Impact of Yoga Training on Oxidative Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Impact of Yoga Training on Oxidative Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impact of Yoga Training on Oxidative Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial Siddharth Sagre, Neetu Kumari, Priya Bhardwaj, Mulaka Maruthi, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978245/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Oxidative stress, a critical health parameter, occurs because of an imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants and resulting in the onset of chronic diseases. Yoga is being used widely as a complementary medicine, recognized for its preventive effects on age-related chronic diseases, but the underlying effects in relation to oxidative stress are not well known. Aim: The current research aimed to find the impact of yoga training on oxidative stress by assessing the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), and Free radical scavenging capacity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay. Method: Thirty sedentary university students with an average age of 23.93±1.73 years were selected and randomly allocated into control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) group. The study employed a pre-test post-test random group design, with the 12-week yoga treatment given to the experimental group while the other group serves as control. The training program consisted of asana (body postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), and relaxation exercises. The blood samples were collected in fasting conditions at the beginning and end of the intervention to measure the level of oxidative stress biomarkers. Results and Conclusion: At baseline, statistically insignificant differences were found in the level of oxidative stress level and demographic characteristics in both groups. After the training intervention, in only experimental group statistically significant changes were observed in the level of oxidative stress biomarkers (p<0.05). The results of the study suggest that integration of yoga practice may have beneficial effect in advancing health and wellness into the lives of college students. Yoga oxidative stress antioxidants malondialdehyde DPPH free radicals Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Maintaining optimum health and well-being has become a primary concern in modern lifestyle challenges [ 1 ]. Physical inactivity, poor eating habits, stress, and improper circadian rhythm are the major contributing factors raising the rate of chronic disease and age-related health problems [ 2 – 5 ]. Oxidative stress among the various physiological processes is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor to health problems [ 6 ]. Oxidative stress arises when there is a disparity between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells/tissues and the body's capability to neutralize or counteract them with antioxidants [ 7 – 9 ]. Oxidative stress hinders the functionality of cells and tissues and is caused by increased ROS activity and weakened defense mechanisms [ 10 ]. Free radicals, identified as substances with potential harm, pose a risk to the body when their levels rise excessively [ 11 ]. Free radical production occurs as oxygen molecules break into unstable single electron atoms, actively seeking other atoms or molecules to establish bonds [ 12 ]. This unstable state forms bonds with other molecules and causes oxidative stress [ 13 ]. Oxidative stress is linked to diabetes, heart disease, cancer as well as aging symptoms, such as wrinkles and weakness [ 14 ]. Antioxidants are chemical compounds that protect the body from free radical damage and are found in fruits, vegetables, and plant-based foods [ 15 ]. Tough lifestyles and increased stress contribute to a decline in antioxidant capacity, leading to oxidative stress caused by an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant system, which is evidenced by the persistent rise in the synthesis of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species [ 17 ]. The human body responds to this challenge by naturally producing antioxidants through various processes, serving as a crucial defence mechanism against oxidative/nitrosative stress [ 13 ]. Mind-body practices like yoga intervention have gained increasing interest in combating oxidative stress and related health implications. Yoga has recently gained recognition as an alternative and complementary treatment, offering positive benefits on both physiological and psychological functions [ 18 ]. Yoga originated from India, is an ancient body-mind practice, and has evolved into a popular practice that combines physical activity with a conscious interior focus on the awareness of the self, the breath, and energy [ 19 ]. The word “yoga” comes from the Sanskrit root “yuj” which means union, or yoke, to join, and to direct and concentrate one's attention [ 20 ]. Regular yoga practice develops traits of friendliness, compassion, and self-control while increasing strength, endurance, and flexibility [ 21 ]. The sustained practice also has significant advantages, such as improvements in perspective about life, more self-awareness, and increased vitality to live life to the fullest with happiness [ 22 ]. Yoga practices lead to a state of equilibrium and harmony between the mind and body, wherein a physiological response contrary to the fight-or-flight stress reaction can be achieved [ 23 – 24 ]. According to previous studies, yoga may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that help control ROS levels and oxidative damage [ 25 – 26 ]. Thus, the present research was aimed to emphasize with current information the importance of Yoga on the oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity of the healthy students. METHODOLOGY Study design and Participants To examine the effect of yoga training on oxidative stress, a pre-test post-test random group design was employed. In the current study, thirty-four male participants were chosen by convenient sampling method for the study. For participant selection, the study established criteria specifying an age range of 21–25 years and no prior experience in yoga. Exclusions comprised individuals with physical disabilities, mental disorders, or a history of previous surgeries. Among the thirty-four volunteers, two volunteers were unable to follow the schedule and two of them declined to participate because of the personal reasons, thus, a total of thirty participants were enrolled as shown in the Fig. 1 . These participants, after baseline measurement, were randomly allocated into two groups using Microsoft Excel Routine, i.e., a control and a yoga group. Baseline and after intervention measurements were taken before and after two days of yoga training program respectively. With lightweight clothing and barefoot, height and weight of the participants were measured by stadiometer and electronic scale. Throughout the experiment, the participants were asked to abstain from drinking and smoking and also instructed to refrain from engaging in any other physical activity for the duration of the trial. Prior to the study, participants were asked to provide written informed consent and assent. Approval of the study was granted by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee of the Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh India. Lifestyle Questionnaire To determine age, alcohol or smoking consumption, medical records, and whether or not the participant practiced yoga and any other form of physical activity, participants were asked to fill out a lifestyle questionnaire prior to the beginning of the study. Yoga training program To achieve the purpose of the study, a yoga trainer certified by the ministry of Aayush, Govt. of India, conducted 12-week (6 days per week) yoga training for the experimental group. Each session consists of 65 minutes, begins with 5 minutes of warming-up activities followed by 45 minutes of asana (yoga poses), 10 minutes of pranayama (controlled breathing exercises), and ends with 5 minutes of meditation. The different yoga poses were performed for 30 seconds in three repetitions and with a 10-second rest between each repetition, and a 30-second rest between the two asanas. Prior to the initiation of intervention, three orientation session were conducted with 24 hours of rest to familiarize the students with the training protocol and reduce the learning effect during the study. Table 1 contains the specifics of the yoga training program. Table 1 Yoga training program Programs Time Contents Warming up 5 minutes Sukhshma Vyayama-Loosening practices Asana 45 minutes Tadasana-Vrikshasana-Padhastasan- Trikonasana- Bhadrasana-Garunasana-Janushirshasana- Paschimottanasana-Ushtrasana-Mandukasan-Gaumukhasana-Setubandhasana-Sarvangasana-Halasana-Chakrasana-Naukasana-Bhujangasana-Dhanurasana- Shalabhasana-Shirshasana Pranayama 10 minutes Kapalbhati-Anulom Vilom (1:4:2)–Ujjayi (1:4:2) -Bhastrika-Bharamri Meditation 5 minutes Om Chanting- Shanti Mantra Sample collection For baseline and after intervention measurement blood was collected in the health centre of Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak by the certified medical staff. Under the starved condition, 5ml blood was collected in EDTA vials from the left arm between 7–8 AM. The serum was separated after centrifugation at 4° and refrigerated at 20°C for subsequent examination. Assessment of MDA levels MDA (Malondialdehyde) assay was performed to analyse the lipid peroxidation status of the samples. Briefly, 20% TCA (Trichloro acetic acid) and 0.67% TBA (Tri barbituric acid) were prepared in 0.05M NaOH. From the collected sample, 1ml of blood was centrifuged at 1800g for 10 minutes and the plasma was separated and stored for further analysis. The remaining RBCs were resuspended in 1ml PBS for washing at 500rpm for 5 minutes. The washing was repeated three times. The washed RBCs were resuspended in 500µl PBS and 1ml of 0.67% TBA solution and 1ml 20% TCA solution was added. The RBC suspension was boiled at 95 ͦ C for 30 minutes. Upon observation of colour change, centrifugation was done and the clear supernatant was separated, the separated supernatant O.D. was measured at 532nm, and calculated lipid peroxidation by plotting the values against the standard graph of known MDA concentrations. Assessment of FRAP The ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) is an assay that is used to assess antioxidant capacity. This test is based on the reduction of a tripyridyltriazine Fe3 + complex (Fe (TPTZ) 3+ to Fe (TPTZ) 2+ , an intense blue colour with an absorption maximum at 593 nm developed. After phlebotomy, 1 ml of whole fresh blood was centrifuged at 1000g for 10 minutes to separate the plasma and stored for further analysis at -20˚C. FRAP Reagent (300 mM Acetate buffer- pH 3.6, TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine)-10mM, and Ferric chloride- 20mM) was prepared fresh and kept in a water bath at 37˚C. To 250µl plasma samples, 1 ml freshly prepared FRAP Reagent was added and incubated for 15 minutes at 37˚C in a dark place. After incubation, the colour intensity was measured as O.D at 593nm. DPPH Assay Free radical scavenging activity of blood plasma was evaluated non-enzymatically by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The reagent used in the assay are PBS (phosphate buffered saline), DPPH solution (8mg/100ml in methanol), absolute ethanol (molecular grade), and blood plasma. Whole blood (1ml) sample was centrifuged at 1800g for 10 minutes and the plasma was separated and stored for further analysis, 20µl of blood plasma was diluted with 380µl of 0.05M PBS, to this 400µl of DPPH solution (A 0 ) (working solution) was added to 400µl of diluted plasma and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. After incubation, the samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature. The supernatant was used for analyzing the radical scavenging capacity by spectrophotometry. Sample O.D. (A) was measured at 514nm. For the analysis, the following expression was used: free radical scavenging capacity (%) = (A 0 -A/A0)*100. Statistical Analysis SPSS 22.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the analysis of data. The obtained data were expressed as Mean and standard deviation. The normality of data was tested using Shaprio-Wilk test. For statistical comparisons between the groups, independent t-tests, and for within groups a paired t-test was performed. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05 for all analyses. RESULTS The demographic characteristics of the participants was presented in Table 1 . No participants experienced any severe injuries, and there were no withdrawals recorded throughout the study. The mean age of the treatment group and control group was 23.96 ± 1.57 and 23.89 ± 1.89 respectively. BMI of the groups ranged from 22.36 ± 2.34 to 22.82 ± 2.81, which fell into normal category. There were statistically insignificant differences between the treatment and control group with respect to demographic characteristics(p > 0.05). Based on the demographic profile questionnaire, the participant indicated good health, a non-smoking status, no history of alcohol misuse, and the absence of significant medical records. In baseline measurement, biochemical parameters in Control group and treatment groups reported no significant differences, indicating the impartiality of the sampling process. In between group analysis after intervention participants in control group versus treatment group shows significant changes (p > 0.05) in MDA (0.6105 ± 0.9279 versus 0.4293 ± 0.1326), FRAP (2.152 ± 0.0346 versus 3.162 ± 0.2108), and DPPH (88.69 ± 2.478 versus 91.27 ± 94.034). In within-group analysis, significant changes in the MDA, FRAP and DPPH levels were observed in experimental group at 12-week compared to the baseline values (p > 0.05), while no significant changes were noted in the control group (Fig. 2). Table 1 Demographic profile of the participants. Parameters Control group (n = 15) Experimental group (n = 15) P value Age (years) 23.96 ± 1.57 23.89 ± 1.89 0.91 Height (cm) 173.58 ± 5.97 171.76 ± 7.43 0.46 Weight (kg) 68.59 ± 9.02 67.89 ± 10.92 0.85 BMI # (kg/m 2 ) 22.36 ± 2.34 22.82 ± 2.81 0.63 All values are expressed as mean (standard deviation); #-Body Mass Index Table 2. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements of the oxidative stress biomarkers. Variables Group Pretest Post-test Sig. MDA Control 0.5508 ± 0.0808 0.6105 ± 0.9279 0.0703 Experimental 0.6831 ± 0.2949 0.4293 ± 0.1326 0.0051** FRAP Control 2.155 ± 0.0294 2.152 ± 0.0346 0.7849 Experimental 2.063 ± 0.1056 3.162 ± 0.2108 p<0.001*** DPPH Control 88.17 ± 2.460 88.69 ± 2.478 0.1112 Experimental 87.76 ± 4.782 91.27 ± 94.034 0.0388* All values are expressed in Mean ± Standard deviation. *-p.0.05, **-p<0.01, ***-p<0.001 DISCUSSION Oxidative stress, a major global concern, has the potential to impact a wide range of pathophysiological conditions in the human body, including DNA damage and cancer, whether through direct or indirect means [ 18 ]. People have begun incorporating nutritious dietary supplements or participating in physical activities in order to lead a balanced lifestyle [ 27 – 28 ]. Yoga stands out as one of the most popular physical activities worldwide, offering numerous ways to achieve this goal [ 29 ]. A number of studies have aimed to uncover the advantages of yoga in various health stated over the past few decades by evaluating physical and psychological factors [ 21 , 24 , 30 ]. The present study examined the health state of young adults to examine the positive impacts of yoga on antioxidant components and free radical scavenging capacity. The findings of the current study reported reduction in MDA levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage, suggesting a decrease in oxidative stress following the yoga program. This change in the MDA level supports the findings of previous research indicating that yoga may have antioxidant properties and can lessen the hostile impact of ROS on cellular components [ 31 ]. A similar decrease in MDA levels was also observed in the study conducted on 109 hypertensive patients between 20–40 years age groups over twelve-week yoga training [ 32 ]. A systematic review supporting these findings, focused yoga’s impact on oxidative stress targeted at type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients reported that yoga practice reduces MDA levels and thus would be beneficial for the management of T2DM as a complementary medicine [ 33 ]. Apart from MDA levels, the findings of the study show a significant increase in FRAP levels, which supports the findings of previous research indicating that yoga may have antioxidant properties and can reduce the adverse effects of ROS on the cellular component [ 34 ]. Further, the finding of the study revealed significant changes in DPPH levels also suggests that the yoga intervention may have influenced the scavenging capacity of free radicals, further supporting the potential antioxidant effects of yoga. In the present investigation, a comparable rise in DPPH levels was noticed, indicating that the yoga intervention potentially impacted the ability to counteract free radicals, these finding aligns with the prior study [ 35 ]. The result of the study conducted by Manna, I. (2018) indicates that short-term training of yoga demonstrates a substantial reduction in oxidative stress, contributing to the enhancement of overall well-being [ 36 ]. Yoga has demonstrated its potential in increasing antioxidants and reducing oxidative stress [ 25 , 37 ]. The yoga training provided to volunteers includes slow-breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, meditation, and a variety of asanas (postures). It is well-established that exercise with higher oxygen consumption leads to the excessive generation of ROS [ 38 ]. In contrast, the relaxation techniques and meditation employed in yoga were linked to reduced oxygen consumption and breath holding [ 39 ]. Therefore, it is believed that yoga practice alters the participants' metabolic state, which likely contributes to the decreased serum MDA levels and increased FRAP and DPPH levels observed in this study. Our results are supported by a previous study which emphasizes the role of yoga alongside medications in regulating oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in both healthy individuals and those with severe illnesses [ 26 , 40 ]. The study has certain limitations, including a small sample size, only male population and also the participants were not blinded to yoga treatment. To overcome these, future research should involve larger, multi-centre trials with diverse populations. Despite these limitations, the results of this study contribute to the growing body of research that shows how yoga training have significant implications for health promotion and disease prevention. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest that a 12-week yoga practice led to a significant alteration in the levels of MDA, FRAP, and DPPH, indicating decreased oxidative stress and increased radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant characteristics of the subjects. The results highlight the importance of mind-body practices like yoga in enhancing health and wellness. Yoga is an easily accessible activity and has the potential to reduce oxidative stress and enhance overall health. Incorporating yoga into healthcare systems is a logical step towards utilizing its innate ability to improve general well-being and build a more peaceful lifestyle. Integrating yoga into different healthcare and research approaches will definitely lead to improving health and lifestyle. Declarations Conflict of Interest No conflict of interest. Ethical Permission Prior to the study, participants were asked to provide written informed consent and assent. 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Effect of yoga exercise therapy on oxidative stress indicators with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. International Journal of Yoga, 6(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.105944 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3978245","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":274308885,"identity":"1aec5887-cfdd-4a3e-a4a1-6693adcdbe55","order_by":0,"name":"Siddharth Sagre","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgaDAxI/bOz42RuAbIgIQS2GByx70pIlew4Qq4WBwfhABdthxg03EohRDATy7cwbDtzgOczMcPPxM+kCBjt5BnbeA3i1GBxmKzg4wyKdj3F2mpn0DIZkwwZmvgT8Wph5DA5L8FgzM0vnsEnzMDADncdjgN9hzUAtf9iYGdskz4C01BPWwnCYBxjIbM6MPRI8IC2HCWsB+eWAJDCQJXjSjK15DI4bthF0WP/hzR9AUWl//PDD2zwV1fL8/GcIOAzNUgYGNlLUj4JRMApGwSjADgBP4TfqJaYKbgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Central University of Haryana","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Siddharth","middleName":"","lastName":"Sagre","suffix":""},{"id":274308886,"identity":"5bec30f3-28fc-4398-9870-8518f579e1c5","order_by":1,"name":"Neetu Kumari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central University of Haryana","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neetu","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumari","suffix":""},{"id":274308887,"identity":"b4ed6e50-320b-4991-82eb-d3a1de1116dd","order_by":2,"name":"Priya Bhardwaj","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central University of Haryana","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Priya","middleName":"","lastName":"Bhardwaj","suffix":""},{"id":274308888,"identity":"7ec68214-345e-4020-94b1-3f18443260ff","order_by":3,"name":"Mulaka Maruthi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central University of Haryana","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mulaka","middleName":"","lastName":"Maruthi","suffix":""},{"id":274308889,"identity":"eb98cd95-f48b-484e-9e20-2fe8bf519b7b","order_by":4,"name":"Ashok Jangra","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central University of Haryana","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashok","middleName":"","lastName":"Jangra","suffix":""},{"id":274308890,"identity":"121c7d64-2a99-4cea-a740-cb0d0e0f9d10","order_by":5,"name":"Dinesh Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central University of Haryana","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dinesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":274308891,"identity":"c7a5aafd-cb43-443a-ab98-f4543d9dd539","order_by":6,"name":"Ravinder Pal Ahlawat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central University of Haryana","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ravinder","middleName":"Pal","lastName":"Ahlawat","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-22 10:01:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978245/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978245/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51631051,"identity":"0ea718fe-cd79-4391-bc26-301e8d6508a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-26 09:26:56","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow chart showing participant’s flow during the study.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978245/v1/2d828e460a039207fab0a349.png"},{"id":51631050,"identity":"b93c4ea5-2bcf-41e1-9ca4-bc6c10804ff0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-26 09:26:56","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":99104,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSerum levels of (A) MDA, (B) FRAP and (C) DPPH measured for both group at baseline and after 12-week of intervention. Values are expressed in Mean (SD); *- p\u0026lt; 0.05, **- p\u0026lt;0.01, ***- p\u0026lt;0.0001 compared with baseline measurement; ###-p\u0026lt;0.001 compared with control group after intervention.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978245/v1/5ab5582c49286ae0b8621805.png"},{"id":59560287,"identity":"f3a07f51-39e8-42c8-b2e4-a6c454c58d16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-03 08:06:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":587449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3978245/v1/0f543643-2f02-4db9-b1f5-14aafa11bcac.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impact of Yoga Training on Oxidative Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eMaintaining optimum health and well-being has become a primary concern in modern lifestyle challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Physical inactivity, poor eating habits, stress, and improper circadian rhythm are the major contributing factors raising the rate of chronic disease and age-related health problems [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Oxidative stress among the various physiological processes is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor to health problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxidative stress arises when there is a disparity between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells/tissues and the body's capability to neutralize or counteract them with antioxidants [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Oxidative stress hinders the functionality of cells and tissues and is caused by increased ROS activity and weakened defense mechanisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Free radicals, identified as substances with potential harm, pose a risk to the body when their levels rise excessively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Free radical production occurs as oxygen molecules break into unstable single electron atoms, actively seeking other atoms or molecules to establish bonds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This unstable state forms bonds with other molecules and causes oxidative stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxidative stress is linked to diabetes, heart disease, cancer as well as aging symptoms, such as wrinkles and weakness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Antioxidants are chemical compounds that protect the body from free radical damage and are found in fruits, vegetables, and plant-based foods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Tough lifestyles and increased stress contribute to a decline in antioxidant capacity, leading to oxidative stress caused by an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant system, which is evidenced by the persistent rise in the synthesis of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The human body responds to this challenge by naturally producing antioxidants through various processes, serving as a crucial defence mechanism against oxidative/nitrosative stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMind-body practices like yoga intervention have gained increasing interest in combating oxidative stress and related health implications. Yoga has recently gained recognition as an alternative and complementary treatment, offering positive benefits on both physiological and psychological functions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Yoga originated from India, is an ancient body-mind practice, and has evolved into a popular practice that combines physical activity with a conscious interior focus on the awareness of the self, the breath, and energy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The word \u0026ldquo;yoga\u0026rdquo; comes from the Sanskrit root \u0026ldquo;yuj\u0026rdquo; which means union, or yoke, to join, and to direct and concentrate one's attention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Regular yoga practice develops traits of friendliness, compassion, and self-control while increasing strength, endurance, and flexibility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The sustained practice also has significant advantages, such as improvements in perspective about life, more self-awareness, and increased vitality to live life to the fullest with happiness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Yoga practices lead to a state of equilibrium and harmony between the mind and body, wherein a physiological response contrary to the fight-or-flight stress reaction can be achieved [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. According to previous studies, yoga may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that help control ROS levels and oxidative damage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, the present research was aimed to emphasize with current information the importance of Yoga on the oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity of the healthy students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the effect of yoga training on oxidative stress, a pre-test post-test random group design was employed. In the current study, thirty-four male participants were chosen by convenient sampling method for the study. For participant selection, the study established criteria specifying an age range of 21\u0026ndash;25 years and no prior experience in yoga. Exclusions comprised individuals with physical disabilities, mental disorders, or a history of previous surgeries. Among the thirty-four volunteers, two volunteers were unable to follow the schedule and two of them declined to participate because of the personal reasons, thus, a total of thirty participants were enrolled as shown in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. These participants, after baseline measurement, were randomly allocated into two groups using Microsoft Excel Routine, i.e., a control and a yoga group. Baseline and after intervention measurements were taken before and after two days of yoga training program respectively. With lightweight clothing and barefoot, height and weight of the participants were measured by stadiometer and electronic scale. Throughout the experiment, the participants were asked to abstain from drinking and smoking and also instructed to refrain from engaging in any other physical activity for the duration of the trial. Prior to the study, participants were asked to provide written informed consent and assent. Approval of the study was granted by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee of the Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLifestyle Questionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine age, alcohol or smoking consumption, medical records, and whether or not the participant practiced yoga and any other form of physical activity, participants were asked to fill out a lifestyle questionnaire prior to the beginning of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eYoga training program\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo achieve the purpose of the study, a yoga trainer certified by the ministry of Aayush, Govt. of India, conducted 12-week (6 days per week) yoga training for the experimental group. Each session consists of 65 minutes, begins with 5 minutes of warming-up activities followed by 45 minutes of asana (yoga poses), 10 minutes of pranayama (controlled breathing exercises), and ends with 5 minutes of meditation. The different yoga poses were performed for 30 seconds in three repetitions and with a 10-second rest between each repetition, and a 30-second rest between the two asanas. Prior to the initiation of intervention, three orientation session were conducted with 24 hours of rest to familiarize the students with the training protocol and reduce the learning effect during the study. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e contains the specifics of the yoga training program.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoga training program\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrograms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWarming up\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSukhshma Vyayama-Loosening practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTadasana-Vrikshasana-Padhastasan- Trikonasana- Bhadrasana-Garunasana-Janushirshasana- Paschimottanasana-Ushtrasana-Mandukasan-Gaumukhasana-Setubandhasana-Sarvangasana-Halasana-Chakrasana-Naukasana-Bhujangasana-Dhanurasana- Shalabhasana-Shirshasana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePranayama\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKapalbhati-Anulom Vilom (1:4:2)\u0026ndash;Ujjayi (1:4:2) -Bhastrika-Bharamri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeditation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOm Chanting- Shanti Mantra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor baseline and after intervention measurement blood was collected in the health centre of Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak by the certified medical staff. Under the starved condition, 5ml blood was collected in EDTA vials from the left arm between 7\u0026ndash;8 AM. The serum was separated after centrifugation at 4\u0026deg; and refrigerated at 20\u0026deg;C for subsequent examination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssessment of MDA levels\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMDA (Malondialdehyde) assay was performed to analyse the lipid peroxidation status of the samples. Briefly, 20% TCA (Trichloro acetic acid) and 0.67% TBA (Tri barbituric acid) were prepared in 0.05M NaOH. From the collected sample, 1ml of blood was centrifuged at 1800g for 10 minutes and the plasma was separated and stored for further analysis. The remaining RBCs were resuspended in 1ml PBS for washing at 500rpm for 5 minutes. The washing was repeated three times. The washed RBCs were resuspended in 500\u0026micro;l PBS and 1ml of 0.67% TBA solution and 1ml 20% TCA solution was added. The RBC suspension was boiled at 95 ͦ C for 30 minutes. Upon observation of colour change, centrifugation was done and the clear supernatant was separated, the separated supernatant O.D. was measured at 532nm, and calculated lipid peroxidation by plotting the values against the standard graph of known MDA concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssessment of FRAP\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) is an assay that is used to assess antioxidant capacity. This test is based on the reduction of a tripyridyltriazine Fe3\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;complex (Fe (TPTZ)\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003eto Fe (TPTZ)\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, an intense blue colour with an absorption maximum at 593 nm developed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter phlebotomy, 1 ml of whole fresh blood was centrifuged at 1000g for 10 minutes to separate the plasma and stored for further analysis at -20˚C. FRAP Reagent (300 mM Acetate buffer- pH 3.6, TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine)-10mM, and Ferric chloride- 20mM) was prepared fresh and kept in a water bath at 37˚C. To 250\u0026micro;l plasma samples, 1 ml freshly prepared FRAP Reagent was added and incubated for 15 minutes at 37˚C in a dark place. After incubation, the colour intensity was measured as O.D at 593nm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDPPH Assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree radical scavenging activity of blood plasma was evaluated non-enzymatically by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The reagent used in the assay are PBS (phosphate buffered saline), DPPH solution (8mg/100ml in methanol), absolute ethanol (molecular grade), and blood plasma.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhole blood (1ml) sample was centrifuged at 1800g for 10 minutes and the plasma was separated and stored for further analysis, 20\u0026micro;l of blood plasma was diluted with 380\u0026micro;l of 0.05M PBS, to this 400\u0026micro;l of DPPH solution (A\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e) (working solution) was added to 400\u0026micro;l of diluted plasma and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. After incubation, the samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature. The supernatant was used for analyzing the radical scavenging capacity by spectrophotometry. Sample O.D. (A) was measured at 514nm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the analysis, the following expression was used:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efree radical scavenging capacity (%) = (A\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e-A/A0)*100.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPSS 22.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the analysis of data. The obtained data were expressed as Mean and standard deviation. The normality of data was tested using Shaprio-Wilk test. For statistical comparisons between the groups, independent t-tests, and for within groups a paired t-test was performed. The level of significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 for all analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe demographic characteristics of the participants was presented in Table\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. No participants experienced any severe injuries, and there were no withdrawals recorded throughout the study. The mean age of the treatment group and control group was 23.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57 and 23.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89 respectively. BMI of the groups ranged from 22.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.34 to 22.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.81, which fell into normal category. There were statistically insignificant differences between the treatment and control group with respect to demographic characteristics(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Based on the demographic profile questionnaire, the participant indicated good health, a non-smoking status, no history of alcohol misuse, and the absence of significant medical records. In baseline measurement, biochemical parameters in Control group and treatment groups reported no significant differences, indicating the impartiality of the sampling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn between group analysis after intervention participants in control group versus treatment group shows significant changes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in MDA (0.6105\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9279 versus 0.4293\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1326), FRAP (2.152\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0346 versus 3.162\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2108), and DPPH (88.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.478 versus 91.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;94.034). In within-group analysis, significant changes in the MDA, FRAP and DPPH levels were observed in experimental group at 12-week compared to the baseline values (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while no significant changes were noted in the control group (Fig. 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic profile of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperimental group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003e (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll values are expressed as mean (standard deviation); #-Body Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePre-intervention and post-intervention measurements of the oxidative stress biomarkers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"95%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePretest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSig.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.242424242424242%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5508 \u0026plusmn; 0.0808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.242424242424242%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6105 \u0026plusmn; 0.9279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperimental\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.242424242424242%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6831 \u0026plusmn; 0.2949\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.242424242424242%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4293 \u0026plusmn; 0.1326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0051**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFRAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.155 \u0026plusmn; 0.0294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.152 \u0026plusmn; 0.0346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperimental\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.063 \u0026plusmn; 0.1056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.162 \u0026plusmn; 0.2108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDPPH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.17 \u0026plusmn; 2.460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.69 \u0026plusmn; 2.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperimental\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.76 \u0026plusmn; 4.782\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.27 \u0026plusmn; 94.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0388*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll values are expressed in Mean \u0026plusmn; Standard deviation. *-p.0.05, **-p\u0026lt;0.01, ***-p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eOxidative stress, a major global concern, has the potential to impact a wide range of pathophysiological conditions in the human body, including DNA damage and cancer, whether through direct or indirect means [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. People have begun incorporating nutritious dietary supplements or participating in physical activities in order to lead a balanced lifestyle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Yoga stands out as one of the most popular physical activities worldwide, offering numerous ways to achieve this goal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. A number of studies have aimed to uncover the advantages of yoga in various health stated over the past few decades by evaluating physical and psychological factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The present study examined the health state of young adults to examine the positive impacts of yoga on antioxidant components and free radical scavenging capacity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of the current study reported reduction in MDA levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage, suggesting a decrease in oxidative stress following the yoga program. This change in the MDA level supports the findings of previous research indicating that yoga may have antioxidant properties and can lessen the hostile impact of ROS on cellular components [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. A similar decrease in MDA levels was also observed in the study conducted on 109 hypertensive patients between 20\u0026ndash;40 years age groups over twelve-week yoga training [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. A systematic review supporting these findings, focused yoga\u0026rsquo;s impact on oxidative stress targeted at type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients reported that yoga practice reduces MDA levels and thus would be beneficial for the management of T2DM as a complementary medicine [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Apart from MDA levels, the findings of the study show a significant increase in FRAP levels, which supports the findings of previous research indicating that yoga may have antioxidant properties and can reduce the adverse effects of ROS on the cellular component [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Further, the finding of the study revealed significant changes in DPPH levels also suggests that the yoga intervention may have influenced the scavenging capacity of free radicals, further supporting the potential antioxidant effects of yoga. In the present investigation, a comparable rise in DPPH levels was noticed, indicating that the yoga intervention potentially impacted the ability to counteract free radicals, these finding aligns with the prior study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of the study conducted by Manna, I. (2018) indicates that short-term training of yoga demonstrates a substantial reduction in oxidative stress, contributing to the enhancement of overall well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Yoga has demonstrated its potential in increasing antioxidants and reducing oxidative stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The yoga training provided to volunteers includes slow-breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, meditation, and a variety of asanas (postures). It is well-established that exercise with higher oxygen consumption leads to the excessive generation of ROS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, the relaxation techniques and meditation employed in yoga were linked to reduced oxygen consumption and breath holding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, it is believed that yoga practice alters the participants' metabolic state, which likely contributes to the decreased serum MDA levels and increased FRAP and DPPH levels observed in this study. Our results are supported by a previous study which emphasizes the role of yoga alongside medications in regulating oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in both healthy individuals and those with severe illnesses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study has certain limitations, including a small sample size, only male population and also the participants were not blinded to yoga treatment. To overcome these, future research should involve larger, multi-centre trials with diverse populations. Despite these limitations, the results of this study contribute to the growing body of research that shows how yoga training have significant implications for health promotion and disease prevention.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current findings suggest that a 12-week yoga practice led to a significant alteration in the levels of MDA, FRAP, and DPPH, indicating decreased oxidative stress and increased radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant characteristics of the subjects. The results highlight the importance of mind-body practices like yoga in enhancing health and wellness. Yoga is an easily accessible activity and has the potential to reduce oxidative stress and enhance overall health. Incorporating yoga into healthcare systems is a logical step towards utilizing its innate ability to improve general well-being and build a more peaceful lifestyle. Integrating yoga into different healthcare and research approaches will definitely lead to improving health and lifestyle.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical Permission\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to the study, participants were asked to provide written informed consent and assent. Approval of the study was granted by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee of the Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA.B.C. wrote the main manuscript.C.D. prepared figures and tables.All Authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePronk, N., Kleinman, D. V., Goekler, S. F., Ochiai, E., Blakey, C., \u0026amp; Brewer, K. H. (2020). Promoting Health and Well-being in Healthy People 2030. 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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 31(2), 143\u0026ndash;153. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-006-9012-8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10484-006-9012-8\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGordon, L., McGrowder, D., Pena, Y., Cabrera, E., \u0026amp; Lawrence Wright, M. (2013). Effect of yoga exercise therapy on oxidative stress indicators with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. International Journal of Yoga, 6(1), 31. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.105944\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/0973-6131.105944\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Yoga, oxidative stress, antioxidants, malondialdehyde, DPPH, free radicals","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978245/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978245/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eOxidative stress, a critical health parameter, occurs because of an imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants and resulting in the onset of chronic diseases. Yoga is being used widely as a complementary medicine, recognized for its preventive effects on age-related chronic diseases, but the underlying effects in relation to oxidative stress are not well known.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim:\u003c/strong\u003e The current research aimed to find the impact of yoga training on oxidative stress by assessing the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), and Free radical scavenging capacity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod: \u003c/strong\u003eThirty sedentary university students with an average age of 23.93±1.73 years were selected and randomly allocated into control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) group. The study employed a pre-test post-test random group design, with the 12-week yoga treatment given to the experimental group while the other group serves as control. The training program consisted of asana (body postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), and relaxation exercises. The blood samples were collected in fasting conditions at the beginning and end of the intervention to measure the level of oxidative stress biomarkers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults and Conclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e At baseline, statistically insignificant differences were found in the level of oxidative stress level and demographic characteristics in both groups. After the training intervention, in only experimental group statistically significant changes were observed in the level of oxidative stress biomarkers (p\u0026lt;0.05). The results of the study suggest that integration of yoga practice may have beneficial effect in advancing health and wellness into the lives of college students.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Yoga Training on Oxidative Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-26 09:26:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3978245/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"215d8d6e-3af7-4163-b5f3-edeab3597640","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-03T07:58:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-26 09:26:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3978245","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3978245","identity":"rs-3978245","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}