The effect of ‘hydraulic-visual’ interaction on the intensity of fish schooling in the upstream movement of juvenile silver carp

The effect of ‘hydraulic-visual’ interaction on the intensity of fish schooling in the upstream movement of juvenile silver carp | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 17 January 2026 V1 Latest version Share on The effect of ‘hydraulic-visual’ interaction on the intensity of fish schooling in the upstream movement of juvenile silver carp Authors : Haoyu Ding , Chenyu Lin 0000-0002-1389-4766 [email protected] , Yujiao Wu , Zijing Yang , Xiaotao Shi , Zezhang Liang , Guiwen Rong , Jiawei Xu , Jia Luo , and Lixiong Yu Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176864790.08056382/v1 134 views 63 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Understanding how hydraulic and visual factors jointly regulate fish schooling is critical for improving fish passage performance. Using juvenile silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as model organisms, this study investigated how schooling intensity responds to combined effects of flow velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and visual guidance cues from obstacles. Controlled flume experiments with fixed group size (five individuals) were conducted under three flow conditions. By integrating simulated hydraulic fields with spatial patterns of schooling intensity and swimming energy expenditure, relationships among flow characteristics, energetic demand, and schooling behaviour during upstream movement were quantitatively analysed. The results showed that: (1) increasing flow velocity constrained lateral exploration and prompted aggregation within the main flow corridor, leading fish to ascend predominantly along the principal flow direction ; (2) under relatively mild flow conditions, turbulence kinetic energy alone exerted a limited influence on schooling intensity, whereas in obstacle zones where high velocity co-occurred with low turbulence, fish preferentially selected a high-velocity corridor as an “efficient passage”; (3) increases in short-term or cumulative energy expenditure were not, by themselves, sufficient to elicit schooling, but rapid surges in energetic demand when encountering high-velocity barriers were associated with enhanced group cohesion; (4) after passing velocity barriers, fish adopted short-burst acceleration strategy in low-velocity, low-turbulence regions upstream of obstacles to avoid re-forming dense schools, indicating an active tendency to reduce prolonged energy costs when possible; and (5) obstacles provided salient visual cues that helped fish avoid collisions and adjust their movement direction during rapid upstream swimming. Overall, these findings demonstrate that schooling intensity is a dynamic behavioural adjustment shaped by the combined effects of hydraulic constraints, energetic demands, and visual information. The results provide mechanistic insight into collective upstream migration and offer practical guidance for the hydraulic and structural optimisation of fish passages. Supplementary Material File (article.docx) Download 3.92 MB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 17 January 2026 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords behavioral ecology ecological experiment freshwater laboratory vertebrate Authors Affiliations Haoyu Ding China Three Gorges University View all articles by this author Chenyu Lin 0000-0002-1389-4766 [email protected] China Three Gorges University View all articles by this author Yujiao Wu China Three Gorges University View all articles by this author Zijing Yang People's Government of Hubei Province View all articles by this author Xiaotao Shi China Three Gorges University View all articles by this author Zezhang Liang China Three Gorges University View all articles by this author Guiwen Rong Anhui University of Science and Technology View all articles by this author Jiawei Xu Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Recources View all articles by this author Jia Luo China Three Gorges University View all articles by this author Lixiong Yu Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 134 views 63 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Haoyu Ding, Chenyu Lin, Yujiao Wu, et al. The effect of ‘hydraulic-visual’ interaction on the intensity of fish schooling in the upstream movement of juvenile silver carp. Authorea . 17 January 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176864790.08056382/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . 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