Pattern and Outcome of Abdominal Injury Patients Admitted in AaBET Hosital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020/2021

Pattern and Outcome of Abdominal Injury Patients Admitted in AaBET Hosital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020/2021 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Pattern and Outcome of Abdominal Injury Patients Admitted in AaBET Hosital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020/2021 Matebe Muche, Sofia Kebede, Mebrat Michael, Habtamu Andualem, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2527161/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Abdominal trauma is a major public health problem for all nations and all socioeconomic strata and associated with high morbidity and mortality in the world. Abdominal injury is classified as blunt and penetrating trauma. The main problems for inadequate treatment outcome are misdiagnosis and delayed arrival of patients to health institutions. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the pattern and outcome of abdominal trauma in AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March 2021 to April 2021. Method: Institutional based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among abdominal trauma patients admitted in AaBET hospital emergency department from January 2018 to January 2021. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured checklist from patient`s chart review. The data was checked for its’ completeness and entered into Epi data version 3.1 then exported to SPSS version 25 software for analysis. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to describe frequency distribution and associations between independent variables respectively. Result Penetrating abdominal injury 58.9% was the greatest proportion of mechanism of abdominal injury. Stab injury 40(55.56%) was the major cause of penetrating injury. Road traffic accident 24(47.1%) was the commonest cause of blunt abdominal trauma. Bowel 41(62.1%) was the highly injured hollow viscous organ in penetrating abdominal trauma and liver 7(38.9%) was the commonest injured solid organ in blunt abdominal trauma. Conclusion Among 124 abdominally injured patient 10(8.1%) died. GCS < 9, post-operative hemodynamic complication, past medical history of illness and bowel evisceration were significantly associated with mortality. Abdominal trauma patterns outcome AaBET Hospital Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Trauma or injury is defined as damage to the body caused by an exchange with environmental energy exceeding the body's resistance. It remains the leading cause of death for all people of all productive ages [ 1 ]. The mechanism of injury can be blunt or penetrating [ 3 ] and abdominal injury can also be intentional or unintentional (accidental) [ 4 ]. Abdominal visceral injury was defined as injury to the spleen, liver, stomach, intestine, mesentery, pancreas, or kidney [ 5 ]. Abdominal blunt trauma is a direct blow, such as contact with the bottom edge of a steering wheel or a forced door in a car accident, which can cause compression and crush injury to the internal organs of the abdomen. Such forces can deform solid and hollow organs and can cause rupture, with secondary hemorrhage, contamination by visceral contents, and associated peritonitis and head, spine, chest, genitourinary and musculoskeletal injuries. Penetrating abdominal trauma includes stab wounds and low-velocity gunshot wounds cause tissue damage by lacerating and cutting [ 2 , 6 ] The incidence of abdominal injuries in North Africa has been estimated at 9%[ 7 , 8 ].In South Africa penetrating abdominal trauma accounts for 90.2% and blunt abdominal accounts for 9.8% [ 9 ],while in Uganda, blunt abdominal injury was the common injury mechanism accounts for 85.7% 4 and with males than females, affected 92.5% and 7.5% respectively[ 10 ]. A survey conducted at Dilchora Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia found 3.14% out of 382 trauma patients had abdominal injuries.[ 11 ]. The proportion of abdominal trauma in Arbaminch, and Dilla was 15.4% 11.44% respectively [ 12 , 13 ]. In Tikur Anbesa, Addis Ababa, of 328 patients screened for abdominal surgical emergency12.5% had penetrating abdominal injuries and 9.4% had a blunt abdominal injury [ 14 ], and the study done at St. Paul hospital showed 62% of abdominal injuries requiring laparotomy were penetrating injuries and 38% were blunt abdominal injuries [ 15 ]. Abdominal trauma was treated surgically in some patients and conservatively (no-surgically) in oters[ 3 , 4 ]. Abdominal trauma is common and often associated with other injuries. Tenderness, guarding, and rigidity are the best physical signs, but initially there may be no evidence of the presence abdominal injury. Sudden collapse that occurring immediately after resuscitation may be the first sign of severe intra-abdominal hemorrhage [ 4 ]. Methods And Materials Study Area, Design, and Period A quantitative retrospective cross-sectional institutional based retrospective was conducted in AaBET hospital from March 2021 to Aprils 2021G.C in Addis Ababa. The hospital has four main departments; Emergency Medicine and Intensive care, Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Orthopedic & Traumatology and Neurosurgery. The hospital has a total of 158 beds and 34 emergency beds and 106 emergency room staff nurses, 11emergency medicine and critical care physicians, 3general surgeon, 6 neurosurgeon, 8 orthopedic surgeon, 5 plastic and reconstructive surgeons, 15 anesthetists in the emergency room. This hospital is currently working on improving its emergency, critical care service, training, and research [ 19 ]. Source population All patients with abdominal trauma admitted to AaBET hospital from January 2018 to January 2021 Study Population All systematically selected abdominal injury patients admitted to AaBET hospital from January 2018 to January 2021. Eligibility criteria Inclusion Criteria were emergency patients with a history of abdominal trauma at AaBET hospital from January 2018 to January 2021, while excluding all deaths before or upon emergency arrival and those who did not have complete documentation. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure The sample size was calculated by using 15.4% proportion (P) of abdominal injury, a confidence level of 95% (1.96), and 5% margin of error (d) based on the study conducted on assessment of prevalence of abdominal trauma and associated factors in Arbaminch general hospital, Arbaminch, Gamo Gofa zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. Based on this assumption the sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula: n= [(Zɑ/2)² *P (1-P)] /d² Where; n = estimated sample size Zα/2 = is a standard normal value which corresponds 95% of confidence level = 1.96 p = estimated prevalence of abdominal injuries is (0.154). d = tolerable sampling error = 0.05. After substitution the estimated sample size yields 200.I used correction formula because of the source population was less than 10,000 which was 260 for three years of data. 200× 260 /460 = 113, then I used 10% of nonresponse rate for missed and incomplete charts 113x10% +113 = 11.3 + 113 = 124 Sampling Procedure Patients` cards were screened from charts and a systematic random sampling method was applied. From January 2018 to January 2021it was reported to have total of 260 Patients with abdominal trauma. A patient card was selected for each K value calculated from the population and sample size. K = source population/sample size K = 260/124 = 2.1. Patient card selection was made every 2 out of 260 charts. Out of 260 cards, the first card was drawn from the first 2 patient documents ordered, then the remaining cards was selected every 2 patient card intervals. Data Collection Methods Data were collected using a structured checklist prepared for secondary data review. This tool includes socio- demographic characteristics, pattern of abdominal injury and patient status at discharge. Supervisors and data collectors were selected. Supervisors followed the data collection procedure, and all data collectors and supervisors met regularly with principal investigators at the end of each day of data collection period. In general, the principal investigators and supervisors closely monitored the data collection process. Data Quality Control Data quality was maintained through careful design of the checklist and relevant changes were pre-tested at Black Lion hospital using a 5% sample size. Data collectors and supervisors received necessary introductions and guidance on checklists. The checklist was checked for the completeness immediately after data collection. Operational Definition Patterns It refers to characteristics of abdominal trauma with respect to type, mechanism, affected abdominal organs, associated extra abdominal trauma and treatment of abdominal trauma patients included in the study [ 17 ]. Intent of injury mechanism by which damage is caused intentional or unintentional [ 20 ]. Mechanism of injury refers to the way damage occurs in skin, muscles, organs and bones [ 21 ]. Penetrating Abdominal Trauma it occurs when a foreign body penetrates the skin and either lodges in the tissue or passes through the tissues and creating a wound [ 22 ]. Blunt Abdominal Trauma Injuries resulting from an impact with a dull hard surfaces or blunt objects [ 23 ]. Patient's outcomes the patient condition at discharge is either died or alive [ 17 ]. Data Processing And Analysis Procedure The collected data were coded and entered into Epi Data Version 3.1 and cleaned. The cleaned data set were exported to SPSS Version 25 software for analysis. Sociodemographic factors, injury patterns and other independent variables influencing patient outcome were calculated using relevant descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage for categorical variables and median and IQR for continuous variables). Logistic regression was performed to check the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables. Bivariate analysis was performed at the 25% significance level to exclude potentially important significant independent variables. 95% confidence interval was used for multivariate Logistic regression and variables with p-value ≤ 0.05 were considered as statistically significant with the outcome variable. Tables and graphs were created to display the data. Results Socio-demographic characteristics A total of 124 patient documents were viewed during the study period, with the response rate of 98.4%. Of these, 103(83.1%) were male. The highest frequency of injuries was in the age group 30–39 years, with 40 patients (32.3%). A high proportion of victims, 47.6% and 41.1% respectively, were from Oromia and Addis Ababa (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio demographic characteristics of abdominal trauma patients admitted at AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table 1 ). Variables Category Frequency Percentage (%) Sex Male 103 83.1 Female 21 16.9 Age < 20 13 10.5 20–29 37 29.8 30–39 40 32.3 40–49 19 15.3 50–59 6 4.8 ≥ 60 9 7.3 Address Addis Ababa 51 41.1 Oromia 59 47.6 Amhara 7 5.6 SNNP 4 3.2 Others 3 2.4 Pattern of abdominal injury The most common mechanism of abdominal trauma was penetrating abdominal trauma 73(58.9%), usually caused by stab injury 40(55.56%) and gunshot injury 28(38.89%). Road traffic accident (RTA) and accidental fall were the predominant cause of blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) accounted 24(47.1%) and 16(31.4%) respectively. Three-quarter (75%) of patients were taken to hospital by ambulance. More than half 64(51.6%) of patients were admitted during the day time and 60(48.4%) at night time. Seventy two (58.1%) of the patients had GCS of 13–15 followed by 36(29%) 9–12 and 16(12.9%) < 9. Road 52(41.9%), home 26(21%) and village 24(19.4%) were the places where abdominal traumas frequently occurred. The greatest proportion of abdominal injuries were occurred intentionally 79(63.7%). Patients who took alcohol during injury were small in number 15(12.1%). Almost all patients 117(94.4%) had abdominal pain. Only 12.1% patients had history of past illness (Table 2 ). Table 2 pattern of abdominal trauma patients AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table 2 ). Variables Category Frequency Percentage (%) Mode of arrival Ambulance 93 75 Foot 3 2.4 Private car 16 12.9 Carried 6 4.8 Public taxi 5 4 Others 1 0.8 Glasgow coma scale Mild(13–15) 72 58.1 Moderate(9–12) 36 29 Severe(< 9) 16 12.9 Place of injury Work place 19 15.3 Road 52 41.9 Home 26 21 Village 24 19.4 Farm 3 2.4 Road traffic accident Passenger 9 7.3 Pedestrian 10 8.1 Driver, motor cyclist. 5 4.1 Intent of injury Intentional 79 63.7 Unintentional 45 36.3 Mechanism of injury Blunt 73 58.9 Penetrating 51 41.1 Clinical presentation Abdominal pain 117 94.4 Abdominal distention 21 16.9 Hypotension(SBP 100) 60 48.4 Hematuria 6 4.8 Bowel evisceration 32 25.8 Vomiting 6 4.8 Bleeding from wound site 20 16.1 Other sign and symptoms 14 11.3 This study shows that most common causes of abdominal trauma were stab with knife (32.26%), bullet injury (22.58%), and RTA (19.35%), with sport accident and machete injuries being the least common (0.81%) (Fig. 1). Diagnosis and treatment outcome of abdominal trauma Out of 124 abdominal trauma patients 121(97.6%) had FAST examination and from those 72(58.1%) were positive for hemoperitoneum. Half of the patients 62(50%) had pre-hospital treatment. Majority of the patients 84(67.7%) were managed by operative method and the commonest reason of operative management was hemodynamic instability 28(33.3%). Liver injury 7(38.9%) was the most common intraoperative finding of blunt abdominal trauma and bowel injury 41(62.1%) was the most common intra operative finding of penetrating abdominal injury. Of the intraoperative procedure bowel repair 42(50%) and liver laceration repair 13(15.48%) were greater in number. From a total of admitted patients 114(91.9%) were discharged with alive and 10(8.1%) of the patients died (Table 3 ). Table 3 Diagnosis and treatment outcome of abdominal trauma patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table 3 ). Variables Category Frequency Percentage (%) FAST Positive 72 58.1 Negative 49 39.5 Not Done 3 2.4 Pre-hospital treatment Yes 62 50 No 62 50 Management Type Conservative 40 32.3 Operative 84 67.7 Patient outcomes Discharged with alive 114 91.9 Died 10 8.1 This study showed that most common reasons surgical treatment of abdominal trauma patients were hemodynamic instability (33.3%) and Peritonitis (19.0%), with evisceration being the least common (5.6%) (Table 4 ). Table 4 Reason of intraoperative management of abdominal injury patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table 4 ). Variables Frequency Percentage (%) Hemodynamic instability 28 33.3 Peritonitis 16 19.0 Peritoneal breaching local wound exploration 8 9.5 Evisceration 7 5.6 Failed conservative management 16 8.3 Others 9 10.7 According to this study, bowel repair(50%) was the most common intraoperative procedure in patient with abdominal trauma, and colostomy and primary anastomosis were the least(2.38%) (Fig. 2). Other factors affecting treatment outcome of abdominal trauma Fifty eight (46.8%) of the patients had associated extra abdominal injury. Head was the commonest region 31(53.4%) of extra abdominal injury followed by thoracic region 24(41.4%). Out of 124 patients 49 (39.5%) of them presented to the hospital within 7 hours after injury. From 84(67.7%) operatively managed patients 53(42.7%) of patients developed post-operative complications. Hemodynamic 23(43.4%) and respiratory 22(41.5%) complications were the most common postoperative complications. Almost three quarter of the patients (73.39%) stayed at the hospital for ≥ 7days (Table 5 ). Table 5 Associated extra abdominal injuries of abdominal trauma patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table 5 ). Variables Frequency Percentage (%) Extremity injury 12 20.7 Head injury 31 53.4 Thoracic injury 24 41.4 Genitourinary 13 22.4 Spinal injury 4 6.9 Pelvis injury 8 13.8 Maxillofacial injury 3 5.2 Other extra abdominal injury 1 1.7 According to this study, time from abdominal trauma to hospital admission < 7 hours was the most frequent visit (39.52%) and 19–24 hours was the least frequent visit time (13.71%) (Fig. 3). According to this study the most common post-operative complications were hemodynamic complication (43.4%), respiratory complication (41.5%), surgical site infection (35.8%) and peritonitis (32.1%). On the other hand other postoperative complication (1.9%) and paralytic ileus (9.4%) had the fewest post-operative complications (Table 6 ). Table 6 Postoperative complications of abdominal trauma patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table 6 ). Variables Frequency Percentage (%) Surgical site infection 19 35.8 Intra-abdominal collection 6 11.3 Peritonitis 17 32.1 Paralytic ileus 5 9.4 Respiratory complication 22 41.5 Hemodynamic complication 23 43.4 Other postoperative complication 1 1.9 This study shows that most patients (73.39%).had a hospital stay of one week or more. On the other hand, 12.90% of patients were discharged within three days (Fig. 4). Factors associated to outcome of abdominal trauma This study included 124 patients, 114(91.9%) were discharged with alive and 10(8.1% died. In this study the constants were coded for 1 as protective effect for GCS, time of admission and duration of time from injury to presentation to the hospital and for 2 as protective effect for past medical illness, postoperative complication, hemodynamic complication and bowel evisceration variables. At bivariate analysis such as time of admission, GCS < 9, bowel evisceration, past medical history of illness, postoperative complication, hemodynamic complications, and duration of time from injury to presentation to the hospital for 19–24 hours had p-value of 0.25 and included to multivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis variables such as GCS < 9 is 14 times more likely to cause death, AOR: 13.6(95%CI: 3.68, 24.45), bowel evisceration was 17 times more likely to cause death, AOR: 16.66(95%CI: 1.53, 18.18), past history of medical illness was 22 times more likely to cause death, AOR: 22.02(95%CI: 1.24, 39.58), hemodynamic complication 17 times more likely to cause death, AOR: 17.11(95%CI: 1.93, 31.34). The above four variables were significantly associated with treatment outcome of abdominal trauma at the p-value of ≤ 0.05 with 95% CI (Table 7 ). Table 7 Bi-variable and multivariable analysis of factors associated with treatment outcome of abdominal trauma at AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021 (Table 7 ). Variables Categories Alive Died COR(95% CI) AOR(95% CI) P-value Time of admission Day 57 7 Ref Night 57 3 0.43(0.11–1.74) 1.45(0.16–13.5) 0.742 GCS Mild 71 1 Ref Moderate 33 3 4.46(0.65–64.4) 21.7(0.84–56.53) 0.064 Sever 10 6 14.6(4.64–19.5) 13.62(3.7-24.43) 0.008 * Bowel evisceration Yes 25 7 8.3(2-34.5) 16.66(1.5-18.18) 0.021 * No 89 3 Ref Past medical illness Yes 10 5 10.4(2.57–42.1) 22(1.24–39.6) 0.035 * No 104 5 Ref Post-operative complication Yes 46 7 3.45(0.85-14.0) 0.64(0.06–7.37) 0.718 * No 68 3 Ref Hemodynamic complication Yes 26 7 7.9(1.91–32.72) 17.1(1.93–31.34 ) 0.050 * No 88 3 Ref Injury to hospital presentation time 24hrs 17 2 1.82(0.27–12.5) 0.39(0.02–10.2) 0.752 * P-value is significant at p ≤ 0.05, Ref = Reference Discussion Abdominal trauma continuous to be an important social challenge. This study has shown pattern and outcome of abdominal trauma patients admitted to AaBET hospital emergency room. In this study, most patients were young, between the age of 30 and 39 years, with the median age (IQR) of 32 years. Males were predominantly affected over females, with male- to -female ratio of 5:1. This study is supported by a similar study from Tanzania were abdominal trauma is common in the productive male age groups with the median age (IQR) of 31.5 and male to female ratio of 5.5:1[ 7 ]. This findings may be due to the fact that men at this age are economically active in outdoor activities, mobile and family breadwinners as well as are highly prone for fighting. In this study stab 55.56% was the most common cause of PAT and road traffic accident 47.1% for BAT. This result is consistent with a study conducted, in Ethiopia (St. Paul Millennium Medical College) showing that stab injury and RTA accounted 57.5% and 55% respectively, in North America stab injury was 48.1% and in India RTA was 48% [ 1 , 5 , 15 ].Similarity of road traffic accident and stab injury between our study result and study done at St. Paul may be due to similar setting, unlicensed drivers and driving after taking alcohol. This is also similar result with study done in North America and India this may be due to interpersonal violence, homicidal activities and driving after drinking alcohols. The most common clinical symptoms in this study were abdominal pain 117(94.4), low blood pressure 44 (35.5%) and bloating 21(16.9%). It is similar with research conducted in South India which reveals that commonest clinical manifestations are abdominal pain 92.1%, hypotension 28.1% and abdominal distension 17.6% [ 5 ]. The possible scientific reasons may be related to nerve damage that can cause pain; bleeding internal or hallow organs can cause hypotension, abdominal distension can result from peritonitis or blood accumulation in the abdominal cavity. The result of this study showed that bowel 41(62.1%) was the most frequently hollow organ injured by penetrating abdominal trauma and liver 7(38.9%) was the most commonly injured solid organs by blunt abdominal trauma. While comparing this result with the research done in South India, Uganda and Tanzania the percentage of bowel injury is less than the result of the present study (18%, 22.9% and 56%) secondary to PAT and on the contrary the commonest solid organs injured following blunt abdominal trauma was spleen (27.5%)[ 4 , 5 , 7 ]. This difference may be due to sample size variation and diagnostic methods used. Liver is highly prone for injury relative to other organs due to its large size and anatomical location. The most Common associated extra abdominal injuries in this study were injury to the head 31(53.4%),chest 24(41.4%) and extremities 12(20.7%), injuries, this is similar to the findings in Saudi Arabia 58% had associated head injury and in Tanzania chest 34% and extremity 27% were commonest associated extra abdominal injuries[ 7 , 18 ].The reason behind this may be associated extra abdominal trauma has high chance of occurrence as Polly trauma like in RTA associated injury or patients may be fallen down and injured extra abdominal area after primary abdominal attack by stab, bullet and others even though associated extra abdominal injuries are common in blunt injury. According to this study result half of the patients were given pre-hospital care. Majority 72(58.1%) of the patients had positive U/S for hemoperitonium. Hemodynamic instability 28 (33.3%) was the major reason of operative management. Bowel repair and liver laceration were the major intraoperative procedure. Other similar study conducted in Arba Minch showed that majority of U/S findings were positive U/S 21(51.2%) and hemodynamic instability 8(36.4%) was the most common reason of operative management. Bowel repair and liver laceration repair were the major intra operative procedure, but majority of the patients (59%) did not receive pre- hospital care unlike to my result [ 12 ]. The occurrence of unlike results may be in case of the recent result pre-hospital care delivered for half of them as they were given from other health institutions before admission to my study area. Other possible reasons for the above similar results may be driven from availability of FAST for diagnosis, bleeding into peritoneal cavity, shock or hypotension, anatomic location and large size of those visceral organs may cause prone for injury. Eighty four (67.7%) of the patients were treated by operative management. Similar to this study the research conducted in Tanzania among 210 patients 141(67.14%) were managed operatively[ 7 ].The reason can be raised from hemodynamic deteriorations and unresponsiveness to conservative management (clinical deterioration during observation) and surgical intervention may be necessary to remove foreign body like bullet injury from body cavity, sign of peritonitis or hemoperitonium finding after FAST. Hemodynamic complication 23(43.4%) and respiratory complication 22(41.5%) were predominant among post-operative complications. The possible reasons for these complications can be inadequate administration of fluid to maintain blood volume, postoperative re-bleeding, prolonged bed confinement and development of DVT and lack of health education about cough exercise after surgery and also anesthesia drug may reduce lung function. This finding is unlike to the finding of the research done in Arba Minch, which stated that surgical site infection was the commonest post-operative complication 39% [ 12 ]. From this study majority (39%) of the patients were presented to the hospital within < 7hours after occurrence of abdominal trauma. This might be as majority of patients have access of health institutions` ambulance as a mode of transportation to hospital and presence of clear catchment allocation, unlike to the research conducted in Uganda reported that majority of patients were presented to the hospital more than 6 hours after injury [ 4 ]. From the present study majority 91(73.4%) of the patients stayed in the hospital for ≥ 7days. Delayed arrival of patients to hospital or arrival of patients after development of complications, inadequate of quality of intra-facility care, development of hospital acquired infection or post- operative complications may prolong hospital stay. The above finding is in disagreement with the research conducted in South India which stated that majority 59.5% of the patients were discharged within 10 days. 5 According to the recent study almost three quarter of the patients (91.9%) were discharged with alive and 10(8.1%) patients died, similar to the study done in Egypt,90% of the patients were discharged with alive and 10 of the patients died, in Nigeria 92.48% of the patients discharged with alive and 7.52% were died[ 8 , 17 ].The possible reason of majorities’ improvement may be hospital level of being trauma center, inter-displinary health professional based care for patients, and early disposal of patients to respected ward based of severity of injury. In other way the present study`s mortality rate is 8.1% higher than the mortality rate of reported from the research conducted in Arba Minch,Ethiopia,2.4%,in Mauritania,2%,Nigeria Port Harcourt teaching hospital 4.4%[ 3 , 12 , 16 ].This difference may also be due to seriously injured patients referred from remote area, arrival of patients after development of complication and delayed initiation of treatment because of late arrival to hospital, post-operative complications, the duration, the type and the method of research conducted as well as sample size difference. From this study abdominal trauma patients with GCS < 9 were more likely to die than that of patients with GCS of 13–15 and 9–12. The possible reasons might be brain insult and it causes diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for health professionals. But the research done in Egypt has shown that regarding Glasgow coma scale, there was highly statistical significant difference between admission and discharge rather than showing association between GCS and treatment outcome of abdominal injury patients [ 17 ]. Hemodynamic complications were 17 times more likely to cause abdominal related death than patients without hemodynamic complication. The possible scientific rationales can be inadequate nutritional and oxygen supply to the tissue secondary to shock or hypotension causes tissue cells to switch to anaerobic respiration, anemia, DVT, re-bleeding or reperfusion injury and organ ischemia of patients. Likewise the research in South Africa showed that from hemodynamic instability, hypovolemic shock and low hemoglobin levels were statically significant for abdominal trauma patients’ mortality [ 9 ]. Regarding the previous medical conditions, this study found that abdominal trauma patients with pre-existing past medical conditions were 22 times more likely to die than those without pre-existing medical illness The scientific explanation for this associated could be past medical illness causes weakening of immunity, some of the comorbidities may cause contra indication for medications that are necessary for the treatment of abdominal trauma or comorbidities and medications used for comorbidities may enhance mortality like anti-hypertensive medication can cause shock and blood thinners can cause profuse bleeding and shock and finally profound state of shock may end up patient death. In the finding of this study, small number of patients had past medical illness which is supported by the research done in Egypt. However the past medical illness couldn`t have statically significant effect on (have no association with) mortality of patients with abdominal trauma as finding showed in study conducted in Egypt [ 17 ]. Abdominal evisceration in patient with abdominal trauma is 17 times more likely to die than in patients without bowel evisceration. Possible justifications include contamination (development of infection) by touching the protruding visceral organ and reinserting it in to abdominal cavity with bare hands and also failure of a sterile, moist, occlusive (waterproof) dressing. Another possible cause of death after bowel evisceration may be shock due to bleeding from protruding organs. Although similar study conducted in Sudan reported that abdominal Evisceration through the stab wound was noted in 30 (35.3%) of the patients, abdominal evisceration had no association with mortality of the patients [ 24 ]. Limitation Of The Study Small sample size with short years of data, single study area and retro respective cross sectional study natures were some of the limitations of this study. Conclusion This study tried to assess different factors like socio demographic characteristics, injury pattern, diagnosis and treatment outcome and factors affecting treatment outcome. Death of abdominal trauma patient was 10(8.1%). GCS < 9, past medical illness, bowel evisceration and hemodynamic complications were identified as associated factors for abdominal trauma related death. Abbreviations AaBET Addis Ababa emergency and trauma SNNP Southern nations, nationalities and peoples GCS Glasgow coma scale RTA Road traffic accident PAT Penetrating abdominal trauma BAT Blunt abdominal trauma SBP Systolic blood pressure FAST Focused abdominal sonography for trauma COR Crude odds Ratio AOR Adjusted odds ratio CI Confidence interval DVT Deep venous thrombosis Declarations Acknowledgment We would like to thank Addis Ababa University, college of health science to give us this chance and it is also my pleasure to acknowledge everyone who has contributed to the successful completion of this thesis. We would like to acknowledge AaBET hospital staff members for providing necessary information and facilitating my data collection process. Authors’ contributions SK and MMi revised and edited the study from proposal development to manuscript for important intellectual content, advising about data analysis, interpretation and approve the final version to be published. MMu did data collection, proposal writing, data analysis, interpretation all over the research development. HA and ZD did manuscript writing, data interpretation, analysis, and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual contents. Funding From the beginning to the end it was funded by Addis Ababa University College of health science. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request. Declaration Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical permission was obtained from the department of Emergency and critical care, Addis Ababa university. A formal letter was written with ethical permission and summited to AaBET hospital office. 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Laparotomy for Abdominal Injury Indication & Outcome of patients at a Teaching Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2019;29(4):503. A. Moulaye Idriss, YT, J. S. Baba, S. M. Boukhary, B. Hamad, M. Abdllatif, T. A. Kane,M. Abdllahi, BM, B. Taleb. Abdominal Trauma: Five Years Experience in National Centre Hospital, Mauritania. 2018. Seham H.Mohamed MAA-A, Mogedda M.Mehany, Naglaa G.AbdElhafez & Ahmed T.Ahmed. Patterns and Outcomes of Abdominal Trauma Patients Admitted to Trauma Intensive Care Unit. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal. 2020;8(21). Ali Albshabshe FASAJ, Jubran Safar Mater Al Shahrani, Salah Saeed al Jathnan Al Qahtani, Saeed Mohammed Saeed Alghamdi, Ali Ahmad Saeed Alsaleem,Mohammed Saeed Abdullah Alqahtani. Pattern and frequencies of patients with abdominal trauma admitted to ICU of tertiary care center (southern region, Saudi Arabia). The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2018;73 (4):2836-. Tadesse A. Assessment of trauma care in tertiary center EC emergency medicine and critical care 2020(4):01–8. Jill Daugherty P, corresponding author Dana Waltzman, PhD, Kelly Sarmiento, MPH, and Likang Xu, MD. Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Deaths by Race/Ethnicity, Sex, Intent, and Mechanism of Injury — United States, 2000–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;65(64(33)). Michelle Despres P, CEAS II VP. Mechanism of Injury. 2018. Burns SLB. Penetrating Abdominal Trauma 2020(01). Eric L Legome M. Blunt Abdominal Trauma. 2019(02). Maha Yassin Omer AAH, Mohammed Toum Musa. Penetrating Abdominal Injuries: Pattern and Outcome of Management in Khartoum. International Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2013;5:18–22. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2527161","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":172992132,"identity":"4bdd4b2b-4b13-4985-8825-600939a47573","order_by":0,"name":"Matebe Muche","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Debre Berhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matebe","middleName":"","lastName":"Muche","suffix":""},{"id":172992133,"identity":"e5927038-9719-4719-b308-c63c1708f9fe","order_by":1,"name":"Sofia Kebede","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sofia","middleName":"","lastName":"Kebede","suffix":""},{"id":172992134,"identity":"dba54fe8-407c-4541-a29a-78dedb9f8879","order_by":2,"name":"Mebrat Michael","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mebrat","middleName":"","lastName":"Michael","suffix":""},{"id":172992135,"identity":"c484e32e-3cc6-4f1f-9ea4-3b8c54ce6704","order_by":3,"name":"Habtamu Andualem","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Kidus Petros hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Habtamu","middleName":"","lastName":"Andualem","suffix":""},{"id":172992136,"identity":"db5a7c4f-d823-4fb5-acb5-163f54c988bd","order_by":4,"name":"Zelalem Dessie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kidus Petros hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zelalem","middleName":"","lastName":"Dessie","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-01-29 20:59:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2527161/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2527161/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":32549444,"identity":"5fd97d34-215f-4e07-baa6-43b8323c7941","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-02-06 20:31:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCause of abdominal injury at AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2527161/v1/620f76dfee0f37479a1f4513.jpg"},{"id":32549445,"identity":"ebb69f59-a068-4ae6-bce2-f06eb6ecfebd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-02-06 20:31:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":83933,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIntraoperative procedure of abdominal trauma patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2527161/v1/e8c21f4c688acbf123c3908c.jpg"},{"id":32549443,"identity":"660581f6-acff-4032-92df-eea7f465dbab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-02-06 20:31:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90944,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDuration of time from abdominal injury to presentation to AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2527161/v1/23d221d9af0092996ccdfbfa.jpg"},{"id":32549446,"identity":"9497ca2a-3a7e-4b91-aa79-84369a526d72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-02-06 20:31:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57138,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay of abdominal trauma patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2527161/v1/67d9e1dfc68fbeb0cdec499f.jpg"},{"id":32801661,"identity":"b444160e-dbfa-4b10-ac73-4c7ea5eeb44d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-02-12 04:59:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1334645,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2527161/v1/46565aaf-5e32-481e-a68c-0ab66c6e14b3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Pattern and Outcome of Abdominal Injury Patients Admitted in AaBET Hosital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020/2021","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTrauma or injury is defined as damage to the body caused by an exchange with environmental energy exceeding the body's resistance. It remains the leading cause of death for all people of all productive ages [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mechanism of injury can be blunt or penetrating [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] and abdominal injury can also be intentional or unintentional (accidental) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Abdominal visceral injury was defined as injury to the spleen, liver, stomach, intestine, mesentery, pancreas, or kidney [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal blunt trauma is a direct blow, such as contact with the bottom edge of a steering wheel or a forced door in a car accident, which can cause compression and crush injury to the internal organs of the abdomen. Such forces can deform solid and hollow organs and can cause rupture, with secondary hemorrhage, contamination by visceral contents, and associated peritonitis and head, spine, chest, genitourinary and musculoskeletal injuries. Penetrating abdominal trauma includes stab wounds and low-velocity gunshot wounds cause tissue damage by lacerating and cutting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incidence of abdominal injuries in North Africa has been estimated at 9%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].In South Africa penetrating abdominal trauma accounts for 90.2% and blunt abdominal accounts for 9.8% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e],while in Uganda, blunt abdominal injury was the common injury mechanism accounts for 85.7%\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e and with males than females, affected 92.5% and 7.5% respectively[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA survey conducted at Dilchora Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia found 3.14% out of 382 trauma patients had abdominal injuries.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The proportion of abdominal trauma in Arbaminch, and Dilla was 15.4% 11.44% respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. In Tikur Anbesa, Addis Ababa, of 328 patients screened for abdominal surgical emergency12.5% had penetrating abdominal injuries and 9.4% had a blunt abdominal injury [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], and the study done at St. Paul hospital showed 62% of abdominal injuries requiring laparotomy were penetrating injuries and 38% were blunt abdominal injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal trauma was treated surgically in some patients and conservatively (no-surgically) in oters[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Abdominal trauma is common and often associated with other injuries. Tenderness, guarding, and rigidity are the best physical signs, but initially there may be no evidence of the presence abdominal injury. Sudden collapse that occurring immediately after resuscitation may be the first sign of severe intra-abdominal hemorrhage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods And Materials","content":" \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area, Design, and Period\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA quantitative retrospective cross-sectional institutional based retrospective was conducted in AaBET hospital from March 2021 to Aprils 2021G.C in Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hospital has four main departments; Emergency Medicine and Intensive care, Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Orthopedic \u0026amp; Traumatology and Neurosurgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hospital has a total of 158 beds and 34 emergency beds and 106 emergency room staff nurses, 11emergency medicine and critical care physicians, 3general surgeon, 6 neurosurgeon, 8 orthopedic surgeon, 5 plastic and reconstructive surgeons, 15 anesthetists in the emergency room. This hospital is currently working on improving its emergency, critical care service, training, and research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSource population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll patients with abdominal trauma admitted to AaBET hospital from January 2018 to January 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll systematically selected abdominal injury patients admitted to AaBET hospital from January 2018 to January 2021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEligibility criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion Criteria were emergency patients with a history of abdominal trauma at AaBET hospital from January 2018 to January 2021, while excluding all deaths before or upon emergency arrival and those who did not have complete documentation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample Size and Sampling Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated by using 15.4% proportion (P) of abdominal injury, a confidence level of 95% (1.96), and 5% margin of error (d) based on the study conducted on assessment of prevalence of abdominal trauma and associated factors in Arbaminch general hospital, Arbaminch, Gamo Gofa zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. Based on this assumption the sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en= [(Zɑ/2)\u0026sup2; *P (1-P)] /d\u0026sup2; Where; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;estimated sample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZα/2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;is a standard normal value which corresponds 95% of confidence level\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;estimated prevalence of abdominal injuries is (0.154).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;tolerable sampling error\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter substitution the estimated sample size yields 200.I used correction formula because of the source population was less than 10,000 which was 260 for three years of data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e200× 260 /460 = 113, then I used 10% of nonresponse rate for missed and incomplete charts \u003cp\u003e113x10% +113\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.3\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;113\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e124\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients` cards were screened from charts and a systematic random sampling method was applied. From January 2018 to January 2021it was reported to have total of 260 Patients with abdominal trauma. A patient card was selected for each K value calculated from the population and sample size. K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;source population/sample size K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;260/124\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.1. Patient card selection was made every 2 out of 260 charts. Out of 260 cards, the first card was drawn from the first 2 patient documents ordered, then the remaining cards was selected every 2 patient card intervals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection Methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected using a structured checklist prepared for secondary data review. This tool includes socio- demographic characteristics, pattern of abdominal injury and patient status at discharge. Supervisors and data collectors were selected. Supervisors followed the data collection procedure, and all data collectors and supervisors met regularly with principal investigators at the end of each day of data collection period. In general, the principal investigators and supervisors closely monitored the data collection process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Quality Control\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData quality was maintained through careful design of the checklist and relevant changes were pre-tested at Black Lion hospital using a 5% sample size. Data collectors and supervisors received necessary introductions and guidance on checklists. The checklist was checked for the completeness immediately after data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOperational Definition\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePatterns\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt refers to characteristics of abdominal trauma with respect to type, mechanism, affected abdominal organs, associated extra abdominal trauma and treatment of abdominal trauma patients included in the study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eIntent of injury\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003emechanism by which damage is caused intentional or unintentional [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of injury\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003erefers to the way damage occurs in skin, muscles, organs and bones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePenetrating Abdominal Trauma\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eit occurs when a foreign body penetrates the skin and either lodges in the tissue or passes through the tissues and creating a wound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBlunt Abdominal Trauma\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eInjuries resulting from an impact with a dull hard surfaces or blunt objects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePatient's outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe patient condition at discharge is either died or alive [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Processing And Analysis Procedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe collected data were coded and entered into Epi Data Version 3.1 and cleaned. The cleaned data set were exported to SPSS Version 25 software for analysis. Sociodemographic factors, injury patterns and other independent variables influencing patient outcome were calculated using relevant descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage for categorical variables and median and IQR for continuous variables).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic regression was performed to check the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables. Bivariate analysis was performed at the 25% significance level to exclude potentially important significant independent variables. 95% confidence interval was used for multivariate Logistic regression and variables with p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were considered as statistically significant with the outcome variable. Tables and graphs were created to display the data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 124 patient documents were viewed during the study period, with the response rate of 98.4%. Of these, 103(83.1%) were male. The highest frequency of injuries was in the age group 30\u0026ndash;39 years, with 40 patients (32.3%). A high proportion of victims, 47.6% and 41.1% respectively, were from Oromia and Addis Ababa (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio demographic characteristics of abdominal trauma patients admitted at AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddis Ababa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOromia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmhara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePattern of abdominal injury\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most common mechanism of abdominal trauma was penetrating abdominal trauma 73(58.9%), usually caused by stab injury 40(55.56%) and gunshot injury 28(38.89%). Road traffic accident (RTA) and accidental fall were the predominant cause of blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) accounted 24(47.1%) and 16(31.4%) respectively. Three-quarter (75%) of patients were taken to hospital by ambulance. More than half 64(51.6%) of patients were admitted during the day time and 60(48.4%) at night time. Seventy two (58.1%) of the patients had GCS of 13\u0026ndash;15 followed by 36(29%) 9\u0026ndash;12 and 16(12.9%)\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9. Road 52(41.9%), home 26(21%) and village 24(19.4%) were the places where abdominal traumas frequently occurred. The greatest proportion of abdominal injuries were occurred intentionally 79(63.7%). Patients who took alcohol during injury were small in number 15(12.1%). Almost all patients 117(94.4%) had abdominal pain. Only 12.1% patients had history of past illness (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epattern of abdominal trauma patients AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of arrival\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmbulance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate car\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic taxi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlasgow coma scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild(13\u0026ndash;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate(9\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere(\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlace of injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWork place\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoad traffic accident\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassenger\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePedestrian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDriver, motor cyclist.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntent of injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntentional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnintentional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanism of injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlunt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenetrating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical presentation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal distention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypotension(SBP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTachycardia(\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematuria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBowel evisceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBleeding from wound site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther sign and symptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study shows that most common causes of abdominal trauma were stab with knife (32.26%), bullet injury (22.58%), and RTA (19.35%), with sport accident and machete injuries being the least common (0.81%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDiagnosis and treatment outcome of abdominal trauma\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of 124 abdominal trauma patients 121(97.6%) had FAST examination and from those 72(58.1%) were positive for hemoperitoneum. Half of the patients 62(50%) had pre-hospital treatment. Majority of the patients 84(67.7%) were managed by operative method and the commonest reason of operative management was hemodynamic instability 28(33.3%). Liver injury 7(38.9%) was the most common intraoperative finding of blunt abdominal trauma and bowel injury 41(62.1%) was the most common intra operative finding of penetrating abdominal injury. Of the intraoperative procedure bowel repair 42(50%) and liver laceration repair 13(15.48%) were greater in number. From a total of admitted patients 114(91.9%) were discharged with alive and 10(8.1%) of the patients died (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis and treatment outcome of abdominal trauma patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFAST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Done\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-hospital treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient outcomes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarged with alive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study showed that most common reasons surgical treatment of abdominal trauma patients were hemodynamic instability (33.3%) and Peritonitis (19.0%), with evisceration being the least common (5.6%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReason of intraoperative management of abdominal injury patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemodynamic instability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeritonitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeritoneal breaching local wound exploration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvisceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFailed conservative management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to this study, bowel repair(50%) was the most common intraoperative procedure in patient with abdominal trauma, and colostomy and primary anastomosis were the least(2.38%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOther factors affecting treatment outcome of abdominal trauma\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFifty eight (46.8%) of the patients had associated extra abdominal injury. Head was the commonest region 31(53.4%) of extra abdominal injury followed by thoracic region 24(41.4%). Out of 124 patients 49 (39.5%) of them presented to the hospital within 7 hours after injury. From 84(67.7%) operatively managed patients 53(42.7%) of patients developed post-operative complications. Hemodynamic 23(43.4%) and respiratory 22(41.5%) complications were the most common postoperative complications. Almost three quarter of the patients (73.39%) stayed at the hospital for \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7days (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociated extra abdominal injuries of abdominal trauma patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtremity injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThoracic injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenitourinary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinal injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePelvis injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxillofacial injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther extra abdominal injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to this study, time from abdominal trauma to hospital admission\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7 hours was the most frequent visit (39.52%) and 19\u0026ndash;24 hours was the least frequent visit time (13.71%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to this study the most common post-operative complications were hemodynamic complication (43.4%), respiratory complication (41.5%), surgical site infection (35.8%) and peritonitis (32.1%). On the other hand other postoperative complication (1.9%) and paralytic ileus (9.4%) had the fewest post-operative complications (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostoperative complications of abdominal trauma patients at AaBET hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical site infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntra-abdominal collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeritonitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParalytic ileus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory complication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemodynamic complication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther postoperative complication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study shows that most patients (73.39%).had a hospital stay of one week or more. On the other hand, 12.90% of patients were discharged within three days (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated to outcome of abdominal trauma\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study included 124 patients, 114(91.9%) were discharged with alive and 10(8.1% died. In this study the constants were coded for 1 as protective effect for GCS, time of admission and duration of time from injury to presentation to the hospital and for 2 as protective effect for past medical illness, postoperative complication, hemodynamic complication and bowel evisceration variables. At bivariate analysis such as time of admission, GCS\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9, bowel evisceration, past medical history of illness, postoperative complication, hemodynamic complications, and duration of time from injury to presentation to the hospital for 19\u0026ndash;24 hours had p-value of 0.25 and included to multivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis variables such as GCS\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9 is 14 times more likely to cause death, AOR: 13.6(95%CI: 3.68, 24.45), bowel evisceration was 17 times more likely to cause death, AOR: 16.66(95%CI: 1.53, 18.18), past history of medical illness was 22 times more likely to cause death, AOR: 22.02(95%CI: 1.24, 39.58), hemodynamic complication 17 times more likely to cause death, AOR: 17.11(95%CI: 1.93, 31.34). The above four variables were significantly associated with treatment outcome of abdominal trauma at the p-value of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 with 95% CI (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBi-variable and multivariable analysis of factors associated with treatment outcome of abdominal trauma at AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR(95%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime of admission\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43(0.11\u0026ndash;1.74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45(0.16\u0026ndash;13.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46(0.65\u0026ndash;64.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7(0.84\u0026ndash;56.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6(4.64\u0026ndash;19.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.62(3.7-24.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBowel evisceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3(2-34.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.66(1.5-18.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePast medical illness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4(2.57\u0026ndash;42.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(1.24\u0026ndash;39.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-operative complication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45(0.85-14.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64(0.06\u0026ndash;7.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.718\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemodynamic complication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9(1.91\u0026ndash;32.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1(1.93\u0026ndash;31.34\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInjury to hospital presentation time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7-12hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36(0.05\u0026ndash;2.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25(0.01\u0026ndash;6.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.413\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13-18hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47(0.04\u0026ndash;5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6(0.03\u0026ndash;14.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19-24hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94(0.12\u0026ndash;7.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58(0.02\u0026ndash;17.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;24hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82(0.27\u0026ndash;12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39(0.02\u0026ndash;10.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* P-value is significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Ref\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Reference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAbdominal trauma continuous to be an important social challenge. This study has shown pattern and outcome of abdominal trauma patients admitted to AaBET hospital emergency room. In this study, most patients were young, between the age of 30 and 39 years, with the median age (IQR) of 32 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales were predominantly affected over females, with male- to -female ratio of 5:1. This study is supported by a similar study from Tanzania were abdominal trauma is common in the productive male age groups with the median age (IQR) of 31.5 and male to female ratio of 5.5:1[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. This findings may be due to the fact that men at this age are economically active in outdoor activities, mobile and family breadwinners as well as are highly prone for fighting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study stab 55.56% was the most common cause of PAT and road traffic accident 47.1% for BAT. This result is consistent with a study conducted, in Ethiopia (St. Paul Millennium Medical College) showing that stab injury and RTA accounted 57.5% and 55% respectively, in North America stab injury was 48.1% and in India RTA was 48% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].Similarity of road traffic accident and stab injury between our study result and study done at St. Paul may be due to similar setting, unlicensed drivers and driving after taking alcohol. This is also similar result with study done in North America and India this may be due to interpersonal violence, homicidal activities and driving after drinking alcohols.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most common clinical symptoms in this study were abdominal pain 117(94.4), low blood pressure 44 (35.5%) and bloating 21(16.9%). It is similar with research conducted in South India which reveals that commonest clinical manifestations are abdominal pain 92.1%, hypotension 28.1% and abdominal distension 17.6% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The possible scientific reasons may be related to nerve damage that can cause pain; bleeding internal or hallow organs can cause hypotension, abdominal distension can result from peritonitis or blood accumulation in the abdominal cavity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of this study showed that bowel 41(62.1%) was the most frequently hollow organ injured by penetrating abdominal trauma and liver 7(38.9%) was the most commonly injured solid organs by blunt abdominal trauma. While comparing this result with the research done in South India, Uganda and Tanzania the percentage of bowel injury is less than the result of the present study (18%, 22.9% and 56%) secondary to PAT and on the contrary the commonest solid organs injured following blunt abdominal trauma was spleen (27.5%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. This difference may be due to sample size variation and diagnostic methods used. Liver is highly prone for injury relative to other organs due to its large size and anatomical location.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most Common associated extra abdominal injuries in this study were injury to the head 31(53.4%),chest 24(41.4%) and extremities 12(20.7%), injuries, this is similar to the findings in Saudi Arabia 58% had associated head injury and in Tanzania chest 34% and extremity 27% were commonest associated extra abdominal injuries[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].The reason behind this may be associated extra abdominal trauma has high chance of occurrence as Polly trauma like in RTA associated injury or patients may be fallen down and injured extra abdominal area after primary abdominal attack by stab, bullet and others even though associated extra abdominal injuries are common in blunt injury.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to this study result half of the patients were given pre-hospital care. Majority 72(58.1%) of the patients had positive U/S for hemoperitonium. Hemodynamic instability 28 (33.3%) was the major reason of operative management. Bowel repair and liver laceration were the major intraoperative procedure. Other similar study conducted in Arba Minch showed that majority of U/S findings were positive U/S 21(51.2%) and hemodynamic instability 8(36.4%) was the most common reason of operative management. Bowel repair and liver laceration repair were the major intra operative procedure, but majority of the patients (59%) did not receive pre- hospital care unlike to my result [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The occurrence of unlike results may be in case of the recent result pre-hospital care delivered for half of them as they were given from other health institutions before admission to my study area. Other possible reasons for the above similar results may be driven from availability of FAST for diagnosis, bleeding into peritoneal cavity, shock or hypotension, anatomic location and large size of those visceral organs may cause prone for injury.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEighty four (67.7%) of the patients were treated by operative management. Similar to this study the research conducted in Tanzania among 210 patients 141(67.14%) were managed operatively[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].The reason can be raised from hemodynamic deteriorations and unresponsiveness to conservative management (clinical deterioration during observation) and surgical intervention may be necessary to remove foreign body like bullet injury from body cavity, sign of peritonitis or hemoperitonium finding after FAST.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemodynamic complication 23(43.4%) and respiratory complication 22(41.5%) were predominant among post-operative complications. The possible reasons for these complications can be inadequate administration of fluid to maintain blood volume, postoperative re-bleeding, prolonged bed confinement and development of DVT and lack of health education about cough exercise after surgery and also anesthesia drug may reduce lung function. This finding is unlike to the finding of the research done in Arba Minch, which stated that surgical site infection was the commonest post-operative complication 39% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom this study majority (39%) of the patients were presented to the hospital within \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7hours after occurrence of abdominal trauma. This might be as majority of patients have access of health institutions` ambulance as a mode of transportation to hospital and presence of clear catchment allocation, unlike to the research conducted in Uganda reported that majority of patients were presented to the hospital more than 6 hours after injury [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the present study majority 91(73.4%) of the patients stayed in the hospital for \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7days. Delayed arrival of patients to hospital or arrival of patients after development of complications, inadequate of quality of intra-facility care, development of hospital acquired infection or post- operative complications may prolong hospital stay. The above finding is in disagreement with the research conducted in South India which stated that majority 59.5% of the patients were discharged within 10 days. \u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the recent study almost three quarter of the patients (91.9%) were discharged with alive and 10(8.1%) patients died, similar to the study done in Egypt,90% of the patients were discharged with alive and 10 of the patients died, in Nigeria 92.48% of the patients discharged with alive and 7.52% were died[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].The possible reason of majorities\u0026rsquo; improvement may be hospital level of being trauma center, inter-displinary health professional based care for patients, and early disposal of patients to respected ward based of severity of injury.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn other way the present study`s mortality rate is 8.1% higher than the mortality rate of reported from the research conducted in Arba Minch,Ethiopia,2.4%,in Mauritania,2%,Nigeria Port Harcourt teaching hospital 4.4%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].This difference may also be due to seriously injured patients referred from remote area, arrival of patients after development of complication and delayed initiation of treatment because of late arrival to hospital, post-operative complications, the duration, the type and the method of research conducted as well as sample size difference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom this study abdominal trauma patients with GCS\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9 were more likely to die than that of patients with GCS of 13\u0026ndash;15 and 9\u0026ndash;12. The possible reasons might be brain insult and it causes diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for health professionals. But the research done in Egypt has shown that regarding Glasgow coma scale, there was highly statistical significant difference between admission and discharge rather than showing association between GCS and treatment outcome of abdominal injury patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemodynamic complications were 17 times more likely to cause abdominal related death than patients without hemodynamic complication. The possible scientific rationales can be inadequate nutritional and oxygen supply to the tissue secondary to shock or hypotension causes tissue cells to switch to anaerobic respiration, anemia, DVT, re-bleeding or reperfusion injury and organ ischemia of patients. Likewise the research in South Africa showed that from hemodynamic instability, hypovolemic shock and low hemoglobin levels were statically significant for abdominal trauma patients\u0026rsquo; mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the previous medical conditions, this study found that abdominal trauma patients with pre-existing past medical conditions were 22 times more likely to die than those without pre-existing medical illness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe scientific explanation for this associated could be past medical illness causes weakening of immunity, some of the comorbidities may cause contra indication for medications that are necessary for the treatment of abdominal trauma or comorbidities and medications used for comorbidities may enhance mortality like anti-hypertensive medication can cause shock and blood thinners can cause profuse bleeding and shock and finally profound state of shock may end up patient death. In the finding of this study, small number of patients had past medical illness which is supported by the research done in Egypt. However the past medical illness couldn`t have statically significant effect on (have no association with) mortality of patients with abdominal trauma as finding showed in study conducted in Egypt [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal evisceration in patient with abdominal trauma is 17 times more likely to die than in patients without bowel evisceration. Possible justifications include contamination (development of infection) by touching the protruding visceral organ and reinserting it in to abdominal cavity with bare hands and also failure of a sterile, moist, occlusive (waterproof) dressing. Another possible cause of death after bowel evisceration may be shock due to bleeding from protruding organs. Although similar study conducted in Sudan reported that abdominal Evisceration through the stab wound was noted in 30 (35.3%) of the patients, abdominal evisceration had no association with mortality of the patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitation Of The Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSmall sample size with short years of data, single study area and retro respective cross sectional study natures were some of the limitations of this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study tried to assess different factors like socio demographic characteristics, injury pattern, diagnosis and treatment outcome and factors affecting treatment outcome. Death of abdominal trauma patient was 10(8.1%). GCS\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9, past medical illness, bowel evisceration and hemodynamic complications were identified as associated factors for abdominal trauma related death.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAaBET\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddis Ababa emergency and trauma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSNNP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern nations, nationalities and peoples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGCS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlasgow coma scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRTA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoad traffic accident\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePAT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenetrating abdominal trauma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBAT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlunt abdominal trauma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSBP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFAST\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFocused abdominal sonography for trauma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDVT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeep venous thrombosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank Addis Ababa University, college of health science to give us this chance\u0026nbsp;and it is\u0026nbsp;also my pleasure to acknowledge\u0026nbsp;everyone who has contributed to the successful\u0026nbsp;completion of\u0026nbsp;this thesis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge AaBET hospital staff members for providing necessary information\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;facilitating\u0026nbsp;my\u0026nbsp;data collection process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSK and MMi revised and edited the study from proposal development to manuscript for important intellectual content, advising about data analysis, interpretation and approve the final version to be published.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMMu did data collection, proposal writing, data analysis, interpretation all over the research development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHA and ZD did manuscript writing, data interpretation, analysis, and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual contents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the beginning to the end it was funded by Addis Ababa University College of health science.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical permission was obtained from the department of Emergency and critical care, Addis Ababa university. A formal letter was written with ethical permission and summited to AaBET hospital office. There were no risk implications for study participants in this study. Confidentiality the participant data was maintained by avoiding possible identifiers such as study participant name, and only identification numbers were used as reference.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors affirms that they have no competing interests in this study\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHemang A. Panchal AMR. The study of abdominal trauma: patterns of injury, clinical presentation, organ involvement and associated injury. International Surgery Journal. 2016;3(3).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTrauma ACo. Advanced Trauma Life Support. American College of Surgeons.ninth edition.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmabra Dodiyi \u0026ndash; Manuel NJJ, Patrick Okechukwu Igwe. Abdominal Injuries in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Nigerian Journal of Surgery. 2011;21(1).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eG. Ruhinda PK, D. Kitya,F. Bajunirwe. Abdominal Injury at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda East and Central African Journal of Surgery 2008;13(2).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRajiv Kundlas RG, Joseph Alexis,Sadasivan Jagadish,Elamurugan TP. Clinico \u0026ndash; Epidemiological Profile, Pattern and Outcome of Abdominal Trauma in A Level 1 Trauma Centre in South India. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research 7(5).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohammad A Gad AS, and Goda M Ellabban. Incidence, Patterns, and Factors Predicting Mortality of Abdominal Injuries in Trauma Patients. North American Journal of Medical Scineces. 2012(4).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShilanaiman Hilary Ntundu, AMH, Alfred Kishe, Heri Babu, Ola F. Jahanpour,David Msuya, Samuel G. Chugulu, and Kondo Chilonga,. Patterns and outcomes of patients with abdominal trauma on operative management from northern Tanzania: a prospective single centre observational study. 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS PAgbo MO, S Ismail. pattern of surgical abdominal emergencies in Sokoto, Nigeria. Jos journal of Medicine. 2008;6(1).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM.N.Mnguni;D.J.J.Muckart;T.E.Madiba. Abdominal trauma in Durban,South Africa:Factors influencing outcome iInternational surgery. 2012;97(2).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eP. MUSAU PGJaFAO. pattern and outcome of abdominal injuries at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East African Medical Journa. 2006;83(1).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLemma Negesa Bulto\u0026amp; YD, Biftu Geda. Magnitude, causes and characteristics of trauma victims visiting Emergency and Surgical Units of Dilchora Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Pan African Medical Journal. 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsegaye W. assessment of prevalence of abdominal trauma and associated factors in arbaminch general hospital Arbaminch Gamo Gofa Zone South Western Ethiopia. 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSemagn Abate BJA, Hailemariam Mulugeta Kassim,Bivash Basu. Epidemiology and outcomes of injuries among trauma patients in Ethiopia: A 5 -years retrospective Analysis. Critical Care and emergency medicine 2015\u0026ndash;2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eL. Hanks CPL, G. Tefera,N. Seyoum. Abdominal Surgical Emergencies at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Ethiopia; A Shifting Paradigm. East Cent Afr J surg. 2013;19(1).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKirubel Abebe1 MB, Ayelign Tsehaye,Befekadu Lemmu,Engida Abebe. Laparotomy for Abdominal Injury Indication \u0026amp; Outcome of patients at a Teaching Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2019;29(4):503.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA. Moulaye Idriss, YT, J. S. Baba, S. M. Boukhary, B. Hamad, M. Abdllatif, T. A. Kane,M. Abdllahi, BM, B. Taleb. Abdominal Trauma: Five Years Experience in National Centre Hospital, Mauritania. 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSeham H.Mohamed MAA-A, Mogedda M.Mehany, Naglaa G.AbdElhafez \u0026amp; Ahmed T.Ahmed. Patterns and Outcomes of Abdominal Trauma Patients Admitted to Trauma Intensive Care Unit. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal. 2020;8(21).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAli Albshabshe FASAJ, Jubran Safar Mater Al Shahrani, Salah Saeed al Jathnan Al Qahtani, Saeed Mohammed Saeed Alghamdi, Ali Ahmad Saeed Alsaleem,Mohammed Saeed Abdullah Alqahtani. Pattern and frequencies of patients with abdominal trauma admitted to ICU of tertiary care center (southern region, Saudi Arabia). The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2018;73 (4):2836-.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTadesse A. Assessment of trauma care in tertiary center EC emergency medicine and critical care 2020(4):01\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJill Daugherty P, corresponding author Dana Waltzman, PhD, Kelly Sarmiento, MPH, and Likang Xu, MD. Traumatic Brain Injury\u0026ndash;Related Deaths by Race/Ethnicity, Sex, Intent, and Mechanism of Injury \u0026mdash; United States, 2000\u0026ndash;2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;65(64(33)).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMichelle Despres P, CEAS II VP. Mechanism of Injury. 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBurns SLB. Penetrating Abdominal Trauma 2020(01).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEric L Legome M. Blunt Abdominal Trauma. 2019(02).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaha Yassin Omer AAH, Mohammed Toum Musa. Penetrating Abdominal Injuries: Pattern and Outcome of Management in Khartoum. International Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2013;5:18\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Abdominal trauma, patterns, outcome, AaBET Hospital, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2527161/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2527161/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal trauma is a major public health problem for all nations and all socioeconomic strata and associated with high morbidity and mortality in the world. Abdominal injury is classified as blunt and penetrating trauma. The main problems for inadequate treatment outcome are misdiagnosis and delayed arrival of patients to health institutions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to assess the pattern and outcome of abdominal trauma in AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March 2021 to April 2021. Method: Institutional based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among abdominal trauma patients admitted in AaBET hospital emergency department from January 2018 to January 2021. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured checklist from patient`s chart review. The data was checked for its’ completeness and entered into Epi data version 3.1 then exported to SPSS version 25 software for analysis. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to describe frequency distribution and associations between independent variables respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePenetrating abdominal injury 58.9% was the greatest proportion of mechanism of abdominal injury. Stab injury 40(55.56%) was the major cause of penetrating injury. Road traffic accident 24(47.1%) was the commonest cause of blunt abdominal trauma. Bowel 41(62.1%) was the highly injured hollow viscous organ in penetrating abdominal trauma and liver 7(38.9%) was the commonest injured solid organ in blunt abdominal trauma.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong 124 abdominally injured patient 10(8.1%) died. GCS \u0026lt; 9, post-operative hemodynamic complication, past medical history of illness and bowel evisceration were significantly associated with mortality.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Pattern and Outcome of Abdominal Injury Patients Admitted in AaBET Hosital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020/2021","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-02-06 20:31:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2527161/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1da93b68-580c-442a-87b1-09454bc989aa","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 6th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-02-12T04:59:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-02-06 20:31:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2527161","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2527161","identity":"rs-2527161","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}