Associations of health-related physical fitness with body fat distribution and obesity risk using bioelectrical impedance in Taiwanese adults

Associations of health-related physical fitness with body fat distribution and obesity risk using bioelectrical impedance in Taiwanese adults | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Associations of health-related physical fitness with body fat distribution and obesity risk using bioelectrical impedance in Taiwanese adults Chang-Tsen Hung, Chi-Fang Lin, Po-Fu Lee, Shu Xu, Hsiao-Fang Kao, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1513892/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: In terms of public health, obesity and being overweight have become major concerns worldwide. Nevertheless, regarding body composition, it is important to have a more precise understanding of fat-to-muscle ratio. Hence, this study aimed to adopt bioelectrical impedance measurements to test body fat percentage (BF%) and to determine the associations of health-related physical fitness with body fat (BF) distribution and BF obesity risk in Taiwanese adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study and reviewed the data derived from Taiwan’s Scientific Physical Fitness Survey. From the database, responses from 17,970 participants aged 23-64 years were collected in this study. Each participant completed a series of health-related physical fitness measurements, including cardiorespiratory fitness (3-min of a progressive knee-up and step [3MPKS] test), muscular fitness (hand grip strength), and flexibility (sit-and-reach test). The BF% of each participant was assessed by using the bioelectrical impedance analysis method. Results: BF% was negatively associated with low performance on the 3MPKS (β = 11.314, p < 0.0001 for men; β = 12.308, p < 0.0001 for women), hand grip strength ( β = 2.071, p < 0.0001 for men; β = 0.859, p < 0.0001 for women), and sit-and-reach ( β = 0.337, p = 0.008 for women) tests but was positively associated with sit-and-reach ( β = -0.394, p = 0.004 for men). The risk of BF obesity for the low performance of 3MPKS (odds ratio [OR] = 26.554, p < 0.0001 for men; OR = 25.808, p < 0.0001 for women), hand grip strength (OR = 1.682, p < 0.0001 for men; OR = 1.234, p < 0.0001 for women), and sit-and-reach (OR = 1.142, p = 0.007 for women) tests was observed. Conclusion: These results suggested that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and flexibility are associated with an increased risk of BF obesity. physical fitness body fat adiposity adults Background Worldwide, obesity has increased exponentially since 1975; in 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults (39%) were found to be overweight and over 650 million (13%) adults were found to be obese [ 1 ]. In Taiwan, according to the 2013–2016 "National Nutrition and Health Status Change Survey", the prevalence of being overweight and obesity among adults was 45.4% (53.4% for men and 38.3% for women), and the prevalence had increased by nearly 10% compared to a decade ago [ 2 ]. Being overweight and obesity are defined as excess adiposity that impairs health [ 1 ]. Moreover, the increased risks of metabolic disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are associated with an increase in obesity [ 3 ], thus leading to huge medical costs and a decline in the quality of life [ 3 , 4 ]. Generally, body mass index (BMI) is used to easily define whether obesity is not (but BMI is) a crude measure that does not distinguish between fat and muscle [ 5 , 6 ]. Despite the normal BMI, it is still possible to have excess body fat, which is known as "normal-weight obesity syndrome" [ 7 ]. A past study indicated that normal-weight obese adults are insulin-resistant, hyperinsulinaemic, and have type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as premature coronary heart disease [ 8 ]. Furthermore, compared with normal weight lean individuals, normal weight obese individuals have a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome, cardiometabolic dysfunction, and death [ 7 ]. Moreover, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome are thought to be related to healthy-related physical fitness such as cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness [ 9 – 12 ]. As such, numerous studies have shown that a high BMI and/or obesity are associated with poor physical fitness due to the higher body fat and lower skeletal muscle mass [ 13 – 15 ]. In terms of public health, obesity and being overweight have become major concerns worldwide. Nevertheless, regarding body composition, it is important to have a more precise understanding of fat-to-muscle ratio. Hence, this study aimed adopt bioelectrical impedance measurements to test body fat percentage (BF%) and to determine the associations of health-related physical fitness with body fat (BF) distribution and BF obesity risk in Taiwanese adults. Methods Participants and study design The cross-sectional data of this study were obtained from the 2017 Taiwan Scientific Physical Fitness Survey (TSPFS), which is an annual national survey that was conducted to examine the changes in the health-related physical fitness status of Taiwanese individuals. This survey was conducted by the Sports Administration, Ministry of Education in Taiwan. A convenience sampling scheme was performed, and the participants were recruited from 18 scientific physical fitness test stations. This survey included face-to-face interviews followed by a standardized structural questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and health-related physical fitness tests that were conducted by trained examiners and medical specialists (typically nurses or doctors). The health-related physical fitness tests were then conducted after pretest health screenings (screenings for health limitations affecting the eligibility for participation in health-related physical fitness tests), which included measures of the resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure. The participants then completed a modified Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire [ 16 ]. Finally, 17,970 adult participants (7,907 men and 10,063 women) aged 23–64 years were included in the present study. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan (FJU-IRB C110113). Data collection Participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, such as age, gender, education level, occupation condition, monthly income, marital status, and relationship status, were obtained via face-to-face interviews by using a structured questionnaire. The participants were divided into education levels of elementary school or lower, junior or senior school, and college or higher; in terms of occupation condition, participants were divided into currently employed, nonemployed, and other groups. Monthly income was categorized as ≦ 20,000 New Taiwan dollar (NTD), 20,001–40,000 NTD, and ≧ 40,001 NTD. Marital status was categorized as never married, married, and divorced/separation/widowed. Furthermore, relationship status was categorized as living with someone and not living with someone. Anthropometric index and BF% measurements Anthropometric index and BF% measurements were performed before the health-related physical fitness tests. Anthropometric indices included body height and weight. During the anthropometric measurements, all of the participants had their shoes and heavy clothes removed and were instructed to stand erect with their abdomen relaxed, arms at their sides, and feet together. Body weight and height were recorded in metres to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively, with an electronic height-weight scale. BMI was calculated as body mass in kilograms divided by the square of height in metres (kg/m 2 ). Following the height and weight measurements, the BF% of each participant was assessed via a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) by using three devices: 1) the Omron handheld impedance device (Omron model HBF-306, Hoffman Estates, IL) for bipolar arm-arm impedance, 2) the Tanita device (Tanita model TBF300A, Arlington Heights, IL) for bipolar leg-leg impedance, and 3) the InBody 770 (InBody Model 770, Cerritos, CA). These anthropometric index and body fat measurements were conducted by well-trained examiners who attended a regional training seminar and who passed a certification test on standardized procedures, which have been reported in previous studies [ 17 – 19 ]. Measurements with all of the devices were performed in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions. Definitions of BF obesity BF obesity was classified according to the cut-off BF% points classification by gender for Taiwanese adults, which was adopted as suggested by the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan. The BF% value was calculated as ≥ 25% for men and ≥ 30% for women, which was considered the classification of BF obesity [ 5 , 20 ]. Health-related physical fitness measurements To determine the health-related physical fitness status of adults, we assessed three main components of health-related physical fitness based on three measurements: cardiorespiratory fitness (3-min progressive knee-up and step [3MPKS] test), muscular fitness (hand grip strength test), and flexibility (sit-and-reach test). Measurements and the abovementioned data were recorded by well-trained examiners who had attended an official training seminar and who had passed a certification test on standardized procedures. The details of the 3MPKS, hand grip strength, and sit-and-reach tests were strictly performed according to the Scientific Physical Fitness Test manual, as described in the following statement. 3MPKS test Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured as VO2max (ml·kg − 1 ·min − 1 ) by using the 3MPKS test. Before the performance of the 3MPKS test, the participant was required to wear a Hear Rate Monitor with a chest strap to monitor his or her HR during exercise testing. While wearing the HR monitor, the participants stood while the midway point between their patella and iliac crest was measured as the target height for lifting the knees and was marked by coloured tape. Once the test was initiated, the participant was asked to match a rhythm produced by an electronic metronome while stepping in place and raising the knee to the marked height with each step. The 3MPKS test started with 96 steps per minute (SPM), and the rate was increased by 24 SPM every 1 minute. If the participant was unable to maintain the rhythm, he or she could run instead of walking for up to 3 minutes. If the participant was unable to lift the knees to the required height or if they could not follow the rhythm for 30 seconds, then the test session was terminated, and the results were eliminated from the analysis. For safety concerns, the participant had to maintain the step rate at 80 SPM for a cool-down period of 30 seconds before resting in a standing position. The recorded data contained the HR at the beginning of exercise testing (HR0); at the first (HR1), second (HR2), and third minutes (HR3) during the exercise testing; and at the first minute post-exercise testing (HR4). Hand grip strength Muscular fitness was measured as the maximal isometric hand grip strength (kg) by using a digital hand dynamometer (T.K.K.5401 Grip-D, Takei, Japan). Participants were asked to stay in a standing position and to keep one arm straight and parallel to the body. They were requested to hold the dynamometer with their dominant hand and to squeeze the handle as hard as possible for 3 seconds. The test was performed twice, and the average value was used for the data analysis. Sit-and-reach test The flexibility was measured as low back and hamstring flexibility (cm) by using a sit-and-reach test. From a seated position with the feet placed flat against a prepared box with a zero point at -25 cm with respect to the feet, participants had to gradually push a ruler on the box while trying to reach as far forward as possible and while always keeping their knees straight. Bouncing movements were not allowed. The test was performed twice, and the best result was used for the data analysis. The content and the process of the health-related physical fitness measurements were explained to the participants, and they had 10 minutes to warm up so that their optimum performance could be achieved. All of the participants were assessed in the following order with sufficient rest (3 to 5 minutes) between measurements: hand grip strength, sit-and-reach test, and 3MPKS test. Statistical analyses Data were analysed via SAS statistical software (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC). Differences in demographic characteristics, anthropometric variables, and HRPF measurements between the with/without BF obesity group were analysed by using Student's t test or chi-square tests. A multiple linear regression analysis with BF% as the dependent variable was used to examine the associations between HRPF measurements and BF% after adjustments for potential confounders, such as age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and relationship status. To examine the risk relationship of HRPF measurements with BF% and BF obesity status, two different categories (50th percentiles) were applied for each HRPF measurement according to gender. The low quartile was composed of participants who had the best performances in each HRPF measurement, and it was assigned as the reference group for further analysis. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the linear associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and flexibility with BF obesity risks. All of the regression models were adjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, relationship status, and other HRPF measurements. Afterwards, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All of the data are expressed as the means ± standard deviation or frequency (percentage). The significance level adopted to reject the null hypothesis was p < 0.05. Results In total, 7,907 men and 10,063 women were included in this study. Table 1 lists the demographic characteristics of the study participants as classified by their BF obesity status. A total of 3,389 men and 5,136 women had BF obesity, whereas 4,518 men and 4,927 women had non-BF obesity. Both sexes in the BF obesity group were older and had higher BMI, WC, HC, and WHR values. Significant differences were found in education, currently employed status, income level status, marital status, and relationship status among both the men and women. Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants with or without body fat obesity in Taiwanese adults a . Variables Men ( N = 7,907) Women ( N = 10,063) BF Obesity ( n = 3,389) Non-BF obesity ( n = 4,518) p value BF Obesity ( n = 5,136) Non-BF obesity ( n = 4,927) p value Age (years) 38.45 ± 11.32 36.59 ± 10.87 < 0.0001* 37.87 ± 11.81 37.09 ± 10.34 < 0.0001* Height (cm) 170.24 ± 6.64 172.70 ± 6.03 < 0.0001* 158.99 ± 5.78 160.62 ± 5.73 < 0.0001* Body weight (kg) 75.42 ± 12.41 69.89 ± 9.25 < 0.0001* 59.42 ± 9.20 54/17 ± 7.90 < 0.0001* BMI (kg/m 2 ) 25.95 ± 3.53 23.41 ± 2.61 < 0.0001* 23.49 ± 3.28 20.96 ± 2.53 < 0.0001* WC (cm) 84.00 ± 9.27 80.62 ± 7.95 < 0.0001* 77.28 ± 8.81 72.67 ± 7.61 < 0.0001* HC (cm) 98.30 ± 7.20 96.33 ± 8.08 < 0.0001* 95.10 ± 8.08 90.97 ± 7.73 < 0.0001* WHR 0.85 ± 0.06 0.84 ± 0.04 < 0.0001* 0.81 ± 0.06 0.80 ± 0.05 < 0.0001* FM (kg) 24.06 ± 4.07 13.35 ± 3.90 < 0.0001* 22.28 ± 4.20 13.35 ± 3.13 < 0.0001* FFM (kg) 51.35 ± 10.92 56.54 ± 6.90 < 0.0001* 37.14 ± 7.71 40.81 ± 6.00 < 0.0001* %BF 32.41 ± 6.02 18.89 ± 4.16 < 0.0001* 37.85 ± 6.96 24.55 ± 3.97 < 0.0001* Education (%) < 0.0001* < 0.0001* Elementary school or lower 1.1 0.1 2.1 0.7 Junior or senior high school 14.9 4.8 16.2 7.6 College or higher 84.0 95.0 81.6 91.7 Currently employed (%) < 0.0001* < 0.0001* Yes 87.2 91.7 81.8 88.7 No 10.8 4.4 16.3 7.9 Other 2.0 3.9 1.8 3.5 Income level (%) < 0.0001* < 0.0001* ≦ 20,000 NTD 11.1 6.1 15.5 8.7 20,001–40,000 NTD 29.0 21.5 37.1 36.2 ≧ 40,001 NTD 59.9 72.4 47.4 55.1 Marital status (%) < 0.0001* < 0.0001* Never married 34.6 47.8 34.8 46.4 Married 59.1 46.9 59.4 47.0 Divorced/separation/widowed 6.3 5.3 5.8 6.5 Relationship status (%) < 0.0001* < 0.0001* Living with someone 84.0 78.2 87.8 83.5 Not living with someone 16.0 21.8 12.2 16.5 BF body fat, BMI body mass index, HC hip circumference, FFM free fat mass, FM fat mass, NTD New Taiwan Dolloar, SD standard deviation, WC waist circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio. BF Obesity, %BF ≥ 25% in men and ≥ 30% in women; Non-BF Obesity, %BF < 25% in men and %BF < 30% in women. a Values expressed as the means ± SD or percentage (%). * p < 0.05. Table 2 presents the comparison of BF obesity status differences by various health-related physical fitness measurements among adults in Taiwan. The results indicated that the non-BF obesity group had significantly higher results for all of the physical fitness tests among both men and women. Table 2 Scientific physical fitness measurements with or without body fat obesity in Taiwanese adults a . Variables Men ( N = 7,907) Women ( N = 10,063) BF Obesity ( n = 3,389) Non-BF obesity ( n = 4,518) p value BF Obesity ( n = 5,136) Non-BF obesity ( n = 4,927) p value 3MPKS (ml/kg/min) 38.33 ± 3.85 44.56 ± 4.39 < 0.0001* 31.83 ± 4.11 37.66 ± 4.39 < 0.0001* Grip strength (kg) 38.70 ± 9.50 43.60 ± 7.86 < 0.0001* 25.01 ± 5.88 26.05 ± 5.78 < 0.0001* Sit-and-reach test (cm) 21.73 ± 10.00 21.28 ± 9.54 0.041* 26.84 ± 9.97 27.76 ± 10.86 < 0.0001* 3MPKS 3-min progressive knee-up and step, BF body fat, SD standard deviation. BF Obesity, %BF ≥ 25% in men and ≥ 30% in women; Non-BF Obesity, %BF < 25% in men and %BF < 30% in women. a Values are expressed as the means ± SD. * p < 0.05. Table 3 presents the results of the regression coefficients for predicting BF% by using different health-related physical fitness measurements. The results indicated that there was a negative relationship between BF% and health-related physical fitness measurements ( p < 0.05) without the sit-and-reach test in women. In men, adjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and other physical fitness measurements, the power was decreased in the 3MPKS (β = -1.565) and sit-and-reach tests (β = 0.027) and increased in the grip strength test (β = -0.104). However, in women, after adjusting for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and other physical fitness measurements, the power was decreased in 3MPKS (β = -1.538) and grip strength (β = -0.066) tests. Table 3 Regression coefficients for predicting body fat percentage using different physical fitness measurements. Variables Model 1 (unadjusted) Model 2 (adjusted a ) β SE p β SE p Men 3MPKS (ml/kg/min) -1.085 0.013 < 0.0001* -1.565 0.012 < 0.0001* Grip strength (kg) -0.187 0.007 < 0.0001* -0.104 0.006 < 0.0001* Sit-and-reach test (cm) 0.059 0.006 < 0.0001* 0.027 0.005 < 0.0001* Women 3MPKS (ml/kg/min) -1.116 0.013 < 0.0001* -1.538 0.012 < 0.0001* Grip strength (kg) -0.026 0.011 0.022* -0.066 0.009 < 0.0001* Sit-and-reach test (cm) -0.015 0.006 0.016* -0.007 0.005 0.166 3MPKS 3-min progressive knee-up and step, SE standard error, β regression coefficient. a Adjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, relationship status, and other physical fitness measurements. * p < 0.05. Table 4 presents the results of the regression coefficients for predicting the BF% of health-related physical fitness measurements. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between BF% and health-related physical fitness measurements ( p < 0.05). In men, after adjusting for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and other physical fitness measurements, the power significantly increased with the 3MPKS (β = 11.314) and sit-and-reach tests (β = -0.394) and decreased with the grip strength test (β = 2.071). However, in women, after adjusting for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and other health-related physical fitness measurements, the power significantly increased with 3MPKS (β = 12.038) and grip strength tests (β = 0.859) and decreased in the sit-and-reach test (β = 0.337). Table 4 Regression coefficients for predicting body fat percentage using 50th percentiles of physical fitness measurements. Variables Model 1 (unadjusted) Model 2 (adjusted a ) β SE p β SE p Men 3MPKS (ml/kg/min) < 41.65 9.443 0.152 < 0.0001* 11.314 0.161 < 0.0001* ≧ 41.65 Ref. — — Ref. — — Grip strength (kg) < 42.00 2.545 0.152 < 0.0001* 2.071 0.140 < 0.0001* ≧ 42.00 Ref. — — Ref. — — Sit-and-reach test (cm) < 21.00 -0.773 0.150 < 0.0001* -0.394 0.137 0.004* ≧ 21.00 Ref. — — Ref. — — Women 3MPKS (ml/kg/min) < 34.42 9.823 0.145 < 0.0001* 12.038 0.142 < 0.0001* ≧ 34.42 Ref. — — Ref. — — Grip strength (kg) < 25.40 0.562 0.145 < 0.0001* 0.859 0.128 < 0.0001* ≧ 25.40 Ref. — — Ref. — — Sit-and-reach test (cm) < 27.00 0.422 0.144 0.003* 0.337 0.127 0.008* ≧ 27.00 Ref. — — Ref. — — 3MPKS 3-min progressive knee-up and step, SE standard error, β regression coefficient. a Adjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, relationship status, and other physical fitness measurements. * p < 0.05. Table 5 presents the multivariate-adjusted ORs for BF obesity in relation to the 50th percentiles of health-related physical fitness measurements after adjustments for potential confounders. Via a 3MPKS test result of > 41.65 as the baseline, participants with 3-min step test results < 41.65 exhibited the highest risk of BF obesity (OR = 26.554; 95% CI: 22.718–31.038) among men. However, there was a significant relationship between the 3MPKS test results and BF obesity in women when using > 34.42 as the baseline in Model 2. When a grip strength test score of > 42.00 was set as the baseline, male participants with grip strength test scores of < 42.00 had the highest risk of BF obesity (OR = 1.682; 95% CI: 1.503–1.883) after adjustments. However, for women, scores of 25.40 was used as the baseline. By using a sit-and-reach test score of > 29.00 as the baseline, male participants with scores of 27.00 was set as the baseline, participants with scores of < 27.00 had the highest risk of BF obesity (OR = 1.142; 95% CI: 1.037–1.258) after adjustments. Table 5 Multivariate adjusted ORs for BF obesity in relation to 50th percentiles of physical fitness measurements after adjustment for potential confounders. Variables Model 1 (unadjusted) Model 2 (adjusted a ) OR 95% CI p OR 95% CI p Men 3MPKS (ml/kg/min) < 41.65 10.511 9.435–11.711 < 0.0001* 26.554 22.718–31.038 < 0.0001* ≧ 41.65 Ref. — — Ref. — — Grip strength (kg) < 42.00 1.743 1.568–1.937 < 0.0001* 1.682 1.503–1.883 < 0.0001* ≧ 42.00 Ref. — — Ref. — — Sit-and-reach test (cm) < 21.00 0.845 0.760–0.939 0.0002* 0.911 0.815–1.019 0.104 ≧ 21.00 Ref. — — Ref. — — Women 3MPKS (ml/kg/min) < 34.42 10.316 9.406–11.315 < 0.0001* 25.808 22.544–29.545 < 0.0001* ≧ 34.42 Ref. — — Ref. — — Grip strength (kg) < 25.40 1.124 1.024–1.232 0.014* 1.234 1.119–1.360 < 0.0001* ≧ 25.40 Ref. — — Ref. — — Sit-and-reach test (cm) < 27.00 1.148 1.047–1.259 0.003* 1.142 1.037–1.258 0.007* ≧ 27.00 Ref. — — Ref. — — 3MPKS 3-min progressive knee-up and step, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio. BF Obesity, %BF ≥ 25% in men and ≥ 30% in women; Non-BF Obesity, %BF < 25% in men and %BF < 30% in women. a Adjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, relationship status, and other physical fitness measurements. * p < 0.05. Discussion In this study, the aim was to determine the relationship between health-related physical fitness and BF obesity risk by using bioelectrical impedance in Taiwanese adults. This study adopted a large-scale national cross-sectional design and was conducted with a national database. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between health-related physical fitness and BF obesity risk in all of the fitness measurements. Furthermore, in the worst fitness interval, it was most strongly associated with BF obesity risk in both sexes. We found that adults had lower cardiorespiratory fitness, which has a strong correlation with being BF obesity. Most of the past studies have used BMI as the standard for obesity; the past study indicated that changes in cardiorespiratory fitness will be affected as BMI increases [ 21 ]. The measurements of this study with the use of a more precise instrument via bioelectrical impedance is also consistent with previous studies. Generally, cardiopulmonary fitness is considered to be highly correlated with cardiovascular disease. Different studies [ 22 – 25 ] have documented an association between obesity and cardiovascular disease. This study is consistent with past studies, which demonstrated that the cardiovascular fitness, as tested via 3MPKS, can effectively predict the obesity risk, which was similar to previous studies. The results of this study showed that muscle strength and endurance are measured via grip strength, which is an important indicator of body fat and obesity. It is important to obese individuals who are recommended to perform resistance training 2–3 times a week [ 26 – 28 ] to maintain or increase muscle strength and to decrease body mass [ 27 , 29 ]. A past study indicated that after 16 weeks of resistant exercise intervention, elderly women with obesity had improved adiposity indices and increased muscle strength and functional ability [ 30 ]. Furthermore, muscular flexibility was confirmed to predict body fat obesity in both male and female participants. However, no past studies have been conducted on the relationship between muscular strength and flexibility and body fat obesity, and future research can determine whether muscle flexibility or strength can be solely used as a main indicator of obesity. In the present study, the data analysis was national and controlled for confounding factors to explore whether the independent variables and dependent variables are as effective as this study in predicting BF obesity, which was the strength of this study. However, there were still some limitations that need to be discussed. First, due to the fact that this study used a cross-sectional design, the lack of longitudinal data made it too difficult to infer causality relationships. Additionally, this study population included Taiwanese adults between the ages of 23 and 64 years, which cannot be estimated for other age groups or a variety of different demographic characteristics. Hence, we recommend that future studies adopt a longitudinal study design and recruit more different participants to understand this issue more comprehensively. Conclusions In summary, the purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between health-related physical fitness and BF obesity risk in Taiwanese adults. These results suggested that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and flexibility are associated with an increased risk of BF obesity. However, the mechanism by which physical fitness affects BF obesity is still unclear, and future studies can further investigate this issue. Abbreviations 3MPKS: 3-min of a progressive knee-up and step; BF: body fat; BF%: body fat percentage; BIA: bioelectrical impedance analysis; BMI: body mass index; CIs: confidence intervals; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HR: heart rate; NTD: New Taiwan dollar; OR: odds ratio; SPM: steps per minute; TSPFS: Taiwan Scientific Physical Fitness Survey. Declarations Acknowledgements This study is based in part on data from the National Physical Fitness Survey provided by the Sports Cloud: Information and Application Research Center of Sports for All, Sport Administration, Ministry of Education in Taiwan. The interpretation and conclusions contained herein do not represent those of Sport Administration, Ministry of Education in Taiwan. Authors’ contributions CTH and CCH participated in the design, conducted the statistical analyses, interpreted the data, and drafted the manuscript. CFL and PFL supervised the study, assisted in data interpretation, and critically reviewed the manuscript. SX and HFK helped in conducting the study and revising the manuscript. KYL, YJS, and WSCC helped to manage and analyze the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This study was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 109-2410-H-030-059). Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analyzed in the study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted with a secondary database provided by the Sports Cloud: Information and Application Research Center of Sports for All, Sport Administration, Ministry of Education in Taiwan. All consents obtained from the study participants were written prior the data collection. This study's design and analysis procedure was approved by the Ethical Committee of Fu Jen Catholic University (FJU-IRB C110113). Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight fact sheet. WHO Media centre 2016. Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Health Promotion Statistical Report. 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A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. 2016; 388(10051): 1302–10. Bonney E, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman B. Relationship between body mass index, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness among South African adolescent girls. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15(6): 1087. Lopes VP, Malina RM, Gomez-Campos R, Cossio-Bolaños M, Arruda MD, Hobold E. Body mass index and physical fitness in Brazilian adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019; 95(3): 358–65 Nichols S, O'Doherty AF, Taylor C, Clark AL, Carroll S, Ingle L. Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with low aerobic capacity and increased mortality risk in patients with coronary heart disease–a CARE CR study. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2019; 39(1): 93–102. Suni JH, Miilunpalo SI, Asikainen TM, Laukkanen RT, Oja P, Pasanen ME, et al. Safety and feasibility of a health-related fitness test battery for adults. Phys Ther. 1998; 78(2): 134–48. Lee PF, Ho CC, Yeh DP, Hung CT, Chang YC, Liu CC, et al. Cross-sectional associations of physical fitness performance level and sleep duration among older adults: Results from the national physical fitness survey in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(2): 388. Liao Y, Tsai HH, Wang HS, Ling CP, Wu MC, Chen JF. Traveling by private motorized vehicle and physical fitness in Taiwanese adults. Int J Behav Med. 2016; 23(4): 395–401. Liu CM, Lin KF. Estimation of VO2max: A comparative analysis of post-exercise heart rate and physical fitness index from 3-minute step test. JESF. 2007; 5: 118–23. Kim JY, Han SH, Yang BM. Implication of high-body- fat percentage on cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged, healthy, normal-weight adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21(8): 1571–7. Ross R, Katzmarzyk PT. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with diminished total and abdominal obesity independent of body mass index. Int J Obes (Lond). 2003; 27: 204–10. Apovian CM, Gokce N. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012; 125(9): 1178–82 Zalesin KC, Franklin BA, Miller WM, Peterson ED, McCullough PA. Impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008; 37(3): 663–84. Manrique-Acevedo C, Chinnakotla B, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA, Gozal D. Obesity and cardiovascular disease in women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020; 44(6): 1210–26. Dwivedi AK, Dubey P, Cistola DP, Reddy SY. Association between obesity and cardiovascular outcomes: updated evidence from meta-analysis studies. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020; 22(4): 25. Mitchell S, Shaw D. The worldwide epidemic of female obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015; 29(3): 289–99. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41(2): 459–71. Shaw KA, Gennat HC, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (4): CD003817. Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Church TS. The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014; 56(4): 441–7. de Oliveira Silva A, Dutra MT, de Moraes WM A M, Funghetto SS, de Farias DL, Dos Santos PHF, et al. Resistance training-induced gains in muscle strength, body composition, and functional capacity are attenuated in elderly women with sarcopenic obesity. Clin Interv Aging. 2018; 13: 411–7. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1513892","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":95865661,"identity":"e4c6ad5c-4774-44a9-93f9-0d6b9ab42ddb","order_by":0,"name":"Chang-Tsen Hung","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yuanpei University of Medical Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chang-Tsen","middleName":"","lastName":"Hung","suffix":""},{"id":95865662,"identity":"95fbc7c4-f58f-47e4-9265-c7023eca0d50","order_by":1,"name":"Chi-Fang Lin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Taiwan Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chi-Fang","middleName":"","lastName":"Lin","suffix":""},{"id":95865663,"identity":"6d01a876-4165-43b5-a199-4e841d00dcae","order_by":2,"name":"Po-Fu Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Ilan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Po-Fu","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":95865664,"identity":"047f520b-9069-4819-9ed4-8268c1d65669","order_by":3,"name":"Shu Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Massachusetts Boston","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shu","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":95865665,"identity":"d1fa866b-808d-4dcc-9e75-d0990584bf5f","order_by":4,"name":"Hsiao-Fang Kao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Minghsin University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hsiao-Fang","middleName":"","lastName":"Kao","suffix":""},{"id":95865666,"identity":"82bb26f1-9375-4894-90ad-af89977a2a3e","order_by":5,"name":"Kai-Yang Lo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sai Wan College, National Sun Yat-sen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kai-Yang","middleName":"","lastName":"Lo","suffix":""},{"id":95865667,"identity":"9fb6fd09-af90-42c8-92c6-7c4b21ace667","order_by":6,"name":"Yan-Jhu Su","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Massachusetts Boston","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yan-Jhu","middleName":"","lastName":"Su","suffix":""},{"id":95865668,"identity":"a3677b40-c5b2-462a-9bb1-c7cb6bf168e6","order_by":7,"name":"Wen-Sheng ChangChien","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"H2U Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wen-Sheng","middleName":"","lastName":"ChangChien","suffix":""},{"id":95865669,"identity":"31fbf5d1-e8f6-490b-b928-9b20bc7baeb9","order_by":8,"name":"Chien-Chang Ho","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIie3RMUvDQBTA8RcC6fIgawLiZzjpIij6QVweBOrSA8eOAcE43AfIpF/BLs4vHNjltGuhS12cHMyWSXwRMjj0WjfB+0/H8X4c3AMIhf5gyahadNSdAsRxCTPs78hPUnSUtWYiJCrBDYQ9JK9J5XVi5dgT2IOoFdEYcXmRVkL4wEI6mqq4vfEQ98oFHq91bXuCFnLzrqDxkQWRRVzrUkj8IUStpkIePYTp6BqTF30/vHK+i+S3NI7qhPXDQFS2g8gnT6A1hZ4LYcZLzNzbFT9/bieyyieg7kzfLW2zaczJYVoV883MbSc/4sjA9zJ5T9DX/WI2FAqF/k1fz5pcouVx/EcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Fu Jen Catholic University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chien-Chang","middleName":"","lastName":"Ho","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-04-01 14:29:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1513892/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1513892/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":20147899,"identity":"423df60a-f29d-461b-a9e5-23324ffbe21b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-04-09 11:44:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":507415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1513892/v1/fe2fbd0f-0c90-4d4b-ab91-405e83f2919d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Associations of health-related physical fitness with body fat distribution and obesity risk using bioelectrical impedance in Taiwanese adults","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eWorldwide, obesity has increased exponentially since 1975; in 2016, more than 1.9\u0026nbsp;billion adults (39%) were found to be overweight and over 650\u0026nbsp;million (13%) adults were found to be obese [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In Taiwan, according to the 2013\u0026ndash;2016 \"National Nutrition and Health Status Change Survey\", the prevalence of being overweight and obesity among adults was 45.4% (53.4% for men and 38.3% for women), and the prevalence had increased by nearly 10% compared to a decade ago [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Being overweight and obesity are defined as excess adiposity that impairs health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the increased risks of metabolic disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are associated with an increase in obesity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], thus leading to huge medical costs and a decline in the quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, body mass index (BMI) is used to easily define whether obesity is not (but BMI is) a crude measure that does not distinguish between fat and muscle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the normal BMI, it is still possible to have excess body fat, which is known as \"normal-weight obesity syndrome\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. A past study indicated that normal-weight obese adults are insulin-resistant, hyperinsulinaemic, and have type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as premature coronary heart disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, compared with normal weight lean individuals, normal weight obese individuals have a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome, cardiometabolic dysfunction, and death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome are thought to be related to healthy-related physical fitness such as cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. As such, numerous studies have shown that a high BMI and/or obesity are associated with poor physical fitness due to the higher body fat and lower skeletal muscle mass [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of public health, obesity and being overweight have become major concerns worldwide. Nevertheless, regarding body composition, it is important to have a more precise understanding of fat-to-muscle ratio. Hence, this study aimed adopt bioelectrical impedance measurements to test body fat percentage (BF%) and to determine the associations of health-related physical fitness with body fat (BF) distribution and BF obesity risk in Taiwanese adults.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants and study design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional data of this study were obtained from the 2017 Taiwan Scientific Physical Fitness Survey (TSPFS), which is an annual national survey that was conducted to examine the changes in the health-related physical fitness status of Taiwanese individuals. This survey was conducted by the Sports Administration, Ministry of Education in Taiwan. A convenience sampling scheme was performed, and the participants were recruited from 18 scientific physical fitness test stations. This survey included face-to-face interviews followed by a standardized structural questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and health-related physical fitness tests that were conducted by trained examiners and medical specialists (typically nurses or doctors). The health-related physical fitness tests were then conducted after pretest health screenings (screenings for health limitations affecting the eligibility for participation in health-related physical fitness tests), which included measures of the resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure. The participants then completed a modified Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Finally, 17,970 adult participants (7,907 men and 10,063 women) aged 23\u0026ndash;64 years were included in the present study. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan (FJU-IRB C110113).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants\u0026rsquo; sociodemographic characteristics, such as age, gender, education level, occupation condition, monthly income, marital status, and relationship status, were obtained via face-to-face interviews by using a structured questionnaire. The participants were divided into education levels of elementary school or lower, junior or senior school, and college or higher; in terms of occupation condition, participants were divided into currently employed, nonemployed, and other groups. Monthly income was categorized as ≦\u0026thinsp;20,000 New Taiwan dollar (NTD), 20,001\u0026ndash;40,000 NTD, and ≧\u0026thinsp;40,001 NTD. Marital status was categorized as never married, married, and divorced/separation/widowed. Furthermore, relationship status was categorized as living with someone and not living with someone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnthropometric index and BF% measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthropometric index and BF% measurements were performed before the health-related physical fitness tests. Anthropometric indices included body height and weight. During the anthropometric measurements, all of the participants had their shoes and heavy clothes removed and were instructed to stand erect with their abdomen relaxed, arms at their sides, and feet together. Body weight and height were recorded in metres to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively, with an electronic height-weight scale. BMI was calculated as body mass in kilograms divided by the square of height in metres (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). Following the height and weight measurements, the BF% of each participant was assessed via a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) by using three devices: 1) the Omron handheld impedance device (Omron model HBF-306, Hoffman Estates, IL) for bipolar arm-arm impedance, 2) the Tanita device (Tanita model TBF300A, Arlington Heights, IL) for bipolar leg-leg impedance, and 3) the InBody 770 (InBody Model 770, Cerritos, CA). These anthropometric index and body fat measurements were conducted by well-trained examiners who attended a regional training seminar and who passed a certification test on standardized procedures, which have been reported in previous studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Measurements with all of the devices were performed in accordance with the manufacturers\u0026rsquo; instructions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDefinitions of BF obesity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBF obesity was classified according to the cut-off BF% points classification by gender for Taiwanese adults, which was adopted as suggested by the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan. The BF% value was calculated as \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25% for men and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30% for women, which was considered the classification of BF obesity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHealth-related physical fitness measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the health-related physical fitness status of adults, we assessed three main components of health-related physical fitness based on three measurements: cardiorespiratory fitness (3-min progressive knee-up and step [3MPKS] test), muscular fitness (hand grip strength test), and flexibility (sit-and-reach test). Measurements and the abovementioned data were recorded by well-trained examiners who had attended an official training seminar and who had passed a certification test on standardized procedures. The details of the 3MPKS, hand grip strength, and sit-and-reach tests were strictly performed according to the Scientific Physical Fitness Test manual, as described in the following statement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3MPKS test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiorespiratory fitness was measured as VO2max (ml\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026middot;min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) by using the 3MPKS test. Before the performance of the 3MPKS test, the participant was required to wear a Hear Rate Monitor with a chest strap to monitor his or her HR during exercise testing. While wearing the HR monitor, the participants stood while the midway point between their patella and iliac crest was measured as the target height for lifting the knees and was marked by coloured tape. Once the test was initiated, the participant was asked to match a rhythm produced by an electronic metronome while stepping in place and raising the knee to the marked height with each step. The 3MPKS test started with 96 steps per minute (SPM), and the rate was increased by 24 SPM every 1 minute. If the participant was unable to maintain the rhythm, he or she could run instead of walking for up to 3 minutes. If the participant was unable to lift the knees to the required height or if they could not follow the rhythm for 30 seconds, then the test session was terminated, and the results were eliminated from the analysis. For safety concerns, the participant had to maintain the step rate at 80 SPM for a cool-down period of 30 seconds before resting in a standing position. The recorded data contained the HR at the beginning of exercise testing (HR0); at the first (HR1), second (HR2), and third minutes (HR3) during the exercise testing; and at the first minute post-exercise testing (HR4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHand grip strength\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscular fitness was measured as the maximal isometric hand grip strength (kg) by using a digital hand dynamometer (T.K.K.5401 Grip-D, Takei, Japan). Participants were asked to stay in a standing position and to keep one arm straight and parallel to the body. They were requested to hold the dynamometer with their dominant hand and to squeeze the handle as hard as possible for 3 seconds. The test was performed twice, and the average value was used for the data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSit-and-reach test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe flexibility was measured as low back and hamstring flexibility (cm) by using a sit-and-reach test. From a seated position with the feet placed flat against a prepared box with a zero point at -25 cm with respect to the feet, participants had to gradually push a ruler on the box while trying to reach as far forward as possible and while always keeping their knees straight. Bouncing movements were not allowed. The test was performed twice, and the best result was used for the data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe content and the process of the health-related physical fitness measurements were explained to the participants, and they had 10 minutes to warm up so that their optimum performance could be achieved. All of the participants were assessed in the following order with sufficient rest (3 to 5 minutes) between measurements: hand grip strength, sit-and-reach test, and 3MPKS test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analysed via SAS statistical software (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC). Differences in demographic characteristics, anthropometric variables, and HRPF measurements between the with/without BF obesity group were analysed by using Student's \u003cem\u003et test\u003c/em\u003e or chi-square tests. A multiple linear regression analysis with BF% as the dependent variable was used to examine the associations between HRPF measurements and BF% after adjustments for potential confounders, such as age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and relationship status. To examine the risk relationship of HRPF measurements with BF% and BF obesity status, two different categories (50th percentiles) were applied for each HRPF measurement according to gender. The low quartile was composed of participants who had the best performances in each HRPF measurement, and it was assigned as the reference group for further analysis. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the linear associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and flexibility with BF obesity risks. All of the regression models were adjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, relationship status, and other HRPF measurements. Afterwards, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All of the data are expressed as the means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation or frequency (percentage). The significance level adopted to reject the null hypothesis was \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn total, 7,907 men and 10,063 women were included in this study. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e lists the demographic characteristics of the study participants as classified by their BF obesity status. A total of 3,389 men and 5,136 women had BF obesity, whereas 4,518 men and 4,927 women had non-BF obesity. Both sexes in the BF obesity group were older and had higher BMI, WC, HC, and WHR values. Significant differences were found in education, currently employed status, income level status, marital status, and relationship status among both the men and women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the study participants with or without body fat obesity in Taiwanese adults\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMen (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7,907)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWomen (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10,063)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF Obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3,389)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-BF obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4,518)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF Obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5,136)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-BF obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4,927)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54/17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWC (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHC (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWHR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFM (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFFM (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%BF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary school or lower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior or senior high school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege or higher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrently employed (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome level (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≦\u0026thinsp;20,000 NTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,001\u0026ndash;40,000 NTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;40,001 NTD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced/separation/widowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelationship status (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving with someone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot living with someone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eBF body fat, BMI body mass index, HC hip circumference, FFM free fat mass, FM fat mass, NTD New Taiwan Dolloar, SD standard deviation, WC waist circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eBF Obesity, %BF\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25% in men and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30% in women; Non-BF Obesity, %BF\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25% in men and %BF\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30% in women.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eValues expressed as the means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD or percentage (%).\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the comparison of BF obesity status differences by various health-related physical fitness measurements among adults in Taiwan. The results indicated that the non-BF obesity group had significantly higher results for all of the physical fitness tests among both men and women.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScientific physical fitness measurements with or without body fat obesity in Taiwanese adults\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMen (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7,907)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWomen (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10,063)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF Obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3,389)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-BF obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4,518)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF Obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5,136)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-BF obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4,927)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3MPKS (ml/kg/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrip strength (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSit-and-reach test (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e3MPKS 3-min progressive knee-up and step, BF body fat, SD standard deviation.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eBF Obesity, %BF\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25% in men and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30% in women; Non-BF Obesity, %BF\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25% in men and %BF\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30% in women.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eValues are expressed as the means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the regression coefficients for predicting BF% by using different health-related physical fitness measurements. The results indicated that there was a negative relationship between BF% and health-related physical fitness measurements (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) without the sit-and-reach test in women. In men, adjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and other physical fitness measurements, the power was decreased in the 3MPKS (\u0026beta; = -1.565) and sit-and-reach tests (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027) and increased in the grip strength test (\u0026beta; = -0.104). However, in women, after adjusting for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and other physical fitness measurements, the power was decreased in 3MPKS (\u0026beta; = -1.538) and grip strength (\u0026beta; = -0.066) tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression coefficients for predicting body fat percentage using different physical fitness measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 1 (unadjusted)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 2 (adjusted\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3MPKS (ml/kg/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrip strength (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSit-and-reach test (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3MPKS (ml/kg/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrip strength (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSit-and-reach test (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e3MPKS 3-min progressive knee-up and step, SE standard error, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e regression coefficient.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eAdjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, relationship status, and other physical fitness measurements.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the regression coefficients for predicting the BF% of health-related physical fitness measurements. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between BF% and health-related physical fitness measurements (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In men, after adjusting for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and other physical fitness measurements, the power significantly increased with the 3MPKS (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.314) and sit-and-reach tests (\u0026beta; = -0.394) and decreased with the grip strength test (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.071). However, in women, after adjusting for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, and other health-related physical fitness measurements, the power significantly increased with 3MPKS (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.038) and grip strength tests (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.859) and decreased in the sit-and-reach test (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.337).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression coefficients for predicting body fat percentage using 50th percentiles of physical fitness measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 1 (unadjusted)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 2 (adjusted\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3MPKS (ml/kg/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;41.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;41.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrip strength (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;42.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;42.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSit-and-reach test (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;21.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;21.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3MPKS (ml/kg/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;34.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;34.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrip strength (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;25.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSit-and-reach test (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;27.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;27.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e3MPKS 3-min progressive knee-up and step, SE standard error, \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e regression coefficient.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eAdjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, relationship status, and other physical fitness measurements.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents the multivariate-adjusted ORs for BF obesity in relation to the 50th percentiles of health-related physical fitness measurements after adjustments for potential confounders. Via a 3MPKS test result of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;41.65 as the baseline, participants with 3-min step test results\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;41.65 exhibited the highest risk of BF obesity (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26.554; 95% CI: 22.718\u0026ndash;31.038) among men. However, there was a significant relationship between the 3MPKS test results and BF obesity in women when using\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;34.42 as the baseline in Model 2. When a grip strength test score of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;42.00 was set as the baseline, male participants with grip strength test scores of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;42.00 had the highest risk of BF obesity (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.682; 95% CI: 1.503\u0026ndash;1.883) after adjustments. However, for women, scores of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25.40 demonstrated a significant relationship between the grip strength test results and a risk of BF obesity (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.234; 95% CI: 1.119\u0026ndash;1.360) when a grip strength test score of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;25.40 was used as the baseline. By using a sit-and-reach test score of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;29.00 as the baseline, male participants with scores of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;21.00 had no significant relationship with BF obesity (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.911; 95% CI: 0.815\u0026ndash;1.019) after adjustments. For women, when a sit-and-reach test score of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;27.00 was set as the baseline, participants with scores of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;27.00 had the highest risk of BF obesity (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.142; 95% CI: 1.037\u0026ndash;1.258) after adjustments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab5\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate adjusted ORs for BF obesity in relation to 50th percentiles of physical fitness measurements after adjustment for potential confounders.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 1 (unadjusted)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel 2 (adjusted\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3MPKS (ml/kg/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;41.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.435\u0026ndash;11.711\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.718\u0026ndash;31.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;41.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrip strength (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;42.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.568\u0026ndash;1.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.503\u0026ndash;1.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;42.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSit-and-reach test (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;21.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.760\u0026ndash;0.939\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0002*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.815\u0026ndash;1.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;21.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWomen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3MPKS (ml/kg/min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;34.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.406\u0026ndash;11.315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.544\u0026ndash;29.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;34.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrip strength (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.024\u0026ndash;1.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.119\u0026ndash;1.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;25.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSit-and-reach test (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;27.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.047\u0026ndash;1.259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.037\u0026ndash;1.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e≧\u0026thinsp;27.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e3MPKS 3-min progressive knee-up and step, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eBF Obesity, %BF\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25% in men and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30% in women; Non-BF Obesity, %BF\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25% in men and %BF\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30% in women.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eAdjusted for age, education, occupation, monthly income, marital status, relationship status, and other physical fitness measurements.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the aim was to determine the relationship between health-related physical fitness and BF obesity risk by using bioelectrical impedance in Taiwanese adults. This study adopted a large-scale national cross-sectional design and was conducted with a national database. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between health-related physical fitness and BF obesity risk in all of the fitness measurements. Furthermore, in the worst fitness interval, it was most strongly associated with BF obesity risk in both sexes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found that adults had lower cardiorespiratory fitness, which has a strong correlation with being BF obesity. Most of the past studies have used BMI as the standard for obesity; the past study indicated that changes in cardiorespiratory fitness will be affected as BMI increases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The measurements of this study with the use of a more precise instrument via bioelectrical impedance is also consistent with previous studies. Generally, cardiopulmonary fitness is considered to be highly correlated with cardiovascular disease. Different studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23 CR24\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] have documented an association between obesity and cardiovascular disease. This study is consistent with past studies, which demonstrated that the cardiovascular fitness, as tested via 3MPKS, can effectively predict the obesity risk, which was similar to previous studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study showed that muscle strength and endurance are measured via grip strength, which is an important indicator of body fat and obesity. It is important to obese individuals who are recommended to perform resistance training 2\u0026ndash;3 times a week [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR27\" citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] to maintain or increase muscle strength and to decrease body mass [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. A past study indicated that after 16 weeks of resistant exercise intervention, elderly women with obesity had improved adiposity indices and increased muscle strength and functional ability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, muscular flexibility was confirmed to predict body fat obesity in both male and female participants. However, no past studies have been conducted on the relationship between muscular strength and flexibility and body fat obesity, and future research can determine whether muscle flexibility or strength can be solely used as a main indicator of obesity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the data analysis was national and controlled for confounding factors to explore whether the independent variables and dependent variables are as effective as this study in predicting BF obesity, which was the strength of this study. However, there were still some limitations that need to be discussed. First, due to the fact that this study used a cross-sectional design, the lack of longitudinal data made it too difficult to infer causality relationships. Additionally, this study population included Taiwanese adults between the ages of 23 and 64 years, which cannot be estimated for other age groups or a variety of different demographic characteristics. Hence, we recommend that future studies adopt a longitudinal study design and recruit more different participants to understand this issue more comprehensively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between health-related physical fitness and BF obesity risk in Taiwanese adults. These results suggested that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and flexibility are associated with an increased risk of BF obesity. However, the mechanism by which physical fitness affects BF obesity is still unclear, and future studies can further investigate this issue.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e3MPKS: 3-min of a progressive knee-up and step; BF: body fat; BF%: body fat percentage; BIA: bioelectrical impedance analysis; BMI: body mass index; CIs: confidence intervals; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HR: heart rate; NTD: New Taiwan dollar; OR: odds ratio; SPM: steps per minute; TSPFS: Taiwan Scientific Physical Fitness Survey.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is based in part on data from the National Physical Fitness Survey provided by the Sports Cloud: Information and Application Research Center of Sports for All, Sport Administration, Ministry of Education in Taiwan. The interpretation and conclusions contained herein do not represent those of Sport Administration, Ministry of Education in Taiwan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCTH and CCH participated in the design, conducted the statistical analyses, interpreted the data, and drafted the manuscript. CFL and PFL supervised the study, assisted in data interpretation, and critically reviewed the manuscript. SX and HFK helped in conducting the study and revising the manuscript. KYL, YJS, and WSCC helped to manage and analyze the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 109-2410-H-030-059).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed in the study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted with a secondary database provided by the Sports Cloud: Information and Application Research Center of Sports for All, Sport Administration, Ministry of Education in Taiwan. All consents obtained from the study participants were written prior the data collection. This study\u0026apos;s design and analysis procedure was approved by the Ethical Committee of Fu Jen Catholic University (FJU-IRB C110113).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. Obesity and overweight fact sheet. WHO Media centre 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHealth Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Health Promotion Statistical Report. 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J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019; 95(3): 358\u0026ndash;65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNichols S, O'Doherty AF, Taylor C, Clark AL, Carroll S, Ingle L. Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with low aerobic capacity and increased mortality risk in patients with coronary heart disease\u0026ndash;a CARE CR study. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2019; 39(1): 93\u0026ndash;102.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuni JH, Miilunpalo SI, Asikainen TM, Laukkanen RT, Oja P, Pasanen ME, et al. Safety and feasibility of a health-related fitness test battery for adults. Phys Ther. 1998; 78(2): 134\u0026ndash;48.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLee PF, Ho CC, Yeh DP, Hung CT, Chang YC, Liu CC, et al. Cross-sectional associations of physical fitness performance level and sleep duration among older adults: Results from the national physical fitness survey in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(2): 388.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiao Y, Tsai HH, Wang HS, Ling CP, Wu MC, Chen JF. Traveling by private motorized vehicle and physical fitness in Taiwanese adults. Int J Behav Med. 2016; 23(4): 395\u0026ndash;401.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu CM, Lin KF. Estimation of VO2max: A comparative analysis of post-exercise heart rate and physical fitness index from 3-minute step test. JESF. 2007; 5: 118\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKim JY, Han SH, Yang BM. Implication of high-body- fat percentage on cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged, healthy, normal-weight adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21(8): 1571\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoss R, Katzmarzyk PT. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with diminished total and abdominal obesity independent of body mass index. Int J Obes (Lond). 2003; 27: 204\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eApovian CM, Gokce N. Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012; 125(9): 1178\u0026ndash;82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZalesin KC, Franklin BA, Miller WM, Peterson ED, McCullough PA. Impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008; 37(3): 663\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManrique-Acevedo C, Chinnakotla B, Padilla J, Martinez-Lemus LA, Gozal D. Obesity and cardiovascular disease in women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020; 44(6): 1210\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDwivedi AK, Dubey P, Cistola DP, Reddy SY. Association between obesity and cardiovascular outcomes: updated evidence from meta-analysis studies. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020; 22(4): 25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMitchell S, Shaw D. The worldwide epidemic of female obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015; 29(3): 289\u0026ndash;99.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDonnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41(2): 459\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShaw KA, Gennat HC, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (4): CD003817.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSwift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Church TS. The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014; 56(4): 441\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ede Oliveira Silva A, Dutra MT, de Moraes WM A M, Funghetto SS, de Farias DL, Dos Santos PHF, et al. Resistance training-induced gains in muscle strength, body composition, and functional capacity are attenuated in elderly women with sarcopenic obesity. Clin Interv Aging. 2018; 13: 411\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"physical fitness, body fat, adiposity, adults","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1513892/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1513892/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eIn terms of public health, obesity and being overweight have become major concerns worldwide. Nevertheless, regarding body composition, it is important to have a more precise understanding of fat-to-muscle ratio. Hence, this study aimed to adopt bioelectrical impedance measurements to test body fat percentage (BF%) and to determine the associations of health-related physical fitness with body fat (BF) distribution and BF obesity risk in Taiwanese adults.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eWe conducted a cross-sectional study and reviewed the data derived from Taiwan’s Scientific Physical Fitness Survey. From the database, responses from 17,970 participants aged 23-64 years were collected in this study. Each participant completed a series of health-related physical fitness measurements, including cardiorespiratory fitness (3-min of a progressive knee-up and step [3MPKS] test), muscular fitness (hand grip strength), and flexibility (sit-and-reach test). The BF% of each participant was assessed by using the bioelectrical impedance analysis method. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eBF% was negatively associated with low performance on the 3MPKS \u003cem\u003e(β\u003c/em\u003e = 11.314, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001 for men; \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e = 12.308, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001 for women), hand grip strength (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e = 2.071, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001 for men; \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e = 0.859, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001 for women), and sit-and-reach (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e = 0.337, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e= 0.008 for women) tests but was positively associated with sit-and-reach (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e = -0.394, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e= 0.004 for men). The risk of BF obesity for the low performance of 3MPKS (odds ratio [OR] = 26.554, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.0001 for men; OR = 25.808, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.0001 for women), hand grip strength (OR = 1.682, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.0001 for men; OR = 1.234, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.0001 for women), and sit-and-reach (OR = 1.142, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.007 for women) tests was observed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e These results suggested that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and flexibility are associated with an increased risk of BF obesity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Associations of health-related physical fitness with body fat distribution and obesity risk using bioelectrical impedance in Taiwanese adults","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-04-06 16:13:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1513892/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"718bfb65-34e4-482e-81da-0cb98edb65f1","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 6th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-04-09T11:44:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-04-06 16:13:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1513892","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1513892","identity":"rs-1513892","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}