Therapeutic efficacy trial for different treatment regimens due to induced ruminal acidosis in sheep in Addis zemen Town, Ethiopia

Therapeutic efficacy trial for different treatment regimens due to induced ruminal acidosis in sheep in Addis zemen Town, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Therapeutic efficacy trial for different treatment regimens due to induced ruminal acidosis in sheep in Addis zemen Town, Ethiopia Balemual* Abebaw, Achenef Melaku, Shimelis Dagnachew This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1866273/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : In ruminants, ruminal acidosis is defined as the biochemical and physiological stresses caused by the overconsumption of easily fermentable carbohydrate-rich feed materials. An experimental trial was conducted from January to May 2018 in Addis Zemen town to assess clinical, ruminal fluid, and hematological changes in sheep associated with ruminal acidosis and to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of different treatment regimens in local breed sheep. A total of 32 sheep in Addis Zemen town were selected randomly. For the therapeutic study, all animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 animals, and the group I, II, and III were given 80 g of wheat flour per kg of body weight then treatment was allocated randomly, and group IV was maintained as negative control sheep. Results : The experimental trial showed that all ruminal acidotic sheep had significantly (p<0.05) lower rectal temperature, rumen motility, protozoa activity, and ruminal fluid pH before treatment as compared to the negative control group. However, there were significant (p<0.05) increments in hematological and some clinical parameters before treatment in ruminal acidotic sheep as compared to the negative control. The current experimental trial revealed that digestion powder was the most effective therapy since 100% of animals recovered on day 3, followed by magnesium hydroxide with which all animals recovered on day 4, followed by sodium bicarbonate in which 87.5% of animals recovered on day 4. Conclusion : The therapeutic efficacy indicated that all treatment regimens were able to correct the acidotic condition, which was evident from the increment in ruminal and blood pH as a result of alkalizing and buffering activity of the treatments. However, digestion powder has different compositions which are absorbed into the body and balance the disturbed clinical and hematological parameters. Therefore, digestion powder could be used as a treatment choice for ruminal acidosis. Digestion powder Magnesium hydroxide Ruminal acidosis Sheep and Sodium bicarbonate Figures Figure 1 Introduction In ruminants, acidosis is defined as the biochemical and physiological stresses caused by the rapid production and absorption of ruminal organic acids (volatile fatty acids and lactic acid) that arise from the overconsumption of readily fermentable carbohydrates [ 1 , 24 ] Ruminal acidosis in sheep occurs by sudden ingestion of toxic doses of easily fermentable carbohydrate-rich feed materials such as grains causing proliferation of lactic acid-producing rumen bacteria particularly Streptococcus Bovis on lowered ruminal pH which results in heavy mortality [ 42 , 17 ]. In clinically affected animals’ the morbidity rate varies from 10–50 percent and depending on the type of grain, the total amount of grain eaten and the previous experience of the animal, mortality rates in sheep are as high as 90% in untreated cases [ 12 ]. Even when acidosis is treated, mortality rates can still range from 30–40% of cases [ 22 ]. Ruminal acidosis is clinically characterized by anorexia, laminitis, depression, abdominal distension, diarrhea, weakness, cessation or abrupt reduction of feed intake, and potentially polioencephalomalacia (PEM) which occurs from thiamine deficiency [ 21 , 15 ]. Treatment of clinical acidosis can be difficult and the chances of success depend on the severity of the case [ 19 ]. Antibiotics should be given to reduce the growth of gram-positive bacteria and to prevent the risk of liver abscessation [ 13 ]. Other supportive treatments include antihistaminics to control histamine production. Thiamine at 10 mg/kg may also be helpful to facilitate the metabolism of L-lactate via pyruvate and oxidative phosphorylation [ 39 ]. Digestion powder is an oral preparation used to stimulate reticulorumen motility and to stimulate appetite [ 11 ]. These preparations contained sodium propionate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and paracetamol and glucose monohydrate in powder form to be added to water and pumped into the rumen [ 38 ]. Magnesium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate at 1 g/kg body weight is used to alkalinize the rumen pH, and oral electrolyte solutions, preferably those containing sodium chloride to treat dehydration as a result of diarrhea [ 38 , 11 ]. Adequate fiber is often an option for the prevention of acidosis [ 15 ]. This action stimulates the flow of saliva and buffers the rumen in a pH range between 6 and 7 [ 31 ]. The small ruminant industry constitutes a major part of animal production in Ethiopia [ 21 ]. However; rumen acidosis causes significant economic loss to the producers in the form of delayed marketing and condemnation of rumen and liver or entire carcass, reduces weight gain, lowered nutritional value, reduced water binding capacity of meat, and several organoleptic deficiencies and death of animals [ 2 ]. It is the most serious and common problem that threatens animal health [ 29 ]. In Northwest, Ethiopia there had not been any study about ruminal acidosis in sheep as well as any study on the therapeutic efficacy of different treatment regimens of ruminal acidosis in sheep. Therefore, the general and specific objectives of this study were: General objective : To assess the therapeutic efficacy of different treatment regimens of induced ruminal acidosis in sheep. Specific objectives: ✓ To describe clinical parameter changes in sheep with ruminal acidosis in Addis zemen town. ✓ To compare changes in ruminal fluid pH and protozoa motility associated with ruminal acidosis in sheep. ✓ To describe changes in hematological parameters associated with ruminal acidosis in sheep. Methods Study Area The study was conducted in Addis Zemen town. It is located in the South Gondar zone of the Amhara regional state as shown in Fig. 1 . The town has a latitude and longitude of 12°07′N 37°47′E and an elevation of 1975 meters above sea level. It has an estimated total population of 24,849 of whom 12,245 were males and 12,604 females [ 7 ]. The animal population consists of 124,607 cattle, 61,158 goats, 96,653 sheep, 2,066 horse, 564 mules, 26,765 donkeys, 199,950 poultry and 21,381 honey bee hives [ 8 ] Study Design A completely randomized trial was conducted from January to May 2018 in Addis Zemen town. Study Population The study populations were local breed sheep of different ages and sex in Addis Zemen town, in Amhara regional state. Study Animals “A total of 32 local breed sheep in Addis Zemen town were selected randomly with a mean bodyweight of 28 kg (range 25–34 kg) were used”. The animals were offered hay before and during the trial. Food was withheld for 24hr before the start of the experiment to ensure sufficient ruminal capacity for the experimental ration. During the trial, all groups were penned separately on a concrete floor with no straw bedding [ 22 ]. “For the therapeutic study 24 sheep were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 animals and 8 animals were maintained as a negative control group”. On day 0, all animals were given 80 g of wheat flour per kg of bodyweight. The flour was given as a suspension in lukewarm water by a stomach tube [ 40 ]. Study Methodology Clinical Examination All animals were examined three times daily concerning clinical signs of anorexia, apathy, grinding of teeth, grunting, abdominal distension, ruminal stasis, watery diarrhea, ataxia, and recumbency were observed after grain was given to sheep [ 18 ]. For each case, clinical signs were recorded. They were physically examined and clinical parameters like body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and ruminal movements were also taken [ 21 ]. Pulse and respiratory rate The pulse rate was taken at the femoral artery. The fingers were placed on the femoral artery and gentle pressure was applied until the wave was detected. The waves were counted for one minute. The respiration rate was calculated by counting the movements of the rib cage and abdomen [ 18 ]. Body temperature “The body temperature was measured using a digital clinical thermometer”. The bulb of the thermometer was lubricated with liquid paraffin before inserting. The thermometer was gently inserted into the rectum in a rotatory manner. The thermometer was kept in the rectum for two minutes with close contact with the wall of the rectum. After two minutes the body temperature was recorded [ 34 ]. Examination of ruminal fluid changes Ruminal fluid pH The ruminal fluid was collected through rumenocentesis using 16 gauge needles with a disposable syringe. The puncture site was the ventral rumen on the left side on the horizontal line level with the top of the patella about 5 cm posterior to the last rib [ 15 ]. The site was disinfected before inserting the needle [ 15 ]. The ruminal fluid collected was used for the determination of ruminal pH. The ruminal fluid pH was measured using a wide range of pH indicator paper and pH meter. The ruminal fluid was put on the paper and pH was recorded by a change in the color of the indicator paper and matching it with the standard colors of the indicator paper [ 21 ]. The pH of ruminal fluid was determined immediately after collection before exposure to air as it can cause an increase in pH if it will expose to air [ 39 ]. The ruminal fluid was put in a beaker and a pH meter was inserted into it. The pH value was recorded as the mean value [ 39 ]. Protozoa motility test Few drops of collected ruminal fluid were placed on a glass slide with a toothpick. Coverslip was put on it. The slide was examined under a low-power microscope for the presence or absence of ruminal protozoa immediately after collection [ 2 ]. Protozoan motility was graded in four categories: highly mobile (++++) and very crowded (good): >10 mobile protozoa per field; motile (+++) and crowded (fair): 6–9 mobile protozoa per field; sluggish motility (++) and low number (subnormal): 3–5 mobile protozoa per field; + no or sporadic alive fauna (very low): <3 mobile protozoa per field [ 15 , 2 ]. Evaluation of hematological changes Blood sampling Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein into 5 ml evacuated serum-separating tubes and tubes containing EDTA [ 40 ]. Total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocytes count (TEC), hemoglobin estimation (Hgb %), and packed cell volume (PCV) were performed by using an automatic haem-analyzer [ 15 ]. Determination of blood pH The 5 ml of whole blood was collected into a test tube from the jugular vein and allowed to clot at room temperature for one hour to obtain serum. Serum pH was measured with the use of a wide range of pH indicator paper and pH meters [ 15 ]. The pH indicator paper was dipped into serum and the color of the strip was matched with the standard colors. The reading of the strip was taken immediately after dipping to avoid the change in color by exposure to air [ 2 ]. The serum was put into a beaker and a pH meter was dipped into it. The reading of the pH meter was recorded. The mean value of both the readings was calculated [ 13 ]. Treatment trials A treatment trial was conducted to identify the best therapeutic regimens. “Treatment options were sodium bicarbonate, digestion powder, and magnesium hydroxide in animals with ruminal acidosis as indicated in Table 1 ”. Treatments were allocated randomly to three groups comprising 8 animals each. Group, I animals received sodium bicarbonate at a dose of 1g/Kg body weight. Animals in group II were treated with magnesium hydroxide at a dose of 1.11g/kg body weight. Animals in group III were treated with digestion powder at a dose of 0.8 g/kg [ 18 ]. Eight negative control animals were maintained as control (group IV). Samplings were performed before the onset of treatment and thereafter post-treatment [ 39 ]. Table 1 Therapeutic trial for the treatment of ruminal acidosis in sheep Group Number of sheep Drugs Composition Dose (g/k.g) Dosage (ml/k.g) and route Frequency and duration of treatment Group I (Positive control) 8 Sodium bicarbonate Chloride, lead, calcium, iron, and arsenic 1 10 orally Once a day for 4 days Group II (Pc) 8 Magnesium hydroxide MgOH (Mg + , OH − ) 1.11 10 orally Once a day for 4 days Group III (Pc) 8 Digestion powder Sodium propionate 37.5g, paracetamol 12.5g, glucose monohydrate 12.5g, sodium hydrogen carbonate 37.5g 0.8 8 orally Twice a day for 4 days Group IV (Negative control) 8 Without treatment Without treatment Untreated Untreated Untreated (Source:[ 18 ] ) “The treatment effectiveness was compared based on reduction or disappearance of clinical signs, change of disturbing clinical parameters, ruminal pH, and hematological parameters to normal range”. It was also compared to the survival rate. The number of animals that completely recovered was also considered for comparison of treatment regimens. In general, the efficacy of therapeutic regimens was evaluated based on the clinical recovery of the animals and rumen function tests [ 33 ]. Data Management and Statistical Analysis Collected data were coded and entered into an MS Excel spreadsheet. After validation, it was transferred into and processed using STATA version 12 statistical software. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and t-test. The hematological, ruminal, and clinical parametric changes before and after treatment of different groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The hematological, ruminal, and clinical parametric changes of ruminal acidosis sheep before and after treatment were compared with the normal control group sheep by t-test (paired t-tests). For statistical inference, P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Clinical Parameters The overall clinical parameters result during the completely randomized trial was summarized in Table 2 . Table 2 Clinical parameters of different groups of ruminal acidotic sheep before and after treatment (Value are Mean ± SE) Physical parameter Group I Group II Group III Group IV Sodium bicarbonate Magnesium hydroxide Digestion powder No treatment P-value Temperature (c 0 ) Before treatment 38.48*±0.20 38.6*±0.21 38.71*±0.54 39.32 ± 0.27 0.0002 After treatment 39.02 \(\pm\) 0.32 39.11 ± 0.14 39.23 ± 0.33 39.32 ± 0.27 0.0063 Pulse rate/min Before treatment 123.5*±27.15 115.5*±18.89 117.25*±21.29 82 ± 6.19 0.0000 After treatment 93.5 ± 30.61 88 ± 6.68 86 ± 7.37 82 ± 6.19 0.1596 Respiratory rate/min Before treatment 73.75*±12.71 60.5*±13.93 57*±12.51 36.75 ± 6.67 0.0000 After treatment 44 ± 25.21 40 ± 4.37 37.5 ± 3.89 36.75 ± 6.67 0.2822 Rumen motility / 2 min Before treatment 0.5*±0.89 0.37*±0.86 0.62*±1.24 2.5 ± 1.54 0.0000 After treatment 2.12 ± 1.65 1.75 ± 1.18 2.37 ± 1.24 2.5 ± 1.54 0.3244 Capillary refill time in sec Before treatment 3*±1.78 2.87*±0.69 2.12*±1.39 1 ± 0.00 0.00001 After treatment 1.75 ± 1.73 1.5 ± 0.44 1.12 ± 0.59 1 ± 0.00 0.0752 Skin turgor in sec Before treatment 3.37*±1.77 4.12*±2.43 3.12*±1.88 1 ± 0.00 0.0000 After treatment 2.251 ± 1.48 2 ± 1.78 1.37 ± 0.86 1 ± 0.00 0.00083 * Superscripts indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 as compared to group IV (healthy group) Ruminal Fluid Analysis Ruminal fluid pH The mean values of rumen pH obtained before treatments were 5.37 ± 0.34, 5.28 ± 0.58, 5.42 ± 0.48, and 6.65 ± 0.25 for groups I, II, III, and IV respectively as shown below in Table 3 . There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrement in ruminal fluid pH of all groups of acidotic sheep as compared to a negative control. The mean values of rumen pH obtained after treatment were 6.31 ± 0.43, 6.58 ± 0.30, 6.42 ± 0.37, and 6.65 ± 0.25 for groups I, II, III, and IV respectively. The increment in ruminal fluid pH value after treatment in all groups of acidotic sheep was statistically significant (p < 0.05) as compared to their pre-treatment value. The ruminal fluid pH of groups I and III after treatment was significant (p < 0.05) as compared to group IV while the ruminal fluid pH of group II after treatment was not significant as compared to group IV (negative control). Protozoa motility There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrement in protozoa activity of all the groups of acidotic sheep as compared to a negative control. After treatment again the protozoa motility test was repeated for all groups. A slight to moderate amount of protozoa were observed in the ruminal fluids collected from groups I, II, and III. However, the protozoa activity in group II was the lowest as compared to groups I, III, and IV as indicated in Table 3 . The increment in protozoa activity after treatment in all the groups of acidotic sheep was statistically significant (p < 0.05) as compared to their pre-treatment value. Table 3 Ruminal Fluid analysis before and after treatment in ruminal acidotic sheep and healthy or untreated sheep (Value are Mean ± SE) Ruminal fluid Analysis Group I Group II Group III Group IV Sodium bicarbonate Magnesium hydroxide Digestion powder No treatment Rumen PH Before treatment 5.37 * ±0.34 5.28 * ±0.58 5.42*±0.48 6.65 ± 0.25 Before treatment 6.31 ± 0.43 6.58 ± 0.30 6.42 ± 0.37 6.65 ± 0.25 Protozoa activity Before treatment Absent 6(75%) 7(87.5%) 5(62.5%) 0% Mild 2(25%) 1(12.5%) 3(37.5%) 1(12.5%) Moderate 0% 0% 0% 3(37.5%) High 0% 0% 0% 4(50%) After treatment Absent 1(12.5%) 4(50%) 0% 0% Mild 4(50%) 3(37.5%) 4(50%) 1(12.5%) Moderate 3(37.5%) 1(12.5%) 3(37.5%) 3(37.5%) High 0% 0% 1(12.5%) 4(50%) * Superscripts indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 as compared to group IV (healthy group) Hematological Parameters The overall hematological parameters during the experimental trial were summarized in Table 4 . Table 4 Hematological parameters of different groups of ruminal acidotic sheep before and after treatment (Value are Mean ± SE) Hematological parameter Group I Group II Group III Group IV Sodium bicarbonate Magnesium hydroxide Digestion powder No treatment P-value TEC (x10 6 /µL) Before treatment 14.05 * ±1.27 14.08*±1.75 13.6*±1.46 11.32 ± 0.54 0.0000 After treatment 12.71 ± 1.99 11.8 ± 0.92 11.5 ± 0.85 11.32 ± 0.54 0.0032 TLC (x10 3 /µL) Before treatment 12.71*±0.99 12.3*±1.82 11.83*±1.12 9.05 ± 0.80 0.0000 After treatment 10.95 ± 1.73 10.51 ± 1.20 10.3 ± 0.89 9.05 ± 0.80 0.0001 PCV (%) Before treatment 40.78*±5.24 40.5*±5.93 34.78*±20.86 29.41 ± 3.25 0.0059 After treatment 35.27 ± 6.24 33.87 ± 3.78 31.68 ± 2.71 29.41 ± 3.25 0.0004 Hgb (g/dL) Before treatment 14.78*±1.83 14.61*±2.24 14.03*±1.73 10.97 ± 0.66 0.0000 After treatment 11.87 ± 2.68 11.48 ± 1.20 11.2 ± 0.66 10.97 ± 0.66 0.2558 Blood Ph Before treatment 6.91*±0.44 6.92*±0.24 7.02*±0.24 7.26 ± 0.17 0.0015 After treatment 7.11 ± 0.28 7.31 ± 0.2 7.21 ± 0.20 7.26 ± 0.17 0.0324 * Superscripts indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 as compared to group IV (healthy group) Therapeutic Efficacy Evaluation The therapeutic efficacy of all the regimens was evaluated based on clinical recovery from the disease signs. The results of treatment in various groups are shown in Table 5 . From the Table, it is evident that with group I (sodium bicarbonate), 25, 50, 75, and 87.5% of animals recovered on day 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively. Similarly, with group II (magnesium hydroxide), 50, 62.5, 87.5, and 100% of animals recovered on day 1st, 2nd and 3rd, and 4th respectively. In group III (digestion powder), 62.5, 87.5, 100, and 100% of animals recovered on day 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively as indicated in Table 5 . It was also evident that digestion powder is the most effective since all animals recovered on day 3, followed by magnesium hydroxide with which all animals recovered on day 4, followed by sodium bicarbonate in which 87.5% recovered on day 4 and there was also one sheep mortality in group I. Table 5 Therapeutic efficacy of various therapeutic regimens in ruminal acidosis of sheep Group Treatment No. of Animals Therapeutic efficacy (% recovery) Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Group I Sodium bicarbonate 8 2(25%) 4(50)%) 6(75%) 7(87.5%) Group II Magnesium hydroxide 8 4(50%) 5(62.5%) 7(87.5%) 8(100%) Group III Digestion powder 8 5(62.5%) 7(87.5%) 8(100%) 8(100%) Discussion Clinical Parameters The decrement in rectal temperature, noted in the present study was following [ 24 ] which may be due to dehydration; a fall in total plasma volume, and severe depression of the cardiovascular system [ 13 ]. The pulse rate significantly increased, which might be due to metabolic acidosis activating the sympathetic nervous system and causing tachycardia [ 28 ]. Increased pulse rate was observed in the ruminal acidotic group similar finding has been reported by [ 5 , 17 ]. The increased respiration rate (shallow and rapid) observed in the present case was by [ 2 , 29 ]. This increment in respiration might be due to stimulation of the respiratory center by increased carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) tension of blood and decreased blood pH [ 29 ]. The rumen motility becomes decreased or ceased completely in carbohydrate engorgement. This is due to muscle atony resulting from the depression of sympathetic and sympathomimetic ganglion. The drug used in this study contains several constituents which have buffering and sympathomimetic effects (Sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and digestion powder). These drugs help to reestablish rumen motility through the restoration of the intraluminal and metabolic acidosis [ 12 ]. The significant increment in CRT and skin turgor before treatment in mild, moderate, and severe acidotic animals, as in accordance to [ 31 , 34 ], could be due to hemoconcentration as a result of mild to severe dehydration following drawing of systemic fluid into the rumen and profuse diarrhea [ 28 ]. Ruminal Fluid Changes The reduction in pH of the ruminal fluid noted in the present study is due to increase production of volatile fatty acids [ 11 ]. This great change in the microbial population in the rumen is due to the overconsumption of easily fermentable carbohydrate-rich feed materials within 2–6 hours. The number of gram-positive bacteria increased rapidly, which resulted in the production of high amount of lactic acid [ 6 , 10 ]. Low rumen pH destroys protozoa, cellulolytic organisms, and lactate-utilizing organisms [ 4 ]. The superimposition of lactic acid and its salt, lactate, on the existing solutes in the rumen liquid causes osmotic pressure to increase, which brings in the movement of excessive quantities of fluid into the rumen and finally moderate to severe dehydration followed [ 19 , 24 ]. The rumen protozoa activity of negative control sheep was observed as mild (12.5%), moderate (37.5%), and high (50%) while in acidotic sheep groups I, II, and III the ruminal activity was absent in 75, 87.5 and 62.5% respectively as indicated in Table 3 [ 27 , 8 ]. This is due to the motility of the ruminal protozoa depending on the H + ion concentration and osmolality of the rumen liquor [ 16 ]. Ruminal protozoa activity in ruminal acidotic sheep was mainly absent which is in agreement with [ 20 ]. Magnesium hydroxide treatment had a significant increment in rumen pH and decreased rumen protozoa activity. Similar to the present findings of ruminal protozoa activity of ruminal acidotic sheep have been recorded by [ 35 , 43 ]. Hematological Parameters The significant increment in TEC, TLC, PCV, and Hgb before treatment of ruminal acidotic animals, as in accordance to [ 31 , 34 ], could be due to hemoconcentration as a result of mild to severe dehydration following drawing of systemic fluid in the rumen and profuse diarrhea [ 28 ]. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increment in TEC of all the groups of acidotic sheep as compared to negative control [ 23 , 16 ]. The stress of systemic acidosis and release of epinephrine causing splenic contractions leading to the release of more erythrocytes into the peripheral bloodstream [ 11 ] and prevailing hemoconcentration [ 9 ] attributes to elevated TEC levels in acidotic sheep. The present findings of increased TEC in ruminal acidotic are in agreement with [ 38 , 11 ]. The decrement in TEC after therapy was statistically significant at (p < 0.05) level in groups I, II, and III [ 32 , 25 ]. Similar decrement in TEC in ruminal acidosis has also been documented by [ 16 ]. The increment in TLC in ruminal acidosis is attributed to the release of endotoxins and other chemicals released from anaerobic and coliform bacteria and subsequent enteropathy [ 3 , 9 ]. A similar increase in TLC in ruminal lactic acidosis has been recorded by [ 21 , 43 ]. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrement in TLC in all three Groups after therapy. Antacid therapy of sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and digestion powder has corrected systemic acidosis and relieved reactive leukocytosis. The present findings are agreeable with the observations of earlier authors [ 30 , 41 ]. The increment in PCV concentration in all the groups of ruminal acidosis-affected sheep was significant (p < 0.05) as compared to a negative control group [ 37 ]. Increased PCV before treatment signifies a state of severe dehydration in all the acidotic sheep. Increased concentration of both D and L forms of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids markedly increases ruminal osmolality resulting in the withdrawal of water from the systemic circulation into the rumen causing hemoconcentration and dehydration resulting in elevated levels of PCV [ 9 ]. This translocation of extra-cellular fluid into the rumen causing increased hematocrit has also been reported by [ 16 , 30 ]. The decrease in the PCV value in all the groups of acidotic sheep was statistically significant (p < 0.05) as compared to their pre-treatment values. The correction of systemic acidosis and dehydration state following therapeutic regimen has resulted in relief of hemoconcentration and thereby normalization of hematocrit value [ 9 ]. A decrement in the PCV values after therapy in acidotic sheep has also been recorded by [ 30 , 43 ]. The increment hemoglobin concentration in acidotic sheep of groups I, II, and III was statistically significant (p < 0.05) as compared to healthy control [ 32 ]. The present findings of increased hemoglobin in acidotic sheep have also been reported by [ 25 , 38 ]. The decrement of hemoglobin in each group after therapy was statistically significant (p < 0.05) as compared to their pre-treatment values [ 16 ]. Recovery from a state of dehydration and relief of systemic changes after therapy has caused normalization of hemodynamics, resulting in declined values of hemoglobin in all three groups after treatment. A decrement in the concentration of hemoglobin after therapy in ruminal acidotic sheep has been recorded by [ 38 , 25 ]. The blood pH of the ruminal acidotic group was found to be lower than a normal value which is in agreement with [ 6 , 3 ] which might be due to lactate absorption from the rumen [ 5 , 26 ]. The decrement in the pH may be due to over-distention of rumen which impedes venous return to the heart [ 31 ]. This factor impairs hepatic perfusion and poorer lactic acid utilization which in turn leads to systemic lactic acidosis, manifesting decreased blood pH [ 36 ]. The significant increment in blood pH after treatment in ruminal acidotic animals could be due to buffering or alkalinizing effect of the treatment as in accordance to [ 31 , 36 ]. Therapeutic Efficacy Evaluation Digestion powder was used to stimulate reticulorumen motility and stimulate appetite [ 16 ]. These preparations contained sodium propionate, sodium chloride, iron sulfate, cobalt sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium propionate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and paracetamol and glucose monohydrate in powder form [ 25 ]. It is used to prevent the animal from the process of dehydration and loss of electrolytes. Magnesium hydroxide (it is a potent alkalizing agent and has a laxative effect in the intestine, so it is used to prevent constipation) or sodium bicarbonate at 1 g/kg body weight was used to alkalinize the rumen pH [ 38 ]. In the present study, three different therapies such as sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and digestion powder were used for the treatment of ruminal acidotic sheep [ 40 , 6 ]. All drugs were able to correct the acidotic condition which was evident from the increment in ruminal and blood pH and recovery rate of the animals after their administration [ 4 ]. From Table 5 , it is also evident that digestion powder is the most effective since all animals recovered on day 3, followed by magnesium hydroxide with which all animals recovered on day 4, followed by sodium bicarbonate in which 87.5% of animals recovered on day 4. This indicated that digestion powder is the most effective therapy when compared to sodium bicarbonate and magnesium hydroxide which is in close agreement with [ 36 , 14 ]. Conclusion The current experimental trial showed that ruminal acidotic sheep had significantly (p < 0.05) lower rectal temperature, rumen motility, protozoa activity, and ruminal fluid pH as compared to a negative control group. However, there were significant (p < 0.05) increments in pulse rate, respiratory rate, CRT, and skin turgor before treatment in ruminal acidotic sheep as compared to negative control sheep. There were also significant (p < 0.05) increments in total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration before treatment in a ruminal acidotic group as compared to the negative control group. After treatment of ruminal acidotic sheep, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increment in rectal temperature, rumen motility, protozoa activity, and ruminal fluid pH as compared to the pre-treatment group. However, after treatment of ruminal acidotic sheep, there were significant (p < 0.05) decrements in pulse rate, respiratory rate, CRT, skin turgor, total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration as compared to pre-treatment value. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increment in blood pH after treatment as compared to the pre-treatment group. The clinical and hematological parameter of group I and II after treatment was significant (p < 0.05) as compared to group IV while the clinical and hematological parameters of group III after treatment was not significant as compared to group IV (negative control). The therapeutic efficacy indicated that all treatment regimens were able to correct the acidotic condition which was evident from the increment in ruminal and blood pH as a result of alkalizing and buffering activity of the treatments. Digestion powder has different compositions which are absorbed into the body and balance the disturbed clinical and hematological parameters. It was the most effective therapy since all animals recovered on day 3, followed by magnesium hydroxide with which all animals recovered on day 4, followed by sodium bicarbonate in which 87.5% of animals recovered on day 4. Based on the above conclusions the following recommendations are forwarded: Clinical and hematological parameters had better be considered as a major diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of ruminal acidosis. Owners shall avoid abrupt feed change from roughage to concentrate to reduce the occurrence of ruminal acidosis. Digestion powder had a better treatment effect for ruminal acidotic sheep so it is better to be used by veterinary professionals and animal owners. A further study had better be carried out about the cause of ruminal acidosis in small ruminants. Abbreviations CRT Capillary Refill Time CSA Central Statistical Agency EDTA Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid LRS Lactated Ringer Solution PCV Packed Cell Volume PME Polio Encephalo Malacia RFC Readily Fermentable Carbohydrate SARA Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis TEC Total Erythrocyte Count VFA Volatile Fatty Acids Declarations Ethical approval and consent All procedures and animal handling followed the ARRIVE ethical guidelines principles in animal experimentation and were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Research of the University of Gondar, College of Veterinary medicine and Animal sciences (Reference RRCUOG 018/2018). Oral consent was obtained from the animal owners before experimentation. Consent for Publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The data set used in this study is available from the corresponding author and can be accessed through reasonable request. Competing Interest The authors declare that, to the best of their knowledge, there is no known conflict of interest associated with this manuscript. Funding The cost of this research work was covered by UOG. Authors’ contributions A.B contributed to the conception of the idea, laboratory analysis and data collection, and drafting and writing of the manuscript. M.A contributed to the interpretation of results and manuscript preparation. D.S contributed to the interpretation of results and helped with the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Acknowledgments I am highly indebted to thank International Veterinary Pharmacy in Bahir Dar, the University of Gondar laboratory, and Addis Zemen clinic staff members, especially Mrs. Lemlem Mogesu and Mr. Bereket Takel for their kind of reception, preparing equipment and materials for the work, and voluntariness to use their laboratory for this study. My deep and special thanks also go to my wife Selamawit Asmare for her invaluable and unreserved financial and moral support throughout my academic years. Authors details *1 Department of Vet. Clinical Medicine, Email: [email protected] , P.O.Box: 272, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia 2 Department of Vet. Pharmacology, Email: [email protected] , P.O.Box: 196, University of Gondar, Ethiopia 3 Department of Para-clinical Studies, Email: [email protected] , P.O.Box: 196, University of Gondar, Ethiopia References Ajithkumar, P., 2016. Effect of Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) on Milk quality and Production Performances in Commercial Dairy Farms. J. Livest. Sci. 5 ( 6 ): 3731–3741. Allen, D. G., Anderson, D. P., Jeffcott, L. B., Quesenberry, K. E., Radostits, O. M., Reeves, P. T. and Wolf, A. M., 2005. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 9th Ed, Pp . 178–179. Angelov, G., Nikolov, Y. and Angelov, A., 1996. Changes in Acid-base Parameters, Blood sugar and Blood lactate in Experimental Acute Rumen Acidosis in Sheep. Indian Vet. J. 73 ( 3 ): 85–125. Aslan, V., Thamsborg, S. M., Jorgensen, R. J. and Basse, A., 1995. Induced Acute Ruminal Acidosis in Goats treated with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bicarbonate. J. Vet. Med. 36 ( 1 ):65–77. Braun, U., Rihs, T. and Schefer, U., 1992. Ruminal Lactic Acidosis in Sheep and Goats. J. Anim. Sci. 130 ( 16 ):343–9. Cao, G. R., Menglish, P. B., Filippich, L. J. and Tinglis, S., 1987. Experimentally induced D-lactic Acidosis in the Goats. Australia Vet. J. 64 ( 12 ):367–70. Central Statistical Authority (CSA)., 2018. Sample enumeration report on Livestock and Farm implement. Addis Zemen, Ethiopia, Pp . 26–136. South Gondar Zone Administration Central Statistical Agency (SGACSA)., 2018. Agricultural Office of Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Choudhary, S., Muralidhara, A. and Ravindranath, B. M., 2011. Ruminal Acidosis in small Ruminants and its Therapeutic Management. J. Anim. Sci. 6 ( 3 ): 320–321. Constable, D.K., Hinchcliff, S.H. and Grunberg, W., 2017. A textbook of Diseases of Cattle, Horse, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats. 11th ed, Elsevier publications, London: Pp . 461–472. Crichlow, E. C., and Chaplin, R. K., 1985. Ruminal lactic acidosis and relationship of forestomach motility to nondissociated volatile fatty acids levels. J. Vet. Med. 46 ( 9 ):1908–11. Darwin, L., Suresh, R. V., Thangathurai, R. and Dhanapalan, P., 2007. A retrospective study on Ruminal Acidosis in Goats. Indian Vet. J. 84 ( 2 ): 432–433. Debrabander, D. L., Deboever, j. l., Vanacker, j. M. and Geerts, N. E., 2002. Evaluation and Effects of Physical structure in Dairy cattle Nutrition. Hannover, Pp .182–197. Dunlop, R.H. and Hammond, P.B., 1995. D-lactic Acidosis of Ruminants. J. Acad. Sci. 119 ( 8 ): 1109–1132. Galip, N. (2006): Effect of supplemental yeast culture and Sodium bicarbonate on Ruminal fermentation and blood variables in rams. J. Anim. Physiology and Anim. Nutr. 90 ( 11 ):446–52 Gentile, A., Sconza, S., Lorenz, I., Otranto, G., Rademacher, G. and Klee, W., 2004. D -Lactic Acidosis in Calves as a consequence of Experimentally induced Ruminal Acidosis. J. Vet. Clin. Med. 70 ( 4 ): 64–70. Gupta, S.P., Yadav, R., Sharma, C. S., and Gattani, A., 2012. Dietary induced Metabolic Acidosis in Goats and its successful Therapeutic Management. J. Vet. practitioner. 13(2 ):312–314. Hajikolaei, H. R., Nouri, M., Afshar, F. S. and Dehkordi, A. J., 2006. Effects of Experimentally induced Ruminal Acidosis on Blood pH, Bicarbonate, and CO 2 in the Sheep. Pakistan J. Biological Sci. 9 ( 10 ): 2003–2005. Khan, J. A., Khan, M. S., Sadique, U., Shah, M., Idrees, M. and Shah, Z., 2013. ClinicoTherapeutical Trials of Lactic Acidosis in Small Ruminants. The J. Anim. and Plant Sci. 23 (1): 80–83. Kezar, W. W., and Church, D. C., 1979. Ruminal Changes during the onset and Recovery of induced Lactic acidosis in Sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 49 ( 6 ):1161–1167. Lal, S.B., Dwivedi, S.K., Sharma, M. C. and Swarup, D., 1989. Clinical Biochemical and Microbial studies in Rumen liquor in Experimental Acidosis in Goats. Indian J. Vet. Med. 2 ( 3 ): 81–85. Mahmood, A. K., Khan, M. S., Khan, M. A., Bilal, M. and Farooq, U., 2013. Lactic Acidosis In Goats (Prevalence, Intra-Ruminal and Haematological Investigations). The J. Anim. and Plant Sci. 23( 6 ): 1527–1531. Minuti, A., Bertoni, G., Jahan, N., and Bani, P., 2018. Experimental Acute Rumen Acidosis in Sheep: Consequences on rumen and gastrointestinal permeability conditions and blood chemistry. American Society of Anim. Sci. J. 5 ( 3 ), 3966–3977. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2014-7594 Mousa, S.A., Abdel, I. A. and Baraka, T. A., 2010. Influence of Rumen Acidosis on Clinical, Hematological, and Biochemical constituents of blood and rumen liquor in Egyptian Dairy Cattle. International Congress of Mediterranean Federation of Health Aussiut, 5 ( 3 ): 150–278. Nour, M. S. M., Abusamra, M. T. and Hago, B. D., 1998. Experimentally induced Lactic acidosis in Nubian Goats: Clinical, Biochemical and Pathological investigations. Small Rum. Res. 31 (4): 7–17. Panchasheel, M, N., 2013. Clinicopathological and Therapeutic studies in Acute Ruminal Acidosis of Goats. Submitted MVSc thesis to Karnataka, 52 ( 5 ): 125–155. Patra, R. C., Lal, S. B. and Swarup, D., 1993. Physicochemical alterations in blood, Cerebrospinal fluid, and urine in Experimental Lactic Acidosis in Sheep. Res. Vet. Sci. 54 ( 2 ):217–20. Pradeep, K.R., Verma, S. P., Anup, K.A. and Jayachandran, C., 2007. Effect of severity of Acidosis on Ruminal activity in Goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 41 ( 4 ): 256–260. Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Blood, D. C. and Hinchcliff, K. W., 2000. Veterinary Medicine. 9TH end. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pp. 293–303. Radostits, M. O., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K.W. and Constable, P. D., 2007. Textbook of Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, and Goats. 10th Edn, Pp . 318–321. Rahima, A., Nambi, A. P., Vijaykumar, G., and Vairamuthu, S., 2012. Efficacy of hemodialysis in Goats affected with Acute Ruminal Acidosis. Indian Vet. J. 89 ( 6 ): 128–130. Sarma, S. and Nath, R., 2005. Studies on Rumen Acidosis in Goat and Efficacy of Treatment. J. Vet. Med. 6 ( 3 ): 64–65. Shah, O. M., Shaheen, G., Gupta, A., Lather, S., Nabi, A. R. and Hassan, M., 2013. Clinical and Haematological changes in Rumen Acidosis in south down breed of Sheep in Kashmir valley. J. Haryana Vet. Med. 52 ( 4 ): 60–62. Shah, O. S., Hussain, T., Amin, U., Rouf, A., Dar, Z. A., Nabi, S. U., and Shaheen, M., 2017. Efficacy of different Therapeutic regimens for Simple indigestion in Sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 5 ( 6 ): 1502–1504. Shihabudhin, P. K., Usha, N. P., Ajithkumar, S. and Alex, P. C., 2003. Hematological change in Experimental Luminal Acidosis in Goats. Indian J.Vet. Med. 23 ( 5 ): 93–95. Shihabudeen, P. K., Pillai, U. N. and Ajitkumar, S., 2006. Serum Biochemical, Physico-chemical and Microbiological changes in rumen liquor of Experimental Ruminal Acidosis in Goats. Indian J. Vet. Med. 83 ( 4 ): 267–270. Smith, G. W., and Correa, M. T., 2004. The effects of oral Magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in Cattle. J. Vet. Med. 18(1): 109 – 12. Tambe, V., Padmaja, N. A. and Gopala, R., 2017. Studies on Rumen fluid analysis in Ruminal Acidotic Goats. Inter. J. Livest. Res. 7 (9): 250–258. Tufani, M. (2013). Rumen Acidosis in small Ruminants and its Therapeutic Management. Iranian J. Applied Anim. Sci. 3 ( 1 ): 19–24. Valmik, T. S., Padmaja, K., Nagaraj, P. and Gopala, A., 2017. Therapeutic studies of Ruminal Acidosis in Goats. J. Pharma Innovation . 6 ( 6 ): 44–48. Van, A. S. R., 1983. Oral antacid Treatment in clinical Rumen Acidosis. J. Vet. Med. 54 ( 4 ): 265–294. Vieira, A.C., Camera, A. C., Mendonce, C. L. and Afonso, A. B., 2012. Hematological and Biochemical profile of Sheep supplemented with salinomycin and submitted to Experimental Ruminal Lactic Acidosis. J. Anim. Health. 13 ( 2 ):259–271. Walker, B., 2006. Grain poisoning of Cattle and Sheep. J. Anim. Health. 330 ( 3 ): 87–120. Zein-Eldin, M. M., Ghanem, M. M., Abdraof, Y. M., Eiattar, H. M. and Eikhaiat, M., 2014. Clinical, Haemato-biochemical, and ruminal changes during the onset and recovery of induced Lacto Acidosis in Sheep. J. Biotechnology in Anim. Husban. 30 ( 4 ): 647–659. Clinical Parameters The overall clinical parameters result during the clinical trial were summarized in Table 2. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Appendex14.docx Appendix5.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1866273","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":127382113,"identity":"614b7309-a8dd-44f2-bb10-c1a51e155d0f","order_by":0,"name":"Balemual* Abebaw","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwbmBhAtw8DAw8AMZMiBeAce4NXCCNbCA9NiDNaSQIqWRDAXnxZz9oONj2622fEwsJ89+Lig5nD6/LDDD4G22MnpNmDXYtmT2Gyc25bMw8CTl2w849jh3I230wyAWpKNzQ7gcNiBxDbp3DZmoMNyzKR52G7nbpydANJyIHEbLi3nH7b/zm2r52Hgf2P+m+ff7XTD2ekf8Gu5kdjGnNt2mIdBIseMmbftdoK8dA5+WyxnPGyWzjl3nIdN4l2y9My+/4YbpHMKDiQY4PaLOX/ywc85ZdVy/Py5Bz8XfEuTl5+dvvnDhwo7OVxa4IANESBgkoByFCDfQIrqUTAKRsEoGAkAAEmYYHHyq/BRAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Tabor University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Balemual*","middleName":"","lastName":"Abebaw","suffix":""},{"id":127382114,"identity":"8d8500b8-1599-49bf-bbcd-9b9bb9934013","order_by":1,"name":"Achenef Melaku","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Achenef","middleName":"","lastName":"Melaku","suffix":""},{"id":127382115,"identity":"1063cee0-fc6b-4935-9479-ecf94416f728","order_by":2,"name":"Shimelis Dagnachew","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shimelis","middleName":"","lastName":"Dagnachew","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-07-17 08:44:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1866273/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1866273/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":25050949,"identity":"4c642ee8-9189-4878-9286-b517979f4831","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-10 16:28:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the study area \u0026nbsp;(we created the map by QGIS version 3.10.2\u0026nbsp;software (https://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1866273/v1/f35d5b833f4cadac3fd41556.png"},{"id":26629867,"identity":"cc9032ae-f0a2-4ecc-8e89-7a9809945488","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-09-19 04:14:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":605106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1866273/v1/a114086b-5cbf-4425-b7a2-1edb7cead9f3.pdf"},{"id":25050502,"identity":"e223dd39-97bc-49a1-b156-1b2af15f661d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-10 16:23:39","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":20639,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendex14.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1866273/v1/1a01668cdd8b1e1e71533111.docx"},{"id":25050503,"identity":"1b9f925c-fba0-4cbe-a16c-09e82fcaac83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-10 16:23:39","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":23665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix5.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1866273/v1/b79daac610a6041591378e71.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Therapeutic efficacy trial for different treatment regimens due to induced ruminal acidosis in sheep in Addis zemen Town, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn ruminants, acidosis is defined as the biochemical and physiological stresses caused by the rapid production and absorption of ruminal organic acids (volatile fatty acids and lactic acid) that arise from the overconsumption of readily fermentable carbohydrates [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRuminal acidosis in sheep occurs by sudden ingestion of toxic doses of easily fermentable carbohydrate-rich feed materials such as grains causing proliferation of lactic acid-producing rumen bacteria particularly Streptococcus Bovis on lowered ruminal pH which results in heavy mortality [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In clinically affected animals\u0026rsquo; the morbidity rate varies from 10\u0026ndash;50 percent and depending on the type of grain, the total amount of grain eaten and the previous experience of the animal, mortality rates in sheep are as high as 90% in untreated cases [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Even when acidosis is treated, mortality rates can still range from 30\u0026ndash;40% of cases [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRuminal acidosis is clinically characterized by anorexia, laminitis, depression, abdominal distension, diarrhea, weakness, cessation or abrupt reduction of feed intake, and potentially polioencephalomalacia (PEM) which occurs from thiamine deficiency [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Treatment of clinical acidosis can be difficult and the chances of success depend on the severity of the case [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Antibiotics should be given to reduce the growth of gram-positive bacteria and to prevent the risk of liver abscessation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Other supportive treatments include antihistaminics to control histamine production. Thiamine at 10 mg/kg may also be helpful to facilitate the metabolism of L-lactate via pyruvate and oxidative phosphorylation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigestion powder is an oral preparation used to stimulate reticulorumen motility and to stimulate appetite [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. These preparations contained sodium propionate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and paracetamol and glucose monohydrate in powder form to be added to water and pumped into the rumen [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Magnesium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate at 1 g/kg body weight is used to alkalinize the rumen pH, and oral electrolyte solutions, preferably those containing sodium chloride to treat dehydration as a result of diarrhea [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Adequate fiber is often an option for the prevention of acidosis [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This action stimulates the flow of saliva and buffers the rumen in a pH range between 6 and 7 [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe small ruminant industry constitutes a major part of animal production in Ethiopia [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. However; rumen acidosis causes significant economic loss to the producers in the form of delayed marketing and condemnation of rumen and liver or entire carcass, reduces weight gain, lowered nutritional value, reduced water binding capacity of meat, and several organoleptic deficiencies and death of animals [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. It is the most serious and common problem that threatens animal health [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Northwest, Ethiopia there had not been any study about ruminal acidosis in sheep as well as any study on the therapeutic efficacy of different treatment regimens of ruminal acidosis in sheep. Therefore, the general and specific objectives of this study were:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral objective\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo assess the therapeutic efficacy of different treatment regimens of induced ruminal acidosis in sheep.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSpecific objectives:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e✓ To describe clinical parameter changes in sheep with ruminal acidosis in Addis zemen town.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e✓ To compare changes in ruminal fluid pH and protozoa motility associated with ruminal acidosis in sheep.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e✓ To describe changes in hematological parameters associated with ruminal acidosis in sheep.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Addis Zemen town. It is located in the South Gondar zone of the Amhara regional state as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The town has a latitude and longitude of 12\u0026deg;07\u0026prime;N 37\u0026deg;47\u0026prime;E and an elevation of 1975 meters above sea level. It has an estimated total population of 24,849 of whom 12,245 were males and 12,604 females [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The animal population consists of 124,607 cattle, 61,158 goats, 96,653 sheep, 2,066 horse, 564 mules, 26,765 donkeys, 199,950 poultry and 21,381 honey bee hives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA completely randomized trial was conducted from January to May 2018 in Addis Zemen town.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study populations were local breed sheep of different ages and sex in Addis Zemen town, in Amhara regional state.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Animals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;A total of 32 local breed sheep in Addis Zemen town were selected randomly with a mean bodyweight of 28 kg (range 25\u0026ndash;34 kg) were used\u0026rdquo;. The animals were offered hay before and during the trial. Food was withheld for 24hr before the start of the experiment to ensure sufficient ruminal capacity for the experimental ration. During the trial, all groups were penned separately on a concrete floor with no straw bedding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. \u0026ldquo;For the therapeutic study 24 sheep were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 animals and 8 animals were maintained as a negative control group\u0026rdquo;. On day 0, all animals were given 80 g of wheat flour per kg of bodyweight. The flour was given as a suspension in lukewarm water by a stomach tube [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Methodology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical Examination\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll animals were examined three times daily concerning clinical signs of anorexia, apathy, grinding of teeth, grunting, abdominal distension, ruminal stasis, watery diarrhea, ataxia, and recumbency were observed after grain was given to sheep [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. For each case, clinical signs were recorded. They were physically examined and clinical parameters like body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and ruminal movements were also taken [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulse and respiratory rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pulse rate was taken at the femoral artery. The fingers were placed on the femoral artery and gentle pressure was applied until the wave was detected. The waves were counted for one minute. The respiration rate was calculated by counting the movements of the rib cage and abdomen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody temperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The body temperature was measured using a digital clinical thermometer\u0026rdquo;. The bulb of the thermometer was lubricated with liquid paraffin before inserting. The thermometer was gently inserted into the rectum in a rotatory manner. The thermometer was kept in the rectum for two minutes with close contact with the wall of the rectum. After two minutes the body temperature was recorded [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamination of ruminal fluid changes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuminal fluid pH\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ruminal fluid was collected through rumenocentesis using 16 gauge needles with a disposable syringe. The puncture site was the ventral rumen on the left side on the horizontal line level with the top of the patella about 5 cm posterior to the last rib [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The site was disinfected before inserting the needle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The ruminal fluid collected was used for the determination of ruminal pH. The ruminal fluid pH was measured using a wide range of pH indicator paper and pH meter. The ruminal fluid was put on the paper and pH was recorded by a change in the color of the indicator paper and matching it with the standard colors of the indicator paper [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The pH of ruminal fluid was determined immediately after collection before exposure to air as it can cause an increase in pH if it will expose to air [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. The ruminal fluid was put in a beaker and a pH meter was inserted into it. The pH value was recorded as the mean value [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtozoa motility test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFew drops of collected ruminal fluid were placed on a glass slide with a toothpick. Coverslip was put on it. The slide was examined under a low-power microscope for the presence or absence of ruminal protozoa immediately after collection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Protozoan motility was graded in four categories: highly mobile (++++) and very crowded (good): \u0026gt;10 mobile protozoa per field; motile (+++) and crowded (fair): 6\u0026ndash;9 mobile protozoa per field; sluggish motility (++) and low number (subnormal): 3\u0026ndash;5 mobile protozoa per field; + no or sporadic alive fauna (very low): \u0026lt;3 mobile protozoa per field [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of hematological changes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood sampling\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood samples were collected from the jugular vein into 5 ml evacuated serum-separating tubes and tubes containing EDTA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocytes count (TEC), hemoglobin estimation (Hgb %), and packed cell volume (PCV) were performed by using an automatic haem-analyzer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermination of blood pH\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 5 ml of whole blood was collected into a test tube from the jugular vein and allowed to clot at room temperature for one hour to obtain serum. Serum pH was measured with the use of a wide range of pH indicator paper and pH meters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The pH indicator paper was dipped into serum and the color of the strip was matched with the standard colors. The reading of the strip was taken immediately after dipping to avoid the change in color by exposure to air [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The serum was put into a beaker and a pH meter was dipped into it. The reading of the pH meter was recorded. The mean value of both the readings was calculated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment trials\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA treatment trial was conducted to identify the best therapeutic regimens. \u0026ldquo;Treatment options were sodium bicarbonate, digestion powder, and magnesium hydroxide in animals with ruminal acidosis as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Treatments were allocated randomly to three groups comprising 8 animals each. Group, I animals received sodium bicarbonate at a dose of 1g/Kg body weight. Animals in group II were treated with magnesium hydroxide at a dose of 1.11g/kg body weight. Animals in group III were treated with digestion powder at a dose of 0.8 g/kg [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Eight negative control animals were maintained as control (group IV). Samplings were performed before the onset of treatment and thereafter post-treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherapeutic trial for the treatment of ruminal acidosis in sheep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of sheep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrugs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDose (g/k.g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDosage\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ml/k.g) and route\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency and duration of treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup I (Positive control)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium bicarbonate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChloride, lead, calcium, iron, and arsenic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 orally\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a day for 4 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup II (Pc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium hydroxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgOH (Mg\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, OH\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 orally\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce a day for 4 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup III (Pc)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion powder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium propionate 37.5g, paracetamol 12.5g, glucose monohydrate 12.5g, sodium hydrogen carbonate 37.5g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 orally\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwice a day for 4 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup IV (Negative control)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Source:[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] )\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The treatment effectiveness was compared based on reduction or disappearance of clinical signs, change of disturbing clinical parameters, ruminal pH, and hematological parameters to normal range\u0026rdquo;. It was also compared to the survival rate. The number of animals that completely recovered was also considered for comparison of treatment regimens. In general, the efficacy of therapeutic regimens was evaluated based on the clinical recovery of the animals and rumen function tests [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Management and Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollected data were coded and entered into an MS Excel spreadsheet. After validation, it was transferred into and processed using STATA version 12 statistical software. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and t-test. The hematological, ruminal, and clinical parametric changes before and after treatment of different groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The hematological, ruminal, and clinical parametric changes of ruminal acidosis sheep before and after treatment were compared with the normal control group sheep by t-test (paired t-tests). For statistical inference, P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall clinical parameters result during the completely randomized trial was summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical parameters of different groups of ruminal acidotic sheep before and after treatment (Value are Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical parameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup I\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup II\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup III\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup IV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSodium bicarbonate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMagnesium hydroxide\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDigestion powder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo treatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (c\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.48*\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6*\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.71*\u0026plusmn;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.02\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulse rate/min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.5*\u0026plusmn;27.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.5*\u0026plusmn;18.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.25*\u0026plusmn;21.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory rate/min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.75*\u0026plusmn;12.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5*\u0026plusmn;13.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57*\u0026plusmn;12.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRumen motility / 2 min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5*\u0026plusmn;0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37*\u0026plusmn;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62*\u0026plusmn;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapillary refill time in sec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3*\u0026plusmn;1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87*\u0026plusmn;0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12*\u0026plusmn;1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin turgor in sec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37*\u0026plusmn;1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12*\u0026plusmn;2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12*\u0026plusmn;1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.251\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* Superscripts indicate statistical significance at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 as compared to group IV (healthy group)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRuminal Fluid Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuminal fluid pH\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean values of rumen pH obtained before treatments were 5.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34, 5.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58, 5.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48, and 6.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25 for groups I, II, III, and IV respectively as shown below in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. There was a significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) decrement in ruminal fluid pH of all groups of acidotic sheep as compared to a negative control. The mean values of rumen pH obtained after treatment were 6.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43, 6.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30, 6.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37, and 6.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25 for groups I, II, III, and IV respectively. The increment in ruminal fluid pH value after treatment in all groups of acidotic sheep was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as compared to their pre-treatment value. The ruminal fluid pH of groups I and III after treatment was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as compared to group IV while the ruminal fluid pH of group II after treatment was not significant as compared to group IV (negative control).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtozoa motility\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) decrement in protozoa activity of all the groups of acidotic sheep as compared to a negative control. After treatment again the protozoa motility test was repeated for all groups. A slight to moderate amount of protozoa were observed in the ruminal fluids collected from groups I, II, and III. However, the protozoa activity in group II was the lowest as compared to groups I, III, and IV as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The increment in protozoa activity after treatment in all the groups of acidotic sheep was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as compared to their pre-treatment value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuminal Fluid analysis before and after treatment in ruminal acidotic sheep and healthy or untreated sheep (Value are Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuminal fluid Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup I\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup II\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup III\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup IV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSodium bicarbonate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMagnesium hydroxide\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDigestion powder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo treatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRumen PH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.37\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.28\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.42*\u0026plusmn;0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtozoa activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(87.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* Superscripts indicate statistical significance at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 as compared to group IV (healthy group)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHematological Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall hematological parameters during the experimental trial were summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematological parameters of different groups of ruminal acidotic sheep before and after treatment (Value are Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematological parameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup I\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup II\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup III\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup IV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSodium bicarbonate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMagnesium hydroxide\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDigestion powder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo treatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTEC (x10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e/\u0026micro;L)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.05\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.08*\u0026plusmn;1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6*\u0026plusmn;1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTLC (x10\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e/\u0026micro;L)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.71*\u0026plusmn;0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3*\u0026plusmn;1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.83*\u0026plusmn;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePCV (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.78*\u0026plusmn;5.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5*\u0026plusmn;5.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.78*\u0026plusmn;20.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHgb (g/dL)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.78*\u0026plusmn;1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.61*\u0026plusmn;2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.03*\u0026plusmn;1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood Ph\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.91*\u0026plusmn;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.92*\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02*\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* Superscripts indicate statistical significance at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 as compared to group IV (healthy group)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTherapeutic Efficacy Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe therapeutic efficacy of all the regimens was evaluated based on clinical recovery from the disease signs. The results of treatment in various groups are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. From the Table, it is evident that with group I (sodium bicarbonate), 25, 50, 75, and 87.5% of animals recovered on day 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively. Similarly, with group II (magnesium hydroxide), 50, 62.5, 87.5, and 100% of animals recovered on day 1st, 2nd and 3rd, and 4th respectively. In group III (digestion powder), 62.5, 87.5, 100, and 100% of animals recovered on day 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. It was also evident that digestion powder is the most effective since all animals recovered on day 3, followed by magnesium hydroxide with which all animals recovered on day 4, followed by sodium bicarbonate in which 87.5% recovered on day 4 and there was also one sheep mortality in group I.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherapeutic efficacy of various therapeutic regimens in ruminal acidosis of sheep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherapeutic efficacy (% recovery)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDay 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDay 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDay 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDay 4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup I\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium bicarbonate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(50)%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(87.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium hydroxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(87.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup III\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion powder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(87.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe decrement in rectal temperature, noted in the present study was following [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] which may be due to dehydration; a fall in total plasma volume, and severe depression of the cardiovascular system [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The pulse rate significantly increased, which might be due to metabolic acidosis activating the sympathetic nervous system and causing tachycardia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Increased pulse rate was observed in the ruminal acidotic group similar finding has been reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The increased respiration rate (shallow and rapid) observed in the present case was by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. This increment in respiration might be due to stimulation of the respiratory center by increased carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) tension of blood and decreased blood pH [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rumen motility becomes decreased or ceased completely in carbohydrate engorgement. This is due to muscle atony resulting from the depression of sympathetic and sympathomimetic ganglion. The drug used in this study contains several constituents which have buffering and sympathomimetic effects (Sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and digestion powder). These drugs help to reestablish rumen motility through the restoration of the intraluminal and metabolic acidosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The significant increment in CRT and skin turgor before treatment in mild, moderate, and severe acidotic animals, as in accordance to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], could be due to hemoconcentration as a result of mild to severe dehydration following drawing of systemic fluid into the rumen and profuse diarrhea [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRuminal Fluid Changes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reduction in pH of the ruminal fluid noted in the present study is due to increase production of volatile fatty acids [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. This great change in the microbial population in the rumen is due to the overconsumption of easily fermentable carbohydrate-rich feed materials within 2\u0026ndash;6 hours. The number of gram-positive bacteria increased rapidly, which resulted in the production of high amount of lactic acid [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Low rumen pH destroys protozoa, cellulolytic organisms, and lactate-utilizing organisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The superimposition of lactic acid and its salt, lactate, on the existing solutes in the rumen liquid causes osmotic pressure to increase, which brings in the movement of excessive quantities of fluid into the rumen and finally moderate to severe dehydration followed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rumen protozoa activity of negative control sheep was observed as mild (12.5%), moderate (37.5%), and high (50%) while in acidotic sheep groups I, II, and III the ruminal activity was absent in 75, 87.5 and 62.5% respectively as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. This is due to the motility of the ruminal protozoa depending on the H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion concentration and osmolality of the rumen liquor [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Ruminal protozoa activity in ruminal acidotic sheep was mainly absent which is in agreement with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Magnesium hydroxide treatment had a significant increment in rumen pH and decreased rumen protozoa activity. Similar to the present findings of ruminal protozoa activity of ruminal acidotic sheep have been recorded by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHematological Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe significant increment in TEC, TLC, PCV, and Hgb before treatment of ruminal acidotic animals, as in accordance to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], could be due to hemoconcentration as a result of mild to severe dehydration following drawing of systemic fluid in the rumen and profuse diarrhea [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) increment in TEC of all the groups of acidotic sheep as compared to negative control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The stress of systemic acidosis and release of epinephrine causing splenic contractions leading to the release of more erythrocytes into the peripheral bloodstream [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] and prevailing hemoconcentration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] attributes to elevated TEC levels in acidotic sheep. The present findings of increased TEC in ruminal acidotic are in agreement with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The decrement in TEC after therapy was statistically significant at (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) level in groups I, II, and III [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar decrement in TEC in ruminal acidosis has also been documented by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increment in TLC in ruminal acidosis is attributed to the release of endotoxins and other chemicals released from anaerobic and coliform bacteria and subsequent enteropathy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. A similar increase in TLC in ruminal lactic acidosis has been recorded by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. There was a significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) decrement in TLC in all three Groups after therapy. Antacid therapy of sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and digestion powder has corrected systemic acidosis and relieved reactive leukocytosis. The present findings are agreeable with the observations of earlier authors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increment in PCV concentration in all the groups of ruminal acidosis-affected sheep was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as compared to a negative control group [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Increased PCV before treatment signifies a state of severe dehydration in all the acidotic sheep. Increased concentration of both D and L forms of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids markedly increases ruminal osmolality resulting in the withdrawal of water from the systemic circulation into the rumen causing hemoconcentration and dehydration resulting in elevated levels of PCV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. This translocation of extra-cellular fluid into the rumen causing increased hematocrit has also been reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The decrease in the PCV value in all the groups of acidotic sheep was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as compared to their pre-treatment values. The correction of systemic acidosis and dehydration state following therapeutic regimen has resulted in relief of hemoconcentration and thereby normalization of hematocrit value [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. A decrement in the PCV values after therapy in acidotic sheep has also been recorded by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increment hemoglobin concentration in acidotic sheep of groups I, II, and III was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as compared to healthy control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. The present findings of increased hemoglobin in acidotic sheep have also been reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The decrement of hemoglobin in each group after therapy was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as compared to their pre-treatment values [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Recovery from a state of dehydration and relief of systemic changes after therapy has caused normalization of hemodynamics, resulting in declined values of hemoglobin in all three groups after treatment. A decrement in the concentration of hemoglobin after therapy in ruminal acidotic sheep has been recorded by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe blood pH of the ruminal acidotic group was found to be lower than a normal value which is in agreement with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] which might be due to lactate absorption from the rumen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The decrement in the pH may be due to over-distention of rumen which impedes venous return to the heart [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. This factor impairs hepatic perfusion and poorer lactic acid utilization which in turn leads to systemic lactic acidosis, manifesting decreased blood pH [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The significant increment in blood pH after treatment in ruminal acidotic animals could be due to buffering or alkalinizing effect of the treatment as in accordance to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTherapeutic Efficacy Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion powder was used to stimulate reticulorumen motility and stimulate appetite [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. These preparations contained sodium propionate, sodium chloride, iron sulfate, cobalt sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium propionate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and paracetamol and glucose monohydrate in powder form [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. It is used to prevent the animal from the process of dehydration and loss of electrolytes. Magnesium hydroxide (it is a potent alkalizing agent and has a laxative effect in the intestine, so it is used to prevent constipation) or sodium bicarbonate at 1 g/kg body weight was used to alkalinize the rumen pH [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, three different therapies such as sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and digestion powder were used for the treatment of ruminal acidotic sheep [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. All drugs were able to correct the acidotic condition which was evident from the increment in ruminal and blood pH and recovery rate of the animals after their administration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. From Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, it is also evident that digestion powder is the most effective since all animals recovered on day 3, followed by magnesium hydroxide with which all animals recovered on day 4, followed by sodium bicarbonate in which 87.5% of animals recovered on day 4. This indicated that digestion powder is the most effective therapy when compared to sodium bicarbonate and magnesium hydroxide which is in close agreement with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current experimental trial showed that ruminal acidotic sheep had significantly (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) lower rectal temperature, rumen motility, protozoa activity, and ruminal fluid pH as compared to a negative control group. However, there were significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) increments in pulse rate, respiratory rate, CRT, and skin turgor before treatment in ruminal acidotic sheep as compared to negative control sheep. There were also significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) increments in total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration before treatment in a ruminal acidotic group as compared to the negative control group. After treatment of ruminal acidotic sheep, there was a significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) increment in rectal temperature, rumen motility, protozoa activity, and ruminal fluid pH as compared to the pre-treatment group. However, after treatment of ruminal acidotic sheep, there were significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) decrements in pulse rate, respiratory rate, CRT, skin turgor, total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration as compared to pre-treatment value. There was a significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) increment in blood pH after treatment as compared to the pre-treatment group. The clinical and hematological parameter of group I and II after treatment was significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) as compared to group IV while the clinical and hematological parameters of group III after treatment was not significant as compared to group IV (negative control). The therapeutic efficacy indicated that all treatment regimens were able to correct the acidotic condition which was evident from the increment in ruminal and blood pH as a result of alkalizing and buffering activity of the treatments. Digestion powder has different compositions which are absorbed into the body and balance the disturbed clinical and hematological parameters. It was the most effective therapy since all animals recovered on day 3, followed by magnesium hydroxide with which all animals recovered on day 4, followed by sodium bicarbonate in which 87.5% of animals recovered on day 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the above conclusions the following recommendations are forwarded:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical and hematological parameters had better be considered as a major diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of ruminal acidosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwners shall avoid abrupt feed change from roughage to concentrate to reduce the occurrence of ruminal acidosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDigestion powder had a better treatment effect for ruminal acidotic sheep so it is better to be used by veterinary professionals and animal owners.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA further study had better be carried out about the cause of ruminal acidosis in small ruminants.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCRT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapillary Refill Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCSA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral Statistical Agency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEDTA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLRS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactated Ringer Solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePCV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePacked Cell Volume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePME\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolio Encephalo Malacia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRFC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReadily Fermentable Carbohydrate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSARA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTEC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Erythrocyte Count\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eVFA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolatile Fatty Acids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures and animal handling followed the ARRIVE ethical guidelines principles in animal experimentation and were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Research of the University of Gondar, College of Veterinary medicine and Animal sciences\u0026nbsp;(Reference RRCUOG 018/2018). Oral consent was obtained from the animal owners before experimentation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data set used in this study is available from the corresponding author and can be accessed through reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that, to the best of their knowledge, there is no known conflict of interest associated with this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cost of this research work was covered by UOG.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.B contributed to the conception of the idea, laboratory analysis and data collection, and drafting and writing of the manuscript. \u0026nbsp;M.A contributed to the interpretation of results and manuscript preparation. D.S contributed to the interpretation of results and helped with the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI am highly indebted to thank International Veterinary Pharmacy in Bahir Dar, the University of Gondar laboratory, and Addis Zemen clinic staff members, especially Mrs. Lemlem Mogesu and Mr. Bereket Takel for their kind of reception, preparing equipment and materials for the work, and voluntariness to use their laboratory for this study. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMy deep and special thanks also go to my wife Selamawit Asmare for her invaluable and unreserved financial and moral support throughout my academic years.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*1\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Vet. Clinical Medicine, Email: [email protected], P.O.Box: 272, \u0026nbsp;Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Vet. Pharmacology, Email: [email protected], P.O.Box: 196, \u0026nbsp;University of Gondar, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Para-clinical Studies, Email: [email protected], P.O.Box: 196, University of \u0026nbsp;Gondar, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAjithkumar, P., 2016. Effect of Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) on Milk quality and Production Performances in Commercial Dairy Farms. \u003cem\u003eJ. Livest. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e): 3731\u0026ndash;3741.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAllen, D. G., Anderson, D. P., Jeffcott, L. B., Quesenberry, K. E., Radostits, O. 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Textbook of Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, and Goats. 10th Edn, \u003cstrong\u003ePp\u003c/strong\u003e. 318\u0026ndash;321.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahima, A., Nambi, A. P., Vijaykumar, G., and Vairamuthu, S., 2012. Efficacy of hemodialysis in Goats affected with Acute Ruminal Acidosis. Indian Vet. J. \u003cstrong\u003e89\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e): 128\u0026ndash;130.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSarma, S. and Nath, R., 2005. Studies on Rumen Acidosis in Goat and Efficacy of Treatment. J. Vet. Med. \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e): 64\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShah, O. M., Shaheen, G., Gupta, A., Lather, S., Nabi, A. R. and Hassan, M., 2013. Clinical and Haematological changes in Rumen Acidosis in south down breed of Sheep in Kashmir valley. J. Haryana Vet. Med. \u003cstrong\u003e52\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e): 60\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShah, O. S., Hussain, T., Amin, U., Rouf, A., Dar, Z. A., Nabi, S. U., and Shaheen, M., 2017. Efficacy of different Therapeutic regimens for Simple indigestion in Sheep. J. Anim. Sci. \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e): 1502\u0026ndash;1504.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShihabudhin, P. K., Usha, N. P., Ajithkumar, S. and Alex, P. C., 2003. Hematological change in Experimental Luminal Acidosis in Goats. Indian J.Vet. Med. \u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e): 93\u0026ndash;95.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShihabudeen, P. K., Pillai, U. N. and Ajitkumar, S., 2006. Serum Biochemical, Physico-chemical and Microbiological changes in rumen liquor of Experimental Ruminal Acidosis in Goats. Indian J. Vet. Med. \u003cstrong\u003e83\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e): 267\u0026ndash;270.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmith, G. W., and Correa, M. T., 2004. The effects of oral Magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in Cattle. \u003cem\u003eJ. Vet. Med.\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;18\u0026lt;/bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;(\u0026lt;/bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;1\u0026lt;/bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;): 109 \u0026ndash; 12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTambe, V., Padmaja, N. A. and Gopala, R., 2017. Studies on Rumen fluid analysis in Ruminal Acidotic Goats. \u003cem\u003eInter. J. Livest. Res.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026lt;bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;(\u0026lt;/bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;background-color:#C8BE84;bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;9\u0026lt;/background-color:#C8BE84;bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;)\u0026lt;/bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;:\u0026lt;/bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt; \u0026lt;/bvertical-align:super;\u0026gt;250\u0026ndash;258.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTufani, M. (2013). Rumen Acidosis in small Ruminants and its Therapeutic Management. \u003cem\u003eIranian J. Applied Anim. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e): 19\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eValmik, T. S., Padmaja, K., Nagaraj, P. and Gopala, A., 2017. Therapeutic studies of Ruminal Acidosis in Goats. \u003cem\u003eJ. Pharma Innovation\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e): 44\u0026ndash;48.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan, A. S. R., 1983. Oral antacid Treatment in clinical Rumen Acidosis. J. Vet. Med. \u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e): 265\u0026ndash;294.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVieira, A.C., Camera, A. C., Mendonce, C. L. and Afonso, A. B., 2012. Hematological and Biochemical profile of Sheep supplemented with salinomycin and submitted to Experimental Ruminal Lactic Acidosis. J. Anim. Health. \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e):259\u0026ndash;271.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWalker, B., 2006. Grain poisoning of Cattle and Sheep. \u003cem\u003eJ. Anim. Health.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e330\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e): 87\u0026ndash;120.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZein-Eldin, M. M., Ghanem, M. M., Abdraof, Y. M., Eiattar, H. M. and Eikhaiat, M., 2014. Clinical, Haemato-biochemical, and ruminal changes during the onset and recovery of induced Lacto Acidosis in Sheep. \u003cem\u003eJ. Biotechnology in Anim. Husban.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e): 647\u0026ndash;659. \u003cstrong\u003eClinical Parameters\u003c/strong\u003e The overall clinical parameters result during the clinical trial were summarized in Table 2.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Digestion powder, Magnesium hydroxide, Ruminal acidosis, Sheep and Sodium bicarbonate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1866273/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1866273/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: In ruminants, ruminal acidosis is defined as the biochemical and physiological stresses caused by the overconsumption of easily fermentable carbohydrate-rich feed materials. An experimental trial was conducted from January to May 2018 in Addis Zemen town to assess clinical, ruminal fluid, and hematological changes in sheep associated with ruminal acidosis and to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of different treatment regimens in local breed sheep. \u0026nbsp;A total of 32 sheep in Addis Zemen town were selected randomly. \u0026nbsp;For the therapeutic study,\u0026nbsp;all animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 animals, and the group I, II, and III were given 80 g of wheat flour per kg of body weight then treatment was allocated randomly, and group IV was maintained as negative control sheep. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: The experimental trial showed that all ruminal acidotic sheep had significantly (p\u0026lt;0.05) lower rectal temperature, rumen motility, protozoa activity, and ruminal fluid pH before treatment as compared to the negative control group. However, there were significant (p\u0026lt;0.05) increments in hematological and some clinical parameters before treatment in ruminal acidotic sheep as compared to the negative control. \u0026nbsp;The current experimental trial revealed that digestion powder was the most effective therapy since 100% of animals recovered on day 3, followed by magnesium hydroxide with which all animals recovered on day 4, followed by sodium bicarbonate in which 87.5% of animals recovered on day 4. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The therapeutic efficacy indicated that all treatment regimens were able to correct the acidotic condition, which was evident from the increment in ruminal and blood pH as a result of alkalizing and buffering activity of the treatments. However, digestion powder has different compositions which are absorbed into the body and balance the disturbed clinical and hematological parameters. Therefore, digestion powder could be used as a treatment choice for ruminal acidosis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Therapeutic efficacy trial for different treatment regimens due to induced ruminal acidosis in sheep in Addis zemen Town, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-08-10 16:23:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1866273/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a227a8ba-7f31-4862-9b7e-d0a111775abc","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 10th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-09-19T04:14:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-08-10 16:23:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1866273","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1866273","identity":"rs-1866273","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}