Changes in physical behaviour patterns in response to a 12-week combined exercise intervention in Black South African women from a low-resourced setting

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P Phiri, Simone. A Tomaz-Joubert, Louise. D Clamp, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670309/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background This study assessed the effects of a 12-week aerobic and resistance exercise training intervention on changes in habitual physical behaviour patterns in Black South African (SA) women from a low-resourced setting living with overweight or obesity. Methods Forty-five apparently healthy women (18–35 years) were randomized into an exercise (EXE; n = 23) or control group (CON; n = 22). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was measured pre- and post-intervention. Percentage time spent in light intensity physical activity (LIPA), moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and total physical activity (TPA) were measured using accelerometery (ActivPAL and ActiGraph GT3X+) at baseline, week 4, 8 and 12. Results CRF increased by ~ 2.7 ml. kg − 1 . min −1 in EXE with no change in CON (p = 0.001 group x time interaction). Considering all valid days (exercise and non-exercise days), MVPA and daily steps increased in the EXE group from baseline to weeks 4, 8 and 12, and sedentary behaviour decreased in EXE from baseline to weeks 8 and 12, while no changes in CON were observed (all p 60 min bouts in EXE in week 8 with no change in CON (p = 0.011 group x time interaction). Conclusions The significant increases in CRF and MVPA with a compensatory reduction in SB were observed in response to the 12-weeks of exercise training. The improvements in CRF highlights exercise as a potential strategy for improving health outcomes in this population. Obesity physical behaviours exercise intervention Figures Figure 1 BACKRGOUND Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is one of the strongest predictors of all-cause mortality and the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) ( 1 , 2 ). There is indisputable evidence for the effectiveness of regular exercise for increasing CRF ( 3 , 4 ), and reducing cardio-metabolic risk factors that include obesity ( 5 , 6 ), abdominal obesity ( 7 , 8 ), high blood pressure and an unfavourable lipid profile ( 5 , 7 ). However, few exercise training studies have been conducted in low-resourced communities ( 8 – 11 ). Women from low-resourced settings accumulate physical activity (PA) through walking for transport, which is undertaken at a low-to-moderate intensity ( 12 – 14 ). Cultural norms and fewer opportunities to access safe, affordable and appropriate opportunities to be active are cited as some of the contributing factors to insufficient PA amongst these communities ( 15 ). To the best of our knowledge, there is no data available on the changes in physical behaviour (PB) patterns in response to an exercise intervention in these settings. Studies exploring changes in PA and sedentary behaviour (SB) patterns in response to an exercise intervention have reported decreases in sedentary time ( 16 , 17 ). This is of relevance as the recent World Health Organization (WHO) PA guidelines state that in addition to increasing PA, there should be a focus on reducing SB ( 18 , 19 ). Sedentary behaviour has been associated with greater risk of obesity ( 20 , 21 ), type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) ( 20 , 22 ) and metabolic syndrome (MetS)( 23 , 24 ). A cross-sectional study in a low-resourced South African setting showed that reallocating 30 minutes of LIPA to 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) was associated with 1.8% lower total body fat mass (FM) in women ( 25 ). This research highlights the need to explore if exercise interventions have the potential to improve CRF, increase MVPA, and reduce time spent in SB. In addition, there is also a need to investigate If the changes in physical behaviours are in response to the exercise intervention, exercise dose or there are other compensatory physical behaviours such as increased SB in response to engaging in exercise. We hypothesise that exercise training will increase total physical activity (TPA), particularly MVPA, which may result in less time spent in SB among the exercise intervention group compared to the control group. The primary aim of this randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the changes in PA and SB patterns throughout a 12-week aerobic and resistance exercise intervention among women living with overweight and obesity from a low-resourced setting. The secondary aim was to examine the relationship between changes in PB patterns with exercise dose and changes in CRF and weight. METHODS Study Design This is a sub-study from an exercise intervention in Black South African women with a detailed protocol previously published ( 26 ). Forty-five women were recruited from a low-resourced community in the Western Cape, South Africa and block randomised (2–4 participants) into either an exercise group (EXE; n = 23) or a control group (CON; n = 22) using Microsoft Excel, 2013 (Fig. 1 ). Pre and post intervention measurements took place 3 days before and 3 days after the intervention. Participant characteristics Inclusion criteria included: aged between 20–35 y, living with overweight (BMI 25 -29.9 kg/m 2 ) or obesity (BMI 30–40 kg/m 2 ), weight stable for 6 months, Black South African (both biological parents isiXhosa ), physically inactive (defined as not > 1 exercise session of > 20 min/week over previous 12 months), no diagnosed disease, not on chronic medication, no surgical procedures in the previous 6 months, and on injectable contraceptive for more than 2 months (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, 400 mg). This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Cape Town (HREC REF: 054/2015) and conducted in accordance with the guidelines described in the Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving humans ( 27 ). Participants provided written consent prior to testing. The trial was registered with the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry database (PACTR20171102789113). Intervention Participants randomized to the exercise group (EXE) participated in supervised sessions for 12 weeks (4 sessions per week, lasting between 40 to 60 minutes each). Each session comprised aerobic (30–40 minutes) and strength training (10–20 minutes), with the target intensity for each session of 75–80% HR peak (aerobic component) and 60–70% HR peak (strength component). The maximum number of sessions a single participant could attend was n = 48 (four sessions/wk over a 12-week period) for the purpose of calculating adherence and exercise dose (mean %HRmax from all completed sessions multiplied by the number of exercise sessions completed). Each participant wore a heart hate (HR) monitor (A300, Vantage NV, Polar, Finland) during the exercise sessions to ensure the appropriate intensity. The exercise training was supervised by an exercise specialist registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). During the intervention period, participants in the EXE and CON were instructed to maintain their habitual PA and dietary patterns. The CON group were invited to participate in exercise sessions following the intervention. Pre and post-intervention testing A field worker administered the socio-demographic questionnaire and household food security questionnaire ( 28 ) pre and post the intervention. Body weight and height were measured according to standard procedures and body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared (kg/m 2 ) ( 29 ). Baseline and post intervention sub-total (whole body minus head) body composition including FM and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM) were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Discovery-W, software version 12.7.3.7; Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA) according to standard procedures. Cardiorespiratory fitness adjusted for weight (ml. kg -1 . min -1 ) and FFSTM (ml.min -1 . FFSTM 1 ) was determined by measuring the VO 2peak using indirect calorimetry (C, Quasar LE500CE, HP Cosmos, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany), while performing a walking treadmill-based, graded exercise test adapted from Takagi et al ( 30 ). Monitoring Physical Behaviours Participants wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer (ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, Florida, United State of America) on their right hip and ActivPAL device (PAL Technologies, Glasgow, UK) attached to the mid anterior area of the right thigh using a waterproof sleeve for seven consecutive days at a time in week 0 (baseline), week 4, week 8 and week 12 of the intervention period. The ActivPAL was worn for 24 hours a day ( 31 ) and not removed, even during water-based activities. ActiLife v.6 (ActiLife software; Pensacola, FL; USA) was used to download (in 60-second epochs), clean and score all ActiGraph data. ActivPAL data were cleaned and scored using the ActivPAL software (PAL Technologies, version 7.2.32, Glasgow, UK). The data were visually inspected and nocturnal sleep data were removed (as reported elsewhere) ( 32 ). Except where devices were set to start collecting data from midnight, the first day of wear was excluded as it was deemed a familiarization day and was not representative of a typical day. Data for a given day were included if the ActiGraph recorded at least 10 hours of valid wear-time (following the removal of nocturnal sleep and non-wear periods). Where the device was worn for more than 7 consecutive days and nights, the first 7 valid days (not necessarily consecutive) were used for analysis. For participants in the EXE group, a dataset was included if the dataset comprised a minimum of at least one non-exercise day and one exercise day. For participants in the CON group, a dataset was included if it comprised a minimum of two days. For the ActiGraph data, Troiano cut-points were used to categorise physical activity into LIPA, MVPA and TPA as mins/d ( 33 ) and % of awake hours. The ActivPAL variables included steps/d, number of sit-to-stand transitions/d, number of sitting bouts of 60 mins or more/d, time spent in sitting bouts of > 60-minutes, nocturnal sleeping time and total sitting time (hrs/d). Physical activity and SB variables were further differentiated into exercise days and non-exercise days (for the EXE group). Non-exercise days included both week and/or weekend days. Exercise adherence is presented as number and percentage of sessions attended over the 12-week intervention. Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using STATA (v.13, STATA Corp, College Station, TX). Statistical significance was set at an alpha level of p ≤ 0.05. The Shapiro-Wilk test with visual inspection of the data distribution was used to assess normality of the continuous data, which are presented as mean ± standard deviation if normally distributed and median (25th − 75th percentile) for skewed data. T-test for independent variables was conducted to analyse the difference in continuous variables between groups at baseline. Chi-squared analyses was conducted to analyse the difference in categorical data between groups at baseline. A two-way repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine main and interaction (group x time) effects of the exercise intervention on body composition and CRF. Repeated measures mixed models were used to assess the change in all PA and SB variables of interest over time (baseline, weeks 4, 8 and 12) between groups. In order to capture the variation in the data averages were not used for the mixed model analyses, each individual day of data was considered a single data point (i.e., all valid seven days considered in the model). Mixed models were run to compare the following: CON vs EXE, all days considered. CON vs EXE, non-exercise days only considered for EXE group. CON vs EXE, exercise days only considered for EXE group. To account for the three separate analyses conducted to explore the changes in PA and SB in response to the intervention, Bonferroni correction was applied and the statistical significance was set at an alpha level of p ≤ 0.017 (p < 0.05/3). When combining all participants (EXE and CON) associations between the change in PA (LIPA, MVPA, steps) and SB (sitting time in 60-minute bouts) variables with exercise dose, and changes in CRF (VO 2peak ) and weight (kg) were explored using Pearson and Spearman’s rank correlations for normally distributed and skewed data, respectively. RESULTS Participants characteristics The age of the participants included in the analyses was 22 ( 21 – 24 ) years with similar ages between the groups (Table 1 ). There were no differences in any of the sociodemographic variables between the groups at baseline (Table 1 ). Majority of the EXE group (65%) reported being food secure to mildly food insecure, while majority of the CON group (73.3%) reported being moderate to severely food insecure with a significant difference between groups (p = 0.027) (Table 1 ). Additionally, majority of the participants completed high school and were unmarried, not receiving income, with a household income of ≤R10 000 (< US $ 541.21) (Table 1 ). Over the 12-week intervention, 3 participants from the EXE group withdrew from the study (Fig. 1 ) and 7 participants withdrew from the CON group (Fig. 1 ). Table 1 Differences in change in body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness between the exercise intervention and control group in response to the 12-week intervention. Variables EXE (n = 20) CON (n = 15) Unadjusted p values Pre Post Pre Post Time Group Group x time interaction Baseline characteristics Age (years) 22 ( 21 – 24 ) - 23 ( 21 – 27 ) - - - - Not married 17(85) 13 (86) Completed high school, n (%) 15 (75) - 8 (53.3) - - - - Household income ≤R10 000 15 (75) 15 (100) Mildly food insecure, n (%) 13 (65) - 4 (26.6) - - - - Moderately to severely food insecure, n (%) 7 ( 35 ) - 11 (73.3) - - - - Body composition Height (m) 1.57 ± 5.8 ----- 1.62 ± 0.1 ------ ----- ------ ------ Weight (kg) 84.1 ± 8.7 83.3 ± 9.7* 87.8 ± 10.9 88.8 ± 10.9* 0.787 0.187 0. 007 BMI (kg/m²) 34.1 ± 2.8 33.8 ± 3.1* 33.4 ± 2.7 33.8 ± 2.7 0.898 0.695 0.006 Fat-free soft tissue mass (kg) 36.6 ± 3.5 36.6 ± 3.6 38.3 ± 5.6 38.8 ± 5.8 0.405 0.239 0.347 FM (kg) 38.6 ± 5.5 38.6 ± 6.7 40.3 ± 6.9 41.2 ± 6.2 0.179 0.366 0.199 FM (%) 66.0 ± 6.5 66.0 ± 6.9 63.2 ± 8.3 62.5 ± 7.9 0.408 0.213 0.436 Cardiorespiratory fitness VO 2peak (ml.min − 1 ) 2077.4 ± 211.4 2277.8 ± 230.7* 2099.4 ± 281.9 2032.3 ± 196.2 0.130 0.100 0.004 VO 2peak (ml. kg − 1 . min − 1 ) 24.9 ± 2.4 27.6 ± 3.4* 23.9 ± 2.9 22.9 ± 2.6 0.078 0.003 0.001 VO 2peak (ml. kg FFSTM − 1 .min − 1 ) 57.1 ± 5.6 62.5±.3* 55.4 ± 8.5 52.9 ± 7.7 0.143 0.009 0.001 All data is normally distributed and reported as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical data reported as n (%). Abbreviations: FM (fat mass); EXE (exercise); CON (control); FM (fat mass); FFSTM (fat free soft tissue mass); VO 2peak (peak oxygen uptake). Significant within group change p < 0.05*. Compliance to the 12-week intervention A total of 48 exercise training sessions were conducted with an attendance average of 77.2% (range: 52–100%). Heart rate was recorded during each exercise session with a mean intensity over the 12 weeks of 79.6 ± 4.0%HRmax. The mean exercise dose (sessions attended multiplied by the mean %HRmax measured for those sessions) over the 12-week intervention report was 2572.4 ± 504.6 Arbitary Units (AU). Differences in the change in body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness Differences in the change in body composition and CRF after 12-weeks in the EXE and CON groups are presented in Table 1 . There was a significant group by time interaction for weight (p = 0.007) and BMI (p = 0.006), with both increasing in the CON group and only body weight decreasing in the EXE group. No significant changes were observed for FM (kg or %) or FFSTM in the EXE and CON groups. There was a significant group x time interaction for VO 2peak, expressed in absolute terms (ml.min − 1 ) (p = 0.004), relative to weight (ml. kg − 1 . min − 1 ; p = 0.001), and relative to FFSTM (ml. kg FFSTM − 1 .min − 1 ; p = 0.001), as they all increased in the EXE but did not change in the CON group. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns Mixed-models analysis comparing PA and SB across all valid days in EXE and CON are presented in Table 2 . Compared to the CON group with no changes during the intervention period, MVPA (min/d and %) increased from baseline to weeks 4, 8 and 12 in the EXE group (all p < 0.001 for interaction). Similarly, TPA (min and %) increased in the EXE group and did not change in the CON group from baseline to week 8 (p = 0.009 and p = 0.008 for interaction) and week 12 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001 for interaction). Further, there was a significant group x time interaction for the number of steps/day as they increased from baseline to week 4 (p = 0.008), 8 (p = 0.001) and 12 (p = 0.001) in the EXE group, whereas no change was observed in the CON. There were no changes in LIPA over time in either group. Table 2 Daily physical activity and sedentary behaviour for the exercise and control groups over the 12-week intervention period. EXE: All valid days CON: All valid days Group x time interaction PA variables Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Week 12 Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Week 12 Days (n) N=114d N=112d N=119d N=117d N=81d N=88d N=84d N=76d ------- LIPA (min/d) 312.0 ± 86.3 313.1 ± 76.8 315.3 ± 83.4 335.3 ± 86.5 360.6 ± 107.0 344.1 ± 100.4 332.7 ± 107.7 345.7 ± 108.5 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.940 week 8: p = 0.187 week 12: p = 0.165 MVPA (min/d) 44.4 ± 29.2 67.3 ± 43.2 # 69.6 ± 45.0 # 69.0 ± 44.9 # 49.7 ± 37.8 42.5 ± 31.0 45.9 ± 27.5 38.9 ± 28.9 week 0: reference week 4: p < 0.001 week 8: p < 0.001 week 12: p < 0.001 TPA (min/d) 356.4 ± 91.8 380.4 ± 97.4 384.8 ± 103.0 # 404.3 ± 103.2 # 410.2 ± 124.6 386.5 ± 114.1 378.6 ± 116.7 384.6 ± 120.3 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.176 week 8: p = 0.009 week 12: p = 0.003 LIPA (%) 35.9 ± 8.73 35.7 ± 8.1 35.4 ± 8.11 38.1 ± 8.7 41.2 ± 10.6 39.9 ± 11.1 37.7 ± 11.4 39.2 ± 12.3 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.759 week 8: p = 0.177 week 12: p = 0.102 MVPA (%) 5.2 ± 3.4 7.7 ± 4.9# 7.9 ± 5.0# 8.0 ± 5.4# 5.6 ± 4.2 4.9 ± 3.6 5.3 ± 3.2 4.4 ± 3.1 week 0: reference week 4: p < 0.001 week 8: p < 0.001 week 12: p < 0.001 TPA (%) 41.1 ± 9.4 43.3 ± 10.6 43.3 ± 10.2 # 46.1 ± 11.1# 46.8 ± 12.2 44.9 ± 12.9 42.9 ± 12.4 43.5 ± 13.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.235 week 8: p = 0.008 week 12: p = 0.001 Steps (per/d) 9429 ± 4019 11298 ± 5247 # 11114 ± 5754 # 11632 ± 5848 # 10131 ± 4561 9306 ± 4112 8954 ± 4394 9450 ± 3777 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.008 week 8: p = 0.001 week 12: p = 0.001 Sedentary Behaviour variables Sedentary time (% of awake time) 58.9 ± 9.4 56.7 ± 10.6 56.7 ± 10.2# 53.9 ± 11.1# 53.2 ± 12.2 55.1 ± 12.9 57.1 ± 12.4 56.4 ± 13.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.235 week 8: p = 0.008 week 12: p = 0.001 N=114d N=125d N=125d N=112d n=98d N=95d N=91d N=84d Nocturnal sleep time (hours/d) 10.2 ± 2.6 10.3 ± 2.4 9.8 ± 2.4 9.5 ± 2.0 10.1 ± 2.7 10.3 ± 3.0 10.5 ± 2.7 10.0 ± 2.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.710 week 8: p = 0.059 week 12: p = 0.213 Sitting (hours/d) 6.2 ± 2.3 6.3 ± 2.2 6.9 ± 2.8 6.2 ± 2.1 6.3 ± 2.6 6.9 ± 2.3 6.1 ± 2.2 6.8 ± 2.8 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.641 week 8: p = 0.114 week 12: p = 0.289 Sit-to-stand Transitions (n) 31 ± 10 33 ± 11 36 ± 13# 35 ± 10 36 ± 16 35 ± 14 35 ± 14 37 ± 14 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.164 week 8: p = 0.016 week 12: p = 0.254 Time in ≥ 60min bouts (min/d) 87.8 ± 108.2 73.6 ± 87.8 105.7 ± 117.9 63.9 ± 92.9 76.6 ± 105.1 67.8 ± 83.1 53.0 ± 68.8 74.2 ± 87.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.784 week 8: p = 0.018 week 12: p = 0.225 Sitting bouts ≥ 60min (n/d) 0.9 ± 1.1 0.8 ± 0.9 1.1 ± 1.1 0.7 ± 1.0 0.7 ± 0.9 0.8 ± 1.0 0.6 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 0.9 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.353 week 8: p = 0.069 week 12: p = 0.099 Normally distributed data are reported as mean ± standard deviation, skewed data is reported as median (25th – 75th percentile) and categorical data are presented as n (%).Abbreviations: LIPA (light-intensity physical activity); MVPA (moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity); TPA (total physical activity); EXE (exercise); CON (control); Day (d); A mixed-model was used to explore the effect of group, time and group x time interaction, with the interaction P value presented in the final column. After Bonferroni correction, p ≤ 0.017; # represents a significant time effect from baseline. For the SB variables, there was a significant decline below baseline in time (%) spent in SB at week 8 (p = 0.008 for interaction) and week 12 (p = 0.001 for interaction) in the EXE group, whereas no changes were reported in the CON group (Table 2 ). A significant group x time interaction was observed for sit-to stand transitions (p = 0.016), with the EXE group demonstrating an increase from baseline to week 8 in comparison to no change in the CON group. There were no significant changes in either group over time for nocturnal sleep time, sitting (hours/d) or sitting bouts ≥ 60 mins (n/day). Mixed-models analysis considering only exercise days in EXE group and all valid days in CON are presented in Table 3 . MVPA (min/day and %) increased from baseline to week 4 (both p < 0.001 for both interactions); week 8 (both p < 0.001 for both interactions) and week 12 (both p < 0.001 for both interactions) in the EXE group with no significant changes in the CON group over time. Similarly, TPA (min/d and %) increased in EXE from baseline to week 4 (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001 for interactions), week 8 (p < 0.001 for both interactions) and week 12 (p < 0.001 for both interactions) and no significant change in CON group during the intervention period. Furthermore, daily step counts increased from baseline to week 4, week 8 and week 12 in the EXE group and not the CON (all p < 0.001 for interactions). Notably, all measures of PA changed between baseline and week 4, and then remained constant over the remaining 8 weeks. No changes were observed in LIPA in either group. Table 3 Physical activity and sedentary behaviour for all exercise days in the exercise group compared to all valid days in the control group. PA variables EXE: Exercise days only CON: All valid days Group X time interaction Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Week 12 Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Week 12 Days (n) N=113d N=55d N=53d N=43d N=81d N=88d N=84d N=76d ------- LIPA (min/d) 312.0 ± 86.3 324.3 ± 63.2 316.8 ± 71.0 330.9 ± 71.0 360.6 ± 107.0 344.1 ± 100.4 332.7 ± 107.7 345.7 ± 108.5 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.684 week 8: p = 0.240 week 12: p = 0.417 MVPA (min/day) 44.4 ± 29.2 91.9 ± 30.5# 99.0 ± 33.6# 104.3 ± 36.3# 49.7 ± 37.8 42.5 ± 31.0 45.9 ± 27.5 38.9 ± 28.9 week 0: reference week 4: p < 0.001 week 8: p < 0.001 week 12: p < 0.001 TPA (min/d) 356.4 ± 91.8 416.2 ± 76.0# 415.8 ± 83.4# 435.2 ± 88.3# 410.2 ± 124.6 386.5 ± 114.1 378.6 ± 116.7 384.6 ± 120.3 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.004 week 8: p < 0.001 week 12: p < 0.001 LIPA (%) 35.9 ± 8.73 37.3 ± 6.4 35.6 ± 6.3 38.7 ± 6.7 41.2 ± 10.6 39.9 ± 11.1 37.7 ± 11.4 39.2 ± 12.3 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.569 week 8: p = 0.197 week 12: p = 0.120 MVPA (%) 5.2 ± 3.4 10.7 ± 3.6# 11.2 ± 3.7# 12.4 ± 4.4# 5.6 ± 4.2 4.9 ± 3.6 5.3 ± 3.2 4.4 ± 3.1 week 0: reference week 4: p < 0.001 week 8: p < 0.001 week 12: p < 0.001 TPA (%) 41.1 ± 9.4 48.0 ± 8.0# 46.8 ± 7.5# 51.1 ± 9.1# 46.8 ± 12.2 44.9 ± 12.9 42.9 ± 12.4 43.5 ± 13.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.001 week 8: p < 0.001 week 12: p < 0.001 Steps (per/d) 9429 ± 4019 15050 ± 3167# 14780 ± 4224# 15695 ± 3550# 10131 ± 4561 9306 ± 4112 8954 ± 4394 9450 ± 3777 Week 0: reference week 4: p < 0.001 week 8: p < 0.001 week 12: p < 0.001 Sedentary Behaviour variables Sedentary time (% awake time) 58.9 ± 9.4 52 ± 7.9# 53.2 ± 7.5# 48.9 ± 9.1# 53.2 ± 12.2 55.1 ± 12.9 57.1 ± 12.4 56.4 ± 13.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.001 week 8: p < 0.001 week 12: p < 0.001 N = 113 d N=54d N=49d N=41d n=98d N=95d N=91d N=84d Nocturnal sleep time (hours/d) 10.2 ± 2.6 10.3 ± 1.9 9.7 ± 2.3 6.4 ± 1.6 10.1 ± 2.7 10.3 ± 2.6 10.5 ± 2.7 10.0 ± 2.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.851 week 8: p = 0.090 week 12: p = 0.226 Sitting (hours/d) 6.2 ± 2.3 6.8 ± 2.1 6.9 ± 2.0 6.5 ± 2.4 6.3 ± 2.6 6.9 ± 2.3 6.1 ± 2.2 6.8 ± 2.8 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.942 week 8: p = 0.472 week 12: p = 0.758 Sit-to-stand transitions (n) 31 ± 10 36 ± 9# 34 ± 11 37 ± 9 36 ± 16 35 ± 14 35 ± 14 37 ± 14 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.013 week 8: p = 0.102 week 12: p = 0.036 Time in ≥ 60 min bouts (min/d) 87.8 ± 108.2 67.1 ± 85.9* 91.7 ± 103.1* 71.3 ± 88.6* 76.6 ± 105.1 67.8 ± 83.1 53.0 ± 68.8 74.2 ± 87.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.667 week 8: p = 0.111 week 12: p = 0.534 Sitting bouts ≥ 60 min (n/d) 0.9 ± 1.1 0.7 ± 0.9* 1.0 ± 1.0* 0.8 ± 0.9* 0.7 ± 0.9 0.8 ± 1.0 0.6 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 0.9 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.225 week 8: p = 0.217 week 12: p = 0.326 Normally distributed data is reported as mean ± standard deviation. Day (d); Abbreviations: LPA (light-intensity physical activity); MVPA (moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity); TPA (total physical activity); EXE (exercise); CON (control). A mixed-model was used to explore the effect of group, time and group x time interaction, with the interaction P value presented in the final column After Bonferroni correction, p ≤ 0.017; # represents a significant time effect from baseline and * represents change over time during week 4, 8 and 12 In the SB parameters (Table 3 ), significant group x time interactions were seen for SB (% awake time), which decreased from baseline to week 4 (p = 0.001), week 8 (p < 0.001) and week 12 (p < 0.001) in the EXE group only with no change in the CON group. There was a significant increase in the number of sit-to stand transitions/day at week 8 (p = 0.013 for interaction) and week 12 (p = 0.036 for interaction) compared to in the EXE group with no significant change in the CON group. In addition, there were no significant changes over time in nocturnal sleep time (hours/day), sitting (hours/day), sitting bouts ≥ 60min and accumulated time in ≥ 60 min bouts in either group. Mixed-models analysis considering only non-exercise days in EXE group and all valid days in CON showed that there were no group x time effects for any of the PA variables. However, significant increase in accumulated time spent in sedentary bouts > 60 minutes was observed in the EXE group in week 8 with no change in the CON group (p = 0.011 for interaction) (Table 4 ). Table 4 Daily physical activity and sedentary behaviour including non-exercise days in the exercise group compared to all valid days in the control group EXE: Non-exercise days CON: All valid days Group x time interaction PA variables Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Week 12 Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Week 12 Days (n) N=113d N=57d N=66d N=74d N=81d N=88d N=84d N=76d --------- LIPA (min/d) 312.0 ± 86.3 302.4 ± 87.3 314.0 ± 92.6 337.9 ± 94.7 360.6 ± 107.0 344.1 ± 100.4 332.7 ± 107.7 345.7 ± 108.5 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.775 week 8: p = 0.198 week 12: p = 0.086 MVPA (min/d) 44.4 ± 29.2 43.4 ± 40.4 46.0 ± 38.7 48.5 ± 35.9 49.7 ± 37.8 42.5 ± 31.0 45.9 ± 27.5 38.9 ± 28.9 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.483 week 8: p = 0.453 week 12: p = 0.036 TPA (min/d) 356.4 ± 91.8 345.8 ± 103.8 360.0 ± 110.8 386.4 ± 107.5 410.2 ± 124.6 386.5 ± 114.1 378.6 ± 116.7 384.6 ± 120.3 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.975 week 8: p = 0.163 week 12: p = 0.026 LIPA (%) 35.9 ± 8.7 34.1 ± 9.3 35.3 ± 9.4 37.8 ± 9.7 41.2 ± 10.6 39.9 ± 11.1 37.7 ± 11.4 39.2 ± 12.3 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.473 week 8: p = 0.205 week 12: p = 0.108 MVPA (%) 5.2 ± 3.4 4.8 ± 4.3 5.1 ± 4.2 5.5 ± 4.2 5.6 ± 4.2 4.9 ± 3.6 5.3 ± 3.2 4.4 ± 3.1 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.754 week 8: p = 0.681 week 12: p = 0.052 TPA (%) 41.1 ± 9.4 38.8 ± 10.9 40.5 ± 11.2 43.2 ± 11.1 46.8 ± 12.2 44.9 ± 12.9 42.9 ± 12.4 43.5 ± 13.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.589 week 8: p = 0.199 week 12: p = 0.033 Steps (d) 9429 ± 4019 8444 ± 4696 8750 ± 5374 9285 ± 5636 10131 ± 4561 9306 ± 4112 8954 ± 4394 9450 ± 3777 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.965 week 8: p = 0.252 week 12: p = 0.319 Sedentary Behaviour variables Sedentary time (% of awake time) 43.5 ± 16.1 42.2 ± 17.5 48.7 ± 14.5 40.0 ± 14.7 53.2 ± 12.2 55.1 ± 12.9 57.1 ± 12.4 56.4 ± 13.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.590 week 8: p = 0.200 week 12: p = 0.034 N=113d N=71d N=76d N=71d n=98d N=95d N=91d N=84d ----- Nocturnal sleep time (hours/d) 10.2 ± 2.6 10.2 ± 2.8 9.8 ± 2.4 9.5 ± 2.1 10.1 ± 2.7 10.3 ± 2.6 10.5 ± 2.7 10.0 ± 2.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.667 week 8: p = 0.101 week 12: p = 0.215 Sitting (hours/d) 6.01 ± 2.6 5.9 ± 2.7 6.9 ± 2.4 6.6 ± 2.4 6.05 ± 2.5 6.0 ± 2.7 6.0 ± 2.6 6.3 ± 2.5 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.641 week 8: p = 0.114 week 12: p = 0.289 Sit-to-stand transitions (n) 31 ± 10 32 ± 12 37 ± 14 33 ± 11 36 ± 16 35 ± 14 35 ± 14 37 ± 14 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.665 week 8: p = 0.022 week 12: p = 0.532 Time in ≥ 60 min bouts (min/d) 87.8 ± 108.2 78.5 ± 89.4 114.7 ± 126.3# 59.7 ± 95.6 76.6 ± 105.1 67.8 ± 83.1 53.0 ± 68.8 74.2 ± 87.4 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.881 week 8: p = 0.011 week 12: p = 0.187 Sitting bouts ≥60 (n/d) 0.9 ± 1.1 0.9 ± 1.0 1.2 ± 1.1 0.7 ± 1.1 0.7 ± 0.9 0.8 ± 1.0 0.6 ± 0.8 0.8 ± 0.9 week 0: reference week 4: p = 0.533 week 8: p = 0.049 week 12: p = 0.087 Equally distributed data is reported as mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: LPA (light-intensity physical activity); MVPA (moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity); TPA (total physical activity); Day (d); Significant group x time interaction effect, p ≤ 0.017#. Relationship between changes in physical behaviours with change in body weight and cardiorespiratory fitness. When including all participants (EXE and CON), the increase in MVPA from baseline to week 12 (all valid days) was associated with a decrease in body weight (rho=-0.546, p = 0.002). Increases in MVPA (rho = 0.397, p = 0.03) and TPA (rho = 0.397, p = 0.033) from baseline to week 12 were also associated with increases in VO 2peak (ml.min − 1 ). Lastly, no significant group interactions (EXE and CON) were observed in any of the associations that were explored. DISCUSSION Findings from the current study showed that the 12-week exercise intervention resulted in an increase in MVPA and TPA, both in minutes per day and as a % of awake hours, with a corresponding reduction in SB, in participants in the EXE group only. These changes were largely attributed to the supervised exercise sessions, with no differences between the groups on non-exercise-days. While the intervention did not result in a clinically meaningful weight loss, it did mitigate weight gain which was observed in the CON group. In addition, participation in the intervention resulted in significant improvements in CRF. This is not unexpected since the EXE group engaged in supervised exercises 4 times a week over the 12-week intervention and the exercise duration progressed over time from 40 min to 60 min per session. This translated into an increase of ~ 60 min of MVPA and 79 min of TPA on the exercise days over the intervention period. This highlights a shift from meeting the minimum PA guidelines by WHO towards meeting the higher end recommendation of > 300 min of MVPA/wk ( 34 ). Similar findings have been reported in the literature where young women with abdominal obesity increased their PA by 183 min/wk in response to a 12-week exercise and nutrition intervention ( 35 ). Our daily MVPA findings considering all valid days at baseline for both the EXE (~ 44min/d) and CON group (~ 49min/d) mirror those reported from a similar population Black SA women from a low-resourced setting, the majority of whom were also meeting PA guidelines according to the GPAQ as a subjective measure ( 12 – 14 ). In the study by Dickie et al ( 13 ), the reported daily total MPVA was 87 (51–171 min/d) for the active group and 8.5 (0–25) min/d for the inactive group. In the studies in both Soweto and Cape Town walking for transport was reported to be the domain that contributed the most towards overall weekly PA, with less than 50% of women participating in leisure time PA ( 13 , 14 ). Daily steps are an outcome of total daily PA, with 10,000–10,999 steps/d translating to 40–47 min/d of MVPA in adults ( 36 ). Accordingly, at baseline most participants in the current study met the guidelines of 7000 steps/d, which increased to more than ± 14780 steps/d during exercise days for the EXE group. However, the EXE group accumulated fewer daily steps during non-exercise days (± 9285 steps/d). We have also shown that the increase in MVPA was associated with increased CRF and reduced weight, highlighting the importance of MVPA as a means to reduce NCD risk ( 1 , 2 ). Research has consistently shown that regular exercise increases CRF ( 3 , 37 ) Furthermore, greater CRF is associated with improved lipid profile and increased in insulin sensitivity before and after adjusting for fat mass ( 38 ). Findings from the current study suggests that access to structured community based aerobic and resistance exercise programs has the potential to improve health outcomes, particularly in underserved communities. Notably, there was a compositional shift in physical behaviour patterns during the 12 weeks of the exercise intervention with a 10% reduction (~ 59% to ~ 49%) in SB (% of awake time) on exercise days in the EXE group from baseline to week 12. Decreased time spent in SB has been reported in response to a short term, (3–4 weeks) ( 16 , 39 ), medium term (12-weeks) ( 40 ) and more long term (6 months) exercise interventions among adults ( 41 ). Time spent in SB (% awake time) did not change in the CON group (53% to 56%). Within a low socio-economic setting in SA, accelerometer derived sedentary time was positively associated with triglycerides levels ( 38 ). The significant increase in MVPA and TPA with a compensatory reduction in SB (% of awake time) can be viewed as clinically meaningful as previous research has shown that reallocation of 30 min/d of sedentary behaviour to MVPA is associated with reduced fat mass and higher insulin sensitivity in middle-aged SA adults ( 25 , 42 ). Exercise participants from the current study showed a small, but significant weight loss (~ 1kg), while the CON group gained ~1kg weight and BMI increased by 1kg/m². The decrease in weight and BMI in the EXE group is consistent with interventions with similar exercise protocols, where moderate exercise resulted in decreased body weight ( 43 , 44 ) and reduced fat around the gynoid area ( 45 ) in a cohort of young adults. Within a SA setting, reallocating 30 min of sitting/lying to MVPA and 30 min of standing to MVPA was associated with a 0.3% and 1.4% lower FM in middle-aged women (41–72 yrs of age), respectively ( 25 ). Nonetheless, our results suggest that exercise training is appropriate for small reductions in weight and weight maintenance, but to obtain clinically significant weight reductions, exercise training may need to be complimented with other lifestyle-related interventions, such as nutritional and/or dietary education ( 35 ). This study presents significant strengths in methodology. In particular, accelerometery was used to measure PA and SB variables. Further, the changes in habitual PA patterns were collected from both groups across four time points during the 12-week intervention. Moreover, weekly sleep log sheets were used to exclude sleeping time from sedentary time. The limitation of the current study is the relatively small sample size and unequal numbers in the EXE and CON groups. Also, the unequal number of days obtained from the PA and SB variables through the four times points of the intervention from both groups can be viewed as a limitation. However, we were able to obtain data for a maximum of 114 valid days and minimum of 53 valid days for a specific time point during the 12-week intervention, enabling us to capture the variability of the collected data. Conclusion In conclusion, the current study showed that TPA and MVPA significantly increased, with a compensatory reduction in SB (% of awake time) from baseline to week 12 in response to a 12-week intervention. Our findings provide a clear indication that the overall PA increases in the EXE group were largely due to the PA accumulated during exercise sessions. The positive changes in PB patterns and CRF observed in the EXE group have the potential to improve the cardiometabolic health of this population. Although the exercise intervention did not translate to clinically meaningful weight loss, the improvement in CRF highlights the importance of sustained, community-based aerobic and resistance exercise programs to support the long-term health benefits in low-resourced communities. Abbreviations AU Arbitary Units BMI Body mass index DXA Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry CRF Cardiorespiratory fitness FM Fat mass FFSTM Fat-free soft tissue mass HPCSA Health Professions Council of South Africa HR Heart rate %HRmax Maximum heart rate HR peak Peak Maximum Heart Rate Kg Kilograms kg/m² Kilograms per squared metre LIPA Light intensity physical activity MetS Metabolic syndrome Mg Milligrams MVPA Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity NCD Non-communicable diseases NRF Research Foundation of South Africa PA Physical activity PB Physical behaviour SB Sedentary behaviour T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus TPA Total physical activity UK United Kingdom USA United States of America VO 2peak Peak oxygen consumption Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Cape Town (HREC REF: 054/2015) and conducted in accordance with the guidelines described in the Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving humans. All participants provided written consent prior to testing. Consent for publication This manuscript does not contain individual person’s data in any form (including any individual details, images or videos). All authors involved contested to the manuscript being published. Availability of data and materials The original data collected for the study will be submitted upon request from the editorial team. Competing interests All authors declare that they have no competing interests to disclose. Funding This study was funded by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF), Competitive Programme for Rated Researchers (Grant no: 93577). Authors' contributions Julia H. Goedecke and Amy E. Mendham were responsible for the conception and design of the study, assisted with data collection, writing and editing of the manuscript. Lindokuhle P. Phiri collected most of the data, analysed the data, wrote and edited the manuscript. Simone A. Tomaz-Joubert and Louise D. Clamp were involved with the data analysis, editing and writing of the manuscript. Lisa K. Micklesfield was involved in the editing and writing of the manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all participants for their involvement in the study. The authors would also like to thank the research assistants, Nandipha Sinyanya, Ntombekhaya Zoneleni, Keitumetse Smouse, and Hendriena Victor for their valuable contribution during the data collection phase. References Imboden MT, Harber MP, Whaley MH, Finch WH, Bishop DL, Kaminsky LA. Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in healthy men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(19):2283–92. Robsahm TE, Falk RS, Heir T, Sandvik L, Vos L, Erikssen JE, Tretli S. Measured cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported physical activity: associations with cancer risk and death in a long‐term prospective cohort study. Cancer Med. 2016;5(8):2136–44. Delextrat AA, Warner S, Graham S, Neupert E. 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A Tomaz-Joubert","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sterling","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simone.","middleName":"A","lastName":"Tomaz-Joubert","suffix":""},{"id":583620610,"identity":"d4ac5cc3-0d12-43bb-ab6a-3abd141d6aa8","order_by":2,"name":"Louise. D Clamp","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Spire Healthcare","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Louise.","middleName":"D","lastName":"Clamp","suffix":""},{"id":583620611,"identity":"b9e59ee3-9278-47bf-9e82-cfa064ebbdeb","order_by":3,"name":"Lisa.K Micklesfield","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"South African Medical Research Council","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lisa.K","middleName":"","lastName":"Micklesfield","suffix":""},{"id":583620612,"identity":"9ca6d6c0-34eb-4ea4-aa8b-02d10bf933ec","order_by":4,"name":"Julia.H Goedecke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Cape Town","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Julia.H","middleName":"","lastName":"Goedecke","suffix":""},{"id":583620614,"identity":"6d204118-088c-4462-a22a-d5c3c49e585a","order_by":5,"name":"Amy. E Mendham","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Riverland Academy of Clinical Excellence","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amy.","middleName":"E","lastName":"Mendham","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-22 13:38:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670309/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670309/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101630989,"identity":"c23e0859-e9b5-43f1-8e3b-699949d7ddf4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 05:28:06","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48528,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConsort diagram outlining the screening of participants for eligibility, enrolment, allocation, follow-up and analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8670309/v1/bb3fdc9784ef1a56dd637386.png"},{"id":101752991,"identity":"5f443fcb-10e5-44d8-a398-7c1333fa7cf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 10:38:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2517744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8670309/v1/94592d47-7201-4003-8f1b-d0f95159e29f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Changes in physical behaviour patterns in response to a 12-week combined exercise intervention in Black South African women from a low-resourced setting","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKRGOUND","content":"\u003cp\u003eLow cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is one of the strongest predictors of all-cause mortality and the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). There is indisputable evidence for the effectiveness of regular exercise for increasing CRF (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), and reducing cardio-metabolic risk factors that include obesity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), abdominal obesity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), high blood pressure and an unfavourable lipid profile (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). However, few exercise training studies have been conducted in low-resourced communities (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Women from low-resourced settings accumulate physical activity (PA) through walking for transport, which is undertaken at a low-to-moderate intensity (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Cultural norms and fewer opportunities to access safe, affordable and appropriate opportunities to be active are cited as some of the contributing factors to insufficient PA amongst these communities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). To the best of our knowledge, there is no data available on the changes in physical behaviour (PB) patterns in response to an exercise intervention in these settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies exploring changes in PA and sedentary behaviour (SB) patterns in response to an exercise intervention have reported decreases in sedentary time (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). This is of relevance as the recent World Health Organization (WHO) PA guidelines state that in addition to increasing PA, there should be a focus on reducing SB (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Sedentary behaviour has been associated with greater risk of obesity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e), type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) and metabolic syndrome (MetS)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). A cross-sectional study in a low-resourced South African setting showed that reallocating 30 minutes of LIPA to 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) was associated with 1.8% lower total body fat mass (FM) in women (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). This research highlights the need to explore if exercise interventions have the potential to improve CRF, increase MVPA, and reduce time spent in SB. In addition, there is also a need to investigate If the changes in physical behaviours are in response to the exercise intervention, exercise dose or there are other compensatory physical behaviours such as increased SB in response to engaging in exercise. We hypothesise that exercise training will increase total physical activity (TPA), particularly MVPA, which may result in less time spent in SB among the exercise intervention group compared to the control group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary aim of this randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the changes in PA and SB patterns throughout a 12-week aerobic and resistance exercise intervention among women living with overweight and obesity from a low-resourced setting. The secondary aim was to examine the relationship between changes in PB patterns with exercise dose and changes in CRF and weight.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is a sub-study from an exercise intervention in Black South African women with a detailed protocol previously published (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Forty-five women were recruited from a low-resourced community in the Western Cape, South Africa and block randomised (2\u0026ndash;4 participants) into either an exercise group (EXE; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23) or a control group (CON; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22) using Microsoft Excel, 2013 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Pre and post intervention measurements took place 3 days before and 3 days after the intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipant characteristics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria included: aged between 20\u0026ndash;35 y, living with overweight (BMI 25 -29.9 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) or obesity (BMI 30\u0026ndash;40 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), weight stable for 6 months, Black South African (both biological parents \u003cem\u003eisiXhosa\u003c/em\u003e), physically inactive (defined as not \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 exercise session of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20 min/week over previous 12 months), no diagnosed disease, not on chronic medication, no surgical procedures in the previous 6 months, and on injectable contraceptive for more than 2 months (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, 400 mg).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Cape Town (HREC REF: 054/2015) and conducted in accordance with the guidelines described in the Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving humans (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Participants provided written consent prior to testing. The trial was registered with the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry database (PACTR20171102789113).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIntervention\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants randomized to the exercise group (EXE) participated in supervised sessions for 12 weeks (4 sessions per week, lasting between 40 to 60 minutes each). Each session comprised aerobic (30\u0026ndash;40 minutes) and strength training (10\u0026ndash;20 minutes), with the target intensity for each session of 75\u0026ndash;80% HR\u003csub\u003epeak\u003c/sub\u003e (aerobic component) and 60\u0026ndash;70% HR\u003csub\u003epeak\u003c/sub\u003e (strength component). The maximum number of sessions a single participant could attend was n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48 (four sessions/wk over a 12-week period) for the purpose of calculating adherence and exercise dose (mean %HRmax from all completed sessions multiplied by the number of exercise sessions completed). Each participant wore a heart hate (HR) monitor (A300, Vantage NV, Polar, Finland) during the exercise sessions to ensure the appropriate intensity. The exercise training was supervised by an exercise specialist registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). During the intervention period, participants in the EXE and CON were instructed to maintain their habitual PA and dietary patterns. The CON group were invited to participate in exercise sessions following the intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePre and post-intervention testing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA field worker administered the socio-demographic questionnaire and household food security questionnaire (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e) pre and post the intervention. Body weight and height were measured according to standard procedures and body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Baseline and post intervention sub-total (whole body minus head) body composition including FM and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM) were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Discovery-W, software version 12.7.3.7; Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA) according to standard procedures. Cardiorespiratory fitness adjusted for weight (ml. kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and FFSTM (ml.min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. FFSTM \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e) was determined by measuring the VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e using indirect calorimetry (C, Quasar LE500CE, HP Cosmos, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany), while performing a walking treadmill-based, graded exercise test adapted from Takagi et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMonitoring Physical Behaviours\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer (ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, Florida, United State of America) on their right hip and ActivPAL device (PAL Technologies, Glasgow, UK) attached to the mid anterior area of the right thigh using a waterproof sleeve for seven consecutive days at a time in week 0 (baseline), week 4, week 8 and week 12 of the intervention period. The ActivPAL was worn for 24 hours a day (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e) and not removed, even during water-based activities. ActiLife v.6 (ActiLife software; Pensacola, FL; USA) was used to download (in 60-second epochs), clean and score all ActiGraph data. ActivPAL data were cleaned and scored using the ActivPAL software (PAL Technologies, version 7.2.32, Glasgow, UK). The data were visually inspected and nocturnal sleep data were removed (as reported elsewhere) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcept where devices were set to start collecting data from midnight, the first day of wear was excluded as it was deemed a familiarization day and was not representative of a typical day. Data for a given day were included if the ActiGraph recorded at least 10 hours of valid wear-time (following the removal of nocturnal sleep and non-wear periods). Where the device was worn for more than 7 consecutive days and nights, the first 7 valid days (not necessarily consecutive) were used for analysis. For participants in the EXE group, a dataset was included if the dataset comprised a minimum of at least one non-exercise day and one exercise day. For participants in the CON group, a dataset was included if it comprised a minimum of two days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the ActiGraph data, Troiano cut-points were used to categorise physical activity into LIPA, MVPA and TPA as mins/d (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e) and % of awake hours. The ActivPAL variables included steps/d, number of sit-to-stand transitions/d, number of sitting bouts of 60 mins or more/d, time spent in sitting bouts of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60-minutes, nocturnal sleeping time and total sitting time (hrs/d). Physical activity and SB variables were further differentiated into exercise days and non-exercise days (for the EXE group). Non-exercise days included both week and/or weekend days. Exercise adherence is presented as number and percentage of sessions attended over the 12-week intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were performed using STATA (v.13, STATA Corp, College Station, TX). Statistical significance was set at an alpha level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05. The Shapiro-Wilk test with visual inspection of the data distribution was used to assess normality of the continuous data, which are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation if normally distributed and median (25th \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;75th percentile) for skewed data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-test for independent variables was conducted to analyse the difference in continuous variables between groups at baseline. Chi-squared analyses was conducted to analyse the difference in categorical data between groups at baseline. A two-way repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine main and interaction (group x time) effects of the exercise intervention on body composition and CRF. Repeated measures mixed models were used to assess the change in all PA and SB variables of interest over time (baseline, weeks 4, 8 and 12) between groups. In order to capture the variation in the data averages were not used for the mixed model analyses, each individual day of data was considered a single data point (i.e., all valid seven days considered in the model). Mixed models were run to compare the following:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCON vs EXE, all days considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCON vs EXE, non-exercise days only considered for EXE group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCON vs EXE, exercise days only considered for EXE group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo account for the three separate analyses conducted to explore the changes in PA and SB in response to the intervention, Bonferroni correction was applied and the statistical significance was set at an alpha level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.017 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05/3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen combining all participants (EXE and CON) associations between the change in PA (LIPA, MVPA, steps) and SB (sitting time in 60-minute bouts) variables with exercise dose, and changes in CRF (VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e) and weight (kg) were explored using Pearson and Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlations for normally distributed and skewed data, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe age of the participants included in the analyses was 22 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) years with similar ages between the groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). There were no differences in any of the sociodemographic variables between the groups at baseline (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Majority of the EXE group (65%) reported being food secure to mildly food insecure, while majority of the CON group (73.3%) reported being moderate to severely food insecure with a significant difference between groups (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, majority of the participants completed high school and were unmarried, not receiving income, with a household income of \u0026le;R10 000 (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e541.21) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Over the 12-week intervention, 3 participants from the EXE group withdrew from the study (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and 7 participants withdrew from the CON group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences in change in body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness between the exercise intervention and control group in response to the 12-week intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXE (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCON (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnadjusted p values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup x time interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompleted high school, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold income \u0026le;R10 000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMildly food insecure, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (26.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately to severely food insecure, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (73.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBody composition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-----\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.7*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0. 007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFat-free soft tissue mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCardiorespiratory fitness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e (ml.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2077.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;211.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2277.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;230.7*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2099.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;281.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2032.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;196.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e (ml. kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e (ml. kg FFSTM\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u0026plusmn;.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eAll data is normally distributed and reported as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. Categorical data reported as n (%). Abbreviations: FM (fat mass); EXE (exercise); CON (control); FM (fat mass); FFSTM (fat free soft tissue mass); VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e (peak oxygen uptake). Significant within group change p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05*.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompliance to the 12-week intervention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 48 exercise training sessions were conducted with an attendance average of 77.2% (range: 52\u0026ndash;100%). Heart rate was recorded during each exercise session with a mean intensity over the 12 weeks of 79.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0%HRmax. The mean exercise dose (sessions attended multiplied by the mean %HRmax measured for those sessions) over the 12-week intervention report was 2572.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;504.6 Arbitary Units (AU).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDifferences in the change in body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences in the change in body composition and CRF after 12-weeks in the EXE and CON groups are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. There was a significant group by time interaction for weight (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007) and BMI (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), with both increasing in the CON group and only body weight decreasing in the EXE group. No significant changes were observed for FM (kg or %) or FFSTM in the EXE and CON groups. There was a significant group x time interaction for VO\u003csub\u003e2peak,\u003c/sub\u003e expressed in absolute terms (ml.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004), relative to weight (ml. kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), and relative to FFSTM (ml. kg FFSTM\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), as they all increased in the EXE but did not change in the CON group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChanges in physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed-models analysis comparing PA and SB across \u003cspan type=\"ItalicUnderline\" class=\"ItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eall valid days\u003c/span\u003e in EXE and CON are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Compared to the CON group with no changes during the intervention period, MVPA (min/d and %) increased from baseline to weeks 4, 8 and 12 in the EXE group (all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 for interaction). Similarly, TPA (min and %) increased in the EXE group and did not change in the CON group from baseline to week 8 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008 for interaction) and week 12 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001 for interaction). Further, there was a significant group x time interaction for the number of steps/day as they increased from baseline to week 4 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008), 8 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and 12 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) in the EXE group, whereas no change was observed in the CON. There were no changes in LIPA over time in either group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily physical activity and sedentary behaviour for the exercise and control groups over the 12-week intervention period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXE: All valid days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCON: All valid days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup x time interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePA variables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDays (n)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=114d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=112d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=119d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=117d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=81d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=88d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=84d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=76d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLIPA (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;76.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;83.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;100.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.940\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMVPA (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43.2 #\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e69.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45.0 #\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e69.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.9 #\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTPA (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;91.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;97.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e384.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103.0 #\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e404.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103.2 #\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;124.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;114.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;116.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e384.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;120.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLIPA (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.759\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMVPA (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTPA (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.2 #\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSteps (per/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9429\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11298\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5247 #\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11114\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5754 #\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11632\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5848 #\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10131\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9306\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8954\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSedentary Behaviour variables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSedentary time (% of awake time)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.2#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e53.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=114d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=125d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=125d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=112d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en=98d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=95d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=91d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=84d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNocturnal sleep time (hours/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSitting (hours/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSit-to-stand\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTransitions (n)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime in \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60min bouts (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;117.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;92.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;105.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;83.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;68.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.784\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSitting bouts \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60min (n/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.099\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNormally distributed data are reported as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, skewed data is reported as median (25th \u0026ndash; 75th percentile) and categorical data are presented as n (%).Abbreviations: LIPA (light-intensity physical activity); MVPA (moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity); TPA (total physical activity); EXE (exercise); CON (control); Day (d); A mixed-model was used to explore the effect of group, time and group x time interaction, with the interaction P value presented in the final column. After Bonferroni correction, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.017; # represents a significant time effect from baseline.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the SB variables, there was a significant decline below baseline in time (%) spent in SB at week 8 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008 for interaction) and week 12 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001 for interaction) in the EXE group, whereas no changes were reported in the CON group (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). A significant group x time interaction was observed for sit-to stand transitions (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016), with the EXE group demonstrating an increase from baseline to week 8 in comparison to no change in the CON group. There were no significant changes in either group over time for nocturnal sleep time, sitting (hours/d) or sitting bouts\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60 mins (n/day).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed-models analysis considering \u003cspan type=\"ItalicUnderline\" class=\"ItalicUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eonly exercise days\u003c/span\u003e in EXE group and all valid days in CON are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. MVPA (min/day and %) increased from baseline to week 4 (both p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 for both interactions); week 8 (both p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 for both interactions) and week 12 (both p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 for both interactions) in the EXE group with no significant changes in the CON group over time. Similarly, TPA (min/d and %) increased in EXE from baseline to week 4 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001 for interactions), week 8 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 for both interactions) and week 12 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 for both interactions) and no significant change in CON group during the intervention period. Furthermore, daily step counts increased from baseline to week 4, week 8 and week 12 in the EXE group and not the CON (all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 for interactions). Notably, all measures of PA changed between baseline and week 4, and then remained constant over the remaining 8 weeks. No changes were observed in LIPA in either group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical activity and sedentary behaviour for all exercise days in the exercise group compared to all valid days in the control group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePA variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXE: Exercise days only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCON: All valid days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup X time interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeek 0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDays (n)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=113d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=55d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=53d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=43d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=81d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=88d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=84d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=76d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-------\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLIPA (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;100.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.684\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.240\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMVPA (min/day)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e91.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.5#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e99.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33.6#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e104.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36.3#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTPA (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;91.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e416.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;76.0#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e415.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;83.4#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e435.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;88.3#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;124.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;114.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;116.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e384.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;120.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLIPA (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.569\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMVPA (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.4#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTPA (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.0#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSteps (per/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9429\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15050\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3167#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14780\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4224#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15695\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3550#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10131\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9306\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8954\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSedentary Behaviour variables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSedentary time (% awake time)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e53.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;113 d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=54d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=49d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=41d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en=98d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=95d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=91d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=84d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNocturnal sleep time (hours/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.851\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSitting (hours/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.942\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.472\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSit-to-stand transitions (n)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: \u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime in \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60 min bouts (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;85.9*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e91.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103.1*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e71.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;88.6*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;105.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;83.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;68.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSitting bouts\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60 min (n/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNormally distributed data is reported as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. Day (d); Abbreviations: LPA (light-intensity physical activity); MVPA (moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity); TPA (total physical activity); EXE (exercise); CON (control). A mixed-model was used to explore the effect of group, time and group x time interaction, with the interaction P value presented in the final column After Bonferroni correction, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.017; # represents a significant time effect from baseline and * represents change over time during week 4, 8 and 12\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the SB parameters (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), significant group x time interactions were seen for SB (% awake time), which decreased from baseline to week 4 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), week 8 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and week 12 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) in the EXE group only with no change in the CON group. There was a significant increase in the number of sit-to stand transitions/day at week 8 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013 for interaction) and week 12 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036 for interaction) compared to in the EXE group with no significant change in the CON group. In addition, there were no significant changes over time in nocturnal sleep time (hours/day), sitting (hours/day), sitting bouts \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60min and accumulated time in \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60 min bouts in either group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed-models analysis considering \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eonly non-exercise days\u003c/span\u003e in EXE group and all valid days in CON showed that there were no group x time effects for any of the PA variables. However, significant increase in accumulated time spent in sedentary bouts\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60 minutes was observed in the EXE group in week 8 with no change in the CON group (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011 for interaction) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily physical activity and sedentary behaviour including non-exercise days in the exercise group compared to all valid days in the control group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXE: Non-exercise days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCON: All valid days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup x time interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePA variables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDays (n)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=113d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=57d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=66d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=74d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=81d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=88d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=84d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=76d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e---------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLIPA (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e314.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;92.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;94.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;100.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMVPA (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;29.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.483\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.453\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTPA (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;91.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;103.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;110.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;124.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;114.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;116.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e384.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;120.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLIPA (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.473\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMVPA (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.754\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.681\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTPA (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.589\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSteps (d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9429\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8444\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8750\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9285\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10131\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9306\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8954\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSedentary Behaviour variables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSedentary time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(% of awake time)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.590\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=113d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=71d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=76d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=71d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en=98d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=95d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=91d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN=84d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-----\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNocturnal sleep time (hours/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSitting (hours/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSit-to-stand transitions (n)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.665\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.532\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime in \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60 min bouts (min/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e114.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;126.3#\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;95.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;105.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;83.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;68.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.881\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSitting bouts \u0026ge;60 (n/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 0: reference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 4: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.533\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 8: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek 12: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eEqually distributed data is reported as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. Abbreviations: LPA (light-intensity physical activity); MVPA (moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity); TPA (total physical activity); Day (d); Significant group x time interaction effect, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.017#.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRelationship between changes in physical behaviours with change in body weight and cardiorespiratory fitness.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen including all participants (EXE and CON), the increase in MVPA from baseline to week 12 (all valid days) was associated with a decrease in body weight (rho=-0.546, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Increases in MVPA (rho\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.397, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03) and TPA (rho\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.397, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.033) from baseline to week 12 were also associated with increases in VO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e (ml.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). Lastly, no significant group interactions (EXE and CON) were observed in any of the associations that were explored.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFindings from the current study showed that the 12-week exercise intervention resulted in an increase in MVPA and TPA, both in minutes per day and as a % of awake hours, with a corresponding reduction in SB, in participants in the EXE group only. These changes were largely attributed to the supervised exercise sessions, with no differences between the groups on non-exercise-days. While the intervention did not result in a clinically meaningful weight loss, it did mitigate weight gain which was observed in the CON group. In addition, participation in the intervention resulted in significant improvements in CRF. This is not unexpected since the EXE group engaged in supervised exercises 4 times a week over the 12-week intervention and the exercise duration progressed over time from 40 min to 60 min per session. This translated into an increase of ~\u0026thinsp;60 min of MVPA and 79 min of TPA on the exercise days over the intervention period. This highlights a shift from meeting the minimum PA guidelines by WHO towards meeting the higher end recommendation of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;300 min of MVPA/wk (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). Similar findings have been reported in the literature where young women with abdominal obesity increased their PA by 183 min/wk in response to a 12-week exercise and nutrition intervention (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur daily MVPA findings considering all valid days at baseline for both the EXE (~\u0026thinsp;44min/d) and CON group (~\u0026thinsp;49min/d) mirror those reported from a similar population Black SA women from a low-resourced setting, the majority of whom were also meeting PA guidelines according to the GPAQ as a subjective measure (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). In the study by Dickie et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e), the reported daily total MPVA was 87 (51\u0026ndash;171 min/d) for the active group and 8.5 (0\u0026ndash;25) min/d for the inactive group. In the studies in both Soweto and Cape Town walking for transport was reported to be the domain that contributed the most towards overall weekly PA, with less than 50% of women participating in leisure time PA (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Daily steps are an outcome of total daily PA, with 10,000\u0026ndash;10,999 steps/d translating to 40\u0026ndash;47 min/d of MVPA in adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, at baseline most participants in the current study met the guidelines of 7000 steps/d, which increased to more than \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14780 steps/d during exercise days for the EXE group. However, the EXE group accumulated fewer daily steps during non-exercise days (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9285 steps/d).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe have also shown that the increase in MVPA was associated with increased CRF and reduced weight, highlighting the importance of MVPA as a means to reduce NCD risk (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Research has consistently shown that regular exercise increases CRF (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e) Furthermore, greater CRF is associated with improved lipid profile and increased in insulin sensitivity before and after adjusting for fat mass (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). Findings from the current study suggests that access to structured community based aerobic and resistance exercise programs has the potential to improve health outcomes, particularly in underserved communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, there was a compositional shift in physical behaviour patterns during the 12 weeks of the exercise intervention with a 10% reduction (~\u0026thinsp;59% to ~\u0026thinsp;49%) in SB (% of awake time) on exercise days in the EXE group from baseline to week 12. Decreased time spent in SB has been reported in response to a short term, (3\u0026ndash;4 weeks) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e), medium term (12-weeks) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e) and more long term (6 months) exercise interventions among adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). Time spent in SB (% awake time) did not change in the CON group (53% to 56%). Within a low socio-economic setting in SA, accelerometer derived sedentary time was positively associated with triglycerides levels (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). The significant increase in MVPA and TPA with a compensatory reduction in SB (% of awake time) can be viewed as clinically meaningful as previous research has shown that reallocation of 30 min/d of sedentary behaviour to MVPA is associated with reduced fat mass and higher insulin sensitivity in middle-aged SA adults (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercise participants from the current study showed a small, but significant weight loss (~\u0026thinsp;1kg), while the CON group gained ~1kg weight and BMI increased by 1kg/m\u0026sup2;. The decrease in weight and BMI in the EXE group is consistent with interventions with similar exercise protocols, where moderate exercise resulted in decreased body weight (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e) and reduced fat around the gynoid area (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e) in a cohort of young adults. Within a SA setting, reallocating 30 min of sitting/lying to MVPA and 30 min of standing to MVPA was associated with a 0.3% and 1.4% lower FM in middle-aged women (41\u0026ndash;72 yrs of age), respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, our results suggest that exercise training is appropriate for small reductions in weight and weight maintenance, but to obtain clinically significant weight reductions, exercise training may need to be complimented with other lifestyle-related interventions, such as nutritional and/or dietary education (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study presents significant strengths in methodology. In particular, accelerometery was used to measure PA and SB variables. Further, the changes in habitual PA patterns were collected from both groups across four time points during the 12-week intervention. Moreover, weekly sleep log sheets were used to exclude sleeping time from sedentary time. The limitation of the current study is the relatively small sample size and unequal numbers in the EXE and CON groups. Also, the unequal number of days obtained from the PA and SB variables through the four times points of the intervention from both groups can be viewed as a limitation. However, we were able to obtain data for a maximum of 114 valid days and minimum of 53 valid days for a specific time point during the 12-week intervention, enabling us to capture the variability of the collected data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the current study showed that TPA and MVPA significantly increased, with a compensatory reduction in SB (% of awake time) from baseline to week 12 in response to a 12-week intervention. Our findings provide a clear indication that the overall PA increases in the EXE group were largely due to the PA accumulated during exercise sessions. The positive changes in PB patterns and CRF observed in the EXE group have the potential to improve the cardiometabolic health of this population. Although the exercise intervention did not translate to clinically meaningful weight loss, the improvement in CRF highlights the importance of sustained, community-based aerobic and resistance exercise programs to support the long-term health benefits in low-resourced communities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAU\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArbitary Units\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBMI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDXA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDual energy x-ray absorptiometry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCRF\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiorespiratory fitness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFat mass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFFSTM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFat-free soft tissue mass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHPCSA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Professions Council of South Africa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e%HRmax\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum heart rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHR\u003csub\u003epeak\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Maximum Heart Rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eKg\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKilograms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ekg/m\u0026sup2;\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKilograms per squared metre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLIPA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight intensity physical activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMetS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetabolic syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMg\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilligrams\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMVPA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNCD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-communicable diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNRF\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch Foundation of South Africa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePB\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical behaviour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSB\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedentary behaviour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eT2DM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType 2 Diabetes Mellitus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTPA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal physical activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUK\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUSA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eVO\u003csub\u003e2peak\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak oxygen consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Cape Town (HREC REF: 054/2015) and conducted in accordance with the guidelines described in the Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving humans. All participants provided written consent prior to testing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript does not contain\u0026nbsp;individual person’s data in any form (including any individual details, images or videos).\u0026nbsp;All authors involved contested to the manuscript being published.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe original data collected for the study will be submitted upon request from the editorial team.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that they have no competing interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF), Competitive Programme for Rated Researchers (Grant no: 93577).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJulia H. Goedecke and Amy E. Mendham\u0026nbsp;were responsible for the conception and design of the study, assisted with data collection, writing and editing of the manuscript. Lindokuhle P. Phiri collected most of the data, analysed the data, wrote and edited the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;Simone A. Tomaz-Joubert and Louise D. Clamp were involved with the data analysis, editing and writing of the manuscript. Lisa K. Micklesfield was involved in the editing and writing of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank all participants for their involvement in the study. The authors would also like to thank the research assistants, Nandipha Sinyanya, Ntombekhaya Zoneleni, Keitumetse Smouse, and Hendriena Victor for their valuable contribution during the data collection phase.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eImboden MT, Harber MP, Whaley MH, Finch WH, Bishop DL, Kaminsky LA. Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in healthy men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(19):2283\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRobsahm TE, Falk RS, Heir T, Sandvik L, Vos L, Erikssen JE, Tretli S. Measured cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported physical activity: associations with cancer risk and death in a long‐term prospective cohort study. Cancer Med. 2016;5(8):2136\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDelextrat AA, Warner S, Graham S, Neupert E. 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BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2022;10(4):1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChiu C-H, Ko M-C, Wu L-S, Yeh D-P, Kan N-W, Lee P-F, et al. Benefits of different intensity of aerobic exercise in modulating body composition among obese young adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Health Qaul Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKim J-W, Ko Y-C, Seo T-B, Kim Y-P. Effect of circuit training on body composition, physical fitness, and metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese female college students. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018;14(3):460\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang H, Tong TK, Qiu W, Zhang X, Zhou S, Liu Y, He Y. Comparable effects of high-intensity interval training and prolonged continuous exercise training on abdominal visceral fat reduction in obese young women. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:2\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Obesity, physical behaviours, exercise intervention","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670309/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670309/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study assessed the effects of a 12-week aerobic and resistance exercise training intervention on changes in habitual physical behaviour patterns in Black South African (SA) women from a low-resourced setting living with overweight or obesity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eForty-five apparently healthy women (18\u0026ndash;35 years) were randomized into an exercise (EXE; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23) or control group (CON; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was measured pre- and post-intervention. Percentage time spent in light intensity physical activity (LIPA), moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and total physical activity (TPA) were measured using accelerometery (ActivPAL and ActiGraph GT3X+) at baseline, week 4, 8 and 12.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCRF increased by ~\u0026thinsp;2.7 ml. kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003ein EXE with no change in CON (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001 group x time interaction). Considering all valid days (exercise and non-exercise days), MVPA and daily steps increased in the EXE group from baseline to weeks 4, 8 and 12, and sedentary behaviour decreased in EXE from baseline to weeks 8 and 12, while no changes in CON were observed (all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 group x time interaction). During non-exercise days only, there was an increase in sedentary time accumulated in \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60 min bouts in EXE in week 8 with no change in CON (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011 group x time interaction).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe significant increases in CRF and MVPA with a compensatory reduction in SB were observed in response to the 12-weeks of exercise training. The improvements in CRF highlights exercise as a potential strategy for improving health outcomes in this population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Changes in physical behaviour patterns in response to a 12-week combined exercise intervention in Black South African women from a low-resourced setting","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-02 05:28:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8670309/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"140084969352954322315214648312694509498","date":"2026-03-26T13:07:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-21T19:42:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"4226079196762915955752262948349198822","date":"2026-02-28T17:21:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"298352365336860937487102031518840169659","date":"2026-02-01T21:02:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-29T16:04:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-27T04:11:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-23T11:52:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-23T11:49:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2026-01-22T12:55:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3c9ee8ea-6597-43e1-b7b2-9ffda32d01a4","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-02T05:28:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-02 05:28:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8670309","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8670309","identity":"rs-8670309","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}