Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation of left-sided colitis: a systematic review

Establishing the optimal surgical approach for... | F1000Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142" }, "headline": "Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation of left-sided colitis: a systematic...", "datePublished": "2025-10-20T10:06:36", "dateModified": "2025-10-20T10:06:36", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Josip Plascevic" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Mefin Mathew Jose" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Israa Hussein" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "George Ramsay" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Alishah Haider" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Introduction Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is a medical emergency associated with high morbidity and around 1% mortality. Left-sided colitis (LSC) is a subtype of ulcerative colitis that requires timely multidisciplinary management, often involving gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons. When corticosteroids and rescue therapies such as infliximab or cyclosporine fail, surgery is frequently indicated. Operative options include total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (TPC-IPAA), total proctocolectomy with ileostomy (TPC-I), total abdominal colectomy (TAC), and subtotal colectomy (STC). In the United Kingdom, STC is the most common emergency operation, but it may not be optimal for patients with left-sided disease. This review aimed to determine the most appropriate surgical approach for acute LSC. Methods A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Searches of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus identified studies published between 2001 and 1 November 2023. Eligible studies involved adult patients with LSC refractory to medical therapy who underwent surgery. Primary outcomes were patient-centred measures; secondary outcomes included short- and long-term surgical results. Studies on medical management alone, isolated proctitis, rectal cancer, non-human subjects, or non-English publications were excluded. Screening and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers, with plans for GRADE assessment and meta-analysis if data permitted. Results Of 6,606 records screened, no study met full inclusion criteria. Six related studies were narratively reviewed. Outcomes were mixed: TAC was associated with higher complications in some studies but lower infection rates than TPC in others. Segmental colectomy carried a 35% reoperation rate and 4.2% mortality. Conclusion Evidence is insufficient to define the optimal emergency surgical strategy for acute LSC. While TAC remains the standard approach, its suitability for this subset is unclear. Disease-specific research is urgently needed. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42023473654. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142", "name": "Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation..." } } ] } Home Browse Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Plascevic J, Jose MM, Hussein I et al. Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation of left-sided colitis: a systematic review [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171820.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Systematic Review Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation of left-sided colitis: a systematic review [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] Josip Plascevic 1,2 * , Mefin Mathew Jose 1,2 * , Israa Hussein 3 , George Ramsay https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9862-2323 1,2,4 , Alishah Haider https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-2610 1 Josip Plascevic 1,2 * , Mefin Mathew Jose 1,2 * , [...] Israa Hussein 3 , George Ramsay https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9862-2323 1,2,4 , Alishah Haider https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-2610 1 * Equal contributors PUBLISHED 20 Oct 2025 Author details Author details 1 University of Aberdeen School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK 2 Department of General Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK 3 NHS Education for Scotland, NHS Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 4 Aberdeen Centre for Evaluation, University of Aberdeen School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Josip Plascevic Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mefin Mathew Jose Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Israa Hussein Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation George Ramsay Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Alishah Haider Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Health Services gateway. Abstract Introduction Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is a medical emergency associated with high morbidity and around 1% mortality. Left-sided colitis (LSC) is a subtype of ulcerative colitis that requires timely multidisciplinary management, often involving gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons. When corticosteroids and rescue therapies such as infliximab or cyclosporine fail, surgery is frequently indicated. Operative options include total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (TPC-IPAA), total proctocolectomy with ileostomy (TPC-I), total abdominal colectomy (TAC), and subtotal colectomy (STC). In the United Kingdom, STC is the most common emergency operation, but it may not be optimal for patients with left-sided disease. This review aimed to determine the most appropriate surgical approach for acute LSC. Methods A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Searches of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus identified studies published between 2001 and 1 November 2023. Eligible studies involved adult patients with LSC refractory to medical therapy who underwent surgery. Primary outcomes were patient-centred measures; secondary outcomes included short- and long-term surgical results. Studies on medical management alone, isolated proctitis, rectal cancer, non-human subjects, or non-English publications were excluded. Screening and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers, with plans for GRADE assessment and meta-analysis if data permitted. Results Of 6,606 records screened, no study met full inclusion criteria. Six related studies were narratively reviewed. Outcomes were mixed: TAC was associated with higher complications in some studies but lower infection rates than TPC in others. Segmental colectomy carried a 35% reoperation rate and 4.2% mortality. Conclusion Evidence is insufficient to define the optimal emergency surgical strategy for acute LSC. While TAC remains the standard approach, its suitability for this subset is unclear. Disease-specific research is urgently needed. Registration : PROSPERO CRD42023473654. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords acute severe ulcerative colitis; left-sided colitis; subtotal colectomy; total abdominal colectomy; emergency surgery; colorectal surgery; systematic review Corresponding Author(s) Alishah Haider ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Alishah Haider Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Plascevic J et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Plascevic J, Jose MM, Hussein I et al. Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation of left-sided colitis: a systematic review [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171820.1 ) First published: 20 Oct 2025, 14 :1142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171820.1 ) Latest published: 20 Oct 2025, 14 :1142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171820.1 ) Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a significant global health issue, affecting approximately 0.3% of the world’s population. 1 In the UK, the estimated prevalence is around 1 in 123 individuals, or approximately half a million patients. 2 Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is form of IBD which primarily affects the colon, 3 it can be further classified by the disease extent: proctitis (E1), left-sided colitis (E2) or extensive colitis (E3), or by the disease severity: mild (S1), moderate (S2) or severe (S3), as per Montreal classification. 4 Within the IBD cohort of patients, a complex group of patients are those with acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC). Initial treatment is medical and typically involves intravenous steroids and then may include rescue biological therapy. 5 , 6 However, despite the improvements in the medical management available, up to 30% of ASUC patients require surgical management, often in the form of colectomy, whilst being unwell. 7 Deciding on what is the optimal operation for such high-risk individuals is therefore important. In the emergency surgical management of ulcerative colitis, subtotal colectomy (STC) with end ileostomy and a retained rectal stump, 8 remains the standard operative approach. The term total abdominal colectomy (TAC) is frequently used interchangeably with STC; however, it technically denotes a more extensive resection that includes additional distal colonic or upper rectal segments. Both procedures are designed to remove the acutely diseased colon while avoiding pelvic dissection and preserving the potential for future restorative proctocolectomy. Conceptually, a TAC will remove the proximal colon and divide the sigmoid colon, potentially including a creation of mucous fistula. In patients with pancolitis, this operation aims to reduce the extent of the inflammatory load whilst also diverting the faecal stream from the rectum. However, such procedures will leave disease in the distal sigmoid and thus the continued inflammation there in. 9 One particularly challenging group of patients is when the disease is severe but isolated to the left side of the colon (E1-E2). Such disease is estimated to account for approximately 20-30% of all UC cases. 10 Acute presentations, refractory to medical management present in this cohort and may necessitate surgical intervention. However, it remains unclear as to what operation would be the most appropriate in this context. Subtotal colectomy leaves the risk of the diseases portion in E1 behind, likewise TAC may risk removal of significant lengths of near normal colon and leave the majority of the disease process unresected. However, pelvic dissection may come with significant risks in the acute setting and prevent the potential for restoration of GI continuity in the future. Thus, it remains unclear whether TAC is the optimal approach for patients with left-sided colitis. Other surgical interventions, such as a proximal diverting colostomy, may be more straightforward and less physiologically invasive, but their use in this context is not well documented. To clarify the optimal surgical approach for acute left sided colitis refractory to medical therapy, we conducted a systematic review of the literature. Eligible studies were those involving adult patients (≥18 years) with left-sided UC undergoing surgical management following failed medical therapy. We systematically searched major databases, including Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus, for studies published between 2001 and November 2023. Methods Protocol and registration This review has been created in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. The protocol was developed and registered to PROSPERO prior to analysis (PROSPERO CRD42023473654). Eligibility criteria Studies were eligible if they included adults (≥18 years) with left-sided UC (E1–E2, as defined by the Montreal classification) refractory to medical therapy who underwent surgery. Eligible interventions included TAC or any alternative surgical procedure for left sided colitis. Comparators could include other surgical approaches or standard medical management. Primary outcomes were patient-centred outcomes such as quality of life and satisfaction with surgery. Secondary outcomes included short- and long-term surgical outcomes such as length of hospital stay, morbidity, mortality, recurrence, bowel function, and nutritional status. Exclusion criteria included studies that involved Chron’s disease, pharmacological management only, isolated proctitis, rectal cancer, non-human subjects, or non-English publications. Information sources A comprehensive search was conducted across Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search covered studies published from 2001 (marking the first use of infliximab for steroid-refractory UC) to 1 November 2023. Only studies in English and involving human participants were included. Search strategy A comprehensive literature search was developed with the support of an expert in literature searching. It was conducted across the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE ( Figure 1 ), the Cochrane Library ( Figure 2 ), Web of Science ( Figure 3 ), and Scopus ( Figure 4 ). The publication period was limited from 2001 (marking the first pilot study of infliximab use for steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis 11 ) to 1 November 2023, when the search was performed. Other restrictions included the English language and studies involving human participants. Figure 1. Search strategy used in Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (search conducted 1 November 2023). Figure 2. Search strategy used in The Cochrane Library (search conducted 1 November 2023). Figure 3. Search strategy used in Web of Science (search conducted 1 November 2023). Figure 4. Search strategy used in Scopus (search conducted 1 November 2023). Key search terms covered disease characteristics (‘ulcerative colitis’, ‘left-sided colitis’, ‘colitis gravis’, ‘idiopathic proctocolitis’, ‘inflammatory bowel disease’), treatment methods (‘surgical management’, ‘surgical treatment’, ‘surgical intervention’, ‘colectomy’, ‘subtotal colectomy’, ‘loop colostomy’, ‘sigmoidectomy’), and patient outcomes (‘quality of life’, ‘postoperative complications’, ‘surgical outcome’, ‘recurrence’, ‘length of stay’, ‘hospital stay’). The search strategy was tailored to each database to optimise retrieval. Full search strategies are provided in Figures 1 – 4 . Selection process Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed using the PICO framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes) and aligned with PRISMA guidelines 12 to guide the systematic selection of studies. Population (P): adult (>18 years old) patients diagnosed with left-sided colitis (as per Montreal classification 4 ) caused by UC, refractory to medical treatment, who underwent surgical management. Intervention (I): standard surgical management of UC patients - TAC. Comparison (C): any other type of surgical management used for left-sided colitis. Primary outcomes (O): patient-focused outcomes (eg., quality of life, satisfaction with surgery). Secondary outcomes included short-term and long-term surgical outcomes (e.g., length of hospital stay (LOS), morbidity rates, mortality rates, recurrence rates, bowel function, nutritional status, etc). Patients who only had pharmacological interventions or had isolated proctitis or rectal cancer were set to be excluded from the study. A narrative review of those papers that did not fulfil the PICO criteria, but had relevance to answering the key question was also undertaken. For example, if the paper involved surgical interventions on patients with left-sided colitis but in the elective setting (not emergency), we decided to mark such manuscripts and undertake a commentary on their findings. Screening of the studies (title, abstract) was independently conducted by three independent reviewers (JP, IH, MJ) employing the software Rayyan. 13 Duplicate records were subsequently removed. Discrepancies between the studies in the screening stage were discussed and adjudicated with a senior reviewer (GR). In the full-text screening, the process was repeated utilising the same principle where a senior reviewer was involved in resolving the discrepancies. The PRISMA flow chart is available as Figure 5 . Figure 5. PRISMA 2020 flow diagram illustrating the study selection process for inclusion in the systematic review. Data extraction Data extraction was planned to be conducted by three independent reviewers (JP, IH, MJ). In the event of discrepancies, a senior reviewer (GR) was to be involved in resolving disagreements through discussion. All studies were to be evaluated for eligibility prior to data extraction. Subsequently, data from eligible studies would have been extracted by two independent reviewers using a predefined Excel form. Extracted data would have included study population. If necessary, missing data would have been sought by contacting study investigators for unreported information or additional details. Data items Data were collected on study characteristics, patient demographics, disease extent, type of surgical procedure, comparator, and outcomes. Primary outcomes comprised patient-centred measures such as quality-of-life post-surgery. Secondary outcomes comprised peri-surgical and long-term outcomes including morbidity, mortality, recurrence, and bowel function. Risk of bias assessment The planned assessment of selected studies was to employ the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation), 14 which would evaluate study limitations, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias. Following the same principles for article screening, three reviewers would have applied these criteria to each study and outcome, with another reviewer resolving discrepancies. Effect measures For comparative studies, dichotomous data were to be summarised using odds ratios or risk differences, and continuous data using mean differences. Due to the absence of eligible studies, quantitative synthesis was not performed. Synthesis methods A meta-analysis was planned if sufficient homogeneous data were available. In its absence eligible randomised controlled trials, a narrative synthesis was conducted to summarise available findings and highlight gaps in the literature. Reporting bias assessment Assessment of reporting bias, including publication bias and selective reporting, was planned using funnel plot analysis and protocol comparison where applicable. This was not performed because no eligible studies met inclusion criteria. Certainty assessment The overall certainty of evidence for each outcome was to be assessed using the GRADE framework. As no studies met inclusion criteria, this assessment was not undertaken. Study registration The study protocol was registered on the PROSPERO website 15 prior to completing the review (CRD42023473654). Results Study selection A total of 6,606 records were identified through database searching. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 127 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. No studies met the inclusion criteria for patients with acute left-sided ulcerative colitis undergoing surgery. Six studies examining surgical management of UC in related contexts (such as elective surgery or non-acute settings) were narratively reviewed. The study selection process is summarised in the PRISMA flow diagram ( Figure 5 ). Study characteristics Despite a systematic approach exploring as comprehensive a search as possible we were unable to identify any suitable papers that were eligible for inclusion. There were, however, six papers that did explore the surgical management of left-sided colitis in other settings, such as elective presentations or in patients without acute flares ( Table 1 ). We therefore continued to undertake a narrative review of this literature. Table 1. Characteristics of the studies discussed in the review. Study Country Intervention Outcomes Exclusion reason Zaharie et al. 2013 16 Romania Multiple Outcome of surgical interventions in CD and UC patients No comparison of interventions, not focused on acute presentations Gu et al. 2013 17 US Laparoscopic TAC for UC: 1. Intraperitoneal group (Hartmann) 2. Subcutaneous group (rectosigmoid stump) Postoperative outcomes of intraperitoneal compared to subcutaneous group No subgroup assessment of left-sided colitis Jain et al. 2017 18 India Colectomy in left-sided vs extensive colitis 1. Clinical course after an index episode of ASC 2. Long-term outcome according to extent of disease at index hospitalization 3. Mortality No comparison of surgical interventions, colectomy was outcome Carpenter et al. 2023 19 US TAC versus PC 30-d postoperative outcomes Elective surgeries included, no stratification of outcomes by disease extent Frontali et al. 2020 20 Europe/US Segmental colectomy Postoperative complications, long-term results, risk factors for postoperative colitis, re-operation for colitis on the remnant colon Elective surgeries, no outcomes for medically refractory colitis McKenna et al. 2019 21 US Semi-urgent 1 TPC with IPAA, semi-urgent TAC, or elective TPC with IPAA 30-d major morbidity and organ space infection Elective surgeries included, no stratification of outcomes by disease extent 1 Hospitalization >48H before surgery; Total abdominal colectomy (TAC), Partial colectomy (PC), Acute sever colitis (ASC), Total proctocolectomy (TPC), Ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA). Zaharie et al. 16 is a retrospective single centre retrospective study that discussed the surgical management of 221 IBD patients. A total of 33 (14.93%) patients underwent surgical management, including 16 UC patients. Patients were grouped into those with (n = 3) or without (n = 13) proctectomy. The commonest indication for surgery was the failure of medical management (n = 7). Authors reported no complications or postoperative morbidity. While surgical management and postoperative outcomes were stratified by disease extent, the study did not compare outcomes for different surgical interventions or whether surgeries were performed for acute colitis, leading to its exclusion ( Table 1 ). Gu et al. 17 conducted a retrospective cohort study on 204 UC patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy, comparing outcomes between intraperitoneal (n = 99) and subcutaneous (n = 105) placement of the rectal stump. Of these, 104 (55%) had TAC for limited left-sided colitis. Only one (0.5%) postoperative death occurred in the subcutaneous group, and there were no significant differences in reoperation rates or overall morbidity. Again, the study did not provide a specific subgroup analysis for left-sided colitis or focus on outcomes related to acute colitis presentations, limiting its relevance to our review ( Table 1 ). Jain et al. 18 retrospectively assessed colectomy rates in patients with left-sided colitis compared to extensive colitis following an index episode of ASUC in a single centre. Out of a cohort of 2,076 patients with UC, 241 (11.6%) experienced ASUC, with 34 (14.1%) requiring colectomy during the index admission. Among those with ASUC, 85 (35%) presented with left-sided colitis at the time of hospitalisation. Colectomy rates were similar for left-sided colitis (10 [11.9%]) and extensive colitis (24 [15.4%]). No significant differences occurred in long-term outcomes, including colectomy-free survival rate, mortality, readmission rates (due to repeat ASUC), the number of relapses per year or duration of remission between the two groups ( Table 2 ). This study assessed colectomy rates in patients with an acute UC and provided a comparison of long-term outcomes based on the disease extent. However, it did not compare different surgical interventions and focuses solely on colectomy as an outcome, thus falling outside the scope of our review ( Table 1 ). Table 2. Patient outcomes across discussed studies. Study Sample size (N) Any complication N (%) Reoperation N (%) Mortality N (%) Morbidity N (%) Postoperative LOS (d [med, IQR]) Zaharie et al. 16 166 NA NA NA NA NA Gu et al . 17 204 NA 9 (9) vs 6 (6) 0 (0) vs 1 (1) 37 (37) vs 44 (42) 4 (2-30) vs 4 (2-32) Jain et al . 18 2076 NA NA 2 (2.4) vs 6 (3.8) NA NA Carpenter et al . 19 1846 1 343 (37.2) vs 291 (31.5) * 88 (9.5) vs 91 (9.9) 55 (6) vs 44 (4.8) NA 7 (4-12) vs 7 (4-12) Frontali et al . 20 72 NA NA NA NA NA McKenna et al . 21 3763 NA NA 0 (0) vs 7 (48H before surgery) vs elective total proctocolectomy, 3 Semiurgent total proctocolectomy vs semiurgent total abdominal colectomy, Acute severe colitis (ASC), not available (NA), * Significant value for P < 0.05. Carpenter et al. 19 utilized the American College of Surgeons – National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to compare postoperative outcomes of partial colectomy (PC) and TAC in unmatched (n = 9,888) and matched (n = 1,856; 1:1) cohorts. Post-matching, patients undergoing TAC had higher overall 30-day post operative complications (41.9% versus 36.5%, P = 0.017) and serious complications (37.2% versus 31.5%, P = 0.011). Although TAC patients suffered from more postoperative VTE (6.4% versus 3.6%, P < 0.005), rates of most other individual outcomes were similar between the groups. When restricted to emergency settings, there was no significant difference in outcomes between TAC and PC ( Table 2 ). Despite reporting the comparison of outcomes between PC and TAC, this study was excluded as it did not stratify outcomes by disease extent and included elective surgeries ( Table 1 ). Frontali et al. 20 conducted a multicentred retrospective study reporting the outcomes associated with segmental colectomy in 72 UC patients without active colitis patients. Early (<30 d) postoperative complications occurred in 17 (24%) patients, including three (4%) postoperative deaths. No cases of ASUC were reported during that timeframe. Five patients (7%) experienced early UC flares within three months, all requiring reoperation. Late UC flares occurred in 29 (45%) patients, with 12 (41%) needing surgical intervention. Over a median follow-up of 40 months, 24 (35%) patients underwent re-operation, primarily for refractory colitis (n = 14) ( Table 2 ). Although disease extent was mentioned, postoperative outcomes were not stratified by the disease extent, the operations were mostly elective, and surgeries were not performed for refractory medical treatment, making this study irrelevant to our review ( Table 1 ). McKenna et al. 21 evaluated 3,763 UC patients for 30-day major morbidity following semiurgent total proctocolectomy (TPC) with IPAA (n = 101), semiurgent STC (n = 797), and elective TPC with IPAA (n = 2,865). Major morbidity was higher in semiurgent TPC with IPAA (28%) compared to elective TPC with IPAA (22%) (P = 0.04), with the largest differences seen in organ space infection (19% vs 8%, P < 0.01) and postoperative sepsis (16% vs 7%, P < 0.01) ( Table 2 ). No significant difference was observed in major morbidity between semiurgent TPC with IPAA and semiurgent STC (28% vs 22%, P = 0.19), though organ space infections were more frequent in the TPC group (19% vs 9%, P < 0.01). Although this study provides outcomes based on surgery type in semiurgent settings, it does not stratify results by disease extent, limiting its applicability to our focus on acute left-sided colitis ( Table 1 ). Synthesis of results No eligible studies addressed surgical management in acute left-sided colitis. The related studies reviewed provided indirect evidence, primarily from elective or non-acute settings. Collectively, they showed similar postoperative outcomes between different colectomy types, with no clear advantage of one surgical approach for left-sided disease. Risk of bias in studies and reporting bias and certainty of evidence As no studies met inclusion criteria, formal risk of bias assessment was not undertaken. Given the absence of eligible studies, assessment of reporting bias and grading of the certainty of evidence using GRADE could not be performed. Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first exploration of the optimal surgical management of isolated left-sided colitis during an acute flare, primarily in patients with UC. Despite an extensive search undertaken in a systematic manner, our most striking finding is that there were no suitable papers to include to address this question. Acute flares of left-sided colitis remain a common problem and unfortunately cannot always be treated in a medical fashion. Which is the optimal operation for such patients thus remains unanswered. There was a total of six papers which were identified as relevant but could not be included in a true systematic review. Most of these studies lacked outcomes stratified by the disease extent (ie, left-sided colitis) while others focused solely on colectomy as the primary outcome or evaluated outcomes in elective settings. It is also of note that most of these papers were retrospective and in single centres. Thus, each were of limited quality and offered limited value for the on-call colorectal surgeon when faced with this problem. We also observe that there is a significant heterogeneity in approach of the operations performed in this cohort. Broadly speaking, the comparison occurred across surgical interventions (TAC versus TPC- IPPA), timing (urgent versus elective), or postoperative outcomes (segmental colectomy, colectomy following index hospitalisation for ASC). Future work would benefit significantly from a homogenisation of definitions in this field. Frontali et al. 20 evaluated the outcomes of segmental colectomy (SC) in patients without active colitis. Although early postoperative recurrence occurred at a relatively low rate (7%), 45% of patients developed recurrent colitis in the residual colon, and 35% required reoperation. Similar results were reported by Yilmaz et al., 22 who observed early postoperative colitis in 9.1% of cases and late recurrence in 14.5%. Collectively, these findings suggest that SC should be avoided in the setting of acute colitis flares, given the high risk of recurrence and the frequent need for subsequent surgery. SC may have a limited role in carefully selected patients—such as older individuals with significant comorbidities and quiescent disease—where the risks of extensive surgery are prohibitive. However, segmental colectomy and other limited resections in the acute setting are not supported by evidence and are associated with unfavourable outcomes due to residual disease, recurrent inflammation, and delayed definitive management. Likewise, urgent ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) appears suboptimal for patients presenting with low disease burden acute colitis flares, 21 as this could mean resecting segments of otherwise healthy colon. When disease activity is primarily confined to the sigmoid colon and rectum, total abdominal colectomy (TAC) results in resection of predominantly normal right and transverse colonic segments. Consequently, this approach may confer limited benefit in terms of disease control, as only a small proportion of affected bowel is removed. The observed improvement in such cases is likely attributable to diversion of the faecal stream through the creation of an ileostomy. Rescue diverting loop ileostomy (RDLI) has also been employed in other severe colitis during pregnancy associated with acute ulcerative pancolitis. 23 , 24 The therapeutic effect of RDLI is thought to derive from interruption of the inflammatory cycle of mucosal injury characteristic of severe colitis. Faecal diversion may relieve intraluminal pressure, reduce bacterial translocation, and protect the inflamed mucosa, thereby promoting mucosal healing and clinical stabilisation. Russell et al. assessed 33 IBD patients who underwent RDLI. 25 More than 90% patients avoided urgent or emergent colectomy. Furthermore, >80% had reduced steroid dependence or bridge to medical rescue therapy, these patients showed improved enteral intake and nutritional status and were able to undergo a definitive laparoscopic procedure or ileostomy reversal with colon salvage. The use of RDLI was supported by The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. In 2021 guidelines for surgical management of UC, they suggested a consideration of RDLI in the setting of acute, severe UC to potentially avoid an emergent TAC. 26 Future trials could assess TAC versus RDLI. It is nevertheless of note that there are few papers specifically concentrating on the management of acute left-sided colitis patients requiring an operation. This study has several strengths. It was undertaken in a comprehensive manner utilising standard systematic review approaches. That there are no studies which met the inclusion criteria underscores the gaps in the current literature, rather than reflecting limitations in our methodology. This review highlights a clinically significant problem in a large cohort of UC patients. Our weaknesses are in the lack of published literature available for analysis. Given the lack of specific, robust data, it may be beneficial to develop a registry or multicentred collaboration to systematically assess how surgeons assess and manage acute left-sided colitis across the colorectal community. Conclusion Colorectal surgeons frequently encounter the complex challenge of managing acute colitis with disease confined to the left side of the colon. In such cases, total abdominal colectomy (TAC) remains the standard emergency operation; however, this procedure involves extensive resection of macroscopically normal bowel and represents a substantial physiological burden for acutely unwell patients. Despite its widespread use, the evidence supporting TAC as the optimal approach for left-sided colitis is limited, and its applicability to this specific disease distribution remains uncertain. Alternative surgical strategies, including more limited resections or faecal diversion procedures, have been described in select clinical contexts, but these approaches lack robust evidence in the setting of acute ulcerative colitis. Well-designed, multicentre prospective studies or registry-based analyses are therefore needed to clarify the relative safety and efficacy of different surgical options in patients with left-sided disease. Such data are essential to inform evidence-based decision-making, optimise patient outcomes, and reduce the morbidity associated with emergency colectomy in this challenging cohort. Author contributions Josip Plascevic and Mefin Mathew Jose contributed equally to this work and share first co-authorship. Reporting guidelines Zenodo: PRISMA 2020 checklist for “Optimal emergency surgical strategy for acute left-sided colitis: a systematic review.” DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17290364 . 27 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Disclosure During the preparation of this work the author(s) used Chat GPT-5 in order to check for spelling and grammatical errors as well as structuring the results section. The author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication. Data availability Underlying data No new data were generated or analysed in this study. All data supporting the findings of this review are available within this review. Extended data Zenodo: Supplementary materials for “Optimal emergency surgical strategy for acute left-sided colitis: a systematic review.” DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17290307 28 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). These materials include the complete database search strategies (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus) and the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram illustrating the study selection process. References 1. Desai D, Dhoble P: Rapidly changing epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Time to gear up for the challenge before it is too late. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2024; 43 : 15–17. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Crohn’s & Colitis UK: Epidemiology Summary: Incidence and Prevalence of IBD in the United Kingdom.2022. Accessed 22 Aug 2024. Reference Source 3. Mendonça CM, Correa Neto IJF, Rolim A d S, et al. : INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES: CHARACTERISTICS, EVOLUTION, AND QUALITY OF LIFE. ABCD Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo). 2022; 35 . PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 4. Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, et al. : Toward an Integrated Clinical, Molecular and Serological Classification of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2005; 19 : 5A–36A. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 5. Ananthakrishnan AN, Issa M, Beaulieu DB, et al. : History of medical hospitalization predicts future need for colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2009; 15 : 176–181. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 6. Dignass A, Lindsay JO, Sturm A, et al. : Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis Part 2: Current management. J. Crohns Colitis. 2012; 6 : 991–1030. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 7. Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH, et al. : Response to Corticosteroids in Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature and a Meta-Regression. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007; 5 : 103–110. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 8. Oo S, Davies M: Surgical management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Surgery (Oxford). 2023; 41 : 426–428. Publisher Full Text 9. Buchs NC, Bloemendaal ALA, Wood CPJ, et al. : Subtotal colectomy for ulcerative colitis: lessons learned from a tertiary centre. Color. Dis. 2017; 19 : O153–O161. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 10. Ordás I, Eckmann L, Talamini M, et al. : Ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 2012; 380 : 1606–1619. Publisher Full Text 11. Sands BE, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ, et al. : Infliximab in the Treatment of Severe, Steroid-Refractory Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2001; 7 : 83–88. Publisher Full Text 12. Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, et al. : PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372 : n160. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 13. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, et al. : Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst. Rev. 2016; 5 : 210. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 14. McMaster University and Evidence Prime: GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro guideline development tool.2022. Accessed 22 Nov 2024. Reference Source 15. National Institute for Health and Care Research PROSPERO – International prospective register of systematic review. Accessed 22 Nov 2024. Reference Source 16. Zaharie R, Zaharie F, Mocan L, et al. : Surgical outcome of inflammatory bowel disease - experience of a tertiary center. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013; 108 : 812–815. PubMed Abstract 17. Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi F, et al. : Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous: Does location of the (colo) rectal stump influence outcomes after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis? Dis. Colon Rectum. 2013; 56 : 615–621. Publisher Full Text 18. Jain S, Kedia S, Bopanna S, et al. : Left-sided colitis and extensive colitis have similar colectomy rates after index episode of acute severe colitis: A long-term follow-up study. JGH Open. 2017; 1 : 134–139. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 19. Carpenter EL, Valdera FA, Chauviere MV, et al. : Outcomes of Partial Versus Total Colectomy in Ulcerative Colitis: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. J. Surg. Res. 2023; 287 : 63–71. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 20. Frontali A, Cohen L, Bridoux V, et al. : Segmental Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis: Is There a Place in Selected Patients without Active Colitis? An International Multicentric Retrospective Study in 72 Patients. J. Crohns Colitis. 2020; 14 : 1687–1692. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 21. McKenna NP, Bews KA, Mathis KL, et al. : Surgery During Admission for an Ulcerative Colitis Flare: Should Pouch Formation Be Considered? J. Surg. Res. 2019; 239 : 216–223. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 22. Yilmaz S, Gunter RL, Kanters AE, et al. : Segmental Colectomy in Ulcerative Colitis. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2024; 67 : 1048–1055. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 23. Shellito AD, Russell MM: Diverting Loop Ileostomy for Clostridium Difficile Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am. Surg. 2020; 86 : 1269–1276. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 24. Ooi BS, Remzi FH, Fazio VW: Turnbull-Blowhole Colostomy for Toxic Ulcerative Colitis in Pregnancy. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2003; 46 : 111–115. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 25. Russell TA, Dawes AJ, Graham DS, et al. : Rescue diverting loop ileostomy: An alternative to emergent colectomy in the setting of severe acute refractory IBD-Colitis. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2018; 61 : 214–220. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 26. Holubar SD, Lightner AL, Poylin V, et al. : The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Surgical Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2021; 64 : 783–804. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 27. Plascevic J, Hussein I, Haider A, et al. : Optimal emergency surgical strategy for acute left-sided colitis: a systematic review. [Data set]. Zenodo. 2025. Publisher Full Text 28. Plascevic J, Hussein I, Haider A, et al. : Optimal emergency surgical strategy for acute left-sided colitis: a systematic review. [Data set]. Zenodo. 2025. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 Oct 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 University of Aberdeen School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK 2 Department of General Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK 3 NHS Education for Scotland, NHS Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 4 Aberdeen Centre for Evaluation, University of Aberdeen School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Josip Plascevic Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mefin Mathew Jose Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Israa Hussein Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation George Ramsay Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Alishah Haider Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 20 Oct 2025, 14:1142 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171820.1 Copyright © 2025 Plascevic J et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Plascevic J, Jose MM, Hussein I et al. Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation of left-sided colitis: a systematic review [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171820.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 Oct 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Gomaa IA. Reviewer Report For: Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation of left-sided colitis: a systematic review [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1142 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189477.r425720 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142/v1#referee-response-425720 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 22 Nov 2025 Ibrahim A. Gomaa , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189477.r425720 This article presents a systematic review aiming to identify the optimal surgical approach for patients presenting with acute left-sided colitis (LSC) refractory to medical therapy. The authors followed PRISMA guidelines and registered their protocol on PROSPERO (CRD42023473654). Searches ... Continue reading READ ALL This article presents a systematic review aiming to identify the optimal surgical approach for patients presenting with acute left-sided colitis (LSC) refractory to medical therapy. The authors followed PRISMA guidelines and registered their protocol on PROSPERO (CRD42023473654). Searches were conducted across five databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus) for studies between 2001–2023. Despite screening 6,606 records, no eligible studies met inclusion criteria. Six related studies were narratively reviewed, but none specifically addressed the emergency surgical management of acute LSC. The authors conclude that there is insufficient evidence to define an optimal surgical strategy for this condition and highlight the urgent need for disease-specific research and multicentre collaboration. 1. Introduction: looks good 2. Methodology: Excellent 3. The discussion could be strengthened by: Including recent registry or database studies on emergency colectomy outcomes in UC generally, even if not limited to LSC. Discussing potential biological or anatomical reasons why LSC might require a different approach (e.g., localized inflammation vs pancolitis). 4. d. Writing and Language Precision Overall writing is clear and formal, but a few editorial points could be refined: The abstract might overstate the “systematic review” results; since no eligible studies were found, the emphasis should shift from “determining the most appropriate approach” to “highlighting the absence of evidence.” Minor grammatical issues: “...leave the risk of the diseases portion in E1 behind...” → should read “...leaves the diseased portion in E1 behind...” “disease there in” → “disease therein.” 5. The discussion mentions rescue diverting loop ileostomy (RDLI) as a potential bridge therapy but does not fully contextualize its role in LSC versus pancolitis. Expanding on this could add clinical insight. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Colon and rectal Surgery I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Gomaa IA. Reviewer Report For: Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation of left-sided colitis: a systematic review [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1142 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189477.r425720 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142/v1#referee-response-425720 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 Oct 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 20 Oct 25 read Ibrahim A. Gomaa , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Gomaa I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 22 Nov 2025 | for Version 1 Ibrahim A. Gomaa , Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 0 Views copyright © 2025 Gomaa I. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This article presents a systematic review aiming to identify the optimal surgical approach for patients presenting with acute left-sided colitis (LSC) refractory to medical therapy. The authors followed PRISMA guidelines and registered their protocol on PROSPERO (CRD42023473654). Searches were conducted across five databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus) for studies between 2001–2023. Despite screening 6,606 records, no eligible studies met inclusion criteria. Six related studies were narratively reviewed, but none specifically addressed the emergency surgical management of acute LSC. The authors conclude that there is insufficient evidence to define an optimal surgical strategy for this condition and highlight the urgent need for disease-specific research and multicentre collaboration. 1. Introduction: looks good 2. Methodology: Excellent 3. The discussion could be strengthened by: Including recent registry or database studies on emergency colectomy outcomes in UC generally, even if not limited to LSC. Discussing potential biological or anatomical reasons why LSC might require a different approach (e.g., localized inflammation vs pancolitis). 4. d. Writing and Language Precision Overall writing is clear and formal, but a few editorial points could be refined: The abstract might overstate the “systematic review” results; since no eligible studies were found, the emphasis should shift from “determining the most appropriate approach” to “highlighting the absence of evidence.” Minor grammatical issues: “...leave the risk of the diseases portion in E1 behind...” → should read “...leaves the diseased portion in E1 behind...” “disease there in” → “disease therein.” 5. The discussion mentions rescue diverting loop ileostomy (RDLI) as a potential bridge therapy but does not fully contextualize its role in LSC versus pancolitis. Expanding on this could add clinical insight. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Colon and rectal Surgery I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Gomaa IA. Peer Review Report For: Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation of left-sided colitis: a systematic review [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1142 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189477.r425720) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142/v1#referee-response-425720 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "Establishing the optimal surgical approach...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142/v1&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('Plascevic J et al.'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142/v1/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142", templates : { twitter : "Establishing the optimal surgical approach for the acute presentation.... Plascevic J et al., published by " + "@F1000Research" + ", https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1142/v1" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/171820/189477") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "189477"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "436238": 0, "436239": 0, "436236": 0, "436237": 0, "436235": 0, "436244": 0, "436242": 0, "436243": 0, "436240": 0, "436241": 0, "441510": 0, "441511": 0, "441508": 0, "441509": 0, "441506": 0, "441507": 0, "441512": 0, "429758": 0, "429759": 0, "429756": 0, "429757": 0, "429764": 0, "429765": 0, "438594": 0, "429762": 0, "438595": 0, "429763": 0, "429760": 0, "438593": 0, "429761": 0, "427990": 0, "427991": 0, "427989": 0, "445278": 0, "427998": 0, "445279": 0, "445276": 0, "427996": 0, "445277": 0, "427997": 0, "445274": 0, "427994": 0, "445275": 0, "427995": 0, "445272": 0, "427992": 0, "445273": 0, "427993": 0, "445280": 0, "445281": 0, "425718": 0, "425719": 0, "425716": 0, "425717": 0, "425724": 0, "425725": 0, "425722": 0, "425723": 0, "425720": 14, "425721": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "2cdf1e67-27bc-42ae-82ae-40fc19c82bfa"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "f1000research", displayName: "F1000Research", hostName: "f1000research.com", id: "1", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(".cookie-warning").is(":visible")) { $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "35px"); $(".devices").addClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); } $(".cookie-warning .close-button").click(function (e) { $(".devices").removeClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "0"); }); $("#tweeter-feed .tweet-message").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(".partner").on("mouseenter mouseleave", function() { $(this).find(".gray-scale, .colour").toggleClass("is-hidden"); }); }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });