Metal toxicity contributes to the structuring of bacterial communities in the Arabidopsis phyllosphere

Summary The causal factors shaping plant-associated microbiota are incompletely known. Elevated concentrations of the micronutrients zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), and exposure to non-essential trace elements including cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), can be toxic. Here we explored whether differences in metal(loid) sensitivity between plants and bacteria influence phyllosphere bacterial community composition. 224 representative Arabidopsis thaliana phyllosphere bacterial strains were screened on metal(loid) concentration series in synthetic media. We obtained leaf apoplastic fluid ionomes for comparisons with bacteriotoxicity profiles, and tested for relationships between strain-wise metal(loid) tolerances, phylogeny and gene content. Leaf apoplastic Zn2+ and Cd2+ concentrations were the most likely to arrest growth of metal-sensitive bacteria in planta. Soil bacterial strains were several-fold more sensitive to both these metals than leaf strains, consistent with selection for increased bacterial Zn and Cd tolerance in the phyllosphere. Strains known to govern bacterial community structure were metal-sensitive, with only minor influences of between-metal and between-strain interactions. Bacterial genus explained considerable proportions of the variances in metal(loid)-related gene content and tolerance phenotypes. Bacterial Cd tolerance correlated with the presence and copy number of known Cd-related genes. Our results suggest that plant metal homeostasis contributes to structuring bacterial communities in the leaf endosphere. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes shortened, small errors corrected in various places, formatting altered