Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Healthcare Workers on Isoniazid Preventive Treatment in Tanzania; A Health Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Healthcare Workers on Isoniazid Preventive Treatment in Tanzania; A Health Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Healthcare Workers on Isoniazid Preventive Treatment in Tanzania; A Health Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study Johnson Jeremia Mshiu, Felix Christopher Alexander, Anelisa Martin Rushaigo, and 10 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4270790/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern globally, particularly in regions with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. In Tanzania, the co-occurrence of TB and HIV poses a substantial challenge to healthcare systems. Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) has become an important intervention to mitigate the risk of TB infection among individuals living with HIV. Despite its proven efficacy, the extent of knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare workers (HCWs) in Tanzania is not well-documented. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among healthcare workers working at TB/HIV clinics in 12 regions of Tanzania mainland. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents consisting of social demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice questions. Data were analyzed using Stata version 14.0. Results: a total of 464 respondents were interviewed, with 282 (60.8%) being female. The mean age was 36.4 years (SD=11.0). Among the interviewed, 255 (55.0%) were nurses. Regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice on IPT, 217 (46.8%), 220 (47.0%), and 422 (90.9%) respondents respectively demonstrated adequacy in these domains. Factors such as gender, university education, professional role in healthcare practice, cumulative work experience of one year or more, tenure at a TB/HIV clinic of one year or longer, and attendance at IPT-related training emerged as significant determinants influencing respondents' knowledge, attitude, and practice towards IPT. Conclusion : The findings underscored a notable knowledge gap and a less favourable attitude towards IPT among HCWs, despite commendable practices. Addressing this disparity through targeted training interventions for healthcare workers holds promise for enhancing their understanding and attitude toward IPT, thereby fostering increased acceptance and utilization of this preventive therapy. IPT TB/HIV HCWs Tanzania BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top global public health burdens of the 21st century. In 2022, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with TB worldwide ( 1 ). While TB is reported as the leading killer among People Living with HIV, it affects people of all populations ( 1 ). People living with HIV are 16 times more likely to fall ill with TB than people without HIV ( 2 – 4 ). Globally, about 167,000 people were reported to die of HIV-associated TB in 2022 ( 1 ). In 2021, the Asia and African regions contributed to nearly 45% of global TB cases ( 1 ). In the past decade, the WHO and National TB Programs (NTP) have intensified efforts in TB prevention using both long and short-term TB Preventive Treatment (TPT) plans( 5 ) to mitigate the progression from latent TB infection to clinically active form of TB disease. Half of the 30 highly TB-burdened countries worldwide are found in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region ( 5 , 6 ). The use of isoniazid in PLHIV with latent tuberculosis (LTB) infection to stop the onset of active TB disease has been reported to be reliably effective in many studies ( 7 , 8 ). Tanzania is among the 15 SSA countries with the highest TB and TB/HIV coinfection burden ( 9 , 10 ). According to the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program (NTLP), the TB incidence rate in 2021 was estimated to be 208/100,000 population. To mitigate the increasing risk of TB infection in the country, the NTLP rolled out Isoniazid Preventive Treatment (IPT) among PLHIV and < 5 household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed TB patients since 2011 ( 11 ). Despite HCWs being among the central players in TB prevention programs, particularly TPT services, information about their level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) on TPT is rare in SSA countries. However, evidence from elsewhere indicates that the knowledge gap among HCWs is among the barriers to IPT uptake. A study in Nigeria for example documented that, there is slightly over half of the HCWs had adequate knowledge of the IPT guidelines, and the majority self-reported that they practised them ( 12 ). In South Africa, a study reported a 44% level of knowledge of IPT among HCWs ( 13 ) In Tanzania, KAP on IPT among HCWs is yet to be documented which makes this study the first of its kind. Assessing KAP towards IPT among the health workforce gives room to identify the knowledge gaps, on misconceptions, and performance-related challenges that directly impact the quality of care, particularly in IPT service delivery. We conducted this study to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice among HCWs to shed light on the existing gaps and pave the way for informed interventions that strengthen healthcare systems, improve patient outcomes, and contribute to the global efforts to combat the dual burden of TB and HIV. Methods Study design A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice towards IPT in selected health facilities in Tanzania. Study area The study was conducted in 100 health facilities from 12 regions of mainland Tanzania. The regions included; Dar es Salaam, Mara, Dodoma, Ruvuma, Tanga, Simiyu, Mbeya, Kagera, Mwanza, Shinyanga, Pwani, and Geita. The regions selected were those under the support of the Global Fund in the TB preventive program for PLHIV. Study population The study included healthcare workers working in both TB clinics and at the Care and Treatment Centers (CTC) in selected regions of mainland Tanzania. Sample size and sampling procedure The sample size was estimated using a single proportion formula with the assumption that 50% of healthcare workers had adequate knowledge of IPT, an intra-class coefficient (ICC) of 0.05, a cluster size of five, and an expected response rate of 95%, the study required a sample size of 486 healthcare workers for estimating the expected proportion with 5% absolute precision and 95% confidence. A list of all health facilities offering TB/HIV care and treatment in each study region was obtained. Eight health facilities were selected at random from each study region. In all selected health facilities interviews were made with healthcare workers from both HIV and TB clinics. Data collection Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire adapted and modified from previous studies( 12 , 13 ). The questionnaire was uploaded to a server located at the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Medical Research Centre. Later questionnaires were downloaded onto Android mobile devices using the Open Data Kit (ODK) application for data collection. Study variables and measurement Independent variable Included respondents’ social demographic characteristics Dependent variable Knowledge knowledge was obtained using nine questions including; whether IPT reduces the risk of TB infection in HIV-positive patients, eligibility to receive IPT, criteria for screening eligible PLHIV for IPT, IPT dose used for TB prevention in adults living with HIV, the interval should IPT be replenished/re-filled for PLHIV and ways to assess whether patient adheres to IPT. The minimum score was 0 and the maximum was 9. Those who scored 0–4 were classified as having poor knowledge and 5–9 were classified as having adequate knowledge of IPT. This classification has been used in previous studies ( 12 , 13 ) Attitude Eight Likert scale questions with five options ranging from ‘strongly disagree’, ‘disagree’, ‘neutral’, ‘agree’, and ‘strongly agree’ were used to measure attitude. The maximum score was 32 indicating a positive attitude and the minimum was 0 indicating a negative attitude. A Bloom’s cut-off system for categorizing attitude scores was adopted ( 14 – 16 ). A cut-off of ≥ 80% was classified as a positive attitude toward IPT. Practice Five questions were used to measure the practice of healthcare workers in the implementation of IPT services to PLHIV and under five contacts of TB index cases. The questions had three options ‘Yes always’, ‘Sometimes’, and ‘No’. The maximum score was 10 indicating good practice and the minimum score was 0 indicating poor practice. Based on Bloom’s cut-off a healthcare provider who scored ≥ 90% of the correct practice questions (9 points out of 10) was classified as good practice ( 16 ). The reason for using a 90 % ct-off point is the mandatory requirement of healthcare workers to follow guidelines and practice on IPT ( 11 , 17 ). Statistical data management and analysis Collected data were transferred to Stata, a statistical software for data analysis (Stata Corp, Texas-USA, version 14.0) for cross-checking, data cleaning, and analysis. Descriptive statistics were generated to obtain mean and standard deviation, frequency, and percentages. Bloom’s cut-off point was used to determine adequate knowledge (≥50%) positive attitude ≥ 80% and good practice ≥ 90%. A bivariate analysis was done using chi-square to test for association between knowledge and social demographic characteristics of the respondents. A generalized linear mixed model was used to fit the outcome variable against the predictors. Knowledge, attitude, and practice were used as dependent variables while participant social demographic characteristics were taken as predictors. Odds Ratios were calculated at a 95% confidence interval with data regarded as statistically significant only if p < 0.05. Results Social demographic characteristics of the study participants A total of 464 healthcare workers were interviewed, 282 (60.8%) with an average age of 36.4 years (SD = 11 years), and over half of them (54 .1%) were working in the rural setting. The majority of respondents 347 (74.8%) fell within the age range of 18 to 45 years, while only 9 (1.9%) were aged 60 years or older. Regarding marital status, 243 (52.4%) respondents were married. Of the total respondents, 255 (55.0%) were nurses, 145 (31.2%) were clinicians, and 28 (6.0%) were pharmacists. Education-wise, diploma holders constituted the largest group 241 (51.9%), followed by certificate holders 96 (20.7%), with only 54 (11.6%) having attained university degrees (Table 1 ). Table 1 Social demographic characteristics of the healthcare workers (n = 464) Variable Frequency Percent Sex Male 182 39.2 Female 282 60.8 Age group (years) 18–31 221 47.6 32–45 126 27.2 Above 45 117 25.2 Mean (SD) 36.4 11.0 Marital status Married 243 52.4 Single 202 43.5 Divorced/widowed/separated 19 4.1 Level of education Secondary education 73 15.7 Certificate 96 20.7 Diploma 241 51.9 University education 54 11.6 Profession Nurse 283 61.0 Clinician 153 33.0 Pharmacist 28 6.0 Facility level Hospital 143 30.8 Health Centre 192 41.4 Dispensary 129 27.8 Facility ownership Public 370 79.7 Private 94 20.3 Location Urban 213 45.9 Rural 251 54.1 Healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice of Isoniazid Preventive Treatment Out of 464 interviewed healthcare workers, 217 (46.8%), 220 (47.4%), and 422 (90.9%) had adequate knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice toward IPT respectively. The level of education exhibited a statistically significant association with a level of knowledge ( p = 0.009). Those with university education demonstrated higher levels of good knowledge 35 (64.8%) compared to those with secondary education 27 (37.0%). Additionally, the level of health facility was significantly associated with the level of knowledge ( p = 0.004). Those working in hospitals demonstrated a higher level of good knowledge 80 (55.9%) compared to dispensaries 64 (49.6%) and health centres 73 (38.0%). Healthcare workers’ attitude was significantly associated with working experience ( p = 0.019). Those with less than one year of experience had a lower prevalence of positive attitude 8 (26.7%) compared to those with one year or more 212 (48.8%). The level of education was found to be statistically associated with good practice on IPT ( p = 0.026). Other demographic and professional characteristics such as sex, age group, marital status, profession, facility ownership, and location did not exhibit statistically significant associations with knowledge, attitude, and practice ( p > 0.05) (Table 2 ) Table 2 Relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice on IPT and social demographic characteristics of respondents (n = 464) Variable Knowledge p- value Attitude p- value Practice p- value Poor n(%) Good n(%) Negative attitude n(%) Positive attitude n(%) Poor n(%) Good n(%) Total 247(53.2) 217(46.8) 244(52.6) 220(47.4) 42(9.1) 422(90.9) Sex Male 101(55.5) 81(44.5) 0.433 96(52.7) 86(47.2) 0.955 14(7.7) 168(92.3) 0.412 Female 146(51.8) 136(48.2) 148(52.5) 134(47.5) 28(9.9) 254(90.1) Age group (years) 18–31 123(55.7) 98(44.3) 0.598 118(53.4) 103(52.4) 0.370 14(6.3) 207(93.7) 0.120 32–45 65(51.6) 61(48.4) 60(47.6) 66(52.4) 13(10.3) 113(89.7) Above 45 59(50.4) 58(49.6) 66(56.4) 51(43.6) 15(12.8) 102(87.2) Marital status Single 114(56.4) 88(43.6) 0.243 105(52.0) 97(48.0) 0.910 13(6.4) 189(93.6) 0.168 Married 132(51.0) 127(49.0) 136(52.5) 123(47.5) 26(10.0) 233(90.0) Level of education Secondary education 46(63.0) 27(37.0) 0.009 45(61.6) 28(38.4) 0.158 9(12.3) 64(87.7) 0.026 Certificate 57(39.4) 39(40.6) 44(45.8) 52(54.2) 15(15.6) 81(84.4) Diploma 125(51.9) 116(48.1) 130(53.9) 111(46.1) 14(5.8) 227(94.2) University education 19(35.2) 35(64.8) 25(46.3) 29(53.7) 4(7.4) 50(92.6) Profession Nurse 149(52.6) 134(47.4) 0.950 157(55.5) 126(44.5) 0.291 30(10.6) 253(89.4) 0.107 Clinician 83(54.3) 70(45.7) 74(48.4) 79(51.6) 8(5.2) 145(94.8) Pharmacist 15(53.6) 13(46.4) 13(46.4) 15(53.6) 4(14.3) 24(85.7) Facility level Dispensary 65(50.4) 64(49.6) 0.004 66(51.2) 63(48.8) 0.930 13(10.1) 116(89.9) 0.734 Health Centre 119(62.0) 73(38.0) 102(53.1) 90(46.9) 15(7.8) 177(92.2) Hospital 63(44.1) 80(55.9) 76(53.2) 67(46.8) 14(9.8) 129(90.2) Facility ownership Public 198(53.5) 172(46.5) 0.810 192(51.9 178(48.1) 0.552 32(8.6) 338(91.4) 0.548 Private 49(52.1) 45(47.9) 52(55.3) 42(44.7) 10(10.6) 84(89.4) Location Urban 106(49.8) 107(50.2) 0.168 119(55.9) 94(44.1) 0.192 22(10.3) 191(89.7) 0.377 Rural 141(56.2) 110(43.8) 125(49.8) 126(50.2) 20(8.0) 231(92.0) Working experience Less than one year 20(66.7) 10(33.3) 0.127 22(73.3) 8(26.7) 0.019 1(3.3) 29(96.7) 0.259 One year & above 227(52.3) 207(47.7) 222(51.2) 212(48.8) 41(9.4) 393(90.6) Working experience at TB/HIV clinic Less than 1 year 46(60.5) 30(39.5) 0.163 45(59.2) 31(40.8) 0.206 9(11.8) 67(88.2) 0.354 One year and above 201(51.8) 187(48.2) 199(51.3) 189(48.7) 33(8.5) 355(91.5) Determinants of adequate knowledge, positive attitude, and better practices on IPT among healthcare workers A multivariable logistic regression was fitted between the participant’s sociodemographic characteristics and the knowledge, attitude, and practice of IPT. Females were 1.32 times more likely to have positive attitudes ( p = < 0.001) than their male counterparts, while individuals aged 40 years and above exhibited adequate knowledge (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.68–1.85, p = < 0.001). Married participants having lower odds of positive attitudes (AOR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.41–1.53, p = 0.487) and divorced/widowed/separated individuals showing reduced odds of good practices (AOR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.13–0.56, p = 0.001). Higher education levels were associated with adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and better practices. Nurses were more likely to have adequate knowledge (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.39–1.48, p < 0.001), while pharmacists exhibited lower odds of good practices (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.10–0.65, p = 0.004). Healthcare workers with more than one year of working experience and those who attended IPT training had higher odds of adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and better practices (Table 3 ). Table 3 Logistic regression for the determinant of knowledge, attitude, and practice on IPT Variable Knowledge Attitude Practice AOR(95%CI) p- value AOR(95% CI) p- value AOR(95% CI) p- value Sex Male 1 1 1 Female 1.49(0.63–3.52) 0.367 1.32(1.20–1.45) < 0.001 1.45(0.23–9.20) 0.693 Age group (years) Below 40 years 1 1 1 40 years and above 1.76(1.68–1.85) < 0.001 1.14(0.73–1.77) 0.573 0.60(0.17–2.18) 0.440 Marital status Married 1.40(0.94–2.09) 0.100 0.79(0.41–1.53) 0.487 0.49(0.34–0.71) 0.000 Single 1 1 1 Divorced/widowed/separated 0.86(0.20–3.66) 0.841 0.70(0.09–5.45) 0.733 0.27(0.13–0.56) 0.001 Level of education Secondary education 1 1 1 Certificate 1.15(0.18–7.29) 0.883 1.72(1.04–2.82) 0.033 0.71(0.43–1.17) 0.180 Diploma 2.08(0.73–5.99) 0.173 1.31(0.99–1.72) 0.059 1.90(1.37–2.64) 0.000 University education 4.48(1.78–25.79) 0.023 2.00(1.20–3.35) 0.008 1.89(0.26–13.55) 0.528 Profession Nurse 1.43(1.39–1.48) 0.000 0.75(0.50–1.11) 0.145 0.62(0.32–1.19) 0.151 Clinician 1 1 1 Pharmacist 1.28(0.85–1.94) 0.237 1.66(1.27–2.15) 0.000 0.26(0.10–0.65) 0.004 Others 0.72(0.64–0.81) 0.000 0.60(0.05–7.05) 0.683 0.58(0.23–1.59) 0.964 Facility level Hospital 1 1 1 Health Centre 0.53(0.35–0.80) 0.002 1.13(0.68–1.86) 0.639 0.79(0.24–2.60) 0.144 Dispensary 0.95(0.39–2.30) 0.910 1.02(0.61–1.69) 0.945 0.56(0.26–1.22) 0.694 Facility ownership Public 1 1 1 Private 0.98(0.53–1.83) 0.960 1.01(0.71–1.42) 0.976 0.75(0.10–5.79) 0.780 Location Urban 1 1 1 Rural 0.92(0.85–0.99) 0.048 1.50(0.86–2.65) 0.157 1.68(1.38–2.04) 0.000 Working experience Less than one year 1 1 1 One year & above 1.42(1.05–1.92) 0.023 2.93(1.99–4.30) 0.000 0.11(0.04–1.90) 0.863 Working experience at TB/HIV clinic Less than 1 year 1 1 1 One year and above 1.13(0.59–2.16) 0.713 0.97(0.69–1.35) 0.835 5.20(3.23–8.38) 0.000 Ever attended IPT training No 1 1 1 Yes 1.98(1.63–2.40) 0.000 1.89(1.54–2.31) 0.000 2.15(1.81–2.56) 0.000 Discussion A thorough perusal of the literature shows that this is the first study to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on IPT and the associated factors among healthcare workers in Tanzania. The findings suggest a complex coherence of knowledge, attitude, and practice parameters. The low level of adequate knowledge and positive attitude among healthcare workers implies a potential gap in their understanding of IPT, which could impact the effectiveness of preventive measures to be implemented. It may further indicate a lack of enthusiasm or reluctance among health workers, which could affect their engagement in IPT services. However, the observed good practice suggests that despite the challenges in knowledge and attitude, the majority of healthcare workers were effectively implementing IPT. In the current study, less than half of the healthcare workers had adequate knowledge of IPT. Our findings are similar to the studies done in Indonesia, and South Africa which found that 30.6% and 43.1% had adequate knowledge of IPT, respectively( 13 , 18 – 20 ). However, studies conducted in Nigeria and Ethiopia found a higher level of adequate knowledge of IPT among healthcare workers above 50% ( 12 , 21 , 22 ). Having less than half of healthcare workers with adequate knowledge of IPT may lead to suboptimal implementation, compromised patient care, and an increased risk of preventable health issues in the community. Healthcare workers must undergo retraining to guarantee that they are all well-versed in IPT. The program implementers might also need to come up with better strategies for delivering training including conducting a pre-assessment of training needs and identifying areas in which HCWs require additional knowledge. Our study revealed that 47.0% of the healthcare workers had a positive attitude towards IPT. These results are different from the study conducted in Indonesia, South Africa, India, and Australia which found a positive attitude of above 50% ( 13 , 18 , 22 – 24 ). The presence of fewer healthcare workers with positive attitudes may be attributed to limited awareness and education about IPT and challenges in healthcare infrastructure. In the current study, a noteworthy percentage of healthcare workers (90.9%) demonstrated good practices in IPT services. This might have been influenced by the presence of clear guidelines and IPT circulars focused on increasing IPT service uptake. This finding implies overwhelming efforts to improve IPT coverage forgetting the core aspects of training to incentivise HCW towards well-informed and technical decision-making in IPT service delivery. Healthcare workers who were aged 40 years and above were 76% more likely to have adequate knowledge of IPT compared to those aged below 40 years indicating a potential correlation between age and knowledge. This suggests the need for targeted educational efforts among younger healthcare professionals to improve their knowledge of IPT. However, the current results are different from those observed in an earlier study done in Ebonyi State, Nigeria which they found that ages 35 years and below were more likely to have adequate knowledge of IPT ( 12 ). The difference can be attributed to the fact that the earlier study was done in one state and had a sample size of 85 healthcare workers, unlike the current study. University education was found to be a significant factor in adequate knowledge of IPT among healthcare workers. Healthcare workers with a University education were 4.48 times more likely to have adequate knowledge of IPT compared to those with secondary education. The finding was supported by a study conducted in Pune, India ( 25 ). This suggests that healthcare workers with a university education have a more in-depth and specialized curriculum at the university level, exposure to advanced training, and a higher likelihood of engaging in continuous professional development ( 26 ). A mentorship program should be emphasized to improve IPT knowledge among healthcare workers who do not have a university education. Those who ever attended IPT training were 98% more likely to have adequate knowledge of IPT. These results are similar to the study conducted in South Africa and Brazil ( 13 , 27 ). Suggesting that continuous training should be offered to healthcare workers regularly to improve their knowledge of IPT. The likelihood of female HCWs’ positive attitude toward IPT compared to their male counterparts suggests a need to emphasize targeted interventions and awareness campaigns to address gender disparities among HCWs which may influence their attitude towards preventive therapies. Those who had a working experience of more than one year at TB/HIV clinics were 5.20 times more likely to have good practices on IPT. These results are similar to the study conducted in Indonesia ( 18 ). This might have been influenced by the availability of circulars at hand in health facilities. Limitations The inability of some healthcare workers to participate due to their busy hospital schedules resulted in a reduction of the sample size from 486 to 464 participants. Additionally, the study's scope was confined to healthcare facilities in 12 regions supported by global funds, representing various levels of healthcare facilities. Therefore, caution should be exercised when generalizing the findings to the entire country, as the study may have not fully captured the diversity of healthcare settings and practices across Tanzania. Conclusion The modest level of knowledge and attitude towards IPT among healthcare workers is an issue of concern, particularly given its crucial role in preventive therapy for TB. Despite this knowledge and attitude gap, there appears to be a positive direction in the application of good practices related to IPT within the healthcare setting. This situation highlights the need for targeted educational interventions to enhance healthcare workers' attitudes and understanding of Isoniazid and its use in TB prevention. Abbreviations IPT Isoniazid Preventive Treatment HCW Healthcare Workers AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio CTC Care and Treatment Centers PLHIV People Living with HIV SSA Sub-Saharan Africa Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The ethical clearance was obtained from the National Health Research Ethics Committee (NatHREC) of the Tanzanian National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) with a certificate No. NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/4256. All participants were asked to provide written consent for their participation. Permission to conduct the study was sought from respective authorities in the selected regions, districts, and health facilities. Confidentiality of participant information was maintained during the data collection and analysis process. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing Interests All authors declare no competing interests Funding This study represents a cross-sectional investigation conducted in various mainland Tanzania areas, aided by the Global Fund in combatting HIV and Malaria. Financial support for this research was provided by the Global Fund through the National AIDS, STIs, and Hepatitis Control Programme (NASHCoP). JJM, serving as a Medical Statistician, is affiliated with the National Institute for Medical Research. It's worth noting that donors played no part in the study's design, data collection, analysis, decision-making regarding publication, or manuscript preparation. Authors' contributions JJM contributed to study design, sample size estimation, data collection, data management, analysis and interpretation, drafting of the article, performing critical revisions of the article, and facilitating final approval of the version to be published. FCA, AMR, VAN, MLM, WMM, AAR, BJN, VEW, EJM and CEM contributed to the initial design of the study including data collection tools and an overall review of the manuscript. AMK overall supervisor. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the Global Fund and the Ministry of Health Tanzania for their support in this study. Special appreciation goes to the healthcare workers whose dedicated participation contributed significantly to the success of this paper. References WHO. The World Health Organisation. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 16]. Tuberculosis. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis CDC. 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Available from: https://ntlp.go.tz/site/assets/files/1081/ntlp_manual_2020_2021_1.pdf Akamike IC, Okedo-Alex IN, Uneke CJ, Madubueze UC, Agbo UN, Okeke IM, et al. Health workers’ knowledge and practice of Isoniazid preventive treatment guidelines in health facilities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Malawi Medical Journal [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 29];34(3):184. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC9641607/ Abdulrazaak AT, Govender I, Nzaumvila D. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of doctors regarding isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV/AIDS patients at Odi District Hospital, Gauteng province, South Africa. S Afr J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2018 Dec 5 [cited 2023 Dec 29];33(5). Available from: https://sajid.co.za/index.php/sajid/article/view/151 K. Kaliyaperumal. Guideline for conducting a knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study. AECS illumination [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2024 Jan 3]; Available from: https://v2020eresource.org/content/files/guideline_kap_Jan_mar04.pdf Olum R, Chekwech G, Wekha G, Nassozi DR, Bongomin F. Coronavirus Disease-2019: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Health Care Workers at Makerere University Teaching Hospitals, Uganda. Front Public Health. 2020 Apr 30;8. Ashebir W, Yimer B, Alle A, Teshome M, Teka Y, Wolde A. Knowledge, attitude, practice, and factors associated with prevention practice towards COVID-19 among healthcare providers in Amhara region, northern Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study. PLOS Global Public Health. 2022 Apr 11;2(4):e0000171. Hunter OF, Kyesi F, Ahluwalia AK, Daffé ZN, Munseri P, von Reyn CF, et al. Successful implementation of isoniazid preventive therapy at a pediatric HIV clinic in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 7;20(1):738. Winardi W, Yudistira Nalapraya W, Sarifuddin S, Anwar S, Yufika A, Wibowo A, et al. Knowledge and Attitudes of Indonesian General Practitioners Towards the Isoniazid Preventive Therapy Program in Indonesia. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 2022 Sep 30;55(5):428–35. van Rensburg AJ, Engelbrecht M, Kigozi G, van Rensburg D. Tuberculosis prevention knowledge, attitudes, and practices of primary health care nurses. Int J Nurs Pract. 2018 Dec 31;24(6). Trajman A, Wakoff-Pereira MF, Ramos-Silva J, Cordeiro-Santos M, Militão de Albuquerque M de F, Hill PC, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices on tuberculosis transmission and prevention among auxiliary healthcare professionals in three Brazilian high-burden cities: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019 Dec 30;19(1):532. Ekuma AE, Oridota ES. Knowledge, attitude and tuberculosis infection control practice among healthcare workers in DOTS centres in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Infect Control. 2016;12(4). Getu Bayisa GFAM. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Health Care Providers towards the Prevention and Control of Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis at Nekemte Referral Hospital, Western Ethiopia. Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science. 2019;9(1). Pathak V, Harrington Z, Dobler CC. Attitudes towards preventive tuberculosis treatment among hospital staff. PeerJ [Internet]. 2016 Feb 25 [cited 2023 Dec 29];2016(2):e1738. Available from: https://peerj.com/articles/1738 Ajith Kumar G, Saranya P. A cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice towards tuberculosis among health care workers. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019 Oct 16;10(4):2632–46. Belgaumkar V, Chandanwale A, Valvi C, Pardeshi G, Lokhande R, Kadam D, et al. Barriers to screening and isoniazid preventive therapy for child contacts of tuberculosis patients. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2018 Oct 1;22(10):1179–87. IM. Redesigning Continuing Education in the Health Professions [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2010 [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219811/ Martinson NA, Barnes GL, Moulton LH, Msandiwa R, Hausler H, Ram M, et al. New Regimens to Prevent Tuberculosis in Adults with HIV Infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011 Jul 7;365(1):11–20. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 23 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 19 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 18 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 02 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 02 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 02 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 15 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4270790","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":301490881,"identity":"b630b247-0f1c-43cb-b96b-de87107b442b","order_by":0,"name":"Johnson Jeremia Mshiu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHoYDQJwAZn8AYjZ2UrQwzgBpYSZCCwiAtTCD2YS06PafPXiYR8Ymz5z/8LHHNr+2yfMxMzB++JiDW4vZjbyEwzw8acWWM9LSjXP7bhu2MTMwS87chk8LjwFQy+HEDTd4zKRze24zArWwMfPi03L+DFTL+TNm0pY9t+0JazmQA9VyIMdMmuHH7UTCWm7kGBycw5MGdFhammRvw+3kNmbGZvx+OX/G+MPbHhugww4fk/jx57bt/Pbmgx8+4tECBow9MEYbmGwgoB4EfsAYf4hQPApGwSgYBSMOAAC8nVMb8Z3GIgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Johnson","middleName":"Jeremia","lastName":"Mshiu","suffix":""},{"id":301490882,"identity":"516a00ce-8f25-45c4-87ce-6b5f73adf546","order_by":1,"name":"Felix Christopher Alexander","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Felix","middleName":"Christopher","lastName":"Alexander","suffix":""},{"id":301490883,"identity":"c16cdc96-2a3f-403e-8911-0a78a3223ae3","order_by":2,"name":"Anelisa Martin Rushaigo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anelisa","middleName":"Martin","lastName":"Rushaigo","suffix":""},{"id":301490884,"identity":"9010cb3d-9765-4cc0-bf06-0cb93cc0bab5","order_by":3,"name":"Vitus Alberto Nyigo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vitus","middleName":"Alberto","lastName":"Nyigo","suffix":""},{"id":301490885,"identity":"c4e6d0d5-ecfa-48b8-9a73-8ebbd3918d51","order_by":4,"name":"Melkisedeck Lolakeha Majaha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Melkisedeck","middleName":"Lolakeha","lastName":"Majaha","suffix":""},{"id":301490886,"identity":"18502f21-4c20-489f-a049-6cdb527d7600","order_by":5,"name":"Werner Meinrad Maokola","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National AIDS, STIs and Hepatitis Control Programme (NASHCoP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Werner","middleName":"Meinrad","lastName":"Maokola","suffix":""},{"id":301490887,"identity":"48258a1b-862d-4ace-b4d2-428fecb14335","order_by":6,"name":"Bernard James Ngowi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bernard","middleName":"James","lastName":"Ngowi","suffix":""},{"id":301490888,"identity":"363c9de4-b2eb-430f-90a5-ddb6c61c6206","order_by":7,"name":"Victor Enock Wiketye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Ngongongare Research Station","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Victor","middleName":"Enock","lastName":"Wiketye","suffix":""},{"id":301490889,"identity":"4fb90243-0254-4fa6-a3ba-b41ff6f2a4ce","order_by":8,"name":"Omary Abdallah Kimbute","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omary","middleName":"Abdallah","lastName":"Kimbute","suffix":""},{"id":301490890,"identity":"b719c0ce-04b1-499b-9d4f-c1e9a0886e45","order_by":9,"name":"Erick Josephat Mgina","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erick","middleName":"Josephat","lastName":"Mgina","suffix":""},{"id":301490891,"identity":"63463fe6-d0f8-4e19-b296-70df0fd20b89","order_by":10,"name":"Charles Elias Makasi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Charles","middleName":"Elias","lastName":"Makasi","suffix":""},{"id":301490892,"identity":"b85e9a8d-db7e-48c2-9680-ca3f05d498cd","order_by":11,"name":"Nyagosya Segere Range","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nyagosya","middleName":"Segere","lastName":"Range","suffix":""},{"id":301490893,"identity":"12493022-d095-4f78-b160-7f178cd44814","order_by":12,"name":"Andrew Martin Kilale","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Andrew","middleName":"Martin","lastName":"Kilale","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-15 15:52:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4270790/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4270790/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56367423,"identity":"e4cd48bc-f507-4f73-b682-3b9e5d5c1dcd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-13 09:01:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1169586,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4270790/v1/fc70bddc-a604-4cc0-b2fc-13fc88dcdd45.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Healthcare Workers on Isoniazid Preventive Treatment in Tanzania; A Health Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cp\u003eTuberculosis (TB) is one of the top global public health burdens of the 21st century. In 2022, an estimated 10.6\u0026nbsp;million people fell ill with TB worldwide (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). While TB is reported as the leading killer among People Living with HIV, it affects people of all populations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). People living with HIV are 16 times more likely to fall ill with TB than people without HIV (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Globally, about 167,000 people were reported to die of HIV-associated TB in 2022 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In 2021, the Asia and African regions contributed to nearly 45% of global TB cases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In the past decade, the WHO and National TB Programs (NTP) have intensified efforts in TB prevention using both long and short-term TB Preventive Treatment (TPT) plans(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) to mitigate the progression from latent TB infection to clinically active form of TB disease. Half of the 30 highly TB-burdened countries worldwide are found in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The use of isoniazid in PLHIV with latent tuberculosis (LTB) infection to stop the onset of active TB disease has been reported to be reliably effective in many studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanzania is among the 15 SSA countries with the highest TB and TB/HIV coinfection burden (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). According to the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program (NTLP), the TB incidence rate in 2021 was estimated to be 208/100,000 population. To mitigate the increasing risk of TB infection in the country, the NTLP rolled out Isoniazid Preventive Treatment (IPT) among PLHIV and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed TB patients since 2011 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite HCWs being among the central players in TB prevention programs, particularly TPT services, information about their level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) on TPT is rare in SSA countries. However, evidence from elsewhere indicates that the knowledge gap among HCWs is among the barriers to IPT uptake. A study in Nigeria for example documented that, there is slightly over half of the HCWs had adequate knowledge of the IPT guidelines, and the majority self-reported that they practised them (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). In South Africa, a study reported a 44% level of knowledge of IPT among HCWs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Tanzania, KAP on IPT among HCWs is yet to be documented which makes this study the first of its kind. Assessing KAP towards IPT among the health workforce gives room to identify the knowledge gaps, on misconceptions, and performance-related challenges that directly impact the quality of care, particularly in IPT service delivery. We conducted this study to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice among HCWs to shed light on the existing gaps and pave the way for informed interventions that strengthen healthcare systems, improve patient outcomes, and contribute to the global efforts to combat the dual burden of TB and HIV.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess healthcare workers\u0026rsquo; knowledge, attitude, and practice towards IPT in selected health facilities in Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in 100 health facilities from 12 regions of mainland Tanzania. The regions included; Dar es Salaam, Mara, Dodoma, Ruvuma, Tanga, Simiyu, Mbeya, Kagera, Mwanza, Shinyanga, Pwani, and Geita. The regions selected were those under the support of the Global Fund in the TB preventive program for PLHIV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study included healthcare workers working in both TB clinics and at the Care and Treatment Centers (CTC) in selected regions of mainland Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample size and sampling procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was estimated using a single proportion formula with the assumption that 50% of healthcare workers had adequate knowledge of IPT, an intra-class coefficient (ICC) of 0.05, a cluster size of five, and an expected response rate of 95%, the study required a sample size of 486 healthcare workers for estimating the expected proportion with 5% absolute precision and 95% confidence. A list of all health facilities offering TB/HIV care and treatment in each study region was obtained. Eight health facilities were selected at random from each study region. In all selected health facilities interviews were made with healthcare workers from both HIV and TB clinics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire adapted and modified from previous studies(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). The questionnaire was uploaded to a server located at the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Muhimbili Medical Research Centre. Later questionnaires were downloaded onto Android mobile devices using the Open Data Kit (ODK) application for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy variables and measurement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncluded respondents\u0026rsquo; social demographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDependent variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eknowledge was obtained using nine questions including; whether IPT reduces the risk of TB infection in HIV-positive patients, eligibility to receive IPT, criteria for screening eligible PLHIV for IPT, IPT dose used for TB prevention in adults living with HIV, the interval should IPT be replenished/re-filled for PLHIV and ways to assess whether patient adheres to IPT. The minimum score was 0 and the maximum was 9. Those who scored 0\u0026ndash;4 were classified as having poor knowledge and 5\u0026ndash;9 were classified as having adequate knowledge of IPT. This classification has been used in previous studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eAttitude\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eEight Likert scale questions with five options ranging from \u0026lsquo;strongly disagree\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;disagree\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;neutral\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;agree\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;strongly agree\u0026rsquo; were used to measure attitude. The maximum score was 32 indicating a positive attitude and the minimum was 0 indicating a negative attitude. A Bloom\u0026rsquo;s cut-off system for categorizing attitude scores was adopted (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). A cut-off of \u0026ge; 80% was classified as a positive attitude toward IPT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePractice\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive questions were used to measure the practice of healthcare workers in the implementation of IPT services to PLHIV and under five contacts of TB index cases. The questions had three options \u0026lsquo;Yes always\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;Sometimes\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;No\u0026rsquo;. The maximum score was 10 indicating good practice and the minimum score was 0 indicating poor practice. Based on Bloom\u0026rsquo;s cut-off a healthcare provider who scored \u0026ge; 90% of the correct practice questions (9 points out of 10) was classified as good practice (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). The reason for using a 90 % ct-off point is the mandatory requirement of healthcare workers to follow guidelines and practice on IPT (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical data management and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollected data were transferred to Stata, a statistical software for data analysis (Stata Corp, Texas-USA, version 14.0) for cross-checking, data cleaning, and analysis. Descriptive statistics were generated to obtain mean and standard deviation, frequency, and percentages. Bloom\u0026rsquo;s cut-off point was used to determine adequate knowledge (\u0026ge;50%) positive attitude \u0026ge; 80% and good practice \u0026ge; 90%. A bivariate analysis was done using chi-square to test for association between knowledge and social demographic characteristics of the respondents. A generalized linear mixed model was used to fit the outcome variable against the predictors. Knowledge, attitude, and practice were used as dependent variables while participant social demographic characteristics were taken as predictors. Odds Ratios were calculated at a 95% confidence interval with data regarded as statistically significant only if \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocial demographic characteristics of the study participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 464 healthcare workers were interviewed, 282 (60.8%) with an average age of 36.4 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11 years), and over half of them (54 .1%) were working in the rural setting. The majority of respondents 347 (74.8%) fell within the age range of 18 to 45 years, while only 9 (1.9%) were aged 60 years or older. Regarding marital status, 243 (52.4%) respondents were married. Of the total respondents, 255 (55.0%) were nurses, 145 (31.2%) were clinicians, and 28 (6.0%) were pharmacists. Education-wise, diploma holders constituted the largest group 241 (51.9%), followed by certificate holders 96 (20.7%), with only 54 (11.6%) having attained university degrees (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial demographic characteristics of the healthcare workers (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;464)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove 45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced/widowed/separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertificate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfession\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinician\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePharmacist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFacility level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Centre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispensary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFacility ownership\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHealthcare workers\u0026rsquo; knowledge, attitude, and practice of Isoniazid Preventive Treatment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of 464 interviewed healthcare workers, 217 (46.8%), 220 (47.4%), and 422 (90.9%) had adequate knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice toward IPT respectively. The level of education exhibited a statistically significant association with a level of knowledge (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009). Those with university education demonstrated higher levels of good knowledge 35 (64.8%) compared to those with secondary education 27 (37.0%). Additionally, the level of health facility was significantly associated with the level of knowledge (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004). Those working in hospitals demonstrated a higher level of good knowledge 80 (55.9%) compared to dispensaries 64 (49.6%) and health centres 73 (38.0%). Healthcare workers\u0026rsquo; attitude was significantly associated with working experience (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019). Those with less than one year of experience had a lower prevalence of positive attitude 8 (26.7%) compared to those with one year or more 212 (48.8%). The level of education was found to be statistically associated with good practice on IPT (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026). Other demographic and professional characteristics such as sex, age group, marital status, profession, facility ownership, and location did not exhibit statistically significant associations with knowledge, attitude, and practice (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice on IPT and social demographic characteristics of respondents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;464)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eattitude n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eattitude n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247(53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217(46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244(52.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220(47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422(90.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101(55.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(44.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(52.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(47.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168(92.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146(51.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136(48.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148(52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(9.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254(90.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123(55.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98(44.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118(53.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103(52.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207(93.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(48.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(47.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(52.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113(89.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove 45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(50.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(49.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(56.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(43.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(12.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(87.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114(56.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88(43.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105(52.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97(48.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(6.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189(93.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132(51.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127(49.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136(52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233(90.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(63.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(37.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(61.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(38.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(12.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64(87.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertificate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(39.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(40.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(45.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(54.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(15.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(84.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125(51.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116(48.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130(53.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(46.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227(94.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(35.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35(64.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(53.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(92.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfession\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149(52.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134(47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157(55.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126(44.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253(89.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinician\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(54.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(45.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(48.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79(51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145(94.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePharmacist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(53.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(46.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(46.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(53.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(85.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFacility level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispensary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(50.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64(49.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(51.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116(89.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.734\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Centre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119(62.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(38.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(53.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(46.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177(92.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(44.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80(55.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67(46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(9.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129(90.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFacility ownership\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198(53.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172(46.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192(51.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178(48.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338(91.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.548\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(52.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(47.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(55.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(44.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(89.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106(49.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107(50.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119(55.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94(44.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191(89.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141(56.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(43.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125(49.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126(50.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(8.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231(92.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than one year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(73.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(96.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne year \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227(52.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207(47.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222(51.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(9.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e393(90.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking experience at TB/HIV clinic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(60.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(39.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(59.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(40.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67(88.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne year and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201(51.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187(48.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199(51.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189(48.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e355(91.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDeterminants of adequate knowledge, positive attitude, and better practices on IPT among healthcare workers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA multivariable logistic regression was fitted between the participant\u0026rsquo;s sociodemographic characteristics and the knowledge, attitude, and practice of IPT. Females were 1.32 times more likely to have positive attitudes (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) than their male counterparts, while individuals aged 40 years and above exhibited adequate knowledge (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.76; 95% CI: 1.68\u0026ndash;1.85, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Married participants having lower odds of positive attitudes (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.79, 95% CI: 0.41\u0026ndash;1.53, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.487) and divorced/widowed/separated individuals showing reduced odds of good practices (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.27; 95% CI: 0.13\u0026ndash;0.56, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). Higher education levels were associated with adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and better practices. Nurses were more likely to have adequate knowledge (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.43; 95% CI: 1.39\u0026ndash;1.48, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), while pharmacists exhibited lower odds of good practices (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.26, 95% CI: 0.10\u0026ndash;0.65, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004). Healthcare workers with more than one year of working experience and those who attended IPT training had higher odds of adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and better practices (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic regression for the determinant of knowledge, attitude, and practice on IPT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49(0.63\u0026ndash;3.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32(1.20\u0026ndash;1.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45(0.23\u0026ndash;9.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow 40 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 years and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76(1.68\u0026ndash;1.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14(0.73\u0026ndash;1.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60(0.17\u0026ndash;2.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40(0.94\u0026ndash;2.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79(0.41\u0026ndash;1.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49(0.34\u0026ndash;0.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced/widowed/separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86(0.20\u0026ndash;3.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70(0.09\u0026ndash;5.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.733\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27(0.13\u0026ndash;0.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertificate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15(0.18\u0026ndash;7.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72(1.04\u0026ndash;2.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71(0.43\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08(0.73\u0026ndash;5.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31(0.99\u0026ndash;1.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90(1.37\u0026ndash;2.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.48(1.78\u0026ndash;25.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00(1.20\u0026ndash;3.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89(0.26\u0026ndash;13.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfession\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43(1.39\u0026ndash;1.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75(0.50\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62(0.32\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinician\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePharmacist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28(0.85\u0026ndash;1.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66(1.27\u0026ndash;2.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26(0.10\u0026ndash;0.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72(0.64\u0026ndash;0.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60(0.05\u0026ndash;7.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58(0.23\u0026ndash;1.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFacility level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Centre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53(0.35\u0026ndash;0.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13(0.68\u0026ndash;1.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79(0.24\u0026ndash;2.60)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispensary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95(0.39\u0026ndash;2.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02(0.61\u0026ndash;1.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56(0.26\u0026ndash;1.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFacility ownership\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98(0.53\u0026ndash;1.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01(0.71\u0026ndash;1.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75(0.10\u0026ndash;5.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92(0.85\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50(0.86\u0026ndash;2.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68(1.38\u0026ndash;2.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than one year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne year \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42(1.05\u0026ndash;1.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93(1.99\u0026ndash;4.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11(0.04\u0026ndash;1.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking experience at TB/HIV clinic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne year and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13(0.59\u0026ndash;2.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97(0.69\u0026ndash;1.35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20(3.23\u0026ndash;8.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEver attended IPT training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98(1.63\u0026ndash;2.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89(1.54\u0026ndash;2.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15(1.81\u0026ndash;2.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA thorough perusal of the literature shows that this is the first study to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on IPT and the associated factors among healthcare workers in Tanzania. The findings suggest a complex coherence of knowledge, attitude, and practice parameters. The low level of adequate knowledge and positive attitude among healthcare workers implies a potential gap in their understanding of IPT, which could impact the effectiveness of preventive measures to be implemented. It may further indicate a lack of enthusiasm or reluctance among health workers, which could affect their engagement in IPT services. However, the observed good practice suggests that despite the challenges in knowledge and attitude, the majority of healthcare workers were effectively implementing IPT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, less than half of the healthcare workers had adequate knowledge of IPT. Our findings are similar to the studies done in Indonesia, and South Africa which found that 30.6% and 43.1% had adequate knowledge of IPT, respectively(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). However, studies conducted in Nigeria and Ethiopia found a higher level of adequate knowledge of IPT among healthcare workers above 50% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Having less than half of healthcare workers with adequate knowledge of IPT may lead to suboptimal implementation, compromised patient care, and an increased risk of preventable health issues in the community. Healthcare workers must undergo retraining to guarantee that they are all well-versed in IPT. The program implementers might also need to come up with better strategies for delivering training including conducting a pre-assessment of training needs and identifying areas in which HCWs require additional knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study revealed that 47.0% of the healthcare workers had a positive attitude towards IPT. These results are different from the study conducted in Indonesia, South Africa, India, and Australia which found a positive attitude of above 50% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of fewer healthcare workers with positive attitudes may be attributed to limited awareness and education about IPT and challenges in healthcare infrastructure. In the current study, a noteworthy percentage of healthcare workers (90.9%) demonstrated good practices in IPT services. This might have been influenced by the presence of clear guidelines and IPT circulars focused on increasing IPT service uptake. This finding implies overwhelming efforts to improve IPT coverage forgetting the core aspects of training to incentivise HCW towards well-informed and technical decision-making in IPT service delivery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare workers who were aged 40 years and above were 76% more likely to have adequate knowledge of IPT compared to those aged below 40 years indicating a potential correlation between age and knowledge. This suggests the need for targeted educational efforts among younger healthcare professionals to improve their knowledge of IPT. However, the current results are different from those observed in an earlier study done in Ebonyi State, Nigeria which they found that ages 35 years and below were more likely to have adequate knowledge of IPT (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). The difference can be attributed to the fact that the earlier study was done in one state and had a sample size of 85 healthcare workers, unlike the current study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity education was found to be a significant factor in adequate knowledge of IPT among healthcare workers. Healthcare workers with a University education were 4.48 times more likely to have adequate knowledge of IPT compared to those with secondary education. The finding was supported by a study conducted in Pune, India (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that healthcare workers with a university education have a more in-depth and specialized curriculum at the university level, exposure to advanced training, and a higher likelihood of engaging in continuous professional development (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). A mentorship program should be emphasized to improve IPT knowledge among healthcare workers who do not have a university education. Those who ever attended IPT training were 98% more likely to have adequate knowledge of IPT. These results are similar to the study conducted in South Africa and Brazil (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Suggesting that continuous training should be offered to healthcare workers regularly to improve their knowledge of IPT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe likelihood of female HCWs\u0026rsquo; positive attitude toward IPT compared to their male counterparts suggests a need to emphasize targeted interventions and awareness campaigns to address gender disparities among HCWs which may influence their attitude towards preventive therapies. Those who had a working experience of more than one year at TB/HIV clinics were 5.20 times more likely to have good practices on IPT. These results are similar to the study conducted in Indonesia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). This might have been influenced by the availability of circulars at hand in health facilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inability of some healthcare workers to participate due to their busy hospital schedules resulted in a reduction of the sample size from 486 to 464 participants. Additionally, the study's scope was confined to healthcare facilities in 12 regions supported by global funds, representing various levels of healthcare facilities. Therefore, caution should be exercised when generalizing the findings to the entire country, as the study may have not fully captured the diversity of healthcare settings and practices across Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe modest level of knowledge and attitude towards IPT among healthcare workers is an issue of concern, particularly given its crucial role in preventive therapy for TB. Despite this knowledge and attitude gap, there appears to be a positive direction in the application of good practices related to IPT within the healthcare setting. This situation highlights the need for targeted educational interventions to enhance healthcare workers' attitudes and understanding of Isoniazid and its use in TB prevention.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIPT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoniazid Preventive Treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHCW\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare Workers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCTC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare and Treatment Centers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePLHIV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople Living with HIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSSA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub-Saharan Africa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ethical clearance was obtained from the National Health Research Ethics Committee (NatHREC) of the Tanzanian National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) with a\u0026nbsp;certificate No. NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/4256. All participants were asked to provide written consent for their participation. Permission to conduct the study was sought from respective authorities in the selected regions, districts, and health facilities. Confidentiality of participant information was maintained during the data collection and analysis process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Availability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Competing Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Funding \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study represents a cross-sectional investigation conducted in various mainland Tanzania areas, aided by the Global Fund in combatting HIV and Malaria. Financial support for this research was provided by the Global Fund through the National AIDS, STIs, and Hepatitis Control Programme (NASHCoP). JJM, serving as a Medical Statistician, is affiliated with the National Institute for Medical Research. It's worth noting that donors played no part in the study's design, data collection, analysis, decision-making regarding publication, or manuscript preparation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJJM\u003c/strong\u003e contributed to study design, sample size estimation, data collection, data management, analysis and interpretation, drafting of the article, performing critical revisions of the article, and facilitating final approval of the version to be published.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFCA, AMR, VAN, MLM, WMM, AAR, BJN, VEW, EJM and CEM\u003c/strong\u003econtributed to the initial design of the study including data collection tools and an overall review of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAMK\u003c/strong\u003e overall supervisor.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Acknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to acknowledge the Global Fund and the Ministry of Health Tanzania for their support in this study. Special appreciation goes to the healthcare workers whose dedicated participation contributed significantly to the success of this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWHO. The World Health Organisation. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 16]. Tuberculosis. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCDC. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016 [cited 2024 Jan 16]. TB and HIV Coinfection. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/tbhivcoinfection.htm\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNIH. HIV and Opportunistic Infections, Coinfections, and Conditions [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Jan 16]. Available from: https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-tuberculosis-tb\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNgowi BJ, Mfinanga SG, Bruun JN, Morkve O. Pulmonary tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS attending care and treatment in rural northern Tanzania. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2008 Sep 30 [cited 2024 Jan 16];8(1):1\u0026ndash;7. Available from: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-341\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWHO. Global Tuberculosis report [Internet]. Geneva; 2022 [cited 2024 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2022/tb-disease-burden/2-1-tb-incidence\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMbuya AW, Mboya IB, Semvua HH, Mamuya SH, Msuya SE. Prevalence and factors associated with tuberculosis among the mining communities in Mererani, Tanzania. PLoS One [Internet]. 2023 Mar 1 [cited 2024 Jan 16];18(3):e0280396. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0280396\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSmieja M, Marchetti C, Cook D, Smaill FM. Isoniazid preventive therapy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet]. 2008 Jan 25 [cited 2024 Jan 16]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310749/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePadmapriyadarsini C, Sekar L, Reddy D, Chitra A, Poornagangadevi N, Selvaraj M, et al. Effectiveness of isoniazid preventive therapy on incidence of tuberculosis among HIV-infected adults in programme setting. Indian J Med Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Jan 16];152(6):648. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8224160/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMajigo M, Somi G, Joachim A, Manyahi J, Nondi J, Sambu V, et al. Prevalence and incidence rate of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients enrolled in HIV care, treatment, and support program in mainland Tanzania. Trop Med Health [Internet]. 2020 Sep 4 [cited 2024 Jan 16];48(1):1\u0026ndash;8. Available from: https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-020-00264-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMollel EW, Maokola W, Todd J, Msuya SE, Mahande MJ. Incidence Rates for Tuberculosis Among HIV Infected Patients in Northern Tanzania. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2019 Oct 24 [cited 2024 Jan 16];7:306. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6821649/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNTLP. Manual for management of tuberculosis and leprosy in Tanzania [Internet]. 7th Edition. Dodoma: The Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC); 2020 [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://ntlp.go.tz/site/assets/files/1081/ntlp_manual_2020_2021_1.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkamike IC, Okedo-Alex IN, Uneke CJ, Madubueze UC, Agbo UN, Okeke IM, et al. Health workers\u0026rsquo; knowledge and practice of Isoniazid preventive treatment guidelines in health facilities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Malawi Medical Journal [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 29];34(3):184. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC9641607/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbdulrazaak AT, Govender I, Nzaumvila D. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of doctors regarding isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV/AIDS patients at Odi District Hospital, Gauteng province, South Africa. S Afr J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2018 Dec 5 [cited 2023 Dec 29];33(5). Available from: https://sajid.co.za/index.php/sajid/article/view/151\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eK. Kaliyaperumal. Guideline for conducting a knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study. AECS illumination [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2024 Jan 3]; Available from: https://v2020eresource.org/content/files/guideline_kap_Jan_mar04.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOlum R, Chekwech G, Wekha G, Nassozi DR, Bongomin F. Coronavirus Disease-2019: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Health Care Workers at Makerere University Teaching Hospitals, Uganda. Front Public Health. 2020 Apr 30;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAshebir W, Yimer B, Alle A, Teshome M, Teka Y, Wolde A. Knowledge, attitude, practice, and factors associated with prevention practice towards COVID-19 among healthcare providers in Amhara region, northern Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study. PLOS Global Public Health. 2022 Apr 11;2(4):e0000171.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHunter OF, Kyesi F, Ahluwalia AK, Daff\u0026eacute; ZN, Munseri P, von Reyn CF, et al. Successful implementation of isoniazid preventive therapy at a pediatric HIV clinic in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 7;20(1):738.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWinardi W, Yudistira Nalapraya W, Sarifuddin S, Anwar S, Yufika A, Wibowo A, et al. Knowledge and Attitudes of Indonesian General Practitioners Towards the Isoniazid Preventive Therapy Program in Indonesia. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 2022 Sep 30;55(5):428\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003evan Rensburg AJ, Engelbrecht M, Kigozi G, van Rensburg D. Tuberculosis prevention knowledge, attitudes, and practices of primary health care nurses. Int J Nurs Pract. 2018 Dec 31;24(6).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTrajman A, Wakoff-Pereira MF, Ramos-Silva J, Cordeiro-Santos M, Milit\u0026atilde;o de Albuquerque M de F, Hill PC, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices on tuberculosis transmission and prevention among auxiliary healthcare professionals in three Brazilian high-burden cities: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019 Dec 30;19(1):532.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEkuma AE, Oridota ES. Knowledge, attitude and tuberculosis infection control practice among healthcare workers in DOTS centres in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Infect Control. 2016;12(4).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGetu Bayisa GFAM. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Health Care Providers towards the Prevention and Control of Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis at Nekemte Referral Hospital, Western Ethiopia. Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science. 2019;9(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePathak V, Harrington Z, Dobler CC. Attitudes towards preventive tuberculosis treatment among hospital staff. PeerJ [Internet]. 2016 Feb 25 [cited 2023 Dec 29];2016(2):e1738. Available from: https://peerj.com/articles/1738\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAjith Kumar G, Saranya P. A cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice towards tuberculosis among health care workers. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019 Oct 16;10(4):2632\u0026ndash;46.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBelgaumkar V, Chandanwale A, Valvi C, Pardeshi G, Lokhande R, Kadam D, et al. Barriers to screening and isoniazid preventive therapy for child contacts of tuberculosis patients. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2018 Oct 1;22(10):1179\u0026ndash;87.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIM. Redesigning Continuing Education in the Health Professions [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2010 [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219811/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMartinson NA, Barnes GL, Moulton LH, Msandiwa R, Hausler H, Ram M, et al. New Regimens to Prevent Tuberculosis in Adults with HIV Infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011 Jul 7;365(1):11\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"IPT, TB/HIV, HCWs, Tanzania","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4270790/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4270790/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern globally, particularly in regions with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. In Tanzania, the co-occurrence of TB and HIV poses a substantial challenge to healthcare systems. Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) has become an important intervention to mitigate the risk of TB infection among individuals living with HIV. Despite its proven efficacy, the extent of knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare workers (HCWs) in Tanzania is not well-documented.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eA cross-sectional study was carried out among healthcare workers working at TB/HIV clinics in 12 regions of Tanzania mainland. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents consisting of social demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice questions. Data were analyzed using Stata version 14.0.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003ea total of 464 respondents were interviewed, with 282 (60.8%) being female. The mean age was 36.4 years (SD=11.0). Among the interviewed, 255 (55.0%) were nurses. Regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice on IPT, 217 (46.8%), 220 (47.0%), and 422 (90.9%) respondents respectively demonstrated adequacy in these domains. Factors such as gender, university education, professional role in healthcare practice, cumulative work experience of one year or more, tenure at a TB/HIV clinic of one year or longer, and attendance at IPT-related training emerged as significant determinants influencing respondents' knowledge, attitude, and practice towards IPT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The findings underscored a notable knowledge gap and a less favourable attitude towards IPT among HCWs, despite commendable practices. Addressing this disparity through targeted training interventions for healthcare workers holds promise for enhancing their understanding and attitude toward IPT, thereby fostering increased acceptance and utilization of this preventive therapy.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Healthcare Workers on Isoniazid Preventive Treatment in Tanzania; A Health Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-13 08:53:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4270790/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-05-23T12:18:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-05-23T12:17:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-05-19T08:06:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-05-18T15:06:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"246748668375438280780659856718043086629","date":"2024-05-12T08:36:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"299538593004023254901001577150890946304","date":"2024-05-11T19:53:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-03T01:09:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-02T10:32:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-02T10:32:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Public Health","date":"2024-04-15T15:51:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b72b0b1d-04c8-4597-b73f-2743605d7ef0","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-25T06:09:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-13 08:53:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4270790","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4270790","identity":"rs-4270790","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}