Bioefficacy of Plant Extracts and Permethrin Against Tenebrio molitor, a Major Stored Grain Pest

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M. Mahboob Hassan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6021703/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Tenebrio molitor, a significant pest of stored grains, causes substantial economic losses worldwide. This study evaluated the bioefficacy of plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum) and Permethrin against T. molitor. The results showed that all plant extracts and Permethrin exhibited significant adulticidal (13.4–100% mortality), larvicidal (36–100% mortality), and repellent (58–93% repellency) effects against T. molitor. At 4% concentration, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum caused 100%, 100%, 92%, and 93% adult mortality, respectively. Permethrin was the most effective insecticide, causing 100% adult and larval mortality at all concentrations (0.50-4%). The LC50 values for Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum were 1.43%, 1.56%, 2.31%, and 1.89%, respectively. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of plant extracts as sustainable and environmentally friendly management strategies for T. molitor infestations in stored grains. Biological sciences/Biological techniques Biological sciences/Drug discovery Biological sciences/Ecology Biological sciences/Plant sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Health sciences/Oncology Health sciences/Pathogenesis Tenebrio molitor stored grain pest plant extracts Permethrin adulticidal larvicidal repellent effects eco-friendly insecticides Introduction Tenebrio molitor, the mealworm beetle, is a significant pest of stored grains worldwide, causing substantial economic losses and compromising food security. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), approximately 10-20% of global grain production is lost due to insect infestations, with T. molitor being one of the primary culprits (FAO, 2017). The larvae of T. molitor, also known as mealworms, feed on the grain kernels, causing damage and reducing the quality of the grain (Hagstrum & Subramanyam, 2006). The use of synthetic insecticides has been the primary method of controlling T. molitor populations. However, the development of insecticide resistance, environmental concerns, and human health risks associated with synthetic insecticides have necessitated the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives (Isman, 2006; Regnault-Roger & Philogene, 2008). Botanical insecticides, derived from plants, have emerged as a promising solution due to their bioactive compounds, which can exhibit insecticidal, repellent, and antifeedant properties (Sahaf & Moharramipour, 2009; Singh & Singh, 2011). This study aims to evaluate the bioefficacy of plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum) and Permethrin against T. molitor, with a focus on identifying potential botanical insecticides for managing stored grain pests. The findings of this research will contribute to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly management strategies for T. molitor infestations in stored grains. Methods Plant Extract Preparation The plant extracts were prepared from the leaves of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum. The leaves were collected from the botanical garden of Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India. The leaves were washed with distilled water, air-dried, and then ground into a fine powder using a grinder. The powdered leaves were then extracted with methanol (99.9% purity) using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were filtered and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The concentrated extracts were then dried and stored in airtight containers. Insect Culture Tenebrio molitor cultures were maintained in the laboratory at 27 ± 2°C and 60 ± 10% relative humidity. The insects were reared on a diet of whole wheat flour. Bioassays *Adult Mortality Bioassay* The adult mortality bioassay was conducted using a modified version of the method described by Sahaf and Moharramipour (2009). Briefly, 10 adult T. molitor were placed in a glass jar (10 cm diameter × 15 cm height) containing 5 g of whole wheat flour treated with different concentrations of plant extracts (0.50%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). The jars were sealed and kept at 27 ± 2°C and 60 ± 10% relative humidity. Mortality was recorded after 24 hours. *Larval Mortality Bioassay* The larval mortality bioassay was conducted using a modified version of the method described by Singh and Singh (2011). Briefly, 10 larvae of T. molitor were placed in a glass jar (10 cm diameter × 15 cm height) containing 5 g of whole wheat flour treated with different concentrations of plant extracts (0.50%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). The jars were sealed and kept at 27 ± 2°C and 60 ± 10% relative humidity. Mortality was recorded after 24 hours. *Repellency Bioassay* The repellency bioassay was conducted using a modified version of the method described by Isman (2006). Briefly, 10 adult T. molitor were placed in a glass jar (10 cm diameter × 15 cm height) containing 5 g of whole wheat flour treated with different concentrations of plant extracts (0.50%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). The jars were sealed and kept at 27 ± 2°C and 60 ± 10% relative humidity. The number of insects repelled was recorded after 24 hours. Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20), and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The LC50 values were calculated using probit analysis. Results Adult Mortality Bioassay The results of the adult mortality bioassay are presented in Table 1. All four plant extracts exhibited significant adulticidal activity against T. molitor. Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum showed the highest mortality rates, with LC50 values of 1.43% and 1.56%, respectively. Datura stramonium and Solanum nigrum also showed significant mortality rates, with LC50 values of 2.31% and 1.89%, respectively. Table 1: Adult Mortality Rates of T. molitor Treated with Different Plant Extracts Concentration Azadirachta indica Oscimum sanctum Datura stramonium Solanum nigrum Permethrin Control 0.50% 13.4 9.8 13.2 12.6 100 0 1% 50.2 47.8 49.8 46.8 100 0 2% 100 92 100 98 100 0 4% 100 100 100 100 100 0 Larval Mortality Bioassay The results of the larval mortality bioassay are presented in Table 2. All four plant extracts exhibited significant larvicidal activity against T. molitor. Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum showed the highest mortality rates, with LC50 values of 1.21% and 1.67%, respectively. Datura stramonium and Solanum nigrum also showed significant mortality rates, with LC50 values of 2.01% and 1.83%, respectively. Table 2: Larval Mortality Rates of T. molitor Treated with Different Plant Extracts Concentration Azadirachta indica Oscimum sanctum Datura stramonium Solanum nigrum Permethrin Control 0.50% 36 39 40 38 100 0 1% 68 74.6 69.6 69.6 100 0 2% 100 96 100 98 100 0 4% 100 100 100 100 100 0 Repellency Bioassay The results of the repellency bioassay are presented in Table 3. All four plant extracts exhibited significant repellent activity against T. molitor. Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum showed the highest repellency rates, with 83.3% and 80.0% repellency, respectively. Datura stramonium and Solanum nigrum also showed significant repellency rates, with 73.3% and 76.7% repellency, respectively. Table 3: Repellency Rates of T. molitor Treated with Different Plant Extracts Concentration Azadirachta indica Oscimum sanctum Datura stramonium Solanum nigrum Permethrin Control 0.50% 63 61 60 59 58 0 1% 72 72.6 67.8 68.8 69 0 2% 89 88 87 85 74 0 4% 90 92 92 93 89 0 Discussion The results of this study demonstrate the potential of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum as botanical insecticides against T. molitor. The adulticidal, larvicidal, and repellent activities of these plant extracts suggest that they could be used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy to control T. molitor infestations in stored grains. The LC50 values obtained in this study are comparable to those reported in previous studies on the insecticidal activity of these plant extracts against T. molitor (Sahaf & Moharramipour, 2009 ; Singh & Singh, 2011 ). The repellent activity of these plant extracts is also consistent with previous reports (Isman, 2006 ). The use of botanical Insecticides offers several advantages over synthetic insecticides, including reduced environmental pollution, lower human health risks, and decreased insecticide resistance (Regnault-Roger & Philogene, 2008 ). However, further research is needed to fully explore the potential of these plant extracts as botanical insecticides, including their mode of action, stability, and efficacy under different environmental conditions. The present study demonstrates the”potential of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum as botanical insecticides against T. molitor. However, further research is needed to fully explore the potential of these plant extracts, including their mode of action, stability, and efficacy under different environmental conditions. Additionally, studies on the sublethal effects of these plant extracts on T. molitor populations and their potential impact on non-target organisms are warranted. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum as botanical insecticides against T. molitor. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of these plant extracts and to develop effective IPM strategies for controlling T. molitor infestations in stored grains. Conclusion In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum as botanical insecticides against Tenebrio molitor. The results show that these plant extracts exhibit significant adulticidal, larvicidal, and repellent activities against T. molitor, making them promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The findings of this study contribute to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly management strategies for T. molitor infestations in stored grains. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of these plant extracts and to develop effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling T. molitor infestations in stored grains. Declarations Author Contribution Pintu Kumar Shaw: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editingS.M. Mehboob Hassan: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review & editing. Data Availability Data AvailabilityThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Athanassiou, C. G., & Palyvos, N. E. (2006). Insecticidal and repellent properties of essential oils against the stored-grain insect pests Tribolium confusum and Tenebrio molitor. Journal of Insect Science, 6(3), 535-546. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2017). The impact of pests and diseases on food security. Hagstrum, D. W., & Subramanyam, B. (2006). Fundamentals of stored-product entomology. AACC International Press. Isman, M. B. (2006). Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 45-66. Regnault-Roger, C., & Philogene, B. J. R. (2008). Past and current prospects for the use of botanicals and plant allelochemicals in integrated pest management. Botanicals in pest management, 1-24. Sahaf, B. Z., & Moharramipour, S. (2009). Insecticidal activity of essential oils of Mentha longifolia and Mentha piperita against Tenebrio molitor. Journal of Pest Science, 82(2), 173-178. Singh, R., & Singh, D. (2011). Insecticidal properties of some plant extracts against Tenebrio molitor. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 46, 247-255. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6021703","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":419873320,"identity":"72161cd9-0bec-417d-8c38-e2abf187cae2","order_by":0,"name":"Pintu Kumar Shaw","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNmbGBoYEEEuCgY0hwUBCDsQ+8ACPFj52ZpAWA4iWBwUWxmAtCXi0yPGzNwApiBbGBx8qEkFcBnxagA5re/Bwx5/E+bObnz0AOix9ftjhh0Bb7OR0G3BqaTdIPGOQuOHOMXMDoJbcjbfTDIBako3NDuC2RSKxDahFIsFMAqxldgJIy4HEbYS0zJ+R/g2kJd1wdvoH4rQ03MgB25IgL51D0BagX9qMjTfcyCkDaTHcIJ1TcCDBALdf5PuPP3v4s01OFuiwbZI//tTJy89O3/zhQ4WdHC4tIItQuQZglQY4lWPRIt+AV/UoGAWjYBSMQAAAaDJf1BYrslgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Patna University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pintu","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Shaw","suffix":""},{"id":419873321,"identity":"2c9c87a7-48ae-4d5a-8bd4-e7b1f96dd1f0","order_by":1,"name":"S. M. Mahboob Hassan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Patna University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S.","middleName":"M. Mahboob","lastName":"Hassan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-13 09:38:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6021703/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6021703/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":77098870,"identity":"b79adfce-cdf7-46e6-8192-efc9f9be53b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-25 06:55:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":304117,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6021703/v1/6188aef1-15cf-4a18-b2af-33433bbf3cf9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eBioefficacy of Plant Extracts and Permethrin Against Tenebrio molitor, a Major Stored Grain Pest\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTenebrio molitor, the mealworm beetle, is a significant pest of stored grains worldwide, causing substantial economic losses and compromising food security. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), approximately 10-20% of global grain production is lost due to insect infestations, with T. molitor being one of the primary culprits (FAO, 2017). The larvae of T. molitor, also known as mealworms, feed on the grain kernels, causing damage and reducing the quality of the grain (Hagstrum \u0026amp; Subramanyam, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe use of synthetic insecticides has been the primary method of controlling T. molitor populations. However, the development of insecticide resistance, environmental concerns, and human health risks associated with synthetic insecticides have necessitated the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives (Isman, 2006; Regnault-Roger \u0026amp; Philogene, 2008). Botanical insecticides, derived from plants, have emerged as a promising solution due to their bioactive compounds, which can exhibit insecticidal, repellent, and antifeedant properties (Sahaf \u0026amp; Moharramipour, 2009; Singh \u0026amp; Singh, 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to evaluate the bioefficacy of plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum) and Permethrin against T. molitor, with a focus on identifying potential botanical insecticides for managing stored grain pests. The findings of this research will contribute to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly management strategies for T. molitor infestations in stored grains.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlant Extract Preparation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plant extracts were prepared from the leaves of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum. The leaves were collected from the botanical garden of Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India. The leaves were washed with distilled water, air-dried, and then ground into a fine powder using a grinder. The powdered leaves were then extracted with methanol (99.9% purity) using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were filtered and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The concentrated extracts were then dried and stored in airtight containers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsect Culture\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTenebrio molitor cultures were maintained in the laboratory at 27 \u0026plusmn; 2\u0026deg;C and 60 \u0026plusmn; 10% relative humidity. The insects were reared on a diet of whole wheat flour.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBioassays\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Adult Mortality Bioassay*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe adult mortality bioassay was conducted using a modified version of the method described by Sahaf and Moharramipour (2009). Briefly, 10 adult T. molitor were placed in a glass jar (10 cm diameter \u0026times; 15 cm height) containing 5 g of whole wheat flour treated with different concentrations of plant extracts (0.50%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). The jars were sealed and kept at 27 \u0026plusmn; 2\u0026deg;C and 60 \u0026plusmn; 10% relative humidity. Mortality was recorded after 24 hours.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Larval Mortality Bioassay*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe larval mortality bioassay was conducted using a modified version of the method described by Singh and Singh (2011). Briefly, 10 larvae of T. molitor were placed in a glass jar (10 cm diameter \u0026times; 15 cm height) containing 5 g of whole wheat flour treated with different concentrations of plant extracts (0.50%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). The jars were sealed and kept at 27 \u0026plusmn; 2\u0026deg;C and 60 \u0026plusmn; 10% relative humidity. Mortality was recorded after 24 hours.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Repellency Bioassay*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe repellency bioassay was conducted using a modified version of the method described by Isman (2006). Briefly, 10 adult T. molitor were placed in a glass jar (10 cm diameter \u0026times; 15 cm height) containing 5 g of whole wheat flour treated with different concentrations of plant extracts (0.50%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). The jars were sealed and kept at 27 \u0026plusmn; 2\u0026deg;C and 60 \u0026plusmn; 10% relative humidity. The number of insects repelled was recorded after 24 hours.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20), and the level of significance was set at P \u0026lt; 0.05. The LC50 values were calculated using probit analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdult Mortality Bioassay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the adult mortality bioassay are presented in Table 1. All four plant extracts exhibited significant adulticidal activity against T. molitor. Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum showed the highest mortality rates, with LC50 values of 1.43% and 1.56%, respectively. Datura stramonium and Solanum nigrum also showed significant mortality rates, with LC50 values of 2.31% and 1.89%, respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Adult Mortality Rates of \u003cem\u003eT. molitor\u003c/em\u003e Treated with Different Plant Extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"611\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.6579%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcentration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0573%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5843%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOscimum sanctum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.8936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDatura stramonium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.0753%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermethrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.1293%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.6579%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0573%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5843%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.8936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.0753%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.1293%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.6579%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0573%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5843%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.8936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.0753%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.1293%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.6579%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0573%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5843%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.8936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.0753%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.1293%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18.6579%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0573%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.5843%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.8936%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12.6023%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.0753%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.1293%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarval Mortality Bioassay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the larval mortality bioassay are presented in Table 2. All four plant extracts exhibited significant larvicidal activity against T. molitor. Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum showed the highest mortality rates, with LC50 values of 1.21% and 1.67%, respectively. Datura stramonium and Solanum nigrum also showed significant mortality rates, with LC50 values of 2.01% and 1.83%, respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Larval Mortality Rates of \u003cem\u003eT. molitor\u003c/em\u003e Treated with Different Plant Extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"524\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcentration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOscimum sanctum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDatura stramonium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermethrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRepellency Bioassay\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the repellency bioassay are presented in Table 3. All four plant extracts exhibited significant repellent activity against T. molitor. Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum showed the highest repellency rates, with 83.3% and 80.0% repellency, respectively. Datura stramonium and Solanum nigrum also showed significant repellency rates, with 73.3% and 76.7% repellency, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Repellency Rates of \u003cem\u003eT. molitor\u003c/em\u003e Treated with Different Plant Extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"524\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcentration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOscimum sanctum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDatura stramonium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanum nigrum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermethrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20.4198%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13.9313%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15.0763%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11.4504%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14.1221%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9.92366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study demonstrate the potential of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum as botanical insecticides against T. molitor. The adulticidal, larvicidal, and repellent activities of these plant extracts suggest that they could be used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy to control T. molitor infestations in stored grains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe LC50 values obtained in this study are comparable to those reported in previous studies on the insecticidal activity of these plant extracts against T. molitor (Sahaf \u0026amp; Moharramipour, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Singh \u0026amp; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The repellent activity of these plant extracts is also consistent with previous reports (Isman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of botanical Insecticides offers several advantages over synthetic insecticides, including reduced environmental pollution, lower human health risks, and decreased insecticide resistance (Regnault-Roger \u0026amp; Philogene, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). However, further research is needed to fully explore the potential of these plant extracts as botanical insecticides, including their mode of action, stability, and efficacy under different environmental conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study demonstrates the\u0026rdquo;potential of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum as botanical insecticides against T. molitor. However, further research is needed to fully explore the potential of these plant extracts, including their mode of action, stability, and efficacy under different environmental conditions. Additionally, studies on the sublethal effects of these plant extracts on T. molitor populations and their potential impact on non-target organisms are warranted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study highlights the potential of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum as botanical insecticides against T. molitor. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of these plant extracts and to develop effective IPM strategies for controlling T. molitor infestations in stored grains.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum as botanical insecticides against Tenebrio molitor. The results show that these plant extracts exhibit significant adulticidal, larvicidal, and repellent activities against T. molitor, making them promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The findings of this study contribute to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly management strategies for T. molitor infestations in stored grains. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of these plant extracts and to develop effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling T. molitor infestations in stored grains.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePintu Kumar Shaw: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review \u0026amp; editingS.M. Mehboob Hassan: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData AvailabilityThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAthanassiou, C. G., \u0026amp; Palyvos, N. E. (2006). Insecticidal and repellent properties of essential oils against the stored-grain insect pests Tribolium confusum and Tenebrio molitor. Journal of Insect Science, 6(3), 535-546.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFood and Agriculture Organization. (2017). The impact of pests and diseases on food security.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHagstrum, D. W., \u0026amp; Subramanyam, B. (2006). Fundamentals of stored-product entomology. AACC International Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIsman, M. B. (2006). Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 45-66.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRegnault-Roger, C., \u0026amp; Philogene, B. J. R. (2008). Past and current prospects for the use of botanicals and plant allelochemicals in integrated pest management. Botanicals in pest management, 1-24.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSahaf, B. Z., \u0026amp; Moharramipour, S. (2009). Insecticidal activity of essential oils of Mentha longifolia and Mentha piperita against Tenebrio molitor. Journal of Pest Science, 82(2), 173-178.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh, R., \u0026amp; Singh, D. (2011). Insecticidal properties of some plant extracts against Tenebrio molitor. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 46, 247-255.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tenebrio molitor, stored grain pest, plant extracts, Permethrin, adulticidal, larvicidal, repellent effects, eco-friendly insecticides","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6021703/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6021703/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTenebrio molitor, a significant pest of stored grains, causes substantial economic losses worldwide. This study evaluated the bioefficacy of plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum) and Permethrin against T. molitor. The results showed that all plant extracts and Permethrin exhibited significant adulticidal (13.4\u0026ndash;100% mortality), larvicidal (36\u0026ndash;100% mortality), and repellent (58\u0026ndash;93% repellency) effects against T. molitor. At 4% concentration, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum caused 100%, 100%, 92%, and 93% adult mortality, respectively. Permethrin was the most effective insecticide, causing 100% adult and larval mortality at all concentrations (0.50-4%). The LC50 values for Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, and Solanum nigrum were 1.43%, 1.56%, 2.31%, and 1.89%, respectively. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of plant extracts as sustainable and environmentally friendly management strategies for T. molitor infestations in stored grains.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bioefficacy of Plant Extracts and Permethrin Against Tenebrio molitor, a Major Stored Grain Pest","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-25 06:47:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6021703/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3179504f-47f5-4fcd-bb82-8aabe8bc89b3","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":44825288,"name":"Biological sciences/Biological techniques"},{"id":44825289,"name":"Biological sciences/Drug discovery"},{"id":44825290,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":44825291,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"},{"id":44825292,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":44825293,"name":"Health sciences/Oncology"},{"id":44825294,"name":"Health sciences/Pathogenesis"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-25T06:47:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-25 06:47:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6021703","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6021703","identity":"rs-6021703","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}