Life Cycle Assessment of Wheat Production under Variable Tillage and Nitrification Inhibitor Management: Implications for N₂O Mitigation and Energy Efficiency
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This study used a field experiment in semi-arid wheat production in Iran to test how two tillage systems (no-tillage vs conventional tillage) and three nitrogen treatments (urea alone, urea plus a nitrification inhibitor, or control) affected soil NH4+, NO3−, and N2O emissions, microbial abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), wheat yield, and related environmental impacts and energy use. Nitrification inhibitor application reduced N2O emissions (22.32% under no-tillage, 12.06% under conventional tillage) while suppressing NH4+ and NO3− nitrification across growth stages; AOB abundance responded more to inhibitors than AOA, especially under conventional tillage with higher pH, and no-tillage improved nitrogen-use efficiency and reduced field operational emissions. Life cycle assessment (ReCiPe 2016) and energetic analyses indicated lower global warming and other impact metrics and higher energy output efficiency for no-tillage, but slight increases in terrestrial and freshwater ecotoxicity were attributed to higher herbicide/insecticide reliance; a major caveat is that this is a preprint and the work is not peer reviewed. This paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.
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Abstract
Abstract Sustainable wheat production is critical to meet increasing global food demand while minimizing environmental impacts and enhancing energy efficiency. This study investigated the effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) and tillage practices on soil NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and N₂O emissions, the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), wheat yield, environmental impacts, and energy use in semi-arid wheat systems in Iran. A field experiment was conducted with two tillage systems: no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT), and three fertilizer treatments: urea (UR), urea plus nitrification inhibitor (NIU), and control (CO). NI application significantly reduced N₂O emissions by 22.32% under NT and 12.06% under CT, while suppressing NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ nitrification across all growth stages. AOB abundance was more responsive to NI than AOA, particularly in CT soils with higher pH. NT practices enhanced soil organic matter, improved nitrogen-use efficiency, and decreased field operational emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA, ReCiPe 2016) indicated that NT reduced global warming potential (2,093.32 vs. 2,676.51 kg CO₂-eq), human health impacts (0.00748 vs. 0.00901 DALY), and resource use (51.20 vs. 73.90 USD ha⁻¹) compared to CT, though terrestrial (13,506.52 vs. 13,132.73 kg 1,4-DCB) and freshwater ecotoxicity (1,429.36 vs. 1,222.57 kg 1,4-DCB) increased slightly due to higher herbicide and insecticide reliance. Energetic analysis revealed that NT achieved higher total output energy (181,847.96 vs. 168,617.94 MJ ha⁻¹), energy ratio (11.67 vs. 7.32), energy productivity (0.453 vs. 0.284 kg MJ⁻¹), reduced energy intensity (2.21 vs. 3.53 MJ kg⁻¹), and greater net energy gain (166,285.57 vs. 145,593.52 MJ ha⁻¹) than CT. Overall, combining NIs with NT enhances wheat yield, reduces N₂O emissions, and improves both environmental and energy efficiency, demonstrating a practical strategy for sustainable cereal-based production in semi-arid regions.
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Life Cycle Assessment of Wheat Production under Variable Tillage and Nitrification Inhibitor Management: Implications for N₂O Mitigation and Energy Efficiency | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Life Cycle Assessment of Wheat Production under Variable Tillage and Nitrification Inhibitor Management: Implications for N₂O Mitigation and Energy Efficiency Ashkan Jalilian, Ghorban Khodabin, Ehsan Zandi Esfahan, Mohammad Zargaran, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7973215/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Sustainable wheat production is critical to meet increasing global food demand while minimizing environmental impacts and enhancing energy efficiency. This study investigated the effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) and tillage practices on soil NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and N₂O emissions, the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), wheat yield, environmental impacts, and energy use in semi-arid wheat systems in Iran. A field experiment was conducted with two tillage systems: no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT), and three fertilizer treatments: urea (UR), urea plus nitrification inhibitor (NIU), and control (CO). NI application significantly reduced N₂O emissions by 22.32% under NT and 12.06% under CT, while suppressing NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ nitrification across all growth stages. AOB abundance was more responsive to NI than AOA, particularly in CT soils with higher pH. NT practices enhanced soil organic matter, improved nitrogen-use efficiency, and decreased field operational emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA, ReCiPe 2016) indicated that NT reduced global warming potential (2,093.32 vs. 2,676.51 kg CO₂-eq), human health impacts (0.00748 vs. 0.00901 DALY), and resource use (51.20 vs. 73.90 USD ha⁻¹) compared to CT, though terrestrial (13,506.52 vs. 13,132.73 kg 1,4-DCB) and freshwater ecotoxicity (1,429.36 vs. 1,222.57 kg 1,4-DCB) increased slightly due to higher herbicide and insecticide reliance. Energetic analysis revealed that NT achieved higher total output energy (181,847.96 vs. 168,617.94 MJ ha⁻¹), energy ratio (11.67 vs. 7.32), energy productivity (0.453 vs. 0.284 kg MJ⁻¹), reduced energy intensity (2.21 vs. 3.53 MJ kg⁻¹), and greater net energy gain (166,285.57 vs. 145,593.52 MJ ha⁻¹) than CT. Overall, combining NIs with NT enhances wheat yield, reduces N₂O emissions, and improves both environmental and energy efficiency, demonstrating a practical strategy for sustainable cereal-based production in semi-arid regions. Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Energy productivity Nitrogen management Nitrification inhibitor No-tillage Soil health Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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This study investigated the effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) and tillage practices on soil NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and N₂O emissions, the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), wheat yield, environmental impacts, and energy use in semi-arid wheat systems in Iran. A field experiment was conducted with two tillage systems: no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT), and three fertilizer treatments: urea (UR), urea plus nitrification inhibitor (NIU), and control (CO). NI application significantly reduced N₂O emissions by 22.32% under NT and 12.06% under CT, while suppressing NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ nitrification across all growth stages. AOB abundance was more responsive to NI than AOA, particularly in CT soils with higher pH. NT practices enhanced soil organic matter, improved nitrogen-use efficiency, and decreased field operational emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA, ReCiPe 2016) indicated that NT reduced global warming potential (2,093.32 vs. 2,676.51 kg CO₂-eq), human health impacts (0.00748 vs. 0.00901 DALY), and resource use (51.20 vs. 73.90 USD ha⁻\u0026sup1;) compared to CT, though terrestrial (13,506.52 vs. 13,132.73 kg 1,4-DCB) and freshwater ecotoxicity (1,429.36 vs. 1,222.57 kg 1,4-DCB) increased slightly due to higher herbicide and insecticide reliance. Energetic analysis revealed that NT achieved higher total output energy (181,847.96 vs. 168,617.94 MJ ha⁻\u0026sup1;), energy ratio (11.67 vs. 7.32), energy productivity (0.453 vs. 0.284 kg MJ⁻\u0026sup1;), reduced energy intensity (2.21 vs. 3.53 MJ kg⁻\u0026sup1;), and greater net energy gain (166,285.57 vs. 145,593.52 MJ ha⁻\u0026sup1;) than CT. Overall, combining NIs with NT enhances wheat yield, reduces N₂O emissions, and improves both environmental and energy efficiency, demonstrating a practical strategy for sustainable cereal-based production in semi-arid regions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Life Cycle Assessment of Wheat Production under Variable Tillage and Nitrification Inhibitor Management: Implications for N₂O Mitigation and Energy Efficiency","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-28 12:51:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7973215/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7c279f18-d537-4ad1-8af9-5af460aa31e3","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":58598928,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences"},{"id":58598929,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":58598930,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":58598931,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-17T04:38:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-28 12:51:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7973215","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7973215","identity":"rs-7973215","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
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- last seen: 2026-05-19T01:45:01.086888+00:00