Integrated Geosciences Subsurface Exploration for Engineering Construction in a Basement Terrain

Integrated Geosciences Subsurface Exploration for Engineering Construction in a Basement Terrain | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Integrated Geosciences Subsurface Exploration for Engineering Construction in a Basement Terrain Ameh Igoche Mark, Amadi Nwanosike Akobundu, Ojo Tope Odunayo, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6518757/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 19 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Non-invasive 2-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and 1-Dimensional Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) were integrated with invasive geotechnical soil analysis to characteristics the subsurface of a proposed engineering construction site in a Crystalline Basement complex area. The geophysical results indicate the subsurface to be characterized by three major geoelectric layers. The 2D ERT established weak subsurface areas that were further probed with invasive geotechnical investigations. The geotechnical investigation involved the performance of five (5) Dynamic Cone Penetration Tests (DCPT), and establishment of three (3) Trial Pits. The strength tests, indicate an allowable bearing capacity range of 199 kN/m 2 to 217 kN/m 2 obtained at 2.0m to 3.0m depth ranges. The magnitude of consolidation settlement is within 25mm maximum as specified for building structures. Based on the bearing capacity and the shallow water table observed over the site, a Pad foundation sited at depth of 1.5m is recommended for the proposed structures on site. The Foundation should be designed with bearing capacity not greater than 180 kN/m2. This study shows that the integration of geoscientific methods for subsurface study regarding engineering structures cannot be overemphasized. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 30 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 29 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6518757","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":464053357,"identity":"df322e78-ce11-4f85-bdb9-22723b92ab85","order_by":0,"name":"Ameh Igoche Mark","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAv0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNoaECghLggQtZ0jWwthGihb+aYePPXg4717idgbmg7d5GO7YNRDSInE7Ld0gcVtx4s4GtmRrHoZnyQS1MNzOMZNI3JaQuOEAj5k0D8PhZII65G/nf5NInAPSwv+NOC0Gt3PYJBIbwLawgbTYEdRieDvNTCLhWILxhsNsxpZzDA4nENQidzv5meSPmgTZDcebH954U3HYnqAWBGAGu5MhsYEEPRBAii2jYBSMglEwQgAA6Js7hDZ9mKIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Josephus Foundation Institute of Earth Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ameh","middleName":"Igoche","lastName":"Mark","suffix":""},{"id":464053358,"identity":"d2607133-d7cd-4d69-913f-cb1db15bc080","order_by":1,"name":"Amadi Nwanosike Akobundu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology, Minna","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amadi","middleName":"Nwanosike","lastName":"Akobundu","suffix":""},{"id":464053359,"identity":"0ef5eb35-c6ea-4717-b4e9-00c7e5fed860","order_by":2,"name":"Ojo Tope Odunayo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Josephus Foundation Institute of Earth Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ojo","middleName":"Tope","lastName":"Odunayo","suffix":""},{"id":464053360,"identity":"1735209b-63f7-4cce-8f2d-2d89b0dc53d0","order_by":3,"name":"Abduljalil Enesi Abubakar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology, Minna","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abduljalil","middleName":"Enesi","lastName":"Abubakar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-24 08:38:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6518757/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6518757/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83836302,"identity":"e8ce439f-0056-4a5d-95d6-328e2f824578","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-03 13:15:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":801681,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"INTEGRATEDGEOSCIENCESSUBSURFACEEXPLORATIONEdited.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6518757/v1_covered_e9be348f-a7ff-4bc9-ada5-b1f2a0e50506.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eIntegrated Geosciences Subsurface Exploration for Engineering Construction in a Basement Terrain\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6518757/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6518757/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNon-invasive 2-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and 1-Dimensional Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) were integrated with invasive geotechnical soil analysis to characteristics the subsurface of a proposed engineering construction site in a Crystalline Basement complex area. The geophysical results indicate the subsurface to be characterized by three major geoelectric layers. The 2D ERT established weak subsurface areas that were further probed with invasive geotechnical investigations. The geotechnical investigation involved the performance of five (5) Dynamic Cone Penetration Tests (DCPT), and establishment of three (3) Trial Pits. The strength tests, indicate an allowable bearing capacity range of 199 kN/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e to 217 kN/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e obtained at 2.0m to 3.0m depth ranges. The magnitude of consolidation settlement is within 25mm maximum as specified for building structures. Based on the bearing capacity and the shallow water table observed over the site, a Pad foundation sited at depth of 1.5m is recommended for the proposed structures on site. The Foundation should be designed with bearing capacity not greater than 180 kN/m2. This study shows that the integration of geoscientific methods for subsurface study regarding engineering structures cannot be overemphasized.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Integrated Geosciences Subsurface Exploration for Engineering Construction in a Basement Terrain","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-03 12:51:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6518757/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-08T23:39:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-08T23:35:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-02T12:45:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"30136469867401530569046266182211625134","date":"2025-07-27T09:37:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-26T09:36:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"45875278756208059808718546132075527490","date":"2025-07-21T11:58:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-20T17:38:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"66572276357623136259227913485916303151","date":"2025-07-20T15:40:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-20T14:00:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"171313419192184229476564860560574928974","date":"2025-07-20T09:11:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"37396669028708567787137985758776843609","date":"2025-07-20T07:48:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"313523165847986415707741818832357459519","date":"2025-07-19T19:53:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-16T10:37:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"200006199269566395473717459823458437487","date":"2025-05-30T08:29:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-30T07:22:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-29T09:44:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-10T08:21:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-10T08:17:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Geoscience","date":"2025-04-24T08:22:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8fe46fd1-70a9-48f6-b7c4-9ac9ea9297dd","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-26T11:38:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-03 12:51:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6518757","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6518757","identity":"rs-6518757","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}