The role of lower urinary tract symptoms in fall risk assessment tools in hospitals: a review

A large number of falls in hospitals occur on the way to the toilet. Accordingly, a literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify fall risk screening and assessment metrics published between 1980 and 2019 and to study the inclusion of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and their related parameters in these screening tools. In addition, the literature was searched to explore the relationship between toilet-related falls and LUTS. In total, 23 fall risk scales were selected, from which 11 were applicable for in-hospital patients. In nine of the 11 scales for in-hospital patients, a LUTS or LUTS-related parameter was included. In the 12 risk assessment tools for community-dwelling older people, there were no LUTS included. Frequency, urinary incontinence, and nocturia were mostly reported in the literature as a potential fall risk parameter. It is recommended to create greater awareness of nocturia and other LUTS among caregivers of hospitalized patients to prevent falls.