Real-Time Source-Independent Quantum Random Number Generator Based on a Cloud Superconducting Quantum Computer

Real-Time Source-Independent Quantum Random Number Generator Based on a Cloud Superconducting Quantum Computer | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Real-Time Source-Independent Quantum Random Number Generator Based on a Cloud Superconducting Quantum Computer Yuanhao Li, Weilong Wang, Yangyang Fei, Xiangdong Meng, Hong Wang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-583001/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Quantum random number generator (QRNG) relies on the intrinsic randomness of quantum mechanics to produce true random numbers which are important in information processing tasks. Due to the presence of the superposition state, quantum computer can be used as a true random number generator. However, in practice, the implementation of quantum computer is subject to various noise sources which affect the randomness of the generated random numbers. To solve this problem, we propose a source-independent QRNG (SI-QRNG) scheme based on quantum computer which is motivated by the SI-QRNG scheme in quantum optics. The scheme can provide certified randomness by estimating the preparation error of superposition states in real time even when the source is untrusted, under the assumption that the measurement operation is trusted. Our analysis takes into account the readout error of quantum state and further gives the final extracted number of random bits. And the estimation method of preparation error of superposition state in randomness source. We also provide a parameter optimization method to increase the generation rate of random bits. In addition, by utilizing the cloud superconducting quantum computer of IBM, we experimentally demonstrate the practicality of our SI-QRNG scheme and achieve the generation of true random numbers. Computational Mathematics quantum random number generator source-independent quantum computer Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Full-Text Due to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 21 Sep, 2021 Reviews received at journal 16 Sep, 2021 Reviews received at journal 08 Jul, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jun, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 05 Jun, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 04 Jun, 2021 Editor invited by journal 04 Jun, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 04 Jun, 2021 First submitted to journal 02 Jun, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-583001","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":31105688,"identity":"a03ae273-b104-433c-aaa8-a440eee84983","order_by":0,"name":"Yuanhao Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuanhao","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":31105689,"identity":"5327519f-e32e-4a87-b3fa-37e26947ff2f","order_by":1,"name":"Weilong Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Weilong","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":31105690,"identity":"91267a82-5b63-435d-95b9-2e773e1f4258","order_by":2,"name":"Yangyang Fei","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gbGBiBlww/mJRQQoYXnAFhLmmQDWIsBUVrA1GGIFgaitLA3NzDztp2X4JfITvzwwIBBnl/sAAEtPAdBWm5LSPac3SwBdJjhzNkJ+LXYSySCtdQZHO/dANKSYHCbgBYe+YcgLeckDA7zbv5BnBYJRpCWAxJAW7YRaQtPYgPjnHPJIL9ss0gwkCDsFx724w8Y3pTZAUMsd/PNHxU28vzSBLQAAfsvXjY4R4KgcjBg/PGHOIWjYBSMglEwQgEAyu8+pm/N0oAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yangyang","middleName":"","lastName":"Fei","suffix":""},{"id":31105691,"identity":"39320dd4-e85a-4cbd-9268-de20d52b7f39","order_by":3,"name":"Xiangdong Meng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiangdong","middleName":"","lastName":"Meng","suffix":""},{"id":31105692,"identity":"0a765bbc-593b-4c5f-8f57-d30d825b4e6c","order_by":4,"name":"Hong Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hong","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":31105694,"identity":"f0c1d5cc-ae38-4048-8a9b-67a5785da578","order_by":5,"name":"Qianheng Duan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qianheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Duan","suffix":""},{"id":31105696,"identity":"10d26f63-6e11-44d6-a76b-34a10dcff708","order_by":6,"name":"Zhi Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-06-02 08:14:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-583001/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-583001/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":10338075,"identity":"b63c1734-05ef-4490-8ce9-51fe1972aab3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-14 14:40:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Quantum circuits for the proposed SI-QRNG. The qubit state is randomly measured in the X-basis or Z-basis.","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-583001/v1/875d38e170683bf55fcb3cfe.jpg"},{"id":10337804,"identity":"9b349d77-712b-4491-a0fe-8879beb9855f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-14 14:37:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29875,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Equivalence of SI-QRNG under the different readout errors of quantum state.","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-583001/v1/15376574633a9ee2f1e5ff42.jpg"},{"id":10338078,"identity":"e93754d3-38e0-438d-9dc1-0a3bd0d05d2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-14 14:40:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"please see the manuscript file for the full caption","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-583001/v1/d02fee2f56850f1834c79814.jpg"},{"id":10338076,"identity":"eee8d48e-0bcb-42ba-8fd6-f3ecdb9bc922","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-14 14:40:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"(a) Projection of the xz plane of Fig. 3. Relationship between rotation angle error d and preparation error of j+i state ebx, (b) Projection of the xy plane of Fig. 3. Relationship between errors in the rotation angle around Y-axis d and Z-axis f.","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-583001/v1/42e827f8996e39a23e15b00d.jpg"},{"id":10338077,"identity":"a18f2ad0-8f8d-4249-98c7-7c4d280ae118","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-14 14:40:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28166,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Relationship between basis choice rate qx and final extracted random bits Kf inal . Here, we set ebx = 0:05, r0 = 0:05, r1 = 0:1 and n = 8:192*106.","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-583001/v1/5cc789220567aa8dbd5a5dfa.jpg"},{"id":10337808,"identity":"7d70fe94-5415-4b6e-ad7b-484f394ea36f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-14 14:37:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Device topology of IBMQ 5 yorktown and IBMQ lima.","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-583001/v1/92100e0e6eed1c6ac965f893.jpg"},{"id":10338081,"identity":"7e19b8c3-22a2-4a04-9c64-1a32971ea82a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-14 14:40:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48289,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The absolute value of autocorrelation function of the final data generated by IBMQ 5 yorktown and IBMQ lima.","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-583001/v1/27d7d54f9bc271e7365b35ad.jpg"},{"id":13646017,"identity":"4cda9a4a-b732-41e8-ba65-b0025f9e040b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 09:22:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":813834,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-583001/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":10338086,"identity":"79e818f8-a01b-4161-ba93-4f0a96a3dc2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-14 14:40:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":810195,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-583001/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eReal-Time Source-Independent Quantum Random Number Generator Based on a Cloud Superconducting Quantum Computer\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full-Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"quantum random number generator, source-independent, quantum computer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-583001/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-583001/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eQuantum random number generator (QRNG) relies on the intrinsic randomness of quantum mechanics to produce true random numbers which are important in information processing tasks. Due to the presence of the superposition state, quantum computer can be used as a true random number generator. However, in practice, the implementation of quantum computer is subject to various noise sources which affect the randomness of the generated random numbers. To solve this problem, we propose a source-independent QRNG (SI-QRNG) scheme based on quantum computer which is motivated by the SI-QRNG scheme in quantum optics. The scheme can provide certified randomness by estimating the preparation error of superposition states in real time even when the source is untrusted, under the assumption that the measurement operation is trusted. Our analysis takes into account the readout error of quantum state and further gives the final extracted number of random bits. And the estimation method of preparation error of superposition state in randomness source. We also provide a parameter optimization method to increase the generation rate of random bits. In addition, by utilizing the cloud superconducting quantum computer of IBM, we experimentally demonstrate the practicality of our SI-QRNG scheme and achieve the generation of true random numbers.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Real-Time Source-Independent Quantum Random Number Generator Based on a Cloud Superconducting Quantum Computer","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-06-14 14:37:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-583001/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2021-09-21T07:59:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-09-17T01:12:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-07-08T06:50:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"2093b942-1c83-43b2-9833-c8ef29f480ee","date":"2021-06-15T13:42:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-06-05T11:17:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-06-04T13:20:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-06-04T06:42:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-06-04T05:50:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2021-06-02T08:10:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3df19c0b-ba74-49c9-8cba-3a5752a29f6c","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 14th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":4988315,"name":"Computational Mathematics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-11-30T16:14:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-06-14 14:37:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-583001","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-583001","identity":"rs-583001","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}