified. These indicate there was transient, vigorous fumarolic activity or a single eruptive event, similar to the 2018 eruptions, at the Motoshirane PC during 1815–1830. Declarations Acknowledgements We are grateful to Yasuo Ishizaki, Nobuko Kametani, Maya Yasui, and Teruki Oikawa for helpful comments. Chieko Kuroiwa and the Kusatsu Onsen Ryokan Cooperative Association kindly assisted our study. (We thank two anonymous reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript). Some figures were drawn with Generic Mapping Tools (Wessel and Smith 1998). All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Funding This research was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, under its Third Earthquake and Volcano Hazards Observation and Research Program (Earthquake and Volcano Hazard Reduction Research). Availability of data and materials The bird’s-eye view used in this study are available from the respective organizations and author (SA) on reasonable request. The owners of the bird’s-eye view are listed in Table 2, with the references in Table 3. Code availability Not applicable. Contributions AT examined the bird’s-eye view maps and historical documents, interpreted the results, and drafted the manuscript. AS collected and examined the bird’s-eye view maps and helped interpret the results. 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Geosci Lett 10:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-023-00286-7 Supplementary Files Appendix.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Bulletin of Volcanology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Moderate revision (possibly re-reviewed) 30 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Jun, 2025 Editor invited by journal 14 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 09 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6845755","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":475081409,"identity":"c854865c-bb41-40b1-ab69-1266bd9f0146","order_by":0,"name":"Akihiko Terada","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACHgYbAwgLREmAWWx4VIOJNIiWAwYGRGs5DNXCANeCG9iz9z788KbmvLH8jOQDzB8K/sjxz25g/PCDgS8Ppy08x40l5xy7bWZwIy0B5DBjiTsHmCV7GNiKcWqRSGOQ5mG7bWPAc8YApCVxg0QCgzTQL4kNuLTIP2P+zfPvnI18D0RLPVAL82+8WiTY2KR52w6YMRzvAWtJMJBIYMNvy5k0Nsu5fcnGBsfbEg6cMTA2nHEjsc2yxwC3X9jbjzHfePPNznB+M/PBBxV/5OT5ZyQfvvGj4hjOEEMBByAUI9BJBscSiNKCDGpI1zIKRsEoGAXDFQAAwk9PryUoD/IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5746-4912","institution":"Institute of Science Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akihiko","middleName":"","lastName":"Terada","suffix":""},{"id":475081410,"identity":"48d407fd-d660-456d-9147-b54f647ee8da","order_by":1,"name":"Akiko Sekido","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gunma University: Gunma Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akiko","middleName":"","lastName":"Sekido","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-08 06:09:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6845755/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6845755/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-025-01890-5","type":"published","date":"2025-10-24T16:16:26+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85379125,"identity":"72e0b150-ea6e-468a-9cc4-ff236e18695d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-25 08:55:35","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":599192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Topographic map and (b) aerial photograph of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano taken from the east. The yellow bar represents the location of the main crater (MC) of the 2018 eruption (Kametani et al. 2021b). PC = pyroclastic cone; KKPC = Kagami-ike-kita PC\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6845755/v1/61d0552a633a5456dbf18986.png"},{"id":85377901,"identity":"48742453-3d24-4ed3-a3c5-a795159a7770","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-25 08:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1233627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExamples of bird’s-eye view (BEV) used in this study, published in (a) 1810 (No. 1), (b) 1818–1830 (Bunsei era) (No. 9), (c) 1856 (No. 21), and (d) 1905 (No. 53). Red squares indicate the year of publication. Blue squares indicate the publisher’s name, place of publication, and place of printing. YB = Yubatake (one of the main tourist attractions); GH = gatehouse (Edo-Banya) established in 1815; SS = Shirane shrine; TO = telegraph office (established in 1897)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6845755/v1/01e9b6722adae73183fbd41b.png"},{"id":85377900,"identity":"c144c54b-73eb-4b8c-8bca-53bd7e054bb5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-25 08:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":815664,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExamples of mountains with volcanic plumes (red circles) and without volcanic plumes (red crosses) on the bird’s-eye view (BEV) maps. SI, MO, MA, and AS correspond to the Shirane PC, Motoshirane PC, Mt. Manza, and Asama volcanoes, respectively. The BEVs were published in (a) 1810 (No. 1), (b) 1818–1830 (No. 9), (c) 1856 (No. 21), (d) 1879 (No. 28), (e) 1905 (No. 53), and (f) 1938 (No. 69)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6845755/v1/9a6f83860ea4968f6e6342df.png"},{"id":85379128,"identity":"b97589be-daf3-49a7-a9dc-7a434398cc2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-25 08:55:35","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":324601,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) A sketch included in a historical document from 1755 (Sou 1755). (b) A public pictorial village map published by local officials in 1788 (Anonymous 1788). Red circles indicate depictions of volcanic plumes. SI = Shirane pyroclastic cone (PC); YB = Yubatake (one of the main tourist attractions); SS = Shirane shrine\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig41.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6845755/v1/22d84274c2f61178267a9367.png"},{"id":85377898,"identity":"cc33ec0f-168d-4855-9085-d3ad49d08c32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-25 08:47:35","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLong-term volcanic plume activity of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano as revealed by bird’s-eye view maps and historical documents from the Kusatsu spa area. We also used the historical documents listed in Table 3 and geological survey reports by Kawasaki (1902), Ohashi (1914), Kubo (1940), Kajima and Takano (1933), Maebashi Meteorological Observatory Gunma Prefecture (1933), Tsuya (1933), and Minami et al. (1952)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6845755/v1/88c5654b5ede6c11ef72f2e0.png"},{"id":94490448,"identity":"4ba80e08-b613-4666-90a0-21cbf555ddda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:10:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4794659,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6845755/v1/f9327632-6618-40cd-a9f7-6247c19b093f.pdf"},{"id":85377897,"identity":"0d69e90b-d0f7-4fb9-9725-7768c2b5e869","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-25 08:47:35","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6845755/v1/8eab3b494edb48dfd52612ad.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Reconstructing past volcanic plume activity of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, Japan, using historical bird’s-eye views of the Kusatsu spa area","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHistorical documents have been used to reconstruct the eruptive histories of volcanoes, including Vesuvius in Italy (Principe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), Popocat\u0026eacute;petl volcano in Mexico (Martin-Del Pozzo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), Etna in Italy (Branca and Abate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), Baekdu in China and DPR Korea (Yun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and Campi Flegrei in Italy (Trasatti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These previous studies have determined the past eruption sequences, extents of disaster areas (Pyle and Barkley 2020; Costa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Di Traglia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), volumes of intruded magmas (Matsushima \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Principe and Marini \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), and subsurface permeabilities, which control the timescales of thermal activity at volcanoes (Ingebritsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Peiffer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Collard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Stissi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan and produces frequent phreatic eruptions (Hayakawa and Yui \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Geological Survey of Japan AIST \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011a\u003c/span\u003e). Because this volcano is a popular tourist destination, even small phreatic eruptions pose a significant risk to visitors, as demonstrated by incidents at other tourist spots, such as Ontake Volcano in Japan (Maeno 2016) and White Island in New Zealand (Caudron et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the implementation of dense multiparametric monitoring networks at volcanoes, the prediction of phreatic eruptions remains challenging (Barberi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Stix and de Moor \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Montanaro 2022). Indeed, a phreatic eruption occurred at Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano in 2018, resulting in 1 death and 11 injuries (Kametani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA popular spa has been located at the foot of Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano, ~\u0026thinsp;6 km from the summit, for several centuries. Therefore, historical documents and paintings depicting the volcano are likely to have been created over this period, potentially enabling the reconstruction of past thermal activity, including phreatic eruptions, volcanic plumes, fumaroles, and crater lakes (CLs). However, a major fire that occurred in the Kusatsu spa area in 1869 resulted in the loss of most of these materials, and only a few historical records of the volcano have survived to the present-day (Kubo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1940\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we focused on historical bird\u0026rsquo;s-eye views (BEVs) of the Kusatsu spa area. Many BEVs have survived to the present-day because they were frequently published and widely circulated as souvenirs from the 19th to the early 20th centuries (Sekido \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e). Phreatic eruptions are likely to result from an increase in the supply of hot fluids from depth and the sealing of subsurface fluid pathways (Ardid et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Montanaro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), indicating that long-term temporal changes in thermal activity at volcanoes are essential data for assessing the likelihood of future phreatic eruptions. Based on historical paintings, past thermal activity over hundreds of years has been reconstructed for Vesuvius volcano (Principe and Marini \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Lemaire et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Etna volcano (Branca and Carlo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Branca and Vigliotti \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Branca and Abate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) in Italy, Kilauea volcano in Hawaii (Orr et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and Popocat\u0026eacute;petl volcano in Mexico (Martin-Del Pozzo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, we reconstructed the thermal history of Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane Volcano since the 18th century based on historical BEVs and a small number of historical documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEruptive history before the 1882 eruption\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano consists of the Shirane, Ainomine, and Motoshirane pyroclastic cones (PCs), aligned from north to south at the top of the volcano (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Since the phreatic eruption in 1882 that ejected 5 \u0026times; 10⁹ kg of material from the Shirane PC (Tsuya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e; Hayakawa \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), phreatic eruptions have occurred exclusively at the Shirane PC (Geological Survey of Japan AIST \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011a\u003c/span\u003e; Terada \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), with the exception of the 2018 eruption at the Motoshirane PC (Kametani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e). Given that no eruptions at the Motoshirane PC have been reported in historical documents (Ishizaki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kametani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e), no monitoring was conducted at the Motoshirane PC to assess volcanic activity prior to the eruption in 2018, in contrast to the Shirane PC (Terada et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eShirane pyroclastic cone\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe oldest eruption in historical times is thought to have occurred at the Shirane PC in 1805 (Yagi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1941\u003c/span\u003e; Uto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e), but details of the eruption are unknown. Prior to the next eruption in 1882 (Tsuya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e), oral history indicates that Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano had not emitted a volcanic plume for \u003cem\u003eca\u003c/em\u003e. 70\u0026nbsp;year (Ohashi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1914\u003c/span\u003e). At the time of the 1882 eruption, the Shirane PC was almost entirely covered with vegetation and contained two cold CLs. One of these was an acidic lake corresponding to the present-day Yugama CL, although it was smaller in size and lower in temperature as compared with the current Yugama CL (Ohba et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Yaguchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Terada and Kuwahara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Since the 1882 eruption, Yugama CL has been consistently reported in the literature (Kawasaki \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1902\u003c/span\u003e; Ohashi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1914\u003c/span\u003e; Tsuya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e; Minami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1952\u003c/span\u003e). The other lake corresponds to the present-day Mizugama CL (Ossaka and Kikawada \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) and contains freshwater that supports insect life (Ohashi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1914\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to a different oral history, historical paintings depicted a volcanic plume being emitted from Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano during the Genroku era (1688\u0026ndash;1704 AD), although these paintings were destroyed in the 1869 fire (Kubo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1940\u003c/span\u003e). Geological surveys indicate that the most recent eruption prior to the 1805 eruption occurred on the southern flank of the Shirane PC at about 1000\u0026nbsp;year BP (\u003cem\u003eca\u003c/em\u003e. 1000 AD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMotoshirane and Ainomine pyroclastic cones\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough there are no historical records of eruptive activity at the Motosirane PC, geological surveys have revealed that the most recent eruption prior to the 2018 eruption occurred during 411\u0026ndash;315\u0026nbsp;year BP (\u003cem\u003eca\u003c/em\u003e. 1650 AD), which was thought to be the latest eruption at the Motoshirane PC in historical times (Ishizaki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). According to geological surveys, the Yumi-ike maar at the foot of the Ainomine PC was formed \u003cem\u003eca\u003c/em\u003e. 1400\u0026nbsp;year ago (Kametani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e). Unlike the Shirane PC, both the Motoshirane and Ainomine PCs are almost entirely covered with vegetation and have no geothermal activity. However, aligned small-scale vents occur on the surface of both PCs, indicating that phreatic eruptions have occurred repeatedly in the past, as at the Shirane PC (Ishizaki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe historical records examined in this study are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The historical BEVs of the Kusatsu spa area are both paintings and geographical maps. They are expressions of the author\u0026rsquo;s artistic attributes and are not quantitative maps based on measurements. For example, objects that were considered important for religious reasons are often depicted larger than they actually are (Sekido \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018b\u003c/span\u003e). Details of the historical BEVs of the Kusatsu spa area are presented in the Appendix. In addition, we surveyed a public pictorial village map (Mura-ezu; Kimura \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1960\u003c/span\u003e; Matsuo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) published in 1788 (Anonymous \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1788\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), and a pictorial map of the great earthquake in Shinshu on March 24, 1847 (Koka 4), with landslides, river blockages, and flooding published in 1848 (Kitahara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), and five historical reports (Sou \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1755\u003c/span\u003e; Anonymous of Matsushiro-han 1784; Jippensha 1823; Asaka \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1853\u003c/span\u003e; Tsuboya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1906\u003c/span\u003e) written by visitors to the Kusatsu spa area. Two reports (Sou \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1755\u003c/span\u003e; Jippensha 1823) contain sketches depicting Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano. We also examined geological survey reports by Kawasaki (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1902\u003c/span\u003e), Ohashi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1914\u003c/span\u003e), Kubo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1940\u003c/span\u003e), Kajima and Takano (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e), Maebashi Meteorological Observatory Gunma Prefecture (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e), Tsuya (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e), and Minami et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1952\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetails of the historical records used in this study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of record\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of records\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBird\u0026rsquo;s-eye view (BEV)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePictorial map\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocuments written by visitors to the Kusatsu spa area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHistorical bird’s-eye views of the Kusatsu spa area\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBEVs were frequently published from the 19th to early 20th centuries. The BEVs were compiled to reconstruct changes in the landscape of the Kusatsu spa area in the late modern period (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to 46 BEVs examined in a previous study (Sekido \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), we compiled a further 25 BEVs for this study. We examined 69 BEVs in total, but two were not particularly useful because the year of publication was not shown on the maps. Another two of 69 BEVs only have a range for the publication year, because they only show the name of the era in which they were published. Fifty of the BEVs were marked with the publisher or place of publication on the edges of the BEVs; 25 of the 50 BEVs were inferred as having been published in the Kusatsu spa area or in cooperation with inhabitants of the area (Appendix). The BEVs we examined were published at 1\u0026ndash;3\u0026nbsp;year intervals from 1810 to 1938, with exceptions of a 9\u0026nbsp;year interval from 1831 to 1839 and a 10\u0026nbsp;year interval from 1864 to 1873 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of the bird\u0026rsquo;s-eye views used in this study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGunma Prefectural Library\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGunma Prefectural Museum of History\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGunma Prefectural Archives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaebashi City Library\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu Town Hot Spring Library\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKansai University Library\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaseda University Library\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo Metropolitan Central Library\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Research Center for Japanese Studies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGunma Prefectural History Compilation Committee (1980)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu Onsen History Compilation Committee (1976)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKogure (2003)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eunlabeled\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.S. (i.e., one of the authors of this study)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublication year, publisher, and locality of the bird\u0026rsquo;s-eye views used in this study. The symbols used in the table are as follows: ○ = volcanic plume; \u0026times; = no volcanic plume; \u0026ndash; = a mountain of interest was not depicted. See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e for references\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublisher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShirane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotoshirane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManza\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsama\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOumiya and Toshimaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1804\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;1818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOumiya and Toshimaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 5, 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8, 11, 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1818\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;1830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1818\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;1830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIchidaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1849\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMishimaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1855\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShirobe Mishimaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIchidaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoujiya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYasube Yumoto\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatsunoya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYohei Ichikawa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOotsuya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1880\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSakichi Orita and Kitaro Kobayashi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 4, 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1881\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKumajiro Fukuda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOosakaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDanjyu Miyazaki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1885\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGorobei Miyazaki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1885\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatsuda Atsutomo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGorobei Miyazaki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTunejyu Miyazaki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenkichi Abe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShounosuke Tahara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenkichi Abe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1890\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenkichi Abe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e42\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuhei Sakagami\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuhei Sakagami\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTsunekichi Miyazaki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenkichi Abe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 3, 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e47\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenkichi Abe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDanjyu Miyazaki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenkichi Abe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoheiji Yamamoto\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenkichi Abe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZenkichi Abe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJiemon Yamada and Tunekichi Ichidaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo/Kusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e54\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1908\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGunji Fujimoto\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJiemon Yamada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1914\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKunisaburo Tomaru\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1914\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChiemaro Washimi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e58\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsakichi Nakazawa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e59\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGinjiro Nomura\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShusui Hagiwara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaganohara City, Gunma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKouyusha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKunisaburo Tomaru\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation Office of Kusatsu Mineral Spring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1926\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotoo Torii\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJyoetsu City, Niigata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu Printing Company\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e66\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKunisaburo Tomaru\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKunisaburo Tomaru\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHatsusaburo Yoshida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKyoto\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e69\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTestutaro Matsui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatsudo City, Chiba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe BEVs show Yubatake (Ossaka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Ohba et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), which is a representative hot spring fountain in the Kusatsu spa area, in the center of the BEVs, with mountains shown in the distance (YB in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The depicted mountains vary from BEV to BEV, but the Shirane PC is shown in most BEVs because of its religious significance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in the situation were typically reflected on BEVs within a few years, as evidenced by comparisons with other historical documents (Sekido \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018b\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the gatehouse (Edo ban-ya, herein GH; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), which was established in 1815, was first depicted on the No. 4 BEV in 1817 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The Shirane shrine (SS; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), which was moved to a different location in 1873, was depicted at the new location on the No. 26 BEV in 1874, whereas the Shirane shrine was depicted at its previous location on the No. 27 BEV in 1875. After 1879, the Shirane shrine is always shown in its correct location. After the 1882 eruption, which occurred after a quiescent period of several decades, a volcanic plume was shown in the No. 32 BEV in 1884. The telegraph office (TO; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), established in 1897, is shown in the No. 49 BEV in 1897.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of the BEVs in terms of depicting changes in the area that occurred in 1815, 1873, 1882, and 1897. \u0026ldquo;+y\u0026rdquo; = years after the publication date of the map that the event occurred; ○ = map shows the change; \u0026times; = map does not show the change; \u0026ndash; = no BEV map was examined in this year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+y (AD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstablishment of a gatehouse (Edo-Banya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelocation of the Shirane shrine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1882 eruption of the Shirane PC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e○\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstablishment of a telegraph office\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEvaluation of the presence/absence of volcanic plumes on the bird’s-eye views\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe focused on the Shirane and Motoshirane PCs, whose names are marked on the BEVs. In addition, we examined Asama volcano and Mt. Manza. Asama volcano is located 26 km south of the Kusatsu spa area and is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. A Plinian eruption from this volcano in 1783 resulted in more than 1200 fatalities (Geological Survey of Japan AIST \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011b\u003c/span\u003e; Yasui and Koyaguchi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Mt. Manza is a non-volcanic mountain that consists of Tertiary volcanic rocks (Uto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e). Both of these mountains are commonly depicted on the BEVs and can be used to evaluate the reliability of the inferred presence or absence of volcanic plumes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, we confirmed the arrangement of the mountains on each BEV. The Shirane, Motoshirane, and Asama volcanoes should be ordered from right to left on BEVs when viewed from the Kusatsu spa area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Mt. Manza is located behind the Shirane and Motoshirane PC, and should be shown near the two PCs on the BEVs. If the name of each mountain of interest was not marked, we did not examine the BEVs for volcanic plumes (dashes in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe then evaluated the presence or absence of volcanic plumes. If smoke-like wavy lines were drawn from the summit to the sky (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), we evaluate that this mountain was emitting a volcanic plume at that time (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). If there were no wavy lines around the summit, we evaluate this mountain was not emitting volcanic plumes visible from the Kusatsu spa area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Some sort of patterning on the mountains (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) could be interpreted as grass or trees, but the details of this are unknown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe representations of the mountains and volcanic plumes on the BEVs are rather crude as compared with 18th\u0026ndash;19th century paintings of Vesuvius (Principe and Marini \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Lemaire et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Etna (Branca and Carlo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Branca and Abate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) in Italy, and thus quantitative estimations of the spatial scales of plumes could not be made. Due to the poor color of the BEVs, we did not evaluate whether the volcanic plumes included tephra. Therefore, we could not distinguish whether these volcanic plumes are indicative of a volcanic eruption emitting tephra or just large-scale fumarolic activity. The volcanic plumes on the BEVs were interpreted to represent volcanic plumes of a size large enough to be visible from the Kusatsu spa area at that time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe same procedure was applied to the sketch included in a historical document from 1755 (Sou \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1755\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and two pictorial maps (Anonymous \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1788\u003c/span\u003e; Kitahara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, we examined five historical documents that mentioned the Shirane PC (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). No descriptions of eruptions or fumarolic activity at the Motoshirane PC were found in the historical documents listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptions of Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano in historical documents. The authors Sou, \u0026ldquo;anonymous of Matsushiro-han\u0026rdquo;, and Jippensha visited the Kusatsu spa area. However, it is uncertain whether they climbed Mt. Shirane. Jippensha is known to have visited the Kusatsu spa area in 1818 or 1819 (Hagiwara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1948\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear AD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1688\u0026ndash;1704\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(an oral history)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMt. Shirane emitting a volcanic plume was depicted in an old painting in the Genroku era (1688\u0026ndash;1704) of the Edo period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKubo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1940\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMt. Shirane was constantly emitting volcanic plumes, as was Asama volcano (two sketches of Mt. Shirane are attached) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSou (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1755\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMt. Shirane has many \u0026ldquo;Yugama\u0026rdquo; (hot water bowls) that erupted hot water fountains to a height of 1\u0026ndash;2 m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnonymous of Matsushiro-han (1784)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1818\u0026ndash;1823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMt. Shirane constantly emitted volcanic plumes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJippensha (1823)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is a report of an ascent to Mt. Shirane in May 1838. Mt. Shirane had two lakes, one of which was filled with deep, cold freshwater. Adjacent to this lake was a larger lake that was warm enough to bathe in. The area around this warm lake was red and black due to volcanic gas emissions. The two lakes were close together, but had different temperatures. Mt. Asama was emitting a volcanic plume (as seen from the foot of the Mt. Asama).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsaka (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1853\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1812(?)\u0026ndash;1882\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(an oral history)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to the 1882 eruption, Mt. Shirane was covered with vegetation and had not emitted volcanic plumes for ~\u0026thinsp;70\u0026nbsp;year. A cold, acidic crater lake existed in the northern part of the Yugama crater. The Mizugama crater contained a cold freshwater lake that supported insect life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOhashi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1914\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is a report of an ascent of Mt. Shirane in August 1906. Mt. Shirane had two crater lakes (West Pond and East Pond). East Pond, which was a crater formed by the 1882 eruption, was almost entirely covered with steam. Part of West Pond was blue in color.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTsuboya (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1906\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe long-term volcanic plume activity in the study area is summarized in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The Shirane PC is depicted in 67 of 69 BEVs. A volcanic plume from the Shirane PC is depicted on 53 BEVs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea\u0026ndash;b and e). The Motoshirane PC is depicted on 44 BEVs, and on 87% of the BEVs published since 1849. The Motoshirane PC is only depicted with a volcanic plume on the No. 9 BEV (1818\u0026ndash;1830; corresponding to the Bunsei era of the Edo period). It is the only historical record depicting volcanic activity of the Motoshirane PC. Mt. Manza is shown on 53 BEVs, none of which show an associated volcanic plume. In contrast, Asama volcano is shown on 45 BEVs and is always associated with a volcanic plume. Yugama CL was first depicted in the No. 55 BEV (1909), followed by the No. 63 (1923) and No. 69 (1938) BEVs. This suggests that Yugama crater existed during this period and came to be recognized as a tourist attraction. Typical examples of the BEVs are described below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBird’s-eye view maps\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1810 AD (No. 1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is the oldest BEV of the Kusatsu spa area, with the year of publication marked at the top of the map (red square in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea). Several mountains, including Shirane and Manza, were depicted in the background. The Shirane PC is enlarged relative to the other mountains, probably because of its religious significance. We infer that 19 wavy lines drawn around the summit of the Shirane PC towards the sky represent a volcanic plume (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). An eddy at the summit could be interpreted to reflect a turbulent vortex in the volcanic plume or associated with a CL, but this interpretation is speculative.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1818\u0026ndash;1830 AD (Bunsei era of the Edo period) (No. 9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is the first BEV depicting the Motoshirane PC, and was made during the Bunsei era (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb). We estimate that this BEV was published during 1818\u0026ndash;1830. Volcanic plumes are shown being emitted from both the Shirane and Motoshirane PCs. Notably, this is the only known BEV that shows a volcanic plume being emitted from the Motoshirane PC. The Motoshirane PC is depicted as a variety of trapezoidal shapes, which broadly correspond to the actual topography that comprises several small pyroclastic cones. The plume is shown being emitted from the northernmost part of the Motoshirane PC, corresponding to the Kagami-ike-kita PC (KKPC, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), which erupted in 2018.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1856 AD (No. 21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis map shows the Shirane and Motoshirane PCs, and Mt. Manza, without volcanic plumes, as well as Asama with a volcanic plume. The publisher is named on the left side of the map (a hotel at the Kusatsu spa area), along with the year of publication (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1879 AD (Nos 28 and 29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo volcanic plumes are depicted at the Shirane and Motoshirane PCs, or Mt. Manza (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ed), on the No. 28 BEV in 1879, while a volcanic plume from the Shirane PC is shown on the other BEV in 1879 (No. 29) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The phreatic eruption of the Shirane PC occurred in 1882, 70\u0026nbsp;year after the 1802 eruption (Tsuya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e). The BEVs published between 1874 and 1881 (Nos 26\u0026ndash;31) do not depict volcanic plumes at the Shirane PC, except for the No. 29 BEV in 1879. This is the only example of such an inconsistency. Asama is shown with a volcanic plume in the distance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1905 AD (No. 53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shirane PC and Asama volcano are shown emitting volcanic plumes, while the Motoshirane PC and Mt. Manza are depicted without volcanic plumes. The publisher and their address are stated on the left side of the map, indicating the BEV was produced or edited by a resident of the Kusatsu spa area, and printed and published by persons in Tokyo (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ed).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1938 AD (No. 69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the Shirane PC erupted repeatedly in 1937\u0026ndash;1939, volcanic plumes are not depicted on this BEV. Instead, two depressions with wavy lines resembling rising steam are shown, which can be interpreted as representing hot CLs. This is consistent with the reports of Tstuya (1933) and Minakami (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1939\u003c/span\u003e), who described CLs at the Shirane PC in 1931 and 1938, respectively, as documented by photographs. The Motoshirane PC is not shown with a volcanic plume, whereas Asama volcano is depicted with a volcanic plume.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOther historical records\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe oldest historical document mentioning Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano, published along with two sketches in 1755 (Sou \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1755\u003c/span\u003e), stated the Shirane PC had continuously emitted a volcanic plume, similar to Asama volcano (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The public pictorial village map published in 1788 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb) showed the Shirane PC with a volcanic plume. Although an oral history suggests that the volcanic plume ceased to exist in \u003cem\u003eca\u003c/em\u003e. 1812 (Ohashi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1914\u003c/span\u003e), a volcanic plume was reported in 1818\u0026ndash;1823 (Jippensha 1823), which is consistent with the depictions on the BEVs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The pictorial map published in 1848 (Kitahara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) shows both the Shirane PC and Asama volcanoes emitting volcanic plumes. These depictions indicate that volcanic plume activity, visible from the Kusatsu spa area, continued from the 18th century and was followed by the 1805 eruption and subsequent plume activity until around 1848 (BEV No. 15).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first documented report of hot CLs at the Shirane PC was in 1784, but their size and temperature are unknown (Anonymous of Matsushiro-han 1784). In 1838, hot and cold CLs were reported at the Shirane PC based on \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e observations made during a climb (Asaka \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1853\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, according to oral history, only cold CLs and no fumarolic activity characterized the Shirane PC just before the 1882 eruption (Ohashi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1914\u003c/span\u003e). Hot CL(s) with steam were again reported in 1906 (Tsuboya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1906\u003c/span\u003e), and are shown in BEVs No. 64 in 1909, No. 72 in 1923, and No. 78 in 1938 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on 69 BEVs and several historical documents, we reconstructed the thermal activity (e.g., volcanic plumes and hot CLs) at Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano since the 18th century (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). We also identified, for the first time, evidence of volcanic activity at the Motoshirane PC during historical times. In general, past eruptions have been studied based on geological surveys, but it is likely that the small amounts of ejecta produced by the phreatic eruptions are washed away by rain and wind after the eruptions. Our results suggest the BEVs are a useful tool for reconstructing past volcanic activity, such as small eruptions, fumaroles, and hot CLs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eReliability of volcanic plume activity inferred from bird\u0026rsquo;s-eye views\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome unreliable old paintings depicting volcanoes have been identified, such as those illustrating the 1792 eruption of Unzen volcano in Japan. These paintings often exaggerate volcanic phenomena and contain incorrect place names and locations, likely due to their reliance on hearsay (Ota 2003). The reliability of the BEVs of the Kusatsu spa area is supported by several observations. Firstly, given that the BEVs were published to promote the Kusatsu spa area, they likely reflect the contemporary state of the area (Sekido \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018b\u003c/span\u003e). When conditions changed, these changes were typically adopted on the BEVs within a few years (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Of the 50 BEVs that include publisher information, 25 appear to have been produced in cooperation with local residents (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e; Appendix), suggesting they were not merely based on hearsay. The period during which volcanic plumes were depicted at the Shirane PC is clearly distinguishable from the period in which no plumes were shown (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), with the exception of the 1879 BEV (No. 29). No volcanic plumes were depicted on Mt. Manza on any of the BEVs, consistent with the fact that it is not an active volcano. In contrast, Asama Volcano, which is well known for frequent eruptions, is consistently shown with volcanic plumes. A historical document published in 1818\u0026ndash;1823 (Jippensha 1823) and a pictorial map published in 1848 (Kitahara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) represented a volcanic plume, which is consistent with depictions on the BEVs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the placement of the mountains on the BEVs is consistent with the actual view from the Kusatsu spa area. There are no significant discrepancies between the depictions on the BEVs and actual known conditions, indicating the temporal changes in plume activity recorded by the BEVs likely reflect real volcanic phenomena.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThermal history of the Shirane PC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast to the oral history (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e; Ohashi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1914\u003c/span\u003e), the BEVs show that volcanic plume activity has occurred over the past \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;200\u0026nbsp;year, with the exception of the period during 1849\u0026ndash;1881 AD. If a steam plume was large enough to be visible from the foot of the volcano, its heat discharge rate can be estimated to be 50\u0026ndash;100 MW (10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e J/s) (Kagiyama \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). The total present-day heat discharge rate from Yugama CL and fumaroles of the Shirane PC is estimated to be 30\u0026ndash;40 MW (Terada and Kuwahara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting thermal activity in the 18th to early 20th centuries was comparable to or greater than that today.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found that thermal activity decreased temporarily for \u003cem\u003eca\u003c/em\u003e. 30\u0026nbsp;year during 1849\u0026ndash;1881 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), prior to the 1882 eruption, which was one of the two largest eruptions of Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano in recorded history. This temporary decrease in heat discharge was likely due to the sealing of subsurface fluid pathways (Chiodini 1992; Kennedy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Heap et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), which might have contributed to the subsequent major eruption in 1882.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Shirane PC discharged heat primarily in the form of volcanic gas from the 18th to early 20th centuries, and subsequently evolved into a hot CL during the 1940s. Since 1906, a hot CL has been depicted on BEVs and documented with photographs, including reports depicting phreatic eruptions at the Shirane PC (Tsuya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e; Minakami \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1939\u003c/span\u003e; Minakami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1942\u003c/span\u003e). Since the 1950s, the presence of a hot CL corresponding to the present-day Yugama CL has been continuously reported (Minami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1952\u003c/span\u003e; Ohba et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Terada and Kuwahara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). However, no volcanic plumes visible from the foot of the volcano have been reported. The onset of emissions of a lower-enthalpy fluid from Yugama crater was probably caused by a shift in the heat and mass balance of the hydrothermal system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePast eruptive activity at the Motoshirane PC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to the 2018 eruption, no historical eruptions at the Motoshirane PC had been reported (Kametani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, we found that the No. 9 BEV made in 1818\u0026ndash;1830 (i.e., the Bunsei era; Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb) depicted a volcanic plume originating from the Motoshirane PC. During 1810\u0026ndash;1848, the Motoshirane PC was not depicted in any BEVs, except for No. 9, suggesting that attention was only temporarily focused on the Motoshirane PC during this period. We infer that a single eruption or a brief episode of intense fumarolic activity likely occurred during the Bunsei era.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe volcanic plume depicted on the No. 9 appears to have originated from the northern part of the Motoshirane PC, specifically the KKPC (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), where the most recent phreatic eruption occurred in 2018 (Kametani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the Furikozawa lava flow, which represents the most recent magmatic eruption of the Motoshirane PC, was also emitted from the KKPC \u003cem\u003eca\u003c/em\u003e. 1200\u0026nbsp;year ago (Ishizaki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Several tens of small crater chains have been identified on the KKPC and neighboring PC (Ishizaki et al. 2021). Although some of these craters appear to be relatively fresh, their ages remain uncertain (Ishizaki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Further geological surveys focusing on these small-scale eruptions are essential for understanding the eruption frequency of the Motoshirane PC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsing 69 BEVs, 5 historical documents, and two pictorial maps, we reconstructed the thermal activity (e.g., volcanic plumes and hot CLs) over the last 200\u0026nbsp;year at Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano. The BEVs indicate that volcanic plume activity persisted for nearly all of the 200\u0026nbsp;year, with the exception of a quiescent period during 1849\u0026ndash;1881 AD. This temporary decrease in heat discharge was likely caused by the sealing of subsurface fluid pathways, which might have contributed to the subsequent major eruption in 1882. The heat discharge rate of the volcanic plumes is estimated to have been on the order of 50\u0026ndash;100 MW, which is comparable to, or possibly greater than, the present-day rate. Since the 1940s, the thermal activity of the Shirane PC has changed from persistent plume emissions to a hot CL. The onset of lower-enthalpy fluid emissions from Yugama crater was likely caused by a change in the heat and mass balance of the hydrothermal system. For the first time, historical records describing volcanic activity of the Motoshirane PC have been identified. These indicate there was transient, vigorous fumarolic activity or a single eruptive event, similar to the 2018 eruptions, at the Motoshirane PC during 1815\u0026ndash;1830.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to Yasuo Ishizaki, Nobuko Kametani, Maya Yasui, and Teruki Oikawa for helpful comments. Chieko Kuroiwa and the Kusatsu Onsen Ryokan Cooperative Association kindly assisted our study. (We thank two anonymous reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript). Some figures were drawn with Generic Mapping Tools (Wessel and Smith 1998).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, under its Third Earthquake and Volcano Hazards Observation and Research Program (Earthquake and Volcano Hazard Reduction Research).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bird\u0026rsquo;s-eye view used in this study are available from the respective organizations and author (SA) on reasonable request. The owners of the bird\u0026rsquo;s-eye view are listed in Table 2, with the references in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAT examined the bird\u0026rsquo;s-eye view maps and historical documents, interpreted the results, and drafted the manuscript. AS collected and examined the bird\u0026rsquo;s-eye view maps and helped interpret the results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnonymous of Matsushiro-han (1784, 1971) Route guide to Kusatsu Onsen and sightseeing in the three dreamy hot springs in Joshu region. In: Yamada T and Hagiwara S (eds) with scholarly notes by Hagiwara S, \u003cem\u003eHistorical documents of Gunma Prefecture 6: Diaries (II)\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e, \u003c/em\u003eGunma Prefecture Cultural Promotion Association, pp73-92. \u003cstrong\u003e(In Japanese)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnonymous (1788, 1976) Pictorial village map of Kusatsu, Kozame, and Meguchi. In: Kusatsu Onsen History Compilation Committee (eds) Record of Kusastu Onsen Ⅰ, Kusatsu town office, Gunma, 1121p \u003cstrong\u003e(In Japanese)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArdid A, Dempsey D, Caudron C, Cronin S (2022) Seismic precursors to the Whakaari 2019 phreatic eruption are transferable to other eruptions and volcanoes. Nat Commun 13:2002 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29681-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsaka R (1853, 2012) Records of crossing the Usui Pass, passing Mt. Asama, and climbing Mt. Shirane. 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Geosci Lett 10:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-023-00286-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bulletin-of-volcanology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"buvo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bulletin of Volcanology](http://link.springer.com/journal/445)","snPcode":"445","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/buvo/default2.aspx","title":"Bulletin of Volcanology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"bird’s-eye view, Kusatsu spa area, Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, volcanic plume, phreatic eruption","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6845755/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6845755/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eKusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan and is characterized by frequent phreatic eruptions. Understanding its history of plume activity, including minor phreatic eruptions and temporal variations in fumarolic activity, is critical for evaluating its future eruptive potential. In this study, we focused on historical bird\u0026rsquo;s-eye view (BEV) of the Kusatsu spa area, located at the foot of the volcano. Numerous BEVs are still preserved because they were frequently published and widely circulated as souvenirs from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, whereas a major fire in the Kusatsu spa area in 1869 destroyed many historical documents. Based on analyses of 69 BEVs, 5 historical documents, and two pictorial maps, we show that volcanic plume activity has persisted for the past 200\u0026nbsp;year, with the exception of a quiescent period during 1849\u0026ndash;1881 AD. The heat discharge rate is estimated to have been on the order of around 50\u0026ndash;100 MW, which is comparable to, or possibly greater than, that of the present-day activity. Preceding the 1882 eruption, which was one of the two largest eruptions of Kusatsu\u0026ndash;Shirane volcano in historical times, volcanic plumes and hot crater lakes showed a temporary decline for \u003cem\u003eca\u003c/em\u003e. 30\u0026nbsp;year (1849\u0026ndash;1881 AD), probably due to the sealing of subsurface fluid pathways that led to the subsequent major eruption in 1882. Since the 1941 eruption, thermal activity has changed from persistent plume emissions to a hot crater lake. The onset of lower-enthalpy fluid emissions was likely caused by a change in the heat and mass balance of the underlying hydrothermal system. For the first time, historical documents describing the activity of the Motoshirane pyroclastic cone have been identified. These indicate that transient, vigorous fumarolic activity or a single eruptive event similar to the 2018 eruption at the Motoshirane pyroclastic cone occurred during 1815\u0026ndash;1830.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Reconstructing past volcanic plume activity of Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, Japan, using historical bird’s-eye views of the Kusatsu spa area","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-25 08:47:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6845755/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Moderate revision (possibly re-reviewed)","date":"2025-07-30T04:54:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-06-26T08:24:26+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-23T10:06:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Bulletin of Volcanology","date":"2025-06-14T10:53:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T00:51:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Bulletin of Volcanology","date":"2025-06-08T02:09:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bulletin-of-volcanology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"buvo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bulletin of Volcanology](http://link.springer.com/journal/445)","snPcode":"445","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/buvo/default2.aspx","title":"Bulletin of Volcanology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ce4b41de-f6e5-4feb-89bf-afede1dc0250","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T16:31:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6845755","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-025-01890-5","journal":{"identity":"bulletin-of-volcanology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-24 16:16:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 24th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-25 08:47:30","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00445-025-01890-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-025-01890-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6845755","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6845755","identity":"rs-6845755","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}