Generating Vectorial Optical Fields via Surface-Wave-Excited Complex-Amplitude Metasurfaces

Generating Vectorial Optical Fields via Surface-Wave-Excited Complex-Amplitude Metasurfaces | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Generating Vectorial Optical Fields via Surface-Wave-Excited Complex-Amplitude Metasurfaces Shulin Sun, Xiangyu Jin, Yu He, Jianru Li, Xiaoya Nie, Shuai Du, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8245540/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract On-chip photonic systems capable of efficiently generating pre-designed vectorial optical fields (VOFs) are highly desired in integrated photonics, but traditional devices are bulky and lack flexible control capabilities. Although ultra-compact metasurfaces (MSs) have exhibited powerful light-manipulation capabilities, they typically work under propagating-wave excitations and/or rely on only phase modulations to control light beams. Here, we propose a general strategy to design MSs that, under surface wave (SW) excitations, can independently control amplitudes and phases of locally scattered waves with two orthogonal polarizations, thus enabling efficient generation of pre-designed VOFs. As a benchmark test, we construct a complex amplitude MS and experimentally demonstrate that it can generate two directional beams exhibiting orthogonal polarizations and arbitrarily pre-designed intensities, under excitation of a terahertz (THz) SW at 0.4 THz. We next experimentally demonstrate another MS that can generate two focal points in the far field with distinct intensities, under the same THz SW excitation. Finally, based on a modified Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm incorporating both amplitude and phase modulations, we design and fabricate a series of THz SW-excited complex amplitude MSs and experimentally demonstrate that they can respectively generate pre-designed scalar and vectorial holographic images in the far field, exhibiting much improved qualities and flexibility than those generated by their phase-only counterparts. Our study establishes a novel on-chip platform to generate complex vectorial fields, paving the way for many applications in integrated optics such as encrypted holography, augmented reality, and so on. Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures/Metamaterials Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical physics/Nanophotonics and plasmonics Complex amplitude Vectorial holography On-chip metasurface Terahertz Surface wave Full Text Additional Declarations There is no conflict of interest Supplementary Files SIsubmit.docx Supplemetary material Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: revise 30 Dec, 2025 Review # 2 received at journal 25 Dec, 2025 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 17 Dec, 2025 Review # 1 received at journal 12 Dec, 2025 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 07 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 30 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8245540","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":555533009,"identity":"a2a923c5-b8ad-4184-984e-378f5dfbea09","order_by":0,"name":"Shulin 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Metasurfaces","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"light-science-and-applications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"lsa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Light: Science \u0026 Applications](http://www.nature.com/lsa/)","snPcode":"41377","submissionUrl":"https://mts-lsa.nature.com/","title":"Light: Science \u0026 Applications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Complex amplitude, Vectorial holography, On-chip metasurface, Terahertz, Surface wave","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8245540/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8245540/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOn-chip photonic systems capable of efficiently generating pre-designed vectorial optical fields (VOFs) are highly desired in integrated photonics, but traditional devices are bulky and lack flexible control capabilities. Although ultra-compact metasurfaces (MSs) have exhibited powerful light-manipulation capabilities, they typically work under propagating-wave excitations and/or rely on only phase modulations to control light beams. Here, we propose a general strategy to design MSs that, under surface wave (SW) excitations, can independently control \u003cem\u003eamplitudes\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ephases\u003c/em\u003e of locally scattered waves with two orthogonal polarizations, thus enabling efficient generation of pre-designed VOFs. As a benchmark test, we construct a \u003cem\u003ecomplex amplitude\u003c/em\u003e MS and experimentally demonstrate that it can generate two directional beams exhibiting orthogonal polarizations and arbitrarily pre-designed intensities, under excitation of a terahertz (THz) SW at 0.4 THz. We next experimentally demonstrate another MS that can generate two focal points in the far field with distinct intensities, under the same THz SW excitation. Finally, based on a modified Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm incorporating both amplitude and phase modulations, we design and fabricate a series of THz SW-excited \u003cem\u003ecomplex amplitude\u003c/em\u003e MSs and experimentally demonstrate that they can respectively generate pre-designed \u003cem\u003escalar\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003evectorial\u003c/em\u003e holographic images in the far field, exhibiting much improved qualities and flexibility than those generated by their phase-only counterparts. Our study establishes a novel on-chip platform to generate complex vectorial fields, paving the way for many applications in integrated optics such as encrypted holography, augmented reality, and so on.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Generating Vectorial Optical Fields via Surface-Wave-Excited Complex-Amplitude Metasurfaces","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-08 12:30:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8245540/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"revise","date":"2025-12-30T05:53:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-12-25T14:14:16+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-12-18T01:45:24+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-12-12T22:25:54+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-12-07T22:50:57+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-05T01:47:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-05T01:39:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T03:08:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Light: Science \u0026 Applications","date":"2025-12-01T03:08:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"light-science-and-applications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"lsa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Light: Science \u0026 Applications](http://www.nature.com/lsa/)","snPcode":"41377","submissionUrl":"https://mts-lsa.nature.com/","title":"Light: Science \u0026 Applications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2db4d449-3509-4aff-8930-f0812bfe6b77","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":59126365,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures/Metamaterials"},{"id":59126366,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical physics/Nanophotonics and plasmonics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T05:50:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-08 12:30:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8245540","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8245540","identity":"rs-8245540","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}