Examining the interrelationship between self-reported health and social capital

Examining the interrelationship between self-reported health and social capital | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Examining the interrelationship between self-reported health and social capital Qaqambile Mathentamo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826028/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Individuals prefer a higher health status, to be part of social relationships that are built on mutual trust and to have a sense of belonging. Hence, being healthy and part of a social capital (SC) are important facets of life that impact on each other. However, developing countries like South Africa have poor health outcomes and rank low when it comes to SC. Because of limited – developing countries’ studies, consistency in results, studies examining effects of self-reported health (SRH) on SC and the likelihood of simultaneity, the study aims to examine the interrelationship between social capital and self-reported health in South Africa. Methods Using South Africa’s national household panel study, National Income Dynamics Study (NIDs), the study examines the interrelationship and attempts to solve the endogeneity problem by employing the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression. Results The effects of social capital on SRH differ per measure of SC. SRH also affects SC differently depending on measure of SC. After controlling for simultaneity, the study found a positive association between social capital and self-reported health. Conclusion These findings may prove important for SA’s health policy since SA is one of those countries with poor health infrastructure where SC may play a vital role in improving health. There are many ways to improve the country’s health status, some of which lie with the communities themselves. SA’s policymakers ought to be cognisant of SC’s positive influence on health. Self-reported health social capital health trust social networks Introduction and background Most developing countries including South Africa (SA) have poor health outcomes due to poor health infrastructure and access to health services (1). SA also has a subpar social capital rating − 80,3% for social support and ranking at 80 out of 147 countries (2,3). Yet, social capital and health are important economic development indicators (4–7). Thus, this research may play a vital role in the realisation of economic development by informing policymakers like the Department of Health (DoH) about ways of improving health as dictated by the United Nation’s (UN) Sustainable Development Goal number three (SDG 3). For instance, using social capital to improve in access to health care and health improving behaviour. Health is commonly measured through a self-reported health question (8) and this study follows suit. This subjective measure of health is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality and is highly correlated with objective measures of health (2,9,10). Social capital is a 19th century sociology concept where the emphasis is on human interaction (11–14). It was later adopted in economics owing to Rober Putnam’s work gaining popularity amongst international and government institutions as an important tool for development (14). Hence, it is a multidisciplinary concept. Its main elements (social norms and trust) are categorised as cognitive and structural (social networks) (2,9,15). These elements also have different measures – interpersonal/particularized, generalised/social and institutional trust (16–20). Social networks can be categorised as horizontal and vertical, formal and informal, weak and strong ties and bonding, bridging, and linking networks (4,9,17,21–24). Hence, it is multi-dimensional and multi-faceted. The most common measures in literature are social networks and trust owing to easy data collection, thus, availability of data (15,16,23). The study also measures social capital using particularised and social trust and informal social network ( stokvel ) due to the same reasons. SC generally affects health positively (1,15,16,18,25–29), however, these effects differ depending on SC measurement and/or level of analysis (2,4,30–32). Amid non-uniformity in results there is also limited developing countries’ studies (32). Health also positively affects SC (33). Yet, I could not find any studies which examines the effects of health on SC, even though their evidence of reverse causality or endogeneity due to simultaneity and omitted variables (15,16,32,34–37). There are studies (15,32,35–37), which attempted to solve endogeneity. I could not find any from South Africa (SA). Driven by the fact that there is limited research in developing countries where social capital may play a vital role in improving health outcomes and limited studies addressing reverse causality, using a subjective measure of health, self-reported health (SRH) and main elements social capital at micro level, the study aims to examine the interrelationship between social capital and self-reported health in South Africa. This study contributes to existing literature by attempting to solve the endogeneity problem by using instrument variables in a developing country where there is limited research. The study examines the interrelationship between SRH and SC using a probit regression and solves for endogeneity using an instrument variable estimation technique. SC and SRH affect each other, however, after controlling for endogeneity the study found a positive association between SC and SRH. The rest of the paper is outlined as follows: literature review, research methods, results, discussion and conclusion, respectively. Literature review Health and social capital (SC) are important human aspects, which influence each other. One would assume that everyone wants to be healthy. People also desire to be part of social relationships where there is mutual trust and there is a sense of belonging. Health is influenced by many factors including social capital. The most common determinants of health which the study focusses on are – age, sex, education, income, employment, marital status and social capital. Health normally deteriorates with age, females normally report a lower health status compared to males, an increase in education, income, employment and social capital is associated with higher levels of health, whereas marital status’s influence is indeterminant (10,15,31,38). Social capital is a concept that can be associated with many human facets including health. SC literature cites many determinants of SC which depend on level of analysis. Common determinants of SC at the micro level include some of the common measures cited above – age, sex, income, education, employment status, marital status. There is lack of commonality of how these determinants affect SC since determinants of SC tend to affect different measures of elements of SC differently (17). There are several studies which examined the effects of social capital on health. The effects of social capital on health are generally found to be positive (4,10,15,26,30,31,38), however, there are variations, with other studies finding negative or insignificant association that is dependent on how SC is measured (i.e., element or level) (1,4,30–32,39). Different elements of social capital may have different effect on health within and across countries. For instance,(40) found that trust had a positive effect on SRH in Sweden and Germany only, whereas social networks had a positive effect in all countries in that study. Seemingly health is a positively associated with SC, likewise SC is positively associated with health. A healthy person is more prone to be part of social capital due to his/her given physical ability to participate in group maters. I could not find any study which aims to examine the effects of SRH on SC. Not being part of social network or having less trust may evoke a sense of isolation and depression, lack of emotional support, limit access to health-improving information, which may have adverse psychological effect hampering one’s health status(1,16,18,23,26,27,39,41) Being part of a horizontal, bonding group with strong ties may prevent one from seeking external help since such groups may limit access to information outside the immediate group, therefore hindering health improvement (39). Social network and trust may may also inspire acceptable ways of behaviour associated with responsible healthy behaviour (1,27,39). Most research is based on developed countries. There is less research in developing countries where the state of health may be poorer and where the importance of social capital is more vital due to the state of poor health infrastructure (2,4,18,25,32,39). Effects of SC on health differs across and within countries depending on the measure and level of analysis (25,27,39). There is limited literature aiming to study the relationship between social capital and health in developing countries including South Africa. South African studies include (2) which is a provincial study aimed at assessing the impact of social capital on SRH. This study is based on a provincial sample; its findings may differ from national sample studies like the one in question. For instance, they found that one measure of social capital, perception of safety was the only main factor that impacted on SRH for Gauteng residents whilst other measures of social capital like social network and generalised trust were found to be insignificant. These findings contradicted many findings, which identified social networks and trust as one of the primary determinants of SRH. (42) is a national study; however, it is based on the older population. (4,25) are based on NIDS data; however, the former is based on wave 1 and 2 and the latter is based on wave 1. This study will extend the analysis by including anyone from 18 years and above and by incorporating all waves (1 to 5). As much as SC determines health, health also determines SC, leading to reverse causality or endogeneity (simultaneity and omitted variables) with studies aiming to control for endogeneity (15,16,32,34–37). None of these studies are from South Africa. Due to lack of – developing countries’ studies, uniformity in results, studies examining effects of SRH on SC and the prospect of simultaneity, the study aims to examine the interrelationship between social capital and self-reported health in South Africa. Research methods The study is based on data from the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) which a first of its kind South African national household panel survey (43). Its five waves dating back in 2008 are for monitoring and tracking poverty in South Africa. This dataset is suitable to this study since it has the most common determinant of health and social capital which include – self-reported health, SWB, SC, age, marital status, income, relative income, education, employment, gender, geographical type, religion and race. Data was cleaned and appended using STATA 14 of which SRH was captured from a response to the following question “How would you describe your health at present? Would you say it is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?” SRH was recoded as follows 1 poor, 2 fair, 3 good, 4 very good and 5 excellent since NIDs captures responses to this question as follows − 1 excellent,2 very good, 3 good, 4 fair, and 5 poor. In NIDs SC is measured using trust and social networks, whereas trust is measured based on generalised/social and interpersonal/particularised trust and social network is based on Putnam’s civic engagement. Dummies were created 1 for anyone who is likely to trust a stranger (social trust), 1 for someone who is likely to trust someone known (interpersonal trust) and 1 for any who belong to a stokvel. I also created a social capital index ( sc_index ) combining all elements of social capital using a principal component analysis ( pca ) of which the estat test was at least 0.5. Control variables were measured as according to Mathentamo et al. (2024): SWB was measured using a life satisfaction question - “Using a scale of 1 to where 1 means “Very dissatisfied” and 10 means “Very satisfied”, how do you feel about your life as a whole right now?”; marital status ( ms ) 1 ‘never married’, 2 ‘divorced or separated’, 3 ‘living with a partner’, 5 ‘married’; relative income (ri ) 1 ‘below average income’, 2 ‘average income’, 3 ‘above average income’; Importance of religion ( rel_nb ) 1 ‘religion important’ 0 ‘otherwise’, geographical type ( gt ) 1 ‘urban’ and 0 ‘otherwise’ : place of residence; absolute income ( lninc ); gender ( g ) 1 ‘male’ 2 ‘female’, ethnic groups (r ) is a categorial variable 1 ‘African’, 2 ‘Coloured’, 3 ‘Indian’, 4 ‘White’; education categories ( edu_cat ) 1 ‘no schooling’, 2 ‘primary (grade R to 7/standard 5)’, 3 ‘secondary incomplete (grade 8/standard 6/form 1 to diploma with less than grade 12/Standard 10)’, 4 ‘matric (standard 10/grade 12/form 5)’, 5 ‘post-secondary (certificate with grade 12/standard10 to higher degree (masters, doctorate))’, age all those under 18 years were dropped from the dataset; and employment status ( es ) 1 ‘employed or self-employed’ 0 ‘otherwise’. The dataset is strongly balanced since there are no missing waves for any individual have equal the cross sections ( pid ) meaning they were part of the survey in all five waves. Hence, panel estimated equations: $$\:{srh}_{it}={{\beta\:}_{1}pt}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{2}{st}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{3}{snwk}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{4}{swb}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{5}{age}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{6}{ms}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{7}{lninc}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{8}{ri}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{9}{edu\_cat}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{10}{es}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{11}{g}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{12}{gt}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{13}{r}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{14}{rel\_nb}_{it}+{\epsilon\:}_{it}$$ $$\:{sc}_{it}={\beta\:}_{1}{srh}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{2}{swb}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{3}{age}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{4}{ms}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{5}{lninc}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{6}{ri}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{7}{edu\_cat}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{8}{es}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{9}{g}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{10}{gt}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{11}{r}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{13}{rel\_nb}_{it}+{\epsilon\:}_{it}$$ $$\:{pt}_{it}={\beta\:}_{1}{srh}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{2}{swb}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{3}{age}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{4}{ms}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{5}{lninc}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{6}{ri}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{7}{edu\_cat}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{8}{es}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{9}{g}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{10}{gt}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{11}{r}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{13}{rel\_nb}_{it}+{\epsilon\:}_{it}$$ $$\:{st}_{it}={\beta\:}_{1}{srh}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{2}{swb}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{3}{age}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{4}{ms}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{5}{lninc}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{6}{ri}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{7}{edu\_cat}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{8}{es}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{9}{g}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{10}{gt}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{11}{r}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{13}{rel\_nb}_{it}+{\epsilon\:}_{it}$$ $$\:{swk}_{it}={\beta\:}_{1}{srh}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{2}{swb}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{3}{age}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{4}{ms}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{5}{lninc}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{6}{ri}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{7}{edu\_cat}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{8}{es}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{9}{g}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{10}{gt}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{11}{r}_{it}+{\beta\:}_{13}{rel\_nb}_{it}+{\epsilon\:}_{it}$$ The panel tests f-statistic from the fixed effects results and the Breusch and Pagan LM tests showed that a pooled OLS estimation is not appropriate for all estimations besides social trust and social network. Therefore, the study estimated an ordered probit model for each equation since the dependent variables are categorical and binary. As much SRH is associated with SC, SC is also associated with SRH, suggesting presentence of simultaneity which may lead to an endogeneity problem. To control for this the study used the instrument variables technique by search for possible variables which are associated with SC, but not directly with SRH. This was achieved by regressing different combinations of IVs and identifying combinations of IVs that passes all tests (Under identification test, Stock-Yogo weak identification test, Sargan-Hansen test and endogenous test) of instrument variable regression. Likely to relocate. ( lk_relo ), strong preference in relocation ( blv_relo ), own television ( owntel ), those who receive a job due to social networks ( plug ) are used as sc_index’s instruments. Believe in relocation ( blv_relo ), own television ( owntel ), those who receive a job due to social networks ( plug ) are interpersonal trust’s instruments. Social trust’s instruments are own television and provinces. The outcomes of regressions are depicted in the results section below. Results and Discussion Majority of participants’ level of self-reported health status is good, which is reflective of South Africa’s low levels of health outcomes. There is also low level of social capital demonstrated by low levels of trust and social networks. Based on the Table 1 : descriptive statistics displayed below, the study’s database’s participants are characterised by a level of life satisfaction which is five, average age of 43 years, majority are never married, female, urban dwellers, African and regard religion important, low levels of absolute income, high inequality and unemployment, low levels of education. This sample is reflective of South Africa’s population which has level of SWB which is 5 (3). South Africa is also known for having high levels of unemployment and income inequality. Majority of South Africa population is female and African, South Africa is also characterised by high levels of urbanization due to high levels of urban-rural migration. Table 1 Descriptive Statistics Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max Self-Reported Health . . . . . Poor 42832 .045 .208 0 1 Fair 42832 .118 .322 0 1 Good 42832 .282 .45 0 1 Very Good 42832 .28 .449 0 1 Excellent 42832 .275 .447 0 1 Interpersonal trust 40521 1.444 .716 1 3 Social trust 40071 1.243 .561 1 3 Social network 53330 .075 .264 0 1 Life satisfaction 41389 5.264 2.449 1 10 Age 53215 43.169 15.618 18 111 Marital status . . . . . never married 43123 .426 .494 0 1 divorced or separated 43123 .033 .18 0 1 widow/widower 43123 .115 .319 0 1 Living with partner 43123 .087 .282 0 1 Married 43123 .338 .473 0 1 Absolute income 44240 8.238 1.033 .678 14.773 Relative income . . . . . Below average income 41009 .478 .5 0 1 Average income 41009 .41 .492 0 1 Above average income 41009 .112 .315 0 1 Education categories . . . . . no schooling 47207 .116 .32 0 1 primary 47207 .234 .423 0 1 secondary incomplete 47207 .377 .485 0 1 Matric 47207 .146 .353 0 1 post-secondary 47207 .128 .334 0 1 Employed . . . . . 0 53330 .637 .481 0 1 1 53330 .363 .481 0 1 Gender . . . . . Male 53330 .369 .482 0 1 Female 53330 .631 .482 0 1 Place of residence . . . . . Traditional 50464 .365 .482 0 1 Urban 50464 .556 .497 0 1 Farms 50464 .078 .269 0 1 Ethnic group . . . . . African 53330 .763 .425 0 1 Coloured 53330 .147 .354 0 1 Asian/Indian 53330 .017 .127 0 1 White 53330 .073 .26 0 1 Importance of religion . . . . . not important 42388 .082 .274 0 1 religion important 42388 .918 .274 0 1 The results of the effects of SC on SRH and SRH on SC are found in Table 2 below. The effects of social capital on SRH differ per measure of SC used. All measures of SC besides interpersonal trust have no association to SRH. Like past literature (1,4,16,25,30–32,39), the study’s findings also show different effects of SC on SRH depending on measure of SC. Interpersonal trust is associated with positive SRH, meaning those who report having trust towards a person whom they are familiar with are likely to report higher levels of SRH. (4,26) also found a positive association between SRH and interpersonal trust of which (26) highlighted that particularised trust has stronger association with SRH compared with generalised trust. South Africa is characterised by communities which are segregated according to ethnic groups and kinships, hence, the level of trust towards people whom they are familiar with. One of the reasons for this positive association between interpersonal trust and SRH may be described by literature as follows – having high levels of trust may limit depression which may have positive psychological effects on a person’s health status (1,16,18,23,26,27,39,41). Other determinants of health are in line with general findings of literature (10,15,25,27,29–31,38). Life satisfaction, income, education, being employed is positively associated with SRH, health deteriorates with age and if one is female and an urban dweller is likely to report low levels of health. As much as SC has a positive association which SRH, SRH is also positively associated with SRH, besides when SC is measured with social networks. This is further proof of reverse causality or endogeneity which may be driven by simultaneity. To control for endogeneity this study uses an instrument variable technique like previous studies (15,16,32,34–37). Unlike these studies, this study is based on South Africa a developing country which may differ in level of health outcomes and social capital. Table 2 Self-reported health and social capital Regressions VARIABLES Self-reported health Social capital index Interpersonal Trust Generalised Trust social network Interpersonal trust 0.0259*** (0.00945) Social trust 0.00620 (0.0119) Social network -0.0291 (0.0207) Life satisfaction 0.0326*** -0.0113*** 0.00435 -0.0417*** 0.00403*** (0.00267) (0.00293) (0.00295) (0.00338) (0.000748) Age -0.0251*** 0.00272*** 0.00301*** 0.00220*** 0.00802*** (0.000644) (0.000635) (0.000658) (0.000726) (0.000554) Marital status never married -9.58e-05 -0.0191 0.00802 0.00708 0.0107 (0.0374) (0.0385) (0.0394) (0.0441) (0.0151) divorced or separated -0.0166 0.0918*** 0.0982*** 0.0730** 0.0325*** (0.0263) (0.0266) (0.0275) (0.0302) (0.0110) widow/widower -0.0606** -0.0316 -0.0204 -0.0305 0.0148* (0.0240) (0.0252) (0.0260) (0.0291) (0.00874) Living with partner 0.0415** 0.0773*** 0.0993*** 0.0489** 0.0219** (0.0179) (0.0175) (0.0181) (0.0201) (0.00897) Absolute income 0.0141* 0.0178** 0.0135* 0.0156* 0.0196*** (0.00749) (0.00791) (0.00806) (0.00903) (0.00263) Relative income Average income 0.0518*** 0.0231 0.0108 0.0665*** 0.0175*** (0.0136) (0.0151) (0.0153) (0.0173) (0.00383) Above average income 0.234*** 0.369*** 0.372*** 0.429*** 0.00657 (0.0205) (0.0217) (0.0215) (0.0235) (0.00570) Education categories primary 0.00937 0.0257 0.0196 0.0191 -0.0103 (0.0250) (0.0243) (0.0254) (0.0275) (0.0214) secondary incomplete 0.237*** 0.112*** 0.0908*** 0.0895*** -0.0153 (0.0266) (0.0257) (0.0268) (0.0292) (0.0263) Matric 0.373*** 0.219*** 0.218*** 0.125*** -0.0447 (0.0321) (0.0310) (0.0322) (0.0352) (0.0291) post-secondary 0.439*** 0.250*** 0.272*** 0.119*** -0.0404 (0.0334) (0.0322) (0.0333) (0.0369) (0.0294) Employment status 0.0610*** -0.0508*** -0.0414*** -0.0601*** 0.0389*** (0.0138) (0.0146) (0.0149) (0.0167) (0.00442) Gender - Female -0.163*** -0.0163 -0.0189 0.000630 (0.0154) (0.0144) (0.0150) (0.0165) Place of residence Urban -0.0969*** -0.0620*** -0.0404** -0.0445** -0.00768 (0.0163) (0.0156) (0.0162) (0.0176) (0.0106) Farms -0.0140 0.0916*** 0.114*** 0.0749** 0.0126 (0.0284) (0.0274) (0.0283) (0.0312) (0.0166) Ethnic groups Coloured -0.00918 -0.236*** -0.238*** -0.236*** (0.0217) (0.0211) (0.0222) (0.0252) Asian/Indian -0.171*** -0.0456 0.00705 -0.273*** (0.0629) (0.0586) (0.0603) (0.0735) White 0.0930** 0.251*** 0.353*** -0.0695* (0.0363) (0.0335) (0.0342) (0.0400) Importance of religion -0.00403 0.0563** 0.0622** -0.0511* -0.000352 (0.0229) (0.0253) (0.0257) (0.0281) (0.00659) Self-reported health 0.0198*** 0.0287*** 0.0141* -0.00396** (0.00645) (0.00656) (0.00738) (0.00172) Constant cut1 0.830*** 1.036*** (0.0744) (0.0846) Constant cut2 1.136*** 1.641*** (0.0745) (0.0849) Constant -0.438*** (0.0325) Observations 36,943 36,943 37,909 37,525 39,596 R-squared 0.027 Number of pid 10,240 10,257 10,322 Standard errors in parentheses *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1 People with a low sense of belonging or weak ties to a place or people are more likely to relocate and have a strong preference to leave. Hence, an increase in the likelihood of relocation or belief in relocating may be associated with low levels of social capital. Own television limits community participation, hence, an increase in own television is association with level social capital (44). Social capital shapes economic outcomes through minimisation of costs. For instance, one may secure employment through existing social networks, hence, an increase in social networks (14). Provinces differ in terms of social structure, some like the Eastern Cape, Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal may have rural areas which are characterised by high levels of social capital due to strong ties (45–47). The use of these instruments is based on how these may influence SC without having a direct influence on self-reported health. Table 3 Instrument variable regressions VARIABLES social capital index interpersonal trust social trust Social capital index 1.944*** (0.361) Interpersonal trust 1.863*** (0.313) Social trust 4.448*** (1.174) Constant 1.599*** 2.007*** -1.381 (0.504) (0.389) (1.488) Under-identification test 39.526 (0.0000) 55.761 (0.0000) 16.704 (0.0002) Sargan statistics 1.662 (0.6454) 3.997 (0.1355) 1.281 (0.2577) Endogeneity test 101.487 (0.0000) 89.107 (0.0000) 96.584 (0.0000) Observations 36,842 37,803 37,480 R-squared 0.7441 0.8140 0.5127 Standard errors in parentheses *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1 After controlling for endogeneity social capital is positively associated with reporting higher levels of self-reported health as reflected in Table 3 above. The study’s findings are like (16) they also found a positive relationship between social capital index and health. The study found a positive relationship between interpersonal trust and health like (36) and a positive association between generalised trust and health like (32,35). This study’s findings further affirm the positive association between SC and SRH. Amplifying the importance of SC in improving health outcomes in countries like South Africa that have low health outcomes. Conclusion Health is an important economic development outcome. Hence, it is one of the sustainable development goals. Social capital is also an important economic development tool. Achieving higher health outcomes and higher levels of social capital can be a contributor towards improving economic development in South Africa. Thus, this study aimed to examine the interrelationship between self-reported health and social capital. The study found that social capital’s association to self-reported health differs per measure. Interpersonal trust was positively associated with higher self-reported health. Social trust and social networks had no association with self-reported health. In turn, self-reported health also reflected different associations with different measures of social capital. For instance, self-reported health had a positive association with social capital composite index, interpersonal and social trust; and a negative association with social networks measured by a person’s membership in a stokvel . Thus, the study found bi-directional association between self-reported health and social capital. The study saw it fit to control for endogeneity by using instruments variables. This was an essential contribution to existing literature. After controlling for simultaneity, the study found a positive association between social capital measures (social capital composite, interpersonal and social trust) and self-reported health. These findings are an affirmation of the positive influence social capital may exert on health outcomes. Trust may play a vital role in diminishing factors (i.e., depression, anxiety) which may have adverse effects on a person’s health. Therefore, South African institution like the Department of Health (DoH) should take heed of these findings. This study’s findings further illuminate the importance of social capital in improving health outcomes in South Africa a country that struggles with high quality health infrastructure. DoH should include social capital in its health improvement programmes. The study’s findings are vital; however, the study suffers from some limitations. One of the limitations which stands out is the subjectivity of the data collected. Health outcomes are based on people’s self-assessments. Participants may overstate their health statuses. Thus, it is important that future research collect objective health data. future research can also do a comparative study since social capital levels per country differ and social capital may affect health differently per country. Abbreviations Instrument Variable IV National Income Dynamics Study NIDs Principle Components Analysis PCA Social Capital SC South Africa SA Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit SALDRU Self reported health–SRH Declarations Authors’ contributions: QM participated in all aspects of the preparations of this manuscript including conceptualization of the study and conducted the data analysis. Funding: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests. Ethics declarations: Not applicable Authors details: 1 Qaqambile Mathentamo Lecturer: University of Fort Hare, Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance Faculty of Management and Commerce Address: 50 Church Street, East London, 5200, South Africa. Email address: [email protected] Competing Interests: The author declares that he does not have any conflict of interests. Data availability statement : The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [Mathentamo, Q], upon reasonable request. The secondary data analysed in this study is available from the SALDRU https://saldru.uct.ac.za/nids Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Consent to Participate declaration : Not applicable. References Mohnen SM, Völker B, Flap H, Subramanian S V., Groenewegen PP. The Influence of Social Capital on Individual Health: Is it the Neighbourhood or the Network? Soc Indic Res. 2015 Mar 1;121(1):195–214. Oguttu JW, Ncayiyana JR. Social capital and self-rated health of residents of Gauteng province: Does area-level deprivation influence the relationship? SSM Popul Health. 2020 Aug 1;11. World Happiness. World Happiness. 2025. World Happiness Report. Lau YK, Ataguba JE. Investigating the relationship between self-rated health and social capital in South Africa: A multilevel panel data analysis Biostatistics and methods. 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Individual social capital and subjective well-being in urban- and rural Austrian areas. Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Soziologie. 2020 Jun 1;45(2):139–63. Chola L, Alaba O. Association of Neighbourhood and Individual Social Capital, Neighbourhood Economic Deprivation and Self-Rated Health in South Africa - a Multi-Level Analysis. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 29;8(7). Glanville JL, Story WT. Social capital and self-rated health: Clarifying the role of trust. Soc Sci Res. 2018 Mar 1;71:98–108. Huijts T, Kraaykamp G. Formal and informal social capital and self-rated health in Europe: A new test of accumulation and compensation mechanisms using a multi-level perspective. Acta Sociologica. 2012 Jun;55(2):143–58. Lindén-Boström M, Persson C, Eriksson C. Neighbourhood characteristics, social capital and self-rated health - A population-based survey in Sweden. BMC Public Health. 2010;10. Yamamura E. Different effects of social capital on health status among residents: Evidence from modern Japan. Journal of Socio-Economics. 2011 Oct;40(5):475–9. Dziadkowiec O, Meissen GJ, Merkle EC. Perceptions of community, social capital, and how they affect self-reported health: a multilevel analysis. Public Health. 2017 Nov 1;152:9–16. Jiang J, Li Q, Kang R, Wang P. Social Trust and Health: a Perspective of Urban-Rural Comparison in China. Appl Res Qual Life. 2020 Jul 1;15(3):737–56. Xue X, Mo E, Reed WR. The relationship between social capital and self-reported health in China. Economics. 2016 Jun 14;10. Singh TB. A social interactions perspective on trust and its determinants. Journal of Trust Research. 2012 Oct 1;2(2):107–35. Sirven N, Debrand T. Social participation and healthy ageing: An international comparison using SHARE data. Soc Sci Med. 2008 Dec;67(12):2017–26. Rocco L, Fumagalli E, Suhrcke M. From social capital to health - And back. Health Economics (United Kingdom). 2014;23(5):586–605. D’Hombres B, Rocco L, Suhrcke M, McKee M. Does social capital determine health? 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Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/13/100 Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). National Income Dynamics Study. 2025. Olken BA. Do television and radio destroy social capital? Evidence from Indonesian villages. Am Econ J Appl Econ [Internet]. 2009 Oct 1;1(4):1–33. Available from: http://www.nber.org/papers/w12561 Bjørnskov C. Social capital and happiness in the United States. Appl Res Qual Life. 2008 Mar;3(1):43–62. Growiec K, Growiec J. Trusting only whom you know, knowing only whom you trust: The joint impact of social capital and trust on happiness in CEE countries. J Happiness Stud. 2014 Oct 1;15(5):1015–40. Lu H, Tong P, Zhu R. Longitudinal Evidence on Social Trust and Happiness in China: Causal Effects and Mechanisms. J Happiness Stud. 2020 Jun 1;21(5):1841–58. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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SA also has a subpar social capital rating − 80,3% for social support and ranking at 80 out of 147 countries (2,3). Yet, social capital and health are important economic development indicators (4–7). Thus, this research may play a vital role in the realisation of economic development by informing policymakers like the Department of Health (DoH) about ways of improving health as dictated by the United Nation’s (UN) Sustainable Development Goal number three (SDG 3). For instance, using social capital to improve in access to health care and health improving behaviour.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth is commonly measured through a self-reported health question (8) and this study follows suit. This subjective measure of health is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality and is highly correlated with objective measures of health (2,9,10). Social capital is a 19th century sociology concept where the emphasis is on human interaction (11–14). It was later adopted in economics owing to Rober Putnam’s work gaining popularity amongst international and government institutions as an important tool for development (14). Hence, it is a multidisciplinary concept. Its main elements (social norms and trust) are categorised as cognitive and structural (social networks) (2,9,15). These elements also have different measures – interpersonal/particularized, generalised/social and institutional trust (16–20). Social networks can be categorised as horizontal and vertical, formal and informal, weak and strong ties and bonding, bridging, and linking networks (4,9,17,21–24). Hence, it is multi-dimensional and multi-faceted. The most common measures in literature are social networks and trust owing to easy data collection, thus, availability of data (15,16,23). The study also measures social capital using particularised and social trust and informal social network (\u003cem\u003estokvel\u003c/em\u003e) due to the same reasons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC generally affects health positively (1,15,16,18,25–29), however, these effects differ depending on SC measurement and/or level of analysis (2,4,30–32). Amid non-uniformity in results there is also limited developing countries’ studies (32). Health also positively affects SC (33). Yet, I could not find any studies which examines the effects of health on SC, even though their evidence of reverse causality or endogeneity due to simultaneity and omitted variables (15,16,32,34–37). There are studies (15,32,35–37), which attempted to solve endogeneity. I could not find any from South Africa (SA). Driven by the fact that there is limited research in developing countries where social capital may play a vital role in improving health outcomes and limited studies addressing reverse causality, using a subjective measure of health, self-reported health (SRH) and main elements social capital at micro level, the study aims to examine the interrelationship between social capital and self-reported health in South Africa. This study contributes to existing literature by attempting to solve the endogeneity problem by using instrument variables in a developing country where there is limited research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study examines the interrelationship between SRH and SC using a probit regression and solves for endogeneity using an instrument variable estimation technique. SC and SRH affect each other, however, after controlling for endogeneity the study found a positive association between SC and SRH. The rest of the paper is outlined as follows: literature review, research methods, results, discussion and conclusion, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLiterature review\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealth and social capital (SC) are important human aspects, which influence each other. One would assume that everyone wants to be healthy. People also desire to be part of social relationships where there is mutual trust and there is a sense of belonging. Health is influenced by many factors including social capital. The most common determinants of health which the study focusses on are – age, sex, education, income, employment, marital status and social capital. Health normally deteriorates with age, females normally report a lower health status compared to males, an increase in education, income, employment and social capital is associated with higher levels of health, whereas marital status’s influence is indeterminant (10,15,31,38).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial capital is a concept that can be associated with many human facets including health. SC literature cites many determinants of SC which depend on level of analysis. Common determinants of SC at the micro level include some of the common measures cited above – age, sex, income, education, employment status, marital status. There is lack of commonality of how these determinants affect SC since determinants of SC tend to affect different measures of elements of SC differently (17). There are several studies which examined the effects of social capital on health. The effects of social capital on health are generally found to be positive (4,10,15,26,30,31,38), however, there are variations, with other studies finding negative or insignificant association that is dependent on how SC is measured (i.e., element or level) (1,4,30–32,39). Different elements of social capital may have different effect on health within and across countries. For instance,(40) found that trust had a positive effect on SRH in Sweden and Germany only, whereas social networks had a positive effect in all countries in that study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeemingly health is a positively associated with SC, likewise SC is positively associated with health. A healthy person is more prone to be part of social capital due to his/her given physical ability to participate in group maters. I could not find any study which aims to examine the effects of SRH on SC. Not being part of social network or having less trust may evoke a sense of isolation and depression, lack of emotional support, limit access to health-improving information, which may have adverse psychological effect hampering one’s health status(1,16,18,23,26,27,39,41) Being part of a horizontal, bonding group with strong ties may prevent one from seeking external help since such groups may limit access to information outside the immediate group, therefore hindering health improvement (39). Social network and trust may may also inspire acceptable ways of behaviour associated with responsible healthy behaviour (1,27,39).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost research is based on developed countries. There is less research in developing countries where the state of health may be poorer and where the importance of social capital is more vital due to the state of poor health infrastructure (2,4,18,25,32,39). Effects of SC on health differs across and within countries depending on the measure and level of analysis (25,27,39). There is limited literature aiming to study the relationship between social capital and health in developing countries including South Africa. South African studies include (2) which is a provincial study aimed at assessing the impact of social capital on SRH. This study is based on a provincial sample; its findings may differ from national sample studies like the one in question. For instance, they found that one measure of social capital, perception of safety was the only main factor that impacted on SRH for Gauteng residents whilst other measures of social capital like social network and generalised trust were found to be insignificant. These findings contradicted many findings, which identified social networks and trust as one of the primary determinants of SRH. (42) is a national study; however, it is based on the older population. (4,25) are based on NIDS data; however, the former is based on wave 1 and 2 and the latter is based on wave 1. This study will extend the analysis by including anyone from 18 years and above and by incorporating all waves (1 to 5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs much as SC determines health, health also determines SC, leading to reverse causality or endogeneity (simultaneity and omitted variables) with studies aiming to control for endogeneity (15,16,32,34–37). None of these studies are from South Africa. Due to lack of – developing countries’ studies, uniformity in results, studies examining effects of SRH on SC and the prospect of simultaneity, the study aims to examine the interrelationship between social capital and self-reported health in South Africa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Research methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study is based on data from the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) which a first of its kind South African national household panel survey (43). Its five waves dating back in 2008 are for monitoring and tracking poverty in South Africa. This dataset is suitable to this study since it has the most common determinant of health and social capital which include – self-reported health, SWB, SC, age, marital status, income, relative income, education, employment, gender, geographical type, religion and race.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData was cleaned and appended using STATA 14 of which SRH was captured from a response to the following question “How would you describe your health at present? Would you say it is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?” SRH was recoded as follows 1 poor, 2 fair, 3 good, 4 very good and 5 excellent since NIDs captures responses to this question as follows − 1 excellent,2 very good, 3 good, 4 fair, and 5 poor. In NIDs SC is measured using trust and social networks, whereas trust is measured based on generalised/social and interpersonal/particularised trust and social network is based on Putnam’s civic engagement. Dummies were created 1 for anyone who is likely to trust a stranger (social trust), 1 for someone who is likely to trust someone known (interpersonal trust) and 1 for any who belong to a \u003cem\u003estokvel.\u003c/em\u003e I also created a social capital index (\u003cem\u003esc_index\u003c/em\u003e) combining all elements of social capital using a principal component analysis (\u003cem\u003epca\u003c/em\u003e) of which the \u003cem\u003eestat test\u003c/em\u003e was at least 0.5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl variables were measured as according to Mathentamo \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2024):\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSWB was measured using a life satisfaction question - “Using a scale of 1 to where 1 means “Very dissatisfied” and 10 means “Very satisfied”, how do you feel about your life as a whole right now?”; marital status (\u003cem\u003ems\u003c/em\u003e) 1 ‘never married’, 2 ‘divorced or separated’, 3 ‘living with a partner’, 5 ‘married’; relative income \u003cem\u003e(ri\u003c/em\u003e) 1 ‘below average income’, 2 ‘average income’, 3 ‘above average income’; Importance of religion (\u003cem\u003erel_nb\u003c/em\u003e) 1 ‘religion important’ 0 ‘otherwise’, geographical type (\u003cem\u003egt\u003c/em\u003e) 1 ‘urban’ and 0 ‘otherwise’ : place of residence; absolute income (\u003cem\u003elninc\u003c/em\u003e); gender (\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e) 1 ‘male’ 2 ‘female’, ethnic groups \u003cem\u003e(r\u003c/em\u003e) is a categorial variable 1 ‘African’, 2 ‘Coloured’, 3 ‘Indian’, 4 ‘White’; education categories (\u003cem\u003eedu_cat\u003c/em\u003e) 1 ‘no schooling’, 2 ‘primary (grade R to 7/standard 5)’, 3 ‘secondary incomplete (grade 8/standard 6/form 1 to diploma with less than grade 12/Standard 10)’, 4 ‘matric (standard 10/grade 12/form 5)’, 5 ‘post-secondary (certificate with grade 12/standard10 to higher degree (masters, doctorate))’, age all those under 18 years were dropped from the dataset; and employment status (\u003cem\u003ees\u003c/em\u003e) 1 ‘employed or self-employed’ 0 ‘otherwise’.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dataset is strongly balanced since there are no missing waves for any individual have equal the cross sections (\u003cem\u003epid\u003c/em\u003e) meaning they were part of the survey in all five waves. Hence, panel estimated equations:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{srh}_{it}={{\\beta\\:}_{1}pt}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{2}{st}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{3}{snwk}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{4}{swb}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{5}{age}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{6}{ms}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{7}{lninc}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{8}{ri}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{9}{edu\\_cat}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{10}{es}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{11}{g}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{12}{gt}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{13}{r}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{14}{rel\\_nb}_{it}+{\\epsilon\\:}_{it}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{sc}_{it}={\\beta\\:}_{1}{srh}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{2}{swb}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{3}{age}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{4}{ms}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{5}{lninc}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{6}{ri}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{7}{edu\\_cat}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{8}{es}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{9}{g}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{10}{gt}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{11}{r}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{13}{rel\\_nb}_{it}+{\\epsilon\\:}_{it}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{pt}_{it}={\\beta\\:}_{1}{srh}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{2}{swb}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{3}{age}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{4}{ms}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{5}{lninc}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{6}{ri}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{7}{edu\\_cat}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{8}{es}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{9}{g}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{10}{gt}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{11}{r}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{13}{rel\\_nb}_{it}+{\\epsilon\\:}_{it}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{st}_{it}={\\beta\\:}_{1}{srh}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{2}{swb}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{3}{age}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{4}{ms}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{5}{lninc}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{6}{ri}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{7}{edu\\_cat}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{8}{es}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{9}{g}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{10}{gt}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{11}{r}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{13}{rel\\_nb}_{it}+{\\epsilon\\:}_{it}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Eque\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Eque\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{swk}_{it}={\\beta\\:}_{1}{srh}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{2}{swb}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{3}{age}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{4}{ms}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{5}{lninc}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{6}{ri}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{7}{edu\\_cat}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{8}{es}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{9}{g}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{10}{gt}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{11}{r}_{it}+{\\beta\\:}_{13}{rel\\_nb}_{it}+{\\epsilon\\:}_{it}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe panel tests f-statistic from the fixed effects results and the Breusch and Pagan LM tests showed that a pooled OLS estimation is not appropriate for all estimations besides social trust and social network. Therefore, the study estimated an ordered probit model for each equation since the dependent variables are categorical and binary. As much SRH is associated with SC, SC is also associated with SRH, suggesting presentence of simultaneity which may lead to an endogeneity problem. To control for this the study used the instrument variables technique by search for possible variables which are associated with SC, but not directly with SRH. This was achieved by regressing different combinations of IVs and identifying combinations of IVs that passes all tests (Under identification test, Stock-Yogo weak identification test, Sargan-Hansen test and endogenous test) of instrument variable regression. Likely to relocate. (\u003cem\u003elk_relo\u003c/em\u003e), strong preference in relocation (\u003cem\u003eblv_relo\u003c/em\u003e), own television (\u003cem\u003eowntel\u003c/em\u003e), those who receive a job due to social networks (\u003cem\u003eplug\u003c/em\u003e) are used as sc_index’s instruments. Believe in relocation (\u003cem\u003eblv_relo\u003c/em\u003e), own television (\u003cem\u003eowntel\u003c/em\u003e), those who receive a job due to social networks (\u003cem\u003eplug\u003c/em\u003e) are interpersonal trust’s instruments. Social trust’s instruments are own television and provinces. The outcomes of regressions are depicted in the results section below.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMajority of participants\u0026rsquo; level of self-reported health status is good, which is reflective of South Africa\u0026rsquo;s low levels of health outcomes. There is also low level of social capital demonstrated by low levels of trust and social networks. Based on the Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e: descriptive statistics displayed below, the study\u0026rsquo;s database\u0026rsquo;s participants are characterised by a level of life satisfaction which is five, average age of 43 years, majority are never married, female, urban dwellers, African and regard religion important, low levels of absolute income, high inequality and unemployment, low levels of education. This sample is reflective of South Africa\u0026rsquo;s population which has level of SWB which is 5 (3). South Africa is also known for having high levels of unemployment and income inequality. Majority of South Africa population is female and African, South Africa is also characterised by high levels of urbanization due to high levels of urban-rural migration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Dev.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-Reported Health\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Good\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.449\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterpersonal trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial network\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLife satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.449\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enever married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edivorced or separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewidow/widower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving with partner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbsolute income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.678\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.773\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRelative income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow average income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove average income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation categories\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno schooling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esecondary incomplete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatric\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epost-secondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.365\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnic group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfrican\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.763\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColoured\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsian/Indian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImportance of religion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enot important\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ereligion important\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the effects of SC on SRH and SRH on SC are found in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e below. The effects of social capital on SRH differ per measure of SC used. All measures of SC besides interpersonal trust have no association to SRH. Like past literature (1,4,16,25,30\u0026ndash;32,39), the study\u0026rsquo;s findings also show different effects of SC on SRH depending on measure of SC. Interpersonal trust is associated with positive SRH, meaning those who report having trust towards a person whom they are familiar with are likely to report higher levels of SRH. (4,26) also found a positive association between SRH and interpersonal trust of which (26) highlighted that particularised trust has stronger association with SRH compared with generalised trust. South Africa is characterised by communities which are segregated according to ethnic groups and kinships, hence, the level of trust towards people whom they are familiar with. One of the reasons for this positive association between interpersonal trust and SRH may be described by literature as follows \u0026ndash; having high levels of trust may limit depression which may have positive psychological effects on a person\u0026rsquo;s health status (1,16,18,23,26,27,39,41).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther determinants of health are in line with general findings of literature (10,15,25,27,29\u0026ndash;31,38). Life satisfaction, income, education, being employed is positively associated with SRH, health deteriorates with age and if one is female and an urban dweller is likely to report low levels of health. As much as SC has a positive association which SRH, SRH is also positively associated with SRH, besides when SC is measured with social networks. This is further proof of reverse causality or endogeneity which may be driven by simultaneity. To control for endogeneity this study uses an instrument variable technique like previous studies (15,16,32,34\u0026ndash;37). Unlike these studies, this study is based on South Africa a developing country which may differ in level of health outcomes and social capital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-reported health and social capital Regressions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVARIABLES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-reported health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial capital index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpersonal Trust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneralised Trust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial network\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterpersonal trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0259***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00945)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0119)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial network\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0207)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLife satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0326***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0113***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0417***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00403***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00267)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00293)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00295)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00338)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.000748)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0251***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00272***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00301***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00220***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00802***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.000644)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.000635)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.000658)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.000726)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.000554)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enever married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.58e-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00802\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0374)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0385)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0394)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0441)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0151)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edivorced or separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0918***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0982***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0730**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0325***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0263)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0266)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0275)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0302)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0110)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewidow/widower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0606**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0148*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0240)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0252)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0260)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0291)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00874)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving with partner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0415**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0773***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0993***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0489**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0219**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0179)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0175)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0181)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0201)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00897)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbsolute income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0141*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0178**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0135*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0156*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0196***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00749)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00791)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00806)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00903)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00263)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRelative income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0518***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0665***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0175***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0136)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0151)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0153)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0173)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00383)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove average income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.234***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.369***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.372***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.429***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0205)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0217)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0215)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0235)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00570)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation categories\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00937\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0250)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0243)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0254)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0275)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0214)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esecondary incomplete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.237***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.112***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0908***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0895***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0266)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0257)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0268)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0292)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0263)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatric\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.373***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.219***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.218***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0321)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0310)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0322)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0352)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0291)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epost-secondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.439***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.250***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.272***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0334)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0322)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0333)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0369)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0294)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0610***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0508***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0414***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0601***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0389***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0138)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0146)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0149)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0167)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00442)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender - Female\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.163***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0154)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0144)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0150)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0165)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0969***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0620***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0404**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0445**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0163)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0156)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0162)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0176)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0106)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0916***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.114***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0749**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0284)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0274)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0283)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0312)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0166)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnic groups\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColoured\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.236***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.238***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.236***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0217)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0211)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0222)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0252)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsian/Indian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.171***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0456\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.273***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0629)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0586)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0603)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0735)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0930**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.353***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0695*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0363)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0335)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0342)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0400)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImportance of religion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0563**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0622**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.0511*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.000352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0229)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0253)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0257)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0281)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00659)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-reported health\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0198***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0287***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0141*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00396**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00645)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00656)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00738)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.00172)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant cut1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.830***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.036***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0744)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0846)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant cut2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.136***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.641***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0745)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0849)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.438***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0325)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39,596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR-squared\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of pid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard errors in parentheses *** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople with a low sense of belonging or weak ties to a place or people are more likely to relocate and have a strong preference to leave. Hence, an increase in the likelihood of relocation or belief in relocating may be associated with low levels of social capital. Own television limits community participation, hence, an increase in own television is association with level social capital (44). Social capital shapes economic outcomes through minimisation of costs. For instance, one may secure employment through existing social networks, hence, an increase in social networks (14). Provinces differ in terms of social structure, some like the Eastern Cape, Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal may have rural areas which are characterised by high levels of social capital due to strong ties (45\u0026ndash;47). The use of these instruments is based on how these may influence SC without having a direct influence on self-reported health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstrument variable regressions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVARIABLES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial capital index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einterpersonal trust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial trust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial capital index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.944***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.361)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterpersonal trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.863***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.313)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial trust\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.448***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.174)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.599***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.007***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.504)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.389)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1.488)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder-identification test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.526\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.761\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.704\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0002)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSargan statistics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.662\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.6454)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.997\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.1355)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.281\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.2577)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndogeneity test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.487\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.584\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0.0000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,803\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR-squared\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard errors in parentheses *** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter controlling for endogeneity social capital is positively associated with reporting higher levels of self-reported health as reflected in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e above. The study\u0026rsquo;s findings are like (16) they also found a positive relationship between social capital index and health. The study found a positive relationship between interpersonal trust and health like (36) and a positive association between generalised trust and health like (32,35). This study\u0026rsquo;s findings further affirm the positive association between SC and SRH. Amplifying the importance of SC in improving health outcomes in countries like South Africa that have low health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eHealth is an important economic development outcome. Hence, it is one of the sustainable development goals. Social capital is also an important economic development tool. Achieving higher health outcomes and higher levels of social capital can be a contributor towards improving economic development in South Africa. Thus, this study aimed to examine the interrelationship between self-reported health and social capital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found that social capital\u0026rsquo;s association to self-reported health differs per measure. Interpersonal trust was positively associated with higher self-reported health. Social trust and social networks had no association with self-reported health. In turn, self-reported health also reflected different associations with different measures of social capital. For instance, self-reported health had a positive association with social capital composite index, interpersonal and social trust; and a negative association with social networks measured by a person\u0026rsquo;s membership in a \u003cem\u003estokvel\u003c/em\u003e. Thus, the study found bi-directional association between self-reported health and social capital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study saw it fit to control for endogeneity by using instruments variables. This was an essential contribution to existing literature. After controlling for simultaneity, the study found a positive association between social capital measures (social capital composite, interpersonal and social trust) and self-reported health. These findings are an affirmation of the positive influence social capital may exert on health outcomes. Trust may play a vital role in diminishing factors (i.e., depression, anxiety) which may have adverse effects on a person\u0026rsquo;s health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, South African institution like the Department of Health (DoH) should take heed of these findings. This study\u0026rsquo;s findings further illuminate the importance of social capital in improving health outcomes in South Africa a country that struggles with high quality health infrastructure. DoH should include social capital in its health improvement programmes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026rsquo;s findings are vital; however, the study suffers from some limitations. One of the limitations which stands out is the subjectivity of the data collected. Health outcomes are based on people\u0026rsquo;s self-assessments. Participants may overstate their health statuses. Thus, it is important that future research collect objective health data. future research can also do a comparative study since social capital levels per country differ and social capital may affect health differently per country.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eInstrument Variable\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNational Income Dynamics Study\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIDs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePrinciple Components Analysis\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSocial Capital\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSouth Africa\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSouthern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSALDRU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSelf\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ereported health\u0026ndash;SRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQM participated in all aspects of the preparations of this manuscript including conceptualization of the study and conducted the data analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declarations:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors details:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eQaqambile Mathentamo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLecturer: University of Fort Hare, Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFaculty of Management and Commerce\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAddress: 50 Church Street, East London, 5200, South Africa.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmail address: [email protected]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe author declares that he does not have any conflict of interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [Mathentamo, Q], upon reasonable request. The secondary data analysed in this study is available from the SALDRU https://saldru.uct.ac.za/nids \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate declaration\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohnen SM, V\u0026ouml;lker B, Flap H, Subramanian S V., Groenewegen PP. The Influence of Social Capital on Individual Health: Is it the Neighbourhood or the Network? Soc Indic Res. 2015 Mar 1;121(1):195\u0026ndash;214.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOguttu JW, Ncayiyana JR. Social capital and self-rated health of residents of Gauteng province: Does area-level deprivation influence the relationship? SSM Popul Health. 2020 Aug 1;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Happiness. 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Acta Sociologica. 2007 Jun;50(2):115\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGlatz C, Bodi-Fernandez O. Individual social capital and subjective well-being in urban- and rural Austrian areas. Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Soziologie. 2020 Jun 1;45(2):139\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChola L, Alaba O. Association of Neighbourhood and Individual Social Capital, Neighbourhood Economic Deprivation and Self-Rated Health in South Africa - a Multi-Level Analysis. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 29;8(7).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGlanville JL, Story WT. Social capital and self-rated health: Clarifying the role of trust. Soc Sci Res. 2018 Mar 1;71:98\u0026ndash;108.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuijts T, Kraaykamp G. Formal and informal social capital and self-rated health in Europe: A new test of accumulation and compensation mechanisms using a multi-level perspective. Acta Sociologica. 2012 Jun;55(2):143\u0026ndash;58.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLind\u0026eacute;n-Bostr\u0026ouml;m M, Persson C, Eriksson C. Neighbourhood characteristics, social capital and self-rated health - A population-based survey in Sweden. BMC Public Health. 2010;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYamamura E. Different effects of social capital on health status among residents: Evidence from modern Japan. Journal of Socio-Economics. 2011 Oct;40(5):475\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDziadkowiec O, Meissen GJ, Merkle EC. Perceptions of community, social capital, and how they affect self-reported health: a multilevel analysis. Public Health. 2017 Nov 1;152:9\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJiang J, Li Q, Kang R, Wang P. Social Trust and Health: a Perspective of Urban-Rural Comparison in China. Appl Res Qual Life. 2020 Jul 1;15(3):737\u0026ndash;56.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXue X, Mo E, Reed WR. The relationship between social capital and self-reported health in China. Economics. 2016 Jun 14;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh TB. A social interactions perspective on trust and its determinants. Journal of Trust Research. 2012 Oct 1;2(2):107\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSirven N, Debrand T. Social participation and healthy ageing: An international comparison using SHARE data. Soc Sci Med. 2008 Dec;67(12):2017\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRocco L, Fumagalli E, Suhrcke M. From social capital to health - And back. Health Economics (United Kingdom). 2014;23(5):586\u0026ndash;605.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD\u0026rsquo;Hombres B, Rocco L, Suhrcke M, McKee M. Does social capital determine health? Evidence from eight transition countries. Health Econ. 2010 Jan;19(1):56\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRonconi L, Brown TT, Scheffler RM. Social capital and self-rated health in Argentina. Health Econ. 2012 Feb;21(2):201\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSun S, Chen YC. Is Financial Capability a Determinant of Health? Theory and Evidence. J Fam Econ Issues. 2022;43(4):744\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLee S. Social capital and health at the country level. 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Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/13/100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSouthern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). National Income Dynamics Study. 2025.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOlken BA. Do television and radio destroy social capital? Evidence from Indonesian villages. Am Econ J Appl Econ [Internet]. 2009 Oct 1;1(4):1\u0026ndash;33. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.nber.org/papers/w12561\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBj\u0026oslash;rnskov C. Social capital and happiness in the United States. Appl Res Qual Life. 2008 Mar;3(1):43\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrowiec K, Growiec J. Trusting only whom you know, knowing only whom you trust: The joint impact of social capital and trust on happiness in CEE countries. J Happiness Stud. 2014 Oct 1;15(5):1015\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLu H, Tong P, Zhu R. Longitudinal Evidence on Social Trust and Happiness in China: Causal Effects and Mechanisms. J Happiness Stud. 2020 Jun 1;21(5):1841\u0026ndash;58.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-social-science-and-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"diss","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Social Science and Health](https://www.springer.com/journal/44155)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Social Science and Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Self-reported health, social capital, health, trust, social networks","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826028/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826028/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals prefer a higher health status, to be part of social relationships that are built on mutual trust and to have a sense of belonging. Hence, being healthy and part of a social capital (SC) are important facets of life that impact on each other. However, developing countries like South Africa have poor health outcomes and rank low when it comes to SC. Because of limited \u0026ndash; developing countries\u0026rsquo; studies, consistency in results, studies examining effects of self-reported health (SRH) on SC and the likelihood of simultaneity, the study aims to examine the interrelationship between social capital and self-reported health in South Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing South Africa\u0026rsquo;s national household panel study, National Income Dynamics Study (NIDs), the study examines the interrelationship and attempts to solve the endogeneity problem by employing the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of social capital on SRH differ per measure of SC. SRH also affects SC differently depending on measure of SC. After controlling for simultaneity, the study found a positive association between social capital and self-reported health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings may prove important for SA\u0026rsquo;s health policy since SA is one of those countries with poor health infrastructure where SC may play a vital role in improving health. There are many ways to improve the country\u0026rsquo;s health status, some of which lie with the communities themselves. SA\u0026rsquo;s policymakers ought to be cognisant of SC\u0026rsquo;s positive influence on health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Examining the interrelationship between self-reported health and social capital","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-20 14:01:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826028/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-01T11:09:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T22:25:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-17T06:32:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"151968324504339386406403614631549721234","date":"2026-03-07T12:00:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"303329173604930396943766880364046229762","date":"2026-03-07T11:58:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-06T10:15:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-03T13:17:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"161797388315924641961175004829533705985","date":"2026-02-25T12:54:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"164296634839926117834200046757081243775","date":"2026-02-23T11:47:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"37323909654043891048786819388797365979","date":"2026-02-20T12:08:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-18T08:34:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-17T18:08:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-16T21:17:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-15T12:43:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Social Science and Health","date":"2026-02-15T12:39:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-social-science-and-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"diss","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Social Science and Health](https://www.springer.com/journal/44155)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Social Science and Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4cc9651d-1b0b-4fe9-b933-c553a4b9ce93","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 20th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-30T22:38:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-20 14:01:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8826028","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8826028","identity":"rs-8826028","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}