Research on Mine Data Security Trusted Model Based On Blockchain and Industrial Internet Identity Analysis

Research on Mine Data Security Trusted Model Based On Blockchain and Industrial Internet Identity Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Research on Mine Data Security Trusted Model Based On Blockchain and Industrial Internet Identity Analysis Jiaqi Han, Baorong Wang, Tian Xia, Yan Chen, Wenxia Zhang, Xiangzhen Peng This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831106/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the development of the digital era, mine data security is crucial. Mining data covers a wide range of information such as geological structure, mining progress, equipment operation and so on. Safe data management can accurately guide mining planning, effectively prevent geologic disasters and safety accidents, reduce operating costs, and thus promote the sustainable and healthy development of the industry and social stability. In this study, the whole process from geological exploration to sales of mines is divided into links, and the data generated in each link is summarized and categorized. Then, it carries out the design of blockchain structure, industrial Internet identification code and its storage method, constructs a safe and reliable model of mine data by virtue of blockchain and industrial Internet technology, and designs the data flow of the model, so as to achieve the goal of safe and reliable mine data, and provides practical solutions for the fusion of blockchain and industrial Internet technology in the safety and security of mine data. Finally, relying on the Fabric framework to develop the design and research and development of the prototype system for mine data collection and storage, and implement the validation and case analysis of the data trustworthy model, the research can effectively overcome a series of problems such as inefficient mine data collection, easy to be tampered with and inconvenient to query, which contributes pioneering ideas and practical solutions for the informationization of the mine safety field. It also provides highly feasible implementation solutions. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing blockchain industrial internet identity analysis mine data security data management Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 1. Introduction Mining data security has always been one of the industry's greatest concerns [ 1 ] . According to data from the National Mine Safety Supervision Bureau, the national mine safety situation in 2023 is generally stable, but accidents and deaths still occur. This reflects the frequent data security risks in the mining field, low data collection efficiency, easy tampering, and difficulty in querying, etc., which seriously threaten the stability and safety of mining production, damage the corporate image, and the reliability of mining data has also been affected. Industry doubts [ 2 ] . Ensuring the security of mining data is of extremely critical significance to the life and health of mining workers, stable corporate operations, and orderly development of the industry. There are many risk issues in current mine data security. Mine data security has significant flaws in the following aspects: The mine data security monitoring system architecture is poorly designed and the control method is centralized. If the central node fails or is attacked, the system is prone to paralysis. For example, if the core server of a large mining enterprise is invaded, data processing and instruction distribution are blocked, affecting production, resource management, and decision-making; awareness and trust; relevant personnel lack knowledge of the monitoring system, and some personnel within the enterprise lack data security awareness training, so it is easy to Data leakage due to improper operation. There is a lack of trust mechanism in the interaction between different entities, and there are doubts about the authenticity of the data. It is easy to blame when problems arise, which affects the implementation effect of the system; Monitoring coverage: Traditional monitoring systems are limited and often only focus on production equipment operation data, ignoring geological exploration, raw material procurement, and product transportation. Sales and other link data and data flow are incomplete, affecting the reflection of mine operation status. If resource reserve assessment relies solely on production data, it can easily lead to misjudgment and is not conducive to long-term planning and sustainable development [ 3 – 5 ] . In the process of mining data collection and transmission, data sharing among different subjects faces great obstacles, forming the phenomenon of data islands. This is mainly due to the inconsistency in data formats, standards and transmission protocols, which makes it difficult to connect and share data between departments or enterprises. For example, there are differences in the database systems of the geological exploration and production departments, and data interaction requires conversion and integration, which is not only costly, but also error-prone and leads to data loss, thus hindering the efficient operation of the system [ 6 ] . Blockchain technology, as an innovative computer technology application model, realizes the characteristics of decentralization, information transparency, tamper-proof and traceability through key elements such as distributed data storage, peer-to-peer transmission, consensus mechanism and encryption algorithm [ 7 , 8 ] . These characteristics have been practically applied in many fields such as supply chain management, intelligent management of mining materials, intelligent mine resource optimization and safety supervision, effectively enhancing transparency and security, ensuring the authenticity and reliability of the data, and thus avoiding the possibility of any single institution to achieve absolute control over the data. In the field of mine data security, the application of blockchain technology shows great potential, which can significantly accelerate the information flow speed of the whole process of mine data security, and effectively guarantee the solid security of data information in all aspects of the whole process [ 9 , 10 ] . In the scope of academic research at home and abroad, many scholars have opened a preliminary exploration of the application of blockchain technology in mine data security, put forward a series of forward-looking research ideas. At the same time, at the level of enterprise practice, the relevant enterprises actively take advantage of blockchain technology to propose solutions for problems such as difficulties in mine safety investment decision-making, review and timely adjustment of the amount. And blockchain technology is precisely applied to the key link of data tracking, which strongly improves the accuracy and reliability of data management [ 11 , 12 ] . The identification and resolution system of Industrial Internet is a key part of the industrial Internet network system [ 13 ] . It uses barcode, QR code, radio frequency identification tag and other methods to assign unique identification code and store relevant information for physical or virtual objects, so as to realize accurate positioning, seamless connection and efficient dialogue. Its architecture includes root nodes, national top nodes, secondary nodes and enterprise nodes. With the help of coding, storage and transmission and security technology [ 14 – 16 ] . In mine data management, product and equipment data can be traced and help efficiently repair equipment, which is of great significance in ensuring coal quality control and mine data management. Mining and other related enterprises can smoothly achieve efficient sharing of required data with the help of marking resolution technology, realize comprehensive and accurate collection of underlying data and barrier-free interoperability of data in various links, and build a solid digital foundation for the careful shaping and extensive promotion and application of innovative business scenarios based on interconnected data in the mining field [ 17 ] . In mining operations, through the comprehensive interconnection of geological data, mining equipment operation data, transportation and logistics data, etc., it can provide powerful support for the construction and promotion of intelligent mining scheduling scenarios, accurate equipment maintenance scenarios, transparent coal supply chain scenarios, etc., making the synergy of all aspects of mine production and operation stronger, more efficient and more secure, and laying a solid digital foundation for the mining enterprises to seize the opportunity in the wave of digital transformation. It lays the foundation for mining enterprises to seize the first opportunity in the wave of digital transformation, thus promoting the vigorous development of the entire mining industry in the direction of intelligence, efficiency and sustainability. Driven by blockchain technology and industrial Internet technology, this paper builds a mine data security and trustworthy model based on blockchain and Industrial Internet identity analysis. Through the deep integration of distributed and tamper-proof blockchain technology and industrial Internet Identification, it can provide a more secure, reliable and trustworthy logo service for the mining industry and cross-industry service applications, and then build a more trustworthy and stable industrial Internet ecological environment, as well as a more trustworthy and stable industrial Internet ecological environment, which will help to promote the development of the entire mining industry to intelligent, efficient and sustainable direction. This can build a more reliable and stable industrial Internet ecological environment and significantly improve the security level of data sharing and the efficiency of inter-enterprise collaboration. At the same time, with the unique advantages of blockchain technology, it can formulate an efficient management strategy for industrial Internet identification data, successfully realizing the in-depth integration of identification resolution and blockchain technology in the field of supply chain management of mining data, and opening up a brand-new development path for the safety, security, and efficient utilization of mining data. The path of development for mine data security and efficient utilization has been opened up in a completely new way. 2. Related Work With the continuous development of the global economy, the demand for mineral resources is growing, which promotes the development of the mineral industry. The mineral industry faces many challenges, including environmental protection, safe production, resource depletion, etc. Meanwhile, technological innovation and industrial upgrading are also important trends in the development of the industry [18-20] . The application of digital and intelligent technologies will accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the mineral industry and improve the production efficiency and resource utilization. For example, the advantages of blockchain technology in data security are gradually emerging, which can ensure the authenticity and integrity of data and prevent data from being tampered with. In addition, by integrating advanced information technology, Internet of Things, big data and artificial intelligence, smart mines realize intelligence, efficiency and synergy in all aspects of production, management and safety. Taking the blockchain security service data of the mine as an example, each node keeps a complete copy of the blockchain, which makes the data security greatly improved [21,22] . The non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain also provide a guarantee for the data security of mines. Once mine-related data is written into the blockchain, it cannot be tampered with because each block contains the hash value of the previous block, and this characteristic can effectively prevent mine data from being maliciously tampered with and ensure the authenticity and integrity of mine data. As an important part of mine data security, the industrial Internet identity resolution system plays a key role in data management, which can assign a globally unique code to every physical entity (e.g., mining equipment, products, etc.) and every digital object (e.g., algorithms, process records, key data) on the industrial Internet [23,24] . In the coal industry, identification coding can quickly and accurately locate specific equipment, products, or data for easy management and tracking. For example, in the coal production process, each piece of equipment is assigned with a unique identification code, by virtue of which the operating status and maintenance history of the equipment can be grasped in real time, thus improving the efficiency and accuracy of equipment management. With the help of Web of Science database, this study focuses on "Blockchain"， “Blockchain + Coal”, “Coal + Data” and “Industrial Internet + Coal”. Industrial Internet + Coal”. Scholars from all over the world have invested a lot of efforts in the blockchain research field, and the results are remarkable, especially in the past three years, the industrial Internet research has also gradually emerged, and harvested certain achievements. However, the number of publications in the field of “Industrial Internet + Coal” is relatively small, which indicates that the research in these specific areas is still in the early stage, and has not yet been systematically and comprehensively explored in depth. This study focuses on the following aspects, aiming to further analyze the research status, development trend, and potential application value of each topic, provide valuable references for subsequent research, and help promote the research in the fields of “blockchain + coal” and “industrial internet + coal” to a deeper and deeper level. It will help promote the research of “Blockchain + Coal” and “Industrial Internet + Coal” to expand in depth, and promote the deep integration and innovative development of the coal industry and emerging technologies. In the research on the data processing aspects of mining-related fields, a prototype structure of coal mine safety data mining system is proposed in the literature [25] , while the key technologies and processes of coal mine safety data mining are introduced. According to the different characteristics of coal mine safety management, the data mining method was designed, and the coal mine safety early warning system software was developed using the data mining technology. In literature [26] , a coal mine big data technology is proposed, which realizes the access, fusion, and integration functions of heterogeneous perceptual data from multiple sources, and opens up the barriers between perceptual data and data intelligence applications. The standardized management of coal mine data is realized, which provides a technical reference for the construction of intelligent coal mine big data platform and coal mine data ecology construction. In the literature [27] , a data governance conceptual model and technical architecture for intelligent coal mines are proposed, and the implementation strategy of intelligent coal mine data governance is discussed. This can provide an analytical framework and research methodology for smart coal mine data governance, while closely integrating the theory and application of smart coal mine data governance. In the literature [28] , a strategy for evaluating and improving the capability of intelligent coal mine data governance is proposed, and a maturity model is established, which provides a clear path for the improvement path of intelligent coal mine data governance capability. Based on the PDCA cycle theory, an intelligent coal mine data governance capability enhancement strategy is proposed to provide reference for future data governance practices. In literature [29] , an intelligent coal mine data governance element-mechanism-hierarchy-process reference model is proposed, which provides a multidimensional fusion of methodological perspectives and theoretical analysis logics to realize the understanding of key issues, which is important for ensuring data operation compliance, guaranteeing data quality, preventing and controlling data risk and enhancing data value is of great significance. In the research on data security in mining-related fields based on blockchain technology, a smart mine data trust model based on blockchain technology is proposed in literature [30] , which may empower smart mines with blockchain technology, improve efficiency and productivity, and promote the high-quality development of the coal industry. In literature [31] a blockchain-based distributed market framework for two-tier carbon and energy trading between coal mine integrated energy systems (CMIES) and virtual power plants with network constraints is proposed as a method to effectively reduce system operating costs and regional carbon emissions, reduce conservatism, and protect the privacy of each participant In literature [32] a mining federated chain data security monitoring system is proposed that The solution to build a good centralized and decentralized production mode data security monitoring system, in-depth discussion of the applicability and application of blockchain technology in mining safety inputs to achieve sensor data reliability, node consensus, automated management of safety operations, and traceability of major equipment. In the literature [33] , a coal accounts receivable financing model based on blockchain technology is proposed, and a port-based coal accounts receivable financing system is constructed through blockchain technology. It provides practical significance and theoretical value to promote the transformation and upgrading of coal enterprises and accelerate the opening of sustainable development mode of coal industry. In the literature [34] , a blockchain-based data sharing mechanism for various types of mineral resources is proposed, and realization suggestions and technical points are provided. Compared with traditional data sharing methods, the proposed data sharing mechanism can realize data sharing, ensure data quality and protect intellectual property rights. In the research on the security aspects of mining data-related fields based on industrial Internet technology, in the literature [35] , an overall technical architecture of intelligent coal mine big data governance based on industrial Internet system is proposed to realize the unified access to various coal mine system data through the data access storage service based on different data access protocols, which can break the data silos, improve the quality of the data, and form the unique coal mine data assets, providing important value for coal mine production and operation. In the literature [36] , a basic idea of intelligent coal mine data classification and coding is proposed, following which, intelligent coal mine should adopt the “benchmarking-expansion” two-phase data classification idea, and intelligent coal mine data classification and coding needs to focus on five key steps: determining the business domain, determining the data domain, identifying the object class, extracting the attributes of the object class, and defining the data elements. The key steps. In the literature [37] , an industrial Internet platform solution suitable for mines is proposed, and according to the positioning of different levels of industrial Internet platforms, the functions and synergistic relationships of different levels of industrial Internet platforms, such as mine-level, group-level, and industry-level, are given to meet the demand for intelligent production process management and control in mines when the industrial Internet platform is deployed in the coal industry and to provide analysis and decision-making support for safe and efficient production. In the literature [38] puts forward a constructed coal industrial Internet system architecture, constructed coal industrial Internet security protection, digital mine basic information and other platforms to promote the formation of industrial production manufacturing and service system covering coal production, logistics, consumption and other fields to promote the intelligent construction of mines, and to promote the high-quality development of the coal industry. From the overview, it can be found that there are many defects in the currently constructed mine data security and trustworthy system. The data management model is overly centralized, resulting in operators knowing little about the mine data generation process and doubting the authenticity and reliability of the data information, which greatly reduces the actual effectiveness of the monitoring system. The traditional mine data monitoring system has significant defects in the regulatory process, which cannot cover the effective monitoring of the whole chain of data, and can only monitor data for individual specific links. In the collection and transmission of mine data, due to the lack of effective information sharing mechanisms and mutual trust between different subjects, each link forms a data island, making it difficult to effectively guarantee the truthfulness and accuracy of the data. Currently, blockchain-based mine data safety monitoring system in the field of mine data safety research not only focuses on core functions such as data storage and prevention of data tampering, but also realizes real-time collection, transmission, and storage of safety production information through technologies such as smart contracts and consensus mechanisms, providing real and reliable data support for safety monitoring. For example, the application of blockchain technology in coal mine safety supervision includes safety production monitoring, accident early warning, hidden danger investigation and emergency management, which improves the level of safety production management through real-time monitoring of the production process of mines. Although most of the research is still in the theoretical exploration stage, there are existing systems that have shown their potential in enhancing the efficiency and transparency of safety supervision in practical applications. Therefore, it is urgent to construct a complete data security model that can cover the whole chain of mines. In addition, there is no precedent of combining and applying blockchain and industrial Internet identity resolution technology to mine data in the process of constructing a safe and trustworthy model for mine data, and these two technologies are usually used independently in different fields. Based on the previous research of this group, this postgraduate student firstly deconstructs the data composition of mines, divides the whole chain of mine production and sorts and classifies the key information, then carries out basic research on blockchain technology and industrial Internet identity resolution system, puts forward the concept of integrating blockchain technology with the industrial Internet identity resolution application technology in the management of mine data, and finally constructs a mine data security and trustworthy model, and uses the mine data security and trustworthy model in the construction of mine data. Finally, a mine data security and trustworthy model is constructed, and the model is verified with a mine data management prototype system. The results show that the model can improve the efficiency and accuracy of mine data collection and solve the existing problems of mine data insecurity and low trustworthiness. 3. Construction of Secure and Trusted Model for Mine Data Based on Blockchain and Industrial Internet Identification 3.1. Deconstruction of Mine Data Information Mine data information deconstruction is a systematic and complex workflow, aiming to break the original complexity and chaos of mine data, and transform it into structured elements that can be analyzed in depth and utilized efficiently. The deconstruction of mine production and operation data, such as mining volume, transportation volume, ore recovery rate, etc., can clarify the efficiency and effectiveness of each production link, and by comparing the results of data deconstruction in different time periods and different regions, it can clarify the strengths and weaknesses of the production process and provide a key basis for optimizing the production layout and process, thus ensuring the safety of mine operators and the stable operation of the facilities, and effectively reducing the impact of safety accidents and losses. Reduce the impact and loss of safety accidents. As shown in Figure 1, the key links of mine production include six major links, such as geological exploration, mine development, mining operations, ore transportation, ore processing and sales. The key links in the field of mine production are numerous, complex processes, the need to record a large number of information and high complexity, far more than ordinary production methods, especially in the basic information is outstanding. These information types are numerous and intertwined, and together build up the information network of mine production. Therefore, it is particularly important to systematically sort and categorize these key information and promote data uploading. Data up-linking can ensure the accuracy, integrity and non-tampering of information, and provide a solid and reliable basis for efficient management, safety and decision-making in mine production. The categorization of key information is shown in Appendix A, covering six stages from geological exploration to sales, and the information of each stage is subdivided into four categories: basic information, environmental information, personnel information and equipment information, which includes almost all the key information of mine production. These data provide the basis for accurate planning and scheduling, which can significantly improve production efficiency and reduce resource waste. At the same time, they can also help us more accurately assess resource reserves and grades, optimize mining and beneficiation processes, and improve resource utilization. In-depth analysis based on rich data can provide a scientific basis for decision-making on corporate strategy and technology improvement, promote the sustainable development of mines, and enhance their competitiveness and resilience in the industry. 3.2. Design of Mine Data Management based on Blockchain Technology 3.2.1. Blockchain structure design of mining data Blockchain is a distributed ledger composed of blocks, which can be used to record data generated during mining production. The chain structure and hash algorithm of blockchain ensure the integrity of data [39-41] . In mining production, each block contains the hash value of the previous block. Once the data is recorded in the block, it is very difficult to tamper with it, as shown in Figure 2. For example, when recording data such as mining volume and ore grade, once someone tries to tamper with the data of a block, the hash value of the block will change immediately, resulting in the hash values of all subsequent blocks being unable to match, and thus being easily identified by the system. Blockchain is a distributed ledger. Data is not stored on a single server, but is maintained by multiple nodes. For government regulators, mining data recorded by blockchain can achieve transparent supervision. Regulators can view the production status of mines in real time, including safety production status, resource utilization status, etc. Enterprises can effectively prove their compliance operations with the help of data sharing, thereby enhancing social trust. The block consists of a block header and a block body. The block header contains the parent block hash, Merkle root, etc., and the block body contains data transaction information. Using the hash algorithm, all the data of the previous block is calculated to generate a fixed-length string, which closely connects the current block with the previous block to form an unalterable chain structure, thereby ensuring the integrity and order of the data. The root node hash value of the Merkle tree generated by all mining production data transaction information in this block (such as ore mining volume, processing volume, transportation volume and other data records). The Merkle tree is a binary tree structure that can efficiently verify the integrity and consistency of data. As long as any data record is tampered with, the Merkle root will change and be recognized by the blockchain network. Using the distributed ledger characteristics of blockchain technology, mining production data can be safely, reliably and orderly recorded on the blockchain to ensure the traceability and tamper-proofness of the entire process data. This not only improves the transparency and efficiency of mining production management, but also provides a powerful regulatory tool for regulatory authorities, thereby ensuring the healthy development of the mining industry. 3.2.2. Smart Contract Design for Mine Data The mining industry generates huge amounts of data during exploration, mining and processing, which are critical for resource assessment, production planning and safety management. However, the traditional data management model has shortcomings such as data being easily tampered with, lack of security in sharing, and insufficient trustworthiness. Blockchain, with its unique attributes of decentralization, non-tampering and traceability, combined with the automatic execution mechanism of smart contracts and strict contract terms, jointly builds a highly trustworthy data environment, ensures the authenticity, integrity and reliability of mining data throughout its life cycle, and injects a strong impetus for the optimization, upgrading and efficient development of data management in the mining industry. As shown in Figure 3, it is the design of the smart contract in the mine data security and trustworthy model based on blockchain and industrial internet Identification logo, which can better protect the mine data security and trustworthy. 1. Data collection and upload contract; This contract is mainly responsible for collecting data from various industrial Internet devices (such as sensors, monitoring instruments, etc.) in the mine and uploading it to the blockchain. It ensures the authenticity and initial integrity of the data source. Before collecting data, the industrial Internet device of the data source is authenticated. The device is verified by the unique identifier of the device (such as MAC address, device serial number, etc.) and the pre-stored key. Only authenticated devices can upload data. The contract will check whether the data format meets the requirements. If it does not meet the requirements, it will be rejected. Each collected data will be attached with an accurate timestamp to record the specific time point when it was generated. This is very important for subsequent data traceability, for example, determining the order in which data was generated in a certain mining stage. Before uploading the data to the blockchain, it will be encrypted using an encryption algorithm (such as AES symmetric encryption). 2. Data storage contract; The data uploaded to the blockchain will be reasonably stored, with clear storage location and method, while ensuring the stability and security of data storage. According to the type of data (such as geological data, mining data, processing data, etc.) and time factors, the data will be assigned a storage location on the blockchain. For example, all mining data of the same mine within a month is stored in adjacent blocks or specific data storage spaces to facilitate subsequent data query and management. Data storage operations are limited to authorized internal data management nodes of mining enterprises, and external nodes cannot perform storage operations without authorization. After the data is stored, a hash value of the data is generated and stored in a specific location of the blockchain. When the data integrity needs to be verified, the hash value of the data can be recalculated and compared with the stored hash value to determine whether the data has been tampered with. 3. Data Sharing Contract； It is used to manage the secure sharing of mining data between different participants (such as different departments within mining enterprises, mining enterprises and scientific research institutions, mining enterprises and regulatory authorities, etc.). It specifies in detail the specific rules, coverage, applicable conditions and operating procedures for data sharing, and establishes core principles such as on-demand sharing and minimization of sharing. For example, when a scientific research institution applies to obtain mining geological data for research, the data sharing contract will strictly stipulate that it can only access part of the geological data directly related to the research topic, and it is strictly prohibited to obtain beyond the scope. At the same time, the contract also clearly defines which specific data can be legally shared. In this process, smart contracts will automatically execute strict verification and authorization processes to ensure the legitimacy and security of the data sharing process. 4. Data Verification Contract Mainly verify the authenticity, accuracy and compliance of the mine data uploaded to the blockchain to ensure that the data complies with the actual situation of mine production and management as well as relevant regulations and standards. Verify whether the data is indeed from a legitimate device through communication records and device identification with industrial Internet devices. For example, check whether the ore mining volume data is collected by sensors installed on the mining equipment to prevent data from being falsified. Verify the accuracy of the data based on the mine's production process and relevant technical parameters. For example, for ore grade data, verify whether the data is within a reasonable range in combination with known vein characteristics and sampling methods. If the data exceeds the normal fluctuation range, the contract will trigger an alarm or further investigation process. The verification results (pass or fail) will be recorded on the blockchain for subsequent data users and regulatory authorities to review at any time. These records are not only important evidence of data credibility, but also effectively assist in the tracing and rectification of data problems. 3.3. Identification and Resolution System of Industrial Internet Design for Mines 3.3.1. Design of Identification and Resolution System of Industrial Internet for Mines The purpose of mining data trusted identification is to connect the main data within mining production enterprises. Breaking the barriers to data circulation in all aspects of mining production is an important foundation for improving data quality and query efficiency. This study built an identification resolution system for the mining industry based on the Identification and Resolution System of Industrial Internet infrastructure, as shown in figure 4,including national top-level nodes, secondary nodes exclusive to the mining industry, and enterprise nodes established by many mining companies. The national top-level node is the core foundation of the industrial Internet identification resolution system of the mining industry, and is responsible for managing the national mining data identification resolution system. This node stores comprehensive registration information of mining enterprises, mining areas, equipment and data types. If the regional resolution node cannot be resolved, the national resolution center will undertake the final resolution task. In addition, the national resolution center is responsible for formulating and updating identification coding rules, data model specifications, etc. to ensure the uniformity and standardization of the identification system, and give it a unique identification coding format according to the characteristics of different mining enterprises. The secondary node of the identification and resolution system of Industrial Internet designed in combination with the characteristics of the mining industry covers a variety of mining category nodes such as metal mine nodes and non-metallic mine nodes. As the intermediate link of the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne, it is the key hub connecting the national top-level node and the mining enterprise node. It is the core part of the entire identification resolution system and is responsible for providing identification resolution services to users of enterprise nodes, such as processing the identification application of mining enterprises, identification resolution and other related services. The enterprise node is the core of data interaction. It connects mining equipment with the resolution system, is responsible for collecting key data such as geology and production, and uploads them to the system according to established identification rules. At the same time, it receives parsing instructions, quickly obtains information, and processes identification registration applications to ensure data standardization, thereby effectively promoting the efficient operation of mine production management and the close coordination of the industrial chain. When a user or application initiates a parsing request for a mine data identification, it first sends a request to the local parsing server. The local parsing server checks whether the requested identification format is correct, and returns an error message if it is not correct. If the format is correct, the local parsing server searches for the information corresponding to the identification in the local cache. If found, the parsing result is returned to the requester and the access record of the local cache is updated. If the local parsing server does not find the identification information, it forwards the request to the regional parsing node. The regional parsing node repeats a similar format check and information search process. If the parsing is successful, the result is returned to the local parsing server, which is then forwarded to the requester by the local parsing server and the parsing result is stored in the local cache (the cache validity period can be set). If the regional parsing node is also unable to parse the identification, the request is finally submitted to the national parsing center. The national parsing center conducts a comprehensive query and parsing of the identification information, and returns the results to the requester through the regional parsing node and the local parsing server in turn, and updates the cache information of the parsing agencies at all levels. 3. 3 .2. Coding Design of Mines based on Industrial Internet The design of the mining industry Internet identification resolution coding needs to take into account many factors. First, the coding should be unique and can accurately distinguish different mines, different types of minerals, different mining areas, and various types of equipment and data resources. Secondly, the compatibility and scalability of the coding should be considered to adapt to the ever-evolving new technologies, new equipment and new business needs of the mining industry. Furthermore, a check digit should be added to the coding to ensure the accuracy of data transmission and resolution, thereby reducing the probability of errors. The check digit is generated using a scientific algorithm and implemented at the receiving end to quickly discover and correct errors in transmission. Finally, the coding must also be consistent with the internationally accepted iidentification and resolution system of Industrial Interne standards to promote information exchange and cooperation in the mining industry around the world, enhance the international competitiveness of my country's mining enterprises, and promote the widespread application and sustainable development of the mining industry Internet identification resolution system. According to the characteristics of the mining industry, the industrial Internet identification coding rules for dynamic production factor coding and static production factor coding are shown in Figure 5-6, covering a variety of information codes such as national code, secondary node code, enterprise code, category code, and link code. The identification code consists of two parts: a prefix and a suffix, which are divided by "/". The prefix part includes the country code, secondary node code and enterprise code, which are automatically generated and assigned by the Industrial Internet identification resolution system and cannot be changed without authorization; the suffix part includes category code and link code, which constitute the key components of the full-process data of the mine. These codes can accurately distinguish different types of mining resources, such as metal mines, non-metallic mines, etc., and can also accurately identify various production factors, such as ore grade, equipment operating parameters, etc., which provide a solid foundation for the efficient management, accurate traceability and security of mining data, and ensure that in the complex mining production and data circulation process, the data of each link can be accurately identified and effectively tracked, effectively maintaining the integrity and security of mining data, and promoting the digitalization, intelligence and safety development of the mining industry. It can be seen from the above rules that there are differences in the coding formats of static production factors and dynamic production factors of mines. This is a targeted design based on their specific application scenarios. When the static production factors are converted in each link of the entire mine process, their identification will change accordingly, while the identification codes of the dynamic production factors remain fixed, and only the production information associated with the identification codes needs to be updated in real time. Specifically, by integrating static production factor identification, we are able to achieve real-time updates of mine data information in dynamic production factor identification, while keeping the appearance and format of the dynamic production identification unchanged. This can collect mine data information more accurately and efficiently, significantly improve the security of mine data, and make the data management system more stable and reliable, thereby effectively ensuring data security management and quality control in mine production operations, and providing a reliable basis for the mining industry. Continuous development lays a solid data foundation and security guarantee. The design of identification data template should be based on the characteristics of mine data. Covers basic mine information, such as name, location, mining mineral type; production data, including output, mining progress, etc.; equipment data, such as equipment number, operating status; environmental data, such as air quality, geological disaster warning information, etc. Each data item is clearly classified and formatted to ensure that the identification data is accurate, complete and easy to parse and manage. The data model corresponding to the design identification code is shown in Table 1, which includes mining enterprise information, mining area information, equipment information, etc. T able 1. Data model corresponding to the identification code. xx.xxxxxx.xxxxx/xxx.xx.xxx.xx Complete data hash value Company address Geographic location of the mining area Mining method Equipment production date information Other information … 3.4. Construction of a trusted model for mine data based on blockchain and industrial Internet In the mining industry, with the acceleration of digitalization and intelligentization, a large amount of data is collected, transmitted, stored and used. These data cover geological information, mining process data, equipment operation data and employee information, etc., and their security and credibility are crucial. At present, mining data has problems such as scattered sources, difficulty in integration, difficulty in ensuring accuracy, weak security protection, poor sharing mechanism and insufficient analysis and application. To solve the above problems, we use the decentralized, tamper-proof and traceable characteristics of blockchain technology, and integrate the identity authentication and authorization functions of trusted identification to build a mine data security and trust model. The overall architecture is shown in Figure 7. The model includes five nodes: mining production link node, mining enterprise blockchain node, industrial Internet identification resolution system node, data storage node, and connection node. The model provides a powerful solution for building mining data security. In the above model, the mining production nodes are the six main links involved in the mining production process. The data generated by these six links in the production process are stored in the data deployed in the enterprise (local data and cloud database), and the data is stored in the blockchain. The data is used to generate the corresponding identification code of the data through the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne, including static production factor code and dynamic production factor code; the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne node assigns code to the data according to the data type; and the blockchain node of the mining enterprise is responsible for uploading the data from the enterprise node to the blockchain. These data must first be strictly verified by the smart contract, and then the static production factor code and the dynamic production factor code are effectively connected through the associated smart contract. The data storage node is responsible for the internal storage of enterprise data, usually in the form of a combination of local database and cloud database. The connection node is committed to seamlessly connecting the static production factor code with the dynamic production factor code to ensure the smooth flow of internal enterprise data. The construction of a mine data security trust model based on blockchain and trusted identification provides an innovative solution for data security management in the mining industry. By establishing a complete trusted identification system, building a reliable blockchain network architecture, and combining blockchain technology with industrial Internet identification resolution technology to form a reasonable data access and sharing mechanism, the safe and reliable storage, transmission and use of mining data are achieved. At the same time, the model provides strong guarantees in terms of data integrity, authenticity and privacy protection, and can effectively respond to various security challenges faced by mining data. The implementation and operation of the model benefit from scientific planning, strict testing and standardized management, thus ensuring its stability and long-term sustainability. With the continuous development of blockchain and trusted identification technology, the model can be further optimized and expanded to lay a solid data security foundation for the digital transformation and intelligent development of the mining industry. 3.5. Study of mine data flow mechanisms The specific process of the mine data circulation model is shown in Figure 8. The data information of each link involved in the mining resources from geological exploration to mining and excavation, to ore dressing and processing, and even transportation and sales is recorded in real time and in detail, and a comprehensive and detailed mine data information database is built to ensure the integrity and accuracy of the mine data chain, and provide a solid data foundation for the effective management, safety monitoring and rational use of resources in mine production operations. Through identification, the enterprise blockchain nodes are matched one by one with the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne, ensuring the binding of ore quality and identification in each link of mine production, and effectively preventing the tampering of ore data. Enterprises will manually input information that is difficult to enter automatically, such as ore transaction prices and transportation costs. With the help of active identification carrier technology, some dynamic data can realize data sensing, identification coding and remote transmission collaborative operations, achieve rapid collection, automatic coding and eliminate human interference. For different links and different scenarios, the combination of labels and ore product packaging is diversified. Small ore samples can be coded separately. For the situation where large ore contains small batches of ore, coupled coding methods can be used. This solution can effectively enhance the data circulation efficiency of the blockchain system, eliminate the security risks faced by mining companies during data uploading, and facilitate companies to quickly query the required information. In blockchain application scenarios, smart contracts can be used to connect two identification codes. Suppose one is a mining resource mining license identification code, and the other is a mining equipment use license identification code. Smart contracts can define rules that require the verification of both identification codes when mining activities are carried out. When the equipment corresponding to the mining equipment use license identification code is about to perform mining operations, the smart contract will check whether the associated mining resource mining license identification code matches and whether it meets the conditions such as mining scope and mining time. If the conditions are met, the smart contract allows the mining operation and records the operation information, thereby realizing the connection of the two identification codes in business logic. The Data connection mechanism of this study, as shown in Figure 9, can perfectly solve the above problems. Working steps of mine data information flow: Step 1: Identification resolution verification. During the mine production process, when dynamic production factors reach the designated link, they will interact with the matched static production factors through smart contracts and identification connection tools, read the identification of dynamic production factors, and check whether the identification can be successfully resolved by the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne. This process ensures the validity of the data and the reliability of the source, thereby ensuring the smooth flow and processing of data within the system. Step 2: Element connection determination. The smart contract will further determine whether the identification is resolved for the first time in the current link. If it is the first time to resolve, the smart contract will connect the dynamic production factors with the static production factors to integrate the complete mine production data information; if it is not the first time to resolve, there will be no repeated connection, and the connection tool of the previous link will not have the right to operate the identification again, and the link where the identification is located will be determined by the last resolution link. At the same time, the identification code is not restricted by form, reducing the identification cost of each link from mining to sales and improving work efficiency. Step 3: Data transmission and processing. The identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne transmits the data information collected from the static production factors to the blockchain system through smart contracts and connection devices. The smart contract first verifies the data type and the link it is in, and processes the data to ensure the integrity, accuracy and format of the uploaded data. After verification, the data is uploaded to the blockchain for storage. At the same time, the industrial Internet identification resolution system will update the identification information of dynamic production factors in real time to ensure that the information in the blockchain and identification can be updated synchronously with the changes in mining products in different production links. When the company involves information that cannot be input intelligently, such as ore trading prices, it is manually entered. The data information of each link of mining exploration, mining, processing and transportation can be recorded in real time and accurately, ensuring that the resource quality and identification of each link in the whole chain are closely related, thereby effectively ensuring the non-tamperability of production data, improving the data flow efficiency of the blockchain system, reducing the security risks of data upload by mining enterprises, and facilitating enterprises to check data information at any time, providing strong support for data management andsecurity in the mining industry. 4. Results and Analysis 4.1. Theoretical Analysis 4.1.1. Security analysis Security verification is achieved through black box testing. The black box testing logic is shown in Figure 10. Black-box testing can realize the verification of mine data security can be carried out, for mine data collection module, by inputting different types and formats of mine data (such as geological data, equipment operation data, etc.), to check whether the system can correctly receive, store and process these data, to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the data collection function. Test the data encryption and decryption functions, input mine data of various lengths and types, verify whether the encrypted data meet the requirements of the encryption algorithm, and whether the decrypted data are consistent with the original data. Test the data access control function by simulating different user roles (e.g. mine managers, technicians, supervisors, etc.) logging into the system and checking whether they are able to access and operate the corresponding mine data in accordance with their permission levels. The following 3 types of security trustworthiness verification are designed according to the user's application scenarios for different aspects of coal mine production. Verification of security trustworthiness of regulatory authorities For the verification of the mine data collection module, different types and formats of mine data (e.g., geological data, equipment operation data) are input to check the system’s capability of receiving, storing, and processing data. The specific test cases covering functional points like basic information and environmental information are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Mine data acquisition test cases. Case number Functional points Test content Expected results Test results Case1 Enter basic information Input mine geological data Data can be uploaded Meet expectations Case2 Enter environmental information Enter meteorological data of the mine site Data can be uploaded Meet expectations Case3 Enter equipment information Enter equipment maintenance records Data can be uploaded Meet expectations Case4 Enter personnel information Enter basic personal information of transportation drivers Data can be uploaded Meet expectations Data encryption and decryption function verification When verifying the data encryption and decryption functions, mine data of various lengths and types are input to verify if the encrypted data meets the encryption algorithm requirements and if the decrypted data is consistent with the original. The detailed test scenarios for these functions are illustrated in Table 3. Table 3. Data encryption and decryption function test cases. Case number Functional points Test content Expected results Test results Case1 Data Encryption Geological survey report in text format Data can be encrypted Meet expectations Case2 Data Encryption Incorrectly formatted equipment parameters Data can't be encrypted Meet expectations Case3 Data Decryption Decryption of encrypted mine data using the correct key Data can't be encrypted Meet expectations Case4 Data Decryption Decryption of encrypted mine data using an incorrect key Data can be uploaded Meet expectations Data access function verification To test the data access control function, different user roles (e.g., mine managers, technicians, supervisors) are simulated to log into the system and check their access and operation rights. The test cases for data access permissions across various user types are detailed in Table 4. Table 4. Data access functional test cases. Case number Functional points Test content Expected results Test results Case1 Data access rights for mining enterprise users Mining enterprise users query basic mine information through the system Can get the actual data Meet expectations Case2 Data access rights for regulatory agencies Regulators query transaction prices through the system Can get the actual data Meet expectations Case3 Data access rights for other users Other users query transaction prices through the system No right to query this information Meet expectations The safety performance of these three types of systems was tested using black box testing methods, and the designed test cases were able to meet the expected goals and satisfy the system functional requirements. This shows that compared with traditional mine data management, this data management system can ensure the security, accuracy, and tamper-proofness of mine production data, thereby achieving the security and trustworthiness of mine production data. 4.1.2. Scalability Analysis In today's rapidly developing mining industry, the amount of data is exploding and business needs are becoming increasingly complex and changeable. The scalability of the mine data security and trust model based on blockchain and trusted identification is particularly critical. From the perspective of data collection, with the expansion of mining scope and the continuous application of new sensors and monitoring technologies, data sources have become more extensive and diverse. The model's trusted identification system shows strong adaptability and can quickly assign unique identifications to new types of equipment and data sources, and can be smoothly integrated into the existing data collection system to ensure that it does not interfere with the existing data collection process. and rhythm to ensure the continuous and efficient operation of data collection work. At the blockchain network architecture level, its inherent distributed characteristics provide a solid foundation for network expansion. Whether mining companies add internal nodes for their own development or establish data sharing connections with external partners, they can be easily integrated into the blockchain network. With the addition of more nodes, the data storage capacity has been significantly expanded, and the speed and efficiency of data processing have also achieved a qualitative leap. At the same time, as a key component of the blockchain, smart contracts are flexible and updatable. In the face of new business models, ore types and data processing needs that are constantly emerging in the mining industry, smart contracts can be quickly adjusted and optimized to flexibly respond to various new business rules and data logic. For example, for a newly discovered rare ore, smart contracts can quickly customize a specialized data verification, storage and sharing mechanism to ensure that relevant data is properly managed throughout the entire model system. Focusing on the macro perspective of data sharing and interaction, this secure and trusted model demonstrates excellent compatibility and openness. It can seamlessly connect to the widely varying data needs of different enterprises. Whether it is the data reporting and review mechanism with regulatory authorities or the data cooperation research and analysis process with scientific research institutions, it can achieve smooth docking and efficient interaction. The wide compatibility creates unlimited potential for mine data in diversified application scenarios. Especially when promoting the construction of intelligent mines, it can accurately and reliably support various intelligent equipment and systems; in the field of big data analysis, it can easily Integrate multi-source data to unearth more valuable information and insights, thereby leading the mining industry to develop in a more efficient, intelligent, and safe direction, and continuously highlighting the efficiency, safety, and credibility advantages of this model in the field of mine data management. 4.2. Prototype system validation The purpose of this prototype system validation is to comprehensively assess the validity, reliability and performance of the mine data security and trustworthy model based on blockchain and trusted markers in actual mine data management scenarios. To this end, a simulated mine data environment is built, covering the simulation facilities and system components for the whole process from data collection, logo generation and assignment, data transmission, storage to data query and sharing. The environment integrates a variety of mine data simulation sources, such as simulated sensors to generate geological structure data, mining equipment operation data, and environmental monitoring data, etc., and builds a network architecture that includes blockchain nodes, logo resolution servers, and data application terminals. 4.2.1. System Architecture Design Combining the different needs of enterprises, operators and supervisory departments in each link of the whole process of mine production, the trusted management model of the whole process of mine data security is used as a basis to build a trusted management system architecture for the whole process of mine data security, and the overall architecture of the designed system is shown in Figure 11. The system architecture mainly covers five layers: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, contract layer and application layer. The data layer is responsible for the comprehensive collection and storage of various types of mining data, covering geological exploration, mining operations, mineral processing, transportation and distribution, and adopts advanced encryption technology to ensure the security and integrity of data storage, laying a solid data foundation for the entire system. The network layer builds a communication bridge between multiple parties such as internal mining enterprises, inter-enterprises and external supervision, ensuring that data can be transmitted safely and efficiently between different nodes. Whether it is a wired or wireless network, it has a high degree of stability and anti-attack capabilities, perfectly adapting to the complex and changing operating environment and data interaction needs of the mine. The consensus layer adopts specific consensus algorithms, such as the Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm based on blockchain, so that each node can reach a consensus on the authenticity and validity of the mining data, ensure the consistency and reliability of the data in a multi-node distributed environment, and avoid data confusion and errors caused by node failures or malicious behavior. The contract layer uses smart contracts to realize the automated management of mining data and the precise execution of business rules, such as ore trading contracts and safety compliance inspection contracts. Smart contracts automatically execute corresponding operations when preset conditions are met, greatly reducing human intervention, significantly improving the efficiency and accuracy of data management and business processes, and further enhancing the traceability and transparency of data operations. At the application level, different application modules are developed for mining companies, operators and regulatory authorities. Mining companies can achieve comprehensive monitoring and management of production data and scientific planning of resources; operators can easily obtain detailed operating guidelines and safety warning information; and regulatory authorities focus on compliance review and safety supervision of mining data. These application modules all rely on the underlying architecture to ensure the effective use and safety control of mining data, thereby promoting data security and efficient operation in the mining industry. 4.2.2. System module design The system business process is divided into three main stages: the stage of account registration by the supervisory authorities, mining enterprises and social personnel outside the mine, the stage of uploading enterprise data in the production chain of the mine, and the stage of data query by the supervisory authorities and social personnel. The functional modules of the system are shown in Figure 12. The system consists of four major functional modules: basic database, information entry, information query, and background management, and each functional module consists of several sub-functional modules. The basic data module covers the basic data of the mine's geological structure, basic reserve data of various types of ore resources, basic parameter data of mining equipment and other sub-modules, providing initial and comprehensive mine data support for the entire system. These data will serve as an important basis for subsequent data comparison, analysis and data traceability. The information entry module covers the data entry during the mining process, such as daily mining volume, mining depth changes, ore grade detection data, etc.; at the same time, it also includes mineral processing data entry, such as mineral processing process parameters, concentrate output, etc.; and transportation data entry, such as transportation vehicle information, transportation routes and loss data and other sub-function modules. These functions ensure that the full process data of the mine can be accurately and timely entered into the system, providing strong support for subsequent data chaining and management work. The information query module is equipped with functions to query mining data by time range, which can query the changes of mining production data within a specific time period; query by region, which is convenient for understanding the data situation of different mining areas; query by data type, such as viewing geological data or equipment data separately, to meet the needs of regulatory departments, enterprise managers and operators for mining data query in different scenarios, so as to make production decisions, safety assessments and quality traceability. The background setting module includes a user authority management submodule, which is used to set the access rights of different roles (such as enterprise executives, ordinary technicians, supervisors, etc.) to different data to ensure the security and privacy of data; the system parameter setting submodule can adjust and optimize the system's data storage format, data update frequency, etc. to adapt to the ever-changing business needs and technical environment of mining enterprises. 4.2.3. System development 1. Platform selection When building a prototype system of a mine data security and trust model based on blockchain and trusted identification, platform selection is crucial. Among the underlying blockchain platforms, Ethereum is a common choice. With its powerful smart contract function, it can flexibly define data interaction rules and business logic. In addition, with its wide community support, it makes it easier to solve technical problems and expand functions. However, Hyperledger Fabric performs well in enterprise-level applications. It provides a high degree of privacy and customizability, which is very suitable for data scenarios with multiple nodes and complex permission management in mining enterprises. The identity resolution platform relies on the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne to ensure the uniqueness and traceability of mine data identification. The two work together to lay a solid foundation for the prototype system. 2. Development environment and implementation When installing a Linux-based system and using an Ubuntu virtual machine to deploy Hyperledger Fabric, the computer needs to have a specific configuration to ensure the smooth progress of the entire process and the stable and efficient operation of the subsequent system. The specific computer configuration is shown in Table 5. Table 5. Computer configuration parameters. Configuration Configuration parameters CPU GPU Memory Hard disk System Installation Package system Intel Core i7-10750H@ 2.60 GHz NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050 16GB 512 GB Ubuntu16.1.0 Ubuntu-20.04.2.0-desktop-amd64.iso According to the actual situation of the mine data safety management platform, the core functional modules of the platform are implemented, and different access interfaces are presented for enterprises, operators, and regulatory departments in each link of the entire mine process. Users related to mine data production need to select the corresponding identity when registering in this system. After the system review is passed, user login, enterprise data chain, and data query and data supervision of operators and regulatory departments can be carried out. Some pages are shown in Figure 13. For mining enterprises, the interface after login focuses on the data chain function module. Enterprises can easily upload key information such as geological data, equipment operating parameters and ore output of mine mining, and view the progress and status of data chain in real time to ensure that production data is accurately recorded on the blockchain, thereby ensuring data traceability and security, and providing solid data support for the internal management and external supervision of the enterprise. The login interface of operators focuses on data query and safe operation guidance. They can query data of specific areas or equipment according to their permissions, such as viewing nearby geological structures and real-time equipment operation data when working underground, so as to work efficiently and ensure safety. In addition, the interface will also provide various safety operating procedures and emergency response guidelines to help operators standardize operating procedures and reduce safety risks. The interface faced by the regulatory department after logging in focuses on comprehensive data query and supervision functions. Supervisors can query mining data from multiple dimensions, such as tracing changes in production data by time range, checking the compliance of mining areas by region, or deeply analyzing the accuracy and completeness of data by data type. At the same time, the company's data chain can also be supervised and audited. Once data anomalies or violations are found, corresponding measures can be taken in a timely manner to ensure the standardized and orderly operation of the mining industry and the security and reliability of data. 3. Comparative analysis of mine data security systems Compared with the traditional mine data management system, existing blockchain regulatory system solutions and industrial Internet platforms, the mine data security system designed in this study achieves significant improvements in data security, data interaction efficiency and query timeliness. As shown in Table 6, the system performs well in mine data security management, effectively solving key problems such as low data query efficiency, data deviation and incompleteness. With the advanced technical architecture and innovative management mode, the system lays a solid foundation for the accurate traceability and safety guarantee of the whole process of mining data. Whether it is data monitoring and management during daily production and operation, or rapid data query and problem tracing in response to emergencies, the system shows excellent performance advantages, and vigorously pushes the level of data safety management in the mining industry to a new level. Table 6. Comparative analysis of systems. System Data Security Data Interaction Efficiency Query Timing References Traditional mining data management system Low Low Low [2] [4] [5] Existing blockchain supervision system High Mid Mid [6] [7] [8] Existing industrial Internet platform Low High Mid [22] [24] System of this study High High High Compared with the existing blockchain data security supervision system, the advantages of the mine data security system proposed in this study are:Improve the efficiency of mining data collection. In the field of mine data security management, existing blockchain data management systems mostly focus on data tracing, but are difficult to deal with the bottleneck of data collection efficiency. If the data cannot be quickly and accurately uploaded to the chain, enterprises in all aspects of mining production will face many obstacles when querying and using data, which may lead to serious consequences such as errors in production decision-making and delayed investigation of safety hazards. The model constructed in this article, as the core component of the data security system, can greatly increase the speed of uploading production data to the blockchain system, comprehensively optimize the data processing processes of enterprises in all aspects of mining, significantly save time, cost and economic investment, and provide enterprises with Provide solid data support for efficient operations;Improve the identification and improve the overall performance of the system. By integrating industrial Internet identification analysis technology into the mine data security and trustworthiness system, it has successfully solved the problems of identification confusion, poor scalability, and complex analysis processes faced by enterprises in all aspects of the entire process. Once abnormal conditions occur in mine production, accurate and unified identification can greatly increase the speed of traceability, ensure that the root cause of the problem can be quickly located, and solutions can be formulated in a timely manner, effectively ensuring the safety and stability of mine production. This study has carefully built a complete mine data security and trustworthiness system. This system integrates advanced information technology, Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies to achieve everything from exploration to mining, processing, transportation, etc. Comprehensive data governance and security protection for all key links in the supply chain. This system not only effectively strengthens the privacy protection of mine data during the query process, and comprehensively improves the security and reliability of data, but also significantly enhances the scalability and traceability efficiency of the system, effectively safeguarding the privacy of all participants. Legitimate rights and interests and business secrets have laid a solid foundation for data security for the sustainable development of the mining industry. 5. Conclusions This study first carried out a deconstruction study of mine data information, sorted out the mine production links in detail, constructed a data information classification table for each link, and constructed a smart contract suitable for mine production to ensure data security. Secondly, by integrating blockchain technology and identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne technology, by building the data structure of the block and combining the dual encoding design of the identity resolution system, we successfully established a secure and trusted model for mine data, and elaborated on the circulation mechanism of mine data in detail. Then, based on the Hyperledger Fabric platform, a mine data security and trustworthy prototype system was built to verify the implementation of the model. This model is of great significance, especially in terms of data security. The combination of the immutability of blockchain and the uniqueness of trusted identification has built a solid line of defense for mine data, effectively avoiding malicious tampering and forgery of data, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of data, and thus providing a solid basis for mine production decision-making. From the perspective of industry norms, it promotes data sharing and interaction among mining enterprises, strengthens the precise supervision of the entire process of mining by regulatory authorities, and promotes the formation of a standardized data management model for the entire industry. In terms of technological innovation, the model has introduced cutting-edge technical concepts for mine data management, promoted the in-depth application and integrated development of related technologies in this field, injected new vitality into the digital transformation of the mining industry, and thus improved the overall operational efficiency and competitiveness. In future work, it is necessary to further optimize the functions of smart contracts so that they can more accurately adapt to the complex and changing business scenarios of mines, such as achieving more efficient and intelligent processing in ore transaction settlement, automatic judgment of safety compliance, etc., reducing manual intervention and reducing error rates. Secondly, we should deepen the exploration of integration with emerging technologies, for example, deeply integrate big data analysis technology into it, and deeply mine massive mining data, so as to provide more forward-looking decision-making support for mine resource planning, safety hazard prediction, etc.; at the same time, closely combine with Internet of Things technology to ensure seamless connection between mining equipment and data security models, so as to improve the real-time and security of equipment data collection and transmission. Declarations Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.H. and T.X.; methodology, Y.C.; software, Y.C; validation, B.W.; formal analysis, J.H.; investigation, Y.C.; resources,B.W.; data curation, W.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, J.H.; writing—review and editing, Y.C.; visualization, J.H; supervision, J.H.; project administration, X.P.; funding acquisition, W.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was supported in part by School-level Projects of Ordos Institute of Technology (XJ2024003802), Ordos Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research Innovation Project(KYQN25Z020); (corresponding author: W.Z.) Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available from the authors. 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5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStatic production factor identification code.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/054298b655d0b540e020df95.png"},{"id":95260205,"identity":"4b81cd13-a013-472e-80a3-56712e4bcf19","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 04:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9464,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDynamic production factor dentification code.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/556884082e14ed8f070d5bed.png"},{"id":95260213,"identity":"fa83af58-500e-4049-90e8-d6a786d378ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 04:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":175085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTrusted model of mine data based on blockchain and identification analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/56af8e8af350db366692be6e.png"},{"id":95313260,"identity":"e4bcfa63-7e50-49a3-8b9c-4a97fbecd3b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:51:11","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":154495,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMine data transfer mechanism.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/86d0b1d6f09080f1473c2eeb.png"},{"id":95260207,"identity":"402db131-2658-46c3-a8b4-922fa3cee889","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 04:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eData connection mechanism of mine.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/b980644a5dcf8eeba0a5dd8b.png"},{"id":95312905,"identity":"fb29af95-2856-4362-aa82-b54b06aadedd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:50:33","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22291,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBlack box test logic.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/f15a2c3c8ff68c4481f69439.png"},{"id":95260226,"identity":"e3988b14-f60e-4842-bad7-18b023ac08e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 04:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSystem architecture.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/a56ca978b0154e2f30091de1.png"},{"id":95313381,"identity":"9a3a511f-3af3-4ae2-bd15-1468f91aea93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:51:20","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71028,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSystem module design.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/d07a372b11c3bbfc496b576e.png"},{"id":95260223,"identity":"c740738a-5003-47aa-929f-cb5a4f135d2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 04:16:50","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":327041,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePartial mine data management system interface diagram.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/4646e5712d574792492e0d49.png"},{"id":95524091,"identity":"048888d2-5934-45f4-b77b-6a58d178506c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:02:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1923192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/75359046-de24-4255-b7e9-b666bbeb4681.pdf"},{"id":95260200,"identity":"ba053b63-57b7-4bb1-960a-455f39fa59cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 04:16:50","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AppendixA.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7831106/v1/76589a40528d7bcd667d2939.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Research on Mine Data Security Trusted Model Based On Blockchain and Industrial Internet Identity Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMining data security has always been one of the industry's greatest concerns \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. According to data from the National Mine Safety Supervision Bureau, the national mine safety situation in 2023 is generally stable, but accidents and deaths still occur. This reflects the frequent data security risks in the mining field, low data collection efficiency, easy tampering, and difficulty in querying, etc., which seriously threaten the stability and safety of mining production, damage the corporate image, and the reliability of mining data has also been affected. Industry doubts\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Ensuring the security of mining data is of extremely critical significance to the life and health of mining workers, stable corporate operations, and orderly development of the industry. There are many risk issues in current mine data security. Mine data security has significant flaws in the following aspects: The mine data security monitoring system architecture is poorly designed and the control method is centralized. If the central node fails or is attacked, the system is prone to paralysis. For example, if the core server of a large mining enterprise is invaded, data processing and instruction distribution are blocked, affecting production, resource management, and decision-making; awareness and trust; relevant personnel lack knowledge of the monitoring system, and some personnel within the enterprise lack data security awareness training, so it is easy to Data leakage due to improper operation. There is a lack of trust mechanism in the interaction between different entities, and there are doubts about the authenticity of the data. It is easy to blame when problems arise, which affects the implementation effect of the system; Monitoring coverage: Traditional monitoring systems are limited and often only focus on production equipment operation data, ignoring geological exploration, raw material procurement, and product transportation. Sales and other link data and data flow are incomplete, affecting the reflection of mine operation status. If resource reserve assessment relies solely on production data, it can easily lead to misjudgment and is not conducive to long-term planning and sustainable development \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In the process of mining data collection and transmission, data sharing among different subjects faces great obstacles, forming the phenomenon of data islands. This is mainly due to the inconsistency in data formats, standards and transmission protocols, which makes it difficult to connect and share data between departments or enterprises. For example, there are differences in the database systems of the geological exploration and production departments, and data interaction requires conversion and integration, which is not only costly, but also error-prone and leads to data loss, thus hindering the efficient operation of the system \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlockchain technology, as an innovative computer technology application model, realizes the characteristics of decentralization, information transparency, tamper-proof and traceability through key elements such as distributed data storage, peer-to-peer transmission, consensus mechanism and encryption algorithm \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. These characteristics have been practically applied in many fields such as supply chain management, intelligent management of mining materials, intelligent mine resource optimization and safety supervision, effectively enhancing transparency and security, ensuring the authenticity and reliability of the data, and thus avoiding the possibility of any single institution to achieve absolute control over the data. In the field of mine data security, the application of blockchain technology shows great potential, which can significantly accelerate the information flow speed of the whole process of mine data security, and effectively guarantee the solid security of data information in all aspects of the whole process \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In the scope of academic research at home and abroad, many scholars have opened a preliminary exploration of the application of blockchain technology in mine data security, put forward a series of forward-looking research ideas. At the same time, at the level of enterprise practice, the relevant enterprises actively take advantage of blockchain technology to propose solutions for problems such as difficulties in mine safety investment decision-making, review and timely adjustment of the amount. And blockchain technology is precisely applied to the key link of data tracking, which strongly improves the accuracy and reliability of data management\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe identification and resolution system of Industrial Internet is a key part of the industrial Internet network system \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. It uses barcode, QR code, radio frequency identification tag and other methods to assign unique identification code and store relevant information for physical or virtual objects, so as to realize accurate positioning, seamless connection and efficient dialogue. Its architecture includes root nodes, national top nodes, secondary nodes and enterprise nodes. With the help of coding, storage and transmission and security technology \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In mine data management, product and equipment data can be traced and help efficiently repair equipment, which is of great significance in ensuring coal quality control and mine data management. Mining and other related enterprises can smoothly achieve efficient sharing of required data with the help of marking resolution technology, realize comprehensive and accurate collection of underlying data and barrier-free interoperability of data in various links, and build a solid digital foundation for the careful shaping and extensive promotion and application of innovative business scenarios based on interconnected data in the mining field \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In mining operations, through the comprehensive interconnection of geological data, mining equipment operation data, transportation and logistics data, etc., it can provide powerful support for the construction and promotion of intelligent mining scheduling scenarios, accurate equipment maintenance scenarios, transparent coal supply chain scenarios, etc., making the synergy of all aspects of mine production and operation stronger, more efficient and more secure, and laying a solid digital foundation for the mining enterprises to seize the opportunity in the wave of digital transformation. It lays the foundation for mining enterprises to seize the first opportunity in the wave of digital transformation, thus promoting the vigorous development of the entire mining industry in the direction of intelligence, efficiency and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDriven by blockchain technology and industrial Internet technology, this paper builds a mine data security and trustworthy model based on blockchain and Industrial Internet identity analysis. Through the deep integration of distributed and tamper-proof blockchain technology and industrial Internet Identification, it can provide a more secure, reliable and trustworthy logo service for the mining industry and cross-industry service applications, and then build a more trustworthy and stable industrial Internet ecological environment, as well as a more trustworthy and stable industrial Internet ecological environment, which will help to promote the development of the entire mining industry to intelligent, efficient and sustainable direction. This can build a more reliable and stable industrial Internet ecological environment and significantly improve the security level of data sharing and the efficiency of inter-enterprise collaboration. At the same time, with the unique advantages of blockchain technology, it can formulate an efficient management strategy for industrial Internet identification data, successfully realizing the in-depth integration of identification resolution and blockchain technology in the field of supply chain management of mining data, and opening up a brand-new development path for the safety, security, and efficient utilization of mining data. The path of development for mine data security and efficient utilization has been opened up in a completely new way.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Related Work","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the continuous development of the global economy, the demand for mineral resources is growing, which promotes the development of the mineral industry. The mineral industry faces many challenges, including environmental protection, safe production, resource depletion, etc. Meanwhile, technological innovation and industrial upgrading are also important trends in the development of the industry \u003csup\u003e[18-20]\u003c/sup\u003e. The application of digital and intelligent technologies will accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the mineral industry and improve the production efficiency and resource utilization. For example, the advantages of blockchain technology in data security are gradually emerging, which can ensure the authenticity and integrity of data and prevent data from being tampered with. In addition, by integrating advanced information technology, Internet of Things, big data and artificial intelligence, smart mines realize intelligence, efficiency and synergy in all aspects of production, management and safety. Taking the blockchain security service data of the mine as an example, each node keeps a complete copy of the blockchain, which makes the data security greatly improved\u003csup\u003e[21,22]\u003c/sup\u003e. The non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain also provide a guarantee for the data security of mines. Once mine-related data is written into the blockchain, it cannot be tampered with because each block contains the hash value of the previous block, and this characteristic can effectively prevent mine data from being maliciously tampered with and ensure the authenticity and integrity of mine data. As an important part of mine data security, the industrial Internet identity resolution system plays a key role in data management, which can assign a globally unique code to every physical entity (e.g., mining equipment, products, etc.) and every digital object (e.g., algorithms, process records, key data) on the industrial Internet \u003csup\u003e[23,24]\u003c/sup\u003e. In the coal industry, identification coding can quickly and accurately locate specific equipment, products, or data for easy management and tracking. For example, in the coal production process, each piece of equipment is assigned with a unique identification code, by virtue of which the operating status and maintenance history of the equipment can be grasped in real time, thus improving the efficiency and accuracy of equipment management.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the help of Web of Science database, this study focuses on \u0026quot;Blockchain\u0026quot;，\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;Blockchain + Coal\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Coal + Data\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Industrial Internet + Coal\u0026rdquo;. Industrial Internet + Coal\u0026rdquo;. Scholars from all over the world have invested a lot of efforts in the blockchain research field, and the results are remarkable, especially in the past three years, the industrial Internet research has also gradually emerged, and harvested certain achievements. However, the number of publications in the field of \u0026ldquo;Industrial Internet + Coal\u0026rdquo; is relatively small, which indicates that the research in these specific areas is still in the early stage, and has not yet been systematically and comprehensively explored in depth. This study focuses on the following aspects, aiming to further analyze the research status, development trend, and potential application value of each topic, provide valuable references for subsequent research, and help promote the research in the fields of \u0026ldquo;blockchain + coal\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;industrial internet + coal\u0026rdquo; to a deeper and deeper level. It will help promote the research of \u0026ldquo;Blockchain + Coal\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Industrial Internet + Coal\u0026rdquo; to expand in depth, and promote the deep integration and innovative development of the coal industry and emerging technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the research on the data processing aspects of mining-related fields, a prototype structure of coal mine safety data mining system is proposed in the literature \u003csup\u003e[25]\u003c/sup\u003e, while the key technologies and processes of coal mine safety data mining are introduced. According to the different characteristics of coal mine safety management, the data mining method was designed, and the coal mine safety early warning system software was developed using the data mining technology. In literature \u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e, a coal mine big data technology is proposed, which realizes the access, fusion, and integration functions of heterogeneous perceptual data from multiple sources, and opens up the barriers between perceptual data and data intelligence applications. The standardized management of coal mine data is realized, which provides a technical reference for the construction of intelligent coal mine big data platform and coal mine data ecology construction. In the literature \u003csup\u003e[27]\u003c/sup\u003e, a data governance conceptual model and technical architecture for intelligent coal mines are proposed, and the implementation strategy of intelligent coal mine data governance is discussed. This can provide an analytical framework and research methodology for smart coal mine data governance, while closely integrating the theory and application of smart coal mine data governance. In the literature \u003csup\u003e[28]\u003c/sup\u003e, a strategy for evaluating and improving the capability of intelligent coal mine data governance is proposed, and a maturity model is established, which provides a clear path for the improvement path of intelligent coal mine data governance capability. Based on the PDCA cycle theory, an intelligent coal mine data governance capability enhancement strategy is proposed to provide reference for future data governance practices. In literature\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[29]\u003c/sup\u003e, an intelligent coal mine data governance element-mechanism-hierarchy-process reference model is proposed, which provides a multidimensional fusion of methodological perspectives and theoretical analysis logics to realize the understanding of key issues, which is important for ensuring data operation compliance, guaranteeing data quality, preventing and controlling data risk and enhancing data value is of great significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the research on data security in mining-related fields based on blockchain technology, a smart mine data trust model based on blockchain technology is proposed in literature \u003csup\u003e[30]\u003c/sup\u003e, which may empower smart mines with blockchain technology, improve efficiency and productivity, and promote the high-quality development of the coal industry. In literature \u003csup\u003e[31]\u003c/sup\u003e a blockchain-based distributed market framework for two-tier carbon and energy trading between coal mine integrated energy systems (CMIES) and virtual power plants with network constraints is proposed as a method to effectively reduce system operating costs and regional carbon emissions, reduce conservatism, and protect the privacy of each participant In literature \u003csup\u003e[32]\u003c/sup\u003e a mining federated chain data security monitoring system is proposed that The solution to build a good centralized and decentralized production mode data security monitoring system, in-depth discussion of the applicability and application of blockchain technology in mining safety inputs to achieve sensor data reliability, node consensus, automated management of safety operations, and traceability of major equipment. In the literature \u003csup\u003e[33]\u003c/sup\u003e, a coal accounts receivable financing model based on blockchain technology is proposed, and a port-based coal accounts receivable financing system is constructed through blockchain technology. It provides practical significance and theoretical value to promote the transformation and upgrading of coal enterprises and accelerate the opening of sustainable development mode of coal industry. In the literature \u003csup\u003e[34]\u003c/sup\u003e, a blockchain-based data sharing mechanism for various types of mineral resources is proposed, and realization suggestions and technical points are provided. Compared with traditional data sharing methods, the proposed data sharing mechanism can realize data sharing, ensure data quality and protect intellectual property rights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the research on the security aspects of mining data-related fields based on industrial Internet technology, in the literature \u003csup\u003e[35]\u003c/sup\u003e, an overall technical architecture of intelligent coal mine big data governance based on industrial Internet system is proposed to realize the unified access to various coal mine system data through the data access storage service based on different data access protocols, which can break the data silos, improve the quality of the data, and form the unique coal mine data assets, providing important value for coal mine production and operation. In the literature\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[36]\u003c/sup\u003e, a basic idea of intelligent coal mine data classification and coding is proposed, following which, intelligent coal mine should adopt the \u0026ldquo;benchmarking-expansion\u0026rdquo; two-phase data classification idea, and intelligent coal mine data classification and coding needs to focus on five key steps: determining the business domain, determining the data domain, identifying the object class, extracting the attributes of the object class, and defining the data elements. The key steps. In the literature \u003csup\u003e[37]\u003c/sup\u003e, an industrial Internet platform solution suitable for mines is proposed, and according to the positioning of different levels of industrial Internet platforms, the functions and synergistic relationships of different levels of industrial Internet platforms, such as mine-level, group-level, and industry-level, are given to meet the demand for intelligent production process management and control in mines when the industrial Internet platform is deployed in the coal industry and to provide analysis and decision-making support for safe and efficient production. In the literature \u003csup\u003e[38]\u003c/sup\u003e puts forward a constructed coal industrial Internet system architecture, constructed coal industrial Internet security protection, digital mine basic information and other platforms to promote the formation of industrial production manufacturing and service system covering coal production, logistics, consumption and other fields to promote the intelligent construction of mines, and to promote the high-quality development of the coal industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the overview, it can be found that there are many defects in the currently constructed mine data security and trustworthy system. The data management model is overly centralized, resulting in operators knowing little about the mine data generation process and doubting the authenticity and reliability of the data information, which greatly reduces the actual effectiveness of the monitoring system. The traditional mine data monitoring system has significant defects in the regulatory process, which cannot cover the effective monitoring of the whole chain of data, and can only monitor data for individual specific links. In the collection and transmission of mine data, due to the lack of effective information sharing mechanisms and mutual trust between different subjects, each link forms a data island, making it difficult to effectively guarantee the truthfulness and accuracy of the data. Currently, blockchain-based mine data safety monitoring system in the field of mine data safety research not only focuses on core functions such as data storage and prevention of data tampering, but also realizes real-time collection, transmission, and storage of safety production information through technologies such as smart contracts and consensus mechanisms, providing real and reliable data support for safety monitoring. For example, the application of blockchain technology in coal mine safety supervision includes safety production monitoring, accident early warning, hidden danger investigation and emergency management, which improves the level of safety production management through real-time monitoring of the production process of mines. Although most of the research is still in the theoretical exploration stage, there are existing systems that have shown their potential in enhancing the efficiency and transparency of safety supervision in practical applications. Therefore, it is urgent to construct a complete data security model that can cover the whole chain of mines. In addition, there is no precedent of combining and applying blockchain and industrial Internet identity resolution technology to mine data in the process of constructing a safe and trustworthy model for mine data, and these two technologies are usually used independently in different fields.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the previous research of this group, this postgraduate student firstly deconstructs the data composition of mines, divides the whole chain of mine production and sorts and classifies the key information, then carries out basic research on blockchain technology and industrial Internet identity resolution system, puts forward the concept of integrating blockchain technology with the industrial Internet identity resolution application technology in the management of mine data, and finally constructs a mine data security and trustworthy model, and uses the mine data security and trustworthy model in the construction of mine data. Finally, a mine data security and trustworthy model is constructed, and the model is verified with a mine data management prototype system. The results show that the model can improve the efficiency and accuracy of mine data collection and solve the existing problems of mine data insecurity and low trustworthiness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Construction of Secure and Trusted Model for Mine Data Based on Blockchain and Industrial Internet Identification","content":"\u003cp\u003e3.1. Deconstruction of Mine Data Information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMine data information deconstruction is a systematic and complex workflow, aiming to break the original complexity and chaos of mine data, and transform it into structured elements that can be analyzed in depth and utilized efficiently. The deconstruction of mine production and operation data, such as mining volume, transportation volume, ore recovery rate, etc., can clarify the efficiency and effectiveness of each production link, and by comparing the results of data deconstruction in different time periods and different regions, it can clarify the strengths and weaknesses of the production process and provide a key basis for optimizing the production layout and process, thus ensuring the safety of mine operators and the stable operation of the facilities, and effectively reducing the impact of safety accidents and losses. Reduce the impact and loss of safety accidents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure 1, the key links of mine production include six major links, such as geological exploration, mine development, mining operations, ore transportation, ore processing and sales. The key links in the field of mine production are numerous, complex processes, the need to record a large number of information and high complexity, far more than ordinary production methods, especially in the basic information is outstanding. These information types are numerous and intertwined, and together build up the information network of mine production. Therefore, it is particularly important to systematically sort and categorize these key information and promote data uploading. Data up-linking can ensure the accuracy, integrity and non-tampering of information, and provide a solid and reliable basis for efficient management, safety and decision-making in mine production. The categorization of key information is shown in Appendix A, covering six stages from geological exploration to sales, and the information of each stage is subdivided into four categories: basic information, environmental information, personnel information and equipment information, which includes almost all the key information of mine production. These data provide the basis for accurate planning and scheduling, which can significantly improve production efficiency and reduce resource waste. At the same time, they can also help us more accurately assess resource reserves and grades, optimize mining and beneficiation processes, and improve resource utilization. In-depth analysis based on rich data can provide a scientific basis for decision-making on corporate strategy and technology improvement, promote the sustainable development of mines, and enhance their competitiveness and resilience in the industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2. Design of Mine Data Management based on Blockchain Technology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2.1. Blockchain structure design of mining data\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlockchain is a distributed ledger composed of blocks, which can be used to record data generated during mining production. The chain structure and hash algorithm of blockchain ensure the integrity of data \u003csup\u003e[39-41]\u003c/sup\u003e. In mining production, each block contains the hash value of the previous block. Once the data is recorded in the block, it is very difficult to tamper with it, as shown in Figure 2. For example, when recording data such as mining volume and ore grade, once someone tries to tamper with the data of a block, the hash value of the block will change immediately, resulting in the hash values of all subsequent blocks being unable to match, and thus being easily identified by the system. Blockchain is a distributed ledger. Data is not stored on a single server, but is maintained by multiple nodes. For government regulators, mining data recorded by blockchain can achieve transparent supervision. Regulators can view the production status of mines in real time, including safety production status, resource utilization status, etc. Enterprises can effectively prove their compliance operations with the help of data sharing, thereby enhancing social trust.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe block consists of a block header and a block body. The block header contains the parent block hash, Merkle root, etc., and the block body contains data transaction information. Using the hash algorithm, all the data of the previous block is calculated to generate a fixed-length string, which closely connects the current block with the previous block to form an unalterable chain structure, thereby ensuring the integrity and order of the data. The root node hash value of the Merkle tree generated by all mining production data transaction information in this block (such as ore mining volume, processing volume, transportation volume and other data records). The Merkle tree is a binary tree structure that can efficiently verify the integrity and consistency of data. As long as any data record is tampered with, the Merkle root will change and be recognized by the blockchain network. Using the distributed ledger characteristics of blockchain technology, mining production data can be safely, reliably and orderly recorded on the blockchain to ensure the traceability and tamper-proofness of the entire process data. This not only improves the transparency and efficiency of mining production management, but also provides a powerful regulatory tool for regulatory authorities, thereby ensuring the healthy development of the mining industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2.2. Smart Contract Design for Mine Data\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mining industry generates huge amounts of data during exploration, mining and processing, which are critical for resource assessment, production planning and safety management. However, the traditional data management model has shortcomings such as data being easily tampered with, lack of security in sharing, and insufficient trustworthiness. Blockchain, with its unique attributes of decentralization, non-tampering and traceability, combined with the automatic execution mechanism of smart contracts and strict contract terms, jointly builds a highly trustworthy data environment, ensures the authenticity, integrity and reliability of mining data throughout its life cycle, and injects a strong impetus for the optimization, upgrading and efficient development of data management in the mining industry. As shown in Figure 3, it is the design of the smart contract in the mine data security and trustworthy model based on blockchain and industrial internet Identification logo, which can better protect the mine data security and trustworthy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Data collection and upload contract;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis contract is mainly responsible for collecting data from various industrial Internet devices (such as sensors, monitoring instruments, etc.) in the mine and uploading it to the blockchain. It ensures the authenticity and initial integrity of the data source. Before collecting data, the industrial Internet device of the data source is authenticated. The device is verified by the unique identifier of the device (such as MAC address, device serial number, etc.) and the pre-stored key. Only authenticated devices can upload data. The contract will check whether the data format meets the requirements. If it does not meet the requirements, it will be rejected. Each collected data will be attached with an accurate timestamp to record the specific time point when it was generated. This is very important for subsequent data traceability, for example, determining the order in which data was generated in a certain mining stage. Before uploading the data to the blockchain, it will be encrypted using an encryption algorithm (such as AES symmetric encryption).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Data storage contract;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data uploaded to the blockchain will be reasonably stored, with clear storage location and method, while ensuring the stability and security of data storage. According to the type of data (such as geological data, mining data, processing data, etc.) and time factors, the data will be assigned a storage location on the blockchain. For example, all mining data of the same mine within a month is stored in adjacent blocks or specific data storage spaces to facilitate subsequent data query and management. Data storage operations are limited to authorized internal data management nodes of mining enterprises, and external nodes cannot perform storage operations without authorization. After the data is stored, a hash value of the data is generated and stored in a specific location of the blockchain. When the data integrity needs to be verified, the hash value of the data can be recalculated and compared with the stored hash value to determine whether the data has been tampered with.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. Data Sharing Contract；\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is used to manage the secure sharing of mining data between different participants (such as different departments within mining enterprises, mining enterprises and scientific research institutions, mining enterprises and regulatory authorities, etc.). It specifies in detail the specific rules, coverage, applicable conditions and operating procedures for data sharing, and establishes core principles such as on-demand sharing and minimization of sharing. For example, when a scientific research institution applies to obtain mining geological data for research, the data sharing contract will strictly stipulate that it can only access part of the geological data directly related to the research topic, and it is strictly prohibited to obtain beyond the scope. At the same time, the contract also clearly defines which specific data can be legally shared. In this process, smart contracts will automatically execute strict verification and authorization processes to ensure the legitimacy and security of the data sharing process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. Data Verification Contract\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMainly verify the authenticity, accuracy and compliance of the mine data uploaded to the blockchain to ensure that the data complies with the actual situation of mine production and management as well as relevant regulations and standards. Verify whether the data is indeed from a legitimate device through communication records and device identification with industrial Internet devices. For example, check whether the ore mining volume data is collected by sensors installed on the mining equipment to prevent data from being falsified. Verify the accuracy of the data based on the mine\u0026apos;s production process and relevant technical parameters. For example, for ore grade data, verify whether the data is within a reasonable range in combination with known vein characteristics and sampling methods. If the data exceeds the normal fluctuation range, the contract will trigger an alarm or further investigation process. The verification results (pass or fail) will be recorded on the blockchain for subsequent data users and regulatory authorities to review at any time. These records are not only important evidence of data credibility, but also effectively assist in the tracing and rectification of data problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3. Identification and Resolution System of Industrial Internet Design for Mines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.3.1. Design of Identification and Resolution System of Industrial Internet for Mines\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of mining data trusted identification is to connect the main data within mining production enterprises. Breaking the barriers to data circulation in all aspects of mining production is an important foundation for improving data quality and query efficiency. This study built an identification resolution system for the mining industry based on the Identification and Resolution System of Industrial Internet infrastructure, as shown in figure 4,including national top-level nodes, secondary nodes exclusive to the mining industry, and enterprise nodes established by many mining companies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe national top-level node is the core foundation of the industrial Internet identification resolution system of the mining industry, and is responsible for managing the national mining data identification resolution system. This node stores comprehensive registration information of mining enterprises, mining areas, equipment and data types. If the regional resolution node cannot be resolved, the national resolution center will undertake the final resolution task. In addition, the national resolution center is responsible for formulating and updating identification coding rules, data model specifications, etc. to ensure the uniformity and standardization of the identification system, and give it a unique identification coding format according to the characteristics of different mining enterprises. The secondary node of the identification and resolution system of Industrial Internet designed in combination with the characteristics of the mining industry covers a variety of mining category nodes such as metal mine nodes and non-metallic mine nodes. As the intermediate link of the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne, it is the key hub connecting the national top-level node and the mining enterprise node. It is the core part of the entire identification resolution system and is responsible for providing identification resolution services to users of enterprise nodes, such as processing the identification application of mining enterprises, identification resolution and other related services. The enterprise node is the core of data interaction. It connects mining equipment with the resolution system, is responsible for collecting key data such as geology and production, and uploads them to the system according to established identification rules. At the same time, it receives parsing instructions, quickly obtains information, and processes identification registration applications to ensure data standardization, thereby effectively promoting the efficient operation of mine production management and the close coordination of the industrial chain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen a user or application initiates a parsing request for a mine data identification, it first sends a request to the local parsing server. The local parsing server checks whether the requested identification format is correct, and returns an error message if it is not correct. If the format is correct, the local parsing server searches for the information corresponding to the identification in the local cache. If found, the parsing result is returned to the requester and the access record of the local cache is updated. If the local parsing server does not find the identification information, it forwards the request to the regional parsing node. The regional parsing node repeats a similar format check and information search process. If the parsing is successful, the result is returned to the local parsing server, which is then forwarded to the requester by the local parsing server and the parsing result is stored in the local cache (the cache validity period can be set). If the regional parsing node is also unable to parse the identification, the request is finally submitted to the national parsing center. The national parsing center conducts a comprehensive query and parsing of the identification information, and returns the results to the requester through the regional parsing node and the local parsing server in turn, and updates the cache information of the parsing agencies at all levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.2. Coding Design of Mines based on Industrial Internet\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe design of the mining industry Internet identification resolution coding needs to take into account many factors. First, the coding should be unique and can accurately distinguish different mines, different types of minerals, different mining areas, and various types of equipment and data resources. Secondly, the compatibility and scalability of the coding should be considered to adapt to the ever-evolving new technologies, new equipment and new business needs of the mining industry. Furthermore, a check digit should be added to the coding to ensure the accuracy of data transmission and resolution, thereby reducing the probability of errors. The check digit is generated using a scientific algorithm and implemented at the receiving end to quickly discover and correct errors in transmission. Finally, the coding must also be consistent with the internationally accepted iidentification and resolution system of Industrial Interne standards to promote information exchange and cooperation in the mining industry around the world, enhance the international competitiveness of my country\u0026apos;s mining enterprises, and promote the widespread application and sustainable development of the mining industry Internet identification resolution system.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the characteristics of the mining industry, the industrial Internet identification coding rules for dynamic production factor coding and static production factor coding are shown in Figure 5-6, covering a variety of information codes such as national code, secondary node code, enterprise code, category code, and link code. The identification code consists of two parts: a prefix and a suffix, which are divided by \u0026quot;/\u0026quot;. The prefix part includes the country code, secondary node code and enterprise code, which are automatically generated and assigned by the Industrial Internet identification resolution system and cannot be changed without authorization; the suffix part includes category code and link code, which constitute the key components of the full-process data of the mine. These codes can accurately distinguish different types of mining resources, such as metal mines, non-metallic mines, etc., and can also accurately identify various production factors, such as ore grade, equipment operating parameters, etc., which provide a solid foundation for the efficient management, accurate traceability and security of mining data, and ensure that in the complex mining production and data circulation process, the data of each link can be accurately identified and effectively tracked, effectively maintaining the integrity and security of mining data, and promoting the digitalization, intelligence and safety development of the mining industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt can be seen from the above rules that there are differences in the coding formats of static production factors and dynamic production factors of mines. This is a targeted design based on their specific application scenarios. When the static production factors are converted in each link of the entire mine process, their identification will change accordingly, while the identification codes of the dynamic production factors remain fixed, and only the production information associated with the identification codes needs to be updated in real time. Specifically, by integrating static production factor identification, we are able to achieve real-time updates of mine data information in dynamic production factor identification, while keeping the appearance and format of the dynamic production identification unchanged. This can collect mine data information more accurately and efficiently, significantly improve the security of mine data, and make the data management system more stable and reliable, thereby effectively ensuring data security management and quality control in mine production operations, and providing a reliable basis for the mining industry. Continuous development lays a solid data foundation and security guarantee.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe design of identification data template should be based on the characteristics of mine data. Covers basic mine information, such as name, location, mining mineral type; production data, including output, mining progress, etc.; equipment data, such as equipment number, operating status; environmental data, such as air quality, geological disaster warning information, etc. Each data item is clearly classified and formatted to ensure that the identification data is accurate, complete and easy to parse and manage. The data model corresponding to the design identification code is shown in Table 1, which includes mining enterprise information, mining area information, equipment information, etc.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData model corresponding to the identification code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"242\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003exx.xxxxxx.xxxxx/xxx.xx.xxx.xx\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplete data hash value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompany address\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeographic location of the mining area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMining method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEquipment production date information\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther information\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4. Construction of a trusted model for mine data based on blockchain and industrial Internet\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the mining industry, with the acceleration of digitalization and intelligentization, a large amount of data is collected, transmitted, stored and used. These data cover geological information, mining process data, equipment operation data and employee information, etc., and their security and credibility are crucial. At present, mining data has problems such as scattered sources, difficulty in integration, difficulty in ensuring accuracy, weak security protection, poor sharing mechanism and insufficient analysis and application. To solve the above problems, we use the decentralized, tamper-proof and traceable characteristics of blockchain technology, and integrate the identity authentication and authorization functions of trusted identification to build a mine data security and trust model. The overall architecture is shown in Figure 7. The model includes five nodes: mining production link node, mining enterprise blockchain node, industrial Internet identification resolution system node, data storage node, and connection node. The model provides a powerful solution for building mining data security.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the above model, the mining production nodes are the six main links involved in the mining production process. The data generated by these six links in the production process are stored in the data deployed in the enterprise (local data and cloud database), and the data is stored in the blockchain. The data is used to generate the corresponding identification code of the data through the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne, including static production factor code and dynamic production factor code; the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne node assigns code to the data according to the data type; and the blockchain node of the mining enterprise is responsible for uploading the data from the enterprise node to the blockchain. These data must first be strictly verified by the smart contract, and then the static production factor code and the dynamic production factor code are effectively connected through the associated smart contract. The data storage node is responsible for the internal storage of enterprise data, usually in the form of a combination of local database and cloud database. The connection node is committed to seamlessly connecting the static production factor code with the dynamic production factor code to ensure the smooth flow of internal enterprise data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe construction of a mine data security trust model based on blockchain and trusted identification provides an innovative solution for data security management in the mining industry. By establishing a complete trusted identification system, building a reliable blockchain network architecture, and combining blockchain technology with industrial Internet identification resolution technology to form a reasonable data access and sharing mechanism, the safe and reliable storage, transmission and use of mining data are achieved. At the same time, the model provides strong guarantees in terms of data integrity, authenticity and privacy protection, and can effectively respond to various security challenges faced by mining data. The implementation and operation of the model benefit from scientific planning, strict testing and standardized management, thus ensuring its stability and long-term sustainability. With the continuous development of blockchain and trusted identification technology, the model can be further optimized and expanded to lay a solid data security foundation for the digital transformation and intelligent development of the mining industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5. Study of mine data flow mechanisms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specific process of the mine data circulation model is shown in Figure 8. The data information of each link involved in the mining resources from geological exploration to mining and excavation, to ore dressing and processing, and even transportation and sales is recorded in real time and in detail, and a comprehensive and detailed mine data information database is built to ensure the integrity and accuracy of the mine data chain, and provide a solid data foundation for the effective management, safety monitoring and rational use of resources in mine production operations. Through identification, the enterprise blockchain nodes are matched one by one with the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne, ensuring the binding of ore quality and identification in each link of mine production, and effectively preventing the tampering of ore data. Enterprises will manually input information that is difficult to enter automatically, such as ore transaction prices and transportation costs. With the help of active identification carrier technology, some dynamic data can realize data sensing, identification coding and remote transmission collaborative operations, achieve rapid collection, automatic coding and eliminate human interference. For different links and different scenarios, the combination of labels and ore product packaging is diversified. Small ore samples can be coded separately. For the situation where large ore contains small batches of ore, coupled coding methods can be used. This solution can effectively enhance the data circulation efficiency of the blockchain system, eliminate the security risks faced by mining companies during data uploading, and facilitate companies to quickly query the required information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn blockchain application scenarios, smart contracts can be used to connect two identification codes. Suppose one is a mining resource mining license identification code, and the other is a mining equipment use license identification code. Smart contracts can define rules that require the verification of both identification codes when mining activities are carried out. When the equipment corresponding to the mining equipment use license identification code is about to perform mining operations, the smart contract will check whether the associated mining resource mining license identification code matches and whether it meets the conditions such as mining scope and mining time. If the conditions are met, the smart contract allows the mining operation and records the operation information, thereby realizing the connection of the two identification codes in business logic. The Data connection mechanism of this study, as shown in Figure 9, can perfectly solve the above problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorking steps of mine data information flow:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStep 1: Identification resolution verification. During the mine production process, when dynamic production factors reach the designated link, they will interact with the matched static production factors through smart contracts and identification connection tools, read the identification of dynamic production factors, and check whether the identification can be successfully resolved by the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne. This process ensures the validity of the data and the reliability of the source, thereby ensuring the smooth flow and processing of data within the system. Step 2: Element connection determination. The smart contract will further determine whether the identification is resolved for the first time in the current link. If it is the first time to resolve, the smart contract will connect the dynamic production factors with the static production factors to integrate the complete mine production data information; if it is not the first time to resolve, there will be no repeated connection, and the connection tool of the previous link will not have the right to operate the identification again, and the link where the identification is located will be determined by the last resolution link. At the same time, the identification code is not restricted by form, reducing the identification cost of each link from mining to sales and improving work efficiency. Step 3: Data transmission and processing. The identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne transmits the data information collected from the static production factors to the blockchain system through smart contracts and connection devices. The smart contract first verifies the data type and the link it is in, and processes the data to ensure the integrity, accuracy and format of the uploaded data. After verification, the data is uploaded to the blockchain for storage. At the same time, the industrial Internet identification resolution system will update the identification information of dynamic production factors in real time to ensure that the information in the blockchain and identification can be updated synchronously with the changes in mining products in different production links. When the company involves information that cannot be input intelligently, such as ore trading prices, it is manually entered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data information of each link of mining exploration, mining, processing and transportation can be recorded in real time and accurately, ensuring that the resource quality and identification of each link in the whole chain are closely related, thereby effectively ensuring the non-tamperability of production data, improving the data flow efficiency of the blockchain system, reducing the security risks of data upload by mining enterprises, and facilitating enterprises to check data information at any time, providing strong support for data management andsecurity in the mining industry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003e4.1. Theoretical Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.1.1. Security analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecurity verification is achieved through black box testing. The black box testing logic is shown in Figure 10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlack-box testing can realize the verification of mine data security can be carried out, for mine data collection module, by inputting different types and formats of mine data (such as geological data, equipment operation data, etc.), to check whether the system can correctly receive, store and process these data, to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the data collection function. Test the data encryption and decryption functions, input mine data of various lengths and types, verify whether the encrypted data meet the requirements of the encryption algorithm, and whether the decrypted data are consistent with the original data. Test the data access control function by simulating different user roles (e.g. mine managers, technicians, supervisors, etc.) logging into the system and checking whether they are able to access and operate the corresponding mine data in accordance with their permission levels. The following 3 types of security trustworthiness verification are designed according to the user\u0026apos;s application scenarios for different aspects of coal mine production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVerification of security trustworthiness of regulatory authorities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the verification of the mine data collection module, different types and formats of mine data (e.g., geological data, equipment operation data) are input to check the system\u0026rsquo;s capability of receiving, storing, and processing data. The specific test cases covering functional points like basic information and environmental information are presented in\u0026nbsp;Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMine data acquisition test cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCase\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003enumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctional points\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpected results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnter basic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einformation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInput mine geological data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData can be\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003euploaded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnter environmental information\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnter meteorological data of the mine site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData can be\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003euploaded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnter equipment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einformation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnter equipment maintenance records\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData can be\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003euploaded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnter personnel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einformation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnter basic personal information of transportation drivers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData can be\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003euploaded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eData encryption and decryption function verification\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen verifying the data encryption and decryption functions, mine data of various lengths and types are input to verify if the encrypted data meets the encryption algorithm requirements and if the decrypted data is consistent with the original. The detailed test scenarios for these functions are illustrated in\u0026nbsp;Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData encryption and decryption function test cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCase\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003enumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctional points\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpected results\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData Encryption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeological survey\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ereport in text format\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData can be\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eencrypted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData Encryption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncorrectly formatted equipment parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData can\u0026apos;t be\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eencrypted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData Decryption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecryption of encrypted mine data using the correct key\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData can\u0026apos;t be\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eencrypted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData Decryption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecryption of encrypted mine data using an incorrect key\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData can be\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003euploaded\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eData access function verification\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo test the data access control function, different user roles (e.g., mine managers, technicians, supervisors) are simulated to log into the system and check their access and operation rights. The test cases for data access permissions across various user types are detailed in\u0026nbsp;Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData access functional test cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCase\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003enumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctional points\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpected results\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData access rights for mining enterprise\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eusers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMining enterprise users query basic mine information through the system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan get the actual data\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData access rights for regulatory agencies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegulators query transaction prices through the system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan get the actual data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData access rights for other users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther users query transaction prices through the system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo right to query this information\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexpectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe safety performance of these three types of systems was tested using black box testing methods, and the designed test cases were able to meet the expected goals and satisfy the system functional requirements. This shows that compared with traditional mine data management, this data management system can ensure the security, accuracy, and tamper-proofness of mine production data, thereby achieving the security and trustworthiness of mine production data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.1.2. Scalability Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn today\u0026apos;s rapidly developing mining industry, the amount of data is exploding and business needs are becoming increasingly complex and changeable. The scalability of the mine data security and trust model based on blockchain and trusted identification is particularly critical.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the perspective of data collection, with the expansion of mining scope and the continuous application of new sensors and monitoring technologies, data sources have become more extensive and diverse. The model\u0026apos;s trusted identification system shows strong adaptability and can quickly assign unique identifications to new types of equipment and data sources, and can be smoothly integrated into the existing data collection system to ensure that it does not interfere with the existing data collection process. and rhythm to ensure the continuous and efficient operation of data collection work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the blockchain network architecture level, its inherent distributed characteristics provide a solid foundation for network expansion. Whether mining companies add internal nodes for their own development or establish data sharing connections with external partners, they can be easily integrated into the blockchain network. With the addition of more nodes, the data storage capacity has been significantly expanded, and the speed and efficiency of data processing have also achieved a qualitative leap. At the same time, as a key component of the blockchain, smart contracts are flexible and updatable. In the face of new business models, ore types and data processing needs that are constantly emerging in the mining industry, smart contracts can be quickly adjusted and optimized to flexibly respond to various new business rules and data logic. For example, for a newly discovered rare ore, smart contracts can quickly customize a specialized data verification, storage and sharing mechanism to ensure that relevant data is properly managed throughout the entire model system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFocusing on the macro perspective of data sharing and interaction, this secure and trusted model demonstrates excellent compatibility and openness. It can seamlessly connect to the widely varying data needs of different enterprises. Whether it is the data reporting and review mechanism with regulatory authorities or the data cooperation research and analysis process with scientific research institutions, it can achieve smooth docking and efficient interaction. The wide compatibility creates unlimited potential for mine data in diversified application scenarios. Especially when promoting the construction of intelligent mines, it can accurately and reliably support various intelligent equipment and systems; in the field of big data analysis, it can easily Integrate multi-source data to unearth more valuable information and insights, thereby leading the mining industry to develop in a more efficient, intelligent, and safe direction, and continuously highlighting the efficiency, safety, and credibility advantages of this model in the field of mine data management.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2. Prototype system validation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this prototype system validation is to comprehensively assess the validity, reliability and performance of the mine data security and trustworthy model based on blockchain and trusted markers in actual mine data management scenarios. To this end, a simulated mine data environment is built, covering the simulation facilities and system components for the whole process from data collection, logo generation and assignment, data transmission, storage to data query and sharing. The environment integrates a variety of mine data simulation sources, such as simulated sensors to generate geological structure data, mining equipment operation data, and environmental monitoring data, etc., and builds a network architecture that includes blockchain nodes, logo resolution servers, and data application terminals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.2.1. System Architecture Design\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCombining the different needs of enterprises, operators and supervisory departments in each link of the whole process of mine production, the trusted management model of the whole process of mine data security is used as a basis to build a trusted management system architecture for the whole process of mine data security, and the overall architecture of the designed system is shown in Figure 11. The system architecture mainly covers five layers: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, contract layer and application layer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data layer is responsible for the comprehensive collection and storage of various types of mining data, covering geological exploration, mining operations, mineral processing, transportation and distribution, and adopts advanced encryption technology to ensure the security and integrity of data storage, laying a solid data foundation for the entire system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe network layer builds a communication bridge between multiple parties such as internal mining enterprises, inter-enterprises and external supervision, ensuring that data can be transmitted safely and efficiently between different nodes. Whether it is a wired or wireless network, it has a high degree of stability and anti-attack capabilities, perfectly adapting to the complex and changing operating environment and data interaction needs of the mine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe consensus layer adopts specific consensus algorithms, such as the Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm based on blockchain, so that each node can reach a consensus on the authenticity and validity of the mining data, ensure the consistency and reliability of the data in a multi-node distributed environment, and avoid data confusion and errors caused by node failures or malicious behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe contract layer uses smart contracts to realize the automated management of mining data and the precise execution of business rules, such as ore trading contracts and safety compliance inspection contracts. Smart contracts automatically execute corresponding operations when preset conditions are met, greatly reducing human intervention, significantly improving the efficiency and accuracy of data management and business processes, and further enhancing the traceability and transparency of data operations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the application level, different application modules are developed for mining companies, operators and regulatory authorities. Mining companies can achieve comprehensive monitoring and management of production data and scientific planning of resources; operators can easily obtain detailed operating guidelines and safety warning information; and regulatory authorities focus on compliance review and safety supervision of mining data. These application modules all rely on the underlying architecture to ensure the effective use and safety control of mining data, thereby promoting data security and efficient operation in the mining industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.2.2. System module design\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe system business process is divided into three main stages: the stage of account registration by the supervisory authorities, mining enterprises and social personnel outside the mine, the stage of uploading enterprise data in the production chain of the mine, and the stage of data query by the supervisory authorities and social personnel. The functional modules of the system are shown in Figure 12. The system consists of four major functional modules: basic database, information entry, information query, and background management, and each functional module consists of several sub-functional modules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe basic data module covers the basic data of the mine\u0026apos;s geological structure, basic reserve data of various types of ore resources, basic parameter data of mining equipment and other sub-modules, providing initial and comprehensive mine data support for the entire system. These data will serve as an important basis for subsequent data comparison, analysis and data traceability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe information entry module covers the data entry during the mining process, such as daily mining volume, mining depth changes, ore grade detection data, etc.; at the same time, it also includes mineral processing data entry, such as mineral processing process parameters, concentrate output, etc.; and transportation data entry, such as transportation vehicle information, transportation routes and loss data and other sub-function modules. These functions ensure that the full process data of the mine can be accurately and timely entered into the system, providing strong support for subsequent data chaining and management work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe information query module is equipped with functions to query mining data by time range, which can query the changes of mining production data within a specific time period; query by region, which is convenient for understanding the data situation of different mining areas; query by data type, such as viewing geological data or equipment data separately, to meet the needs of regulatory departments, enterprise managers and operators for mining data query in different scenarios, so as to make production decisions, safety assessments and quality traceability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe background setting module includes a user authority management submodule, which is used to set the access rights of different roles (such as enterprise executives, ordinary technicians, supervisors, etc.) to different data to ensure the security and privacy of data; the system parameter setting submodule can adjust and optimize the system\u0026apos;s data storage format, data update frequency, etc. to adapt to the ever-changing business needs and technical environment of mining enterprises.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.2.3. System development\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Platform selection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen building a prototype system of a mine data security and trust model based on blockchain and trusted identification, platform selection is crucial. Among the underlying blockchain platforms, Ethereum is a common choice. With its powerful smart contract function, it can flexibly define data interaction rules and business logic. In addition, with its wide community support, it makes it easier to solve technical problems and expand functions. However, Hyperledger Fabric performs well in enterprise-level applications. It provides a high degree of privacy and customizability, which is very suitable for data scenarios with multiple nodes and complex permission management in mining enterprises. The identity resolution platform relies on the identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne to ensure the uniqueness and traceability of mine data identification. The two work together to lay a solid foundation for the prototype system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Development environment and implementation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen installing a Linux-based system and using an Ubuntu virtual machine to deploy Hyperledger Fabric, the computer needs to have a specific configuration to ensure the smooth progress of the entire process and the stable and efficient operation of the subsequent system. The specific computer configuration is shown in Table 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eComputer configuration parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"440\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConfiguration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConfiguration parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPU\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGPU\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMemory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHard disk\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem Installation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePackage system\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntel Core i7-10750H@ 2.60 GHz\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16GB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e512 GB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUbuntu16.1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUbuntu-20.04.2.0-desktop-amd64.iso\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the actual situation of the mine data safety management platform, the core functional modules of the platform are implemented, and different access interfaces are presented for enterprises, operators, and regulatory departments in each link of the entire mine process. Users related to mine data production need to select the corresponding identity when registering in this system. After the system review is passed, user login, enterprise data chain, and data query and data supervision of operators and regulatory departments can be carried out. Some pages are shown in Figure 13.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor mining enterprises, the interface after login focuses on the data chain function module. Enterprises can easily upload key information such as geological data, equipment operating parameters and ore output of mine mining, and view the progress and status of data chain in real time to ensure that production data is accurately recorded on the blockchain, thereby ensuring data traceability and security, and providing solid data support for the internal management and external supervision of the enterprise. The login interface of operators focuses on data query and safe operation guidance. They can query data of specific areas or equipment according to their permissions, such as viewing nearby geological structures and real-time equipment operation data when working underground, so as to work efficiently and ensure safety. In addition, the interface will also provide various safety operating procedures and emergency response guidelines to help operators standardize operating procedures and reduce safety risks. The interface faced by the regulatory department after logging in focuses on comprehensive data query and supervision functions. Supervisors can query mining data from multiple dimensions, such as tracing changes in production data by time range, checking the compliance of mining areas by region, or deeply analyzing the accuracy and completeness of data by data type. At the same time, the company\u0026apos;s data chain can also be supervised and audited. Once data anomalies or violations are found, corresponding measures can be taken in a timely manner to ensure the standardized and orderly operation of the mining industry and the security and reliability of data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. Comparative analysis of mine data security systems\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with the traditional mine data management system, existing blockchain regulatory system solutions and industrial Internet platforms, the mine data security system designed in this study achieves significant improvements in data security, data interaction efficiency and query timeliness. As shown in Table 6, the system performs well in mine data security management, effectively solving key problems such as low data query efficiency, data deviation and incompleteness. With the advanced technical architecture and innovative management mode, the system lays a solid foundation for the accurate traceability and safety guarantee of the whole process of mining data. Whether it is data monitoring and management during daily production and operation, or rapid data query and problem tracing in response to emergencies, the system shows excellent performance advantages, and vigorously pushes the level of data safety management in the mining industry to a new level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eComparative analysis of systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSystem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecurity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteraction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEfficiency Query Timing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraditional mining data management system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[2] [4] [5]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExisting blockchain supervision system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[6] [7] [8]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExisting industrial Internet platform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[22] [24]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 185px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystem of this study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with the existing blockchain data security supervision system, the advantages of the mine data security system proposed in this study are:Improve the efficiency of mining data collection. In the field of mine data security management, existing blockchain data management systems mostly focus on data tracing, but are difficult to deal with the bottleneck of data collection efficiency. If the data cannot be quickly and accurately uploaded to the chain, enterprises in all aspects of mining production will face many obstacles when querying and using data, which may lead to serious consequences such as errors in production decision-making and delayed investigation of safety hazards. The model constructed in this article, as the core component of the data security system, can greatly increase the speed of uploading production data to the blockchain system, comprehensively optimize the data processing processes of enterprises in all aspects of mining, significantly save time, cost and economic investment, and provide enterprises with Provide solid data support for efficient operations;Improve the identification and improve the overall performance of the system. By integrating industrial Internet identification analysis technology into the mine data security and trustworthiness system, it has successfully solved the problems of identification confusion, poor scalability, and complex analysis processes faced by enterprises in all aspects of the entire process. Once abnormal conditions occur in mine production, accurate and unified identification can greatly increase the speed of traceability, ensure that the root cause of the problem can be quickly located, and solutions can be formulated in a timely manner, effectively ensuring the safety and stability of mine production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has carefully built a complete mine data security and trustworthiness system. This system integrates advanced information technology, Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies to achieve everything from exploration to mining, processing, transportation, etc. Comprehensive data governance and security protection for all key links in the supply chain. This system not only effectively strengthens the privacy protection of mine data during the query process, and comprehensively improves the security and reliability of data, but also significantly enhances the scalability and traceability efficiency of the system, effectively safeguarding the privacy of all participants. Legitimate rights and interests and business secrets have laid a solid foundation for data security for the sustainable development of the mining industry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study first carried out a deconstruction study of mine data information, sorted out the mine production links in detail, constructed a data information classification table for each link, and constructed a smart contract suitable for mine production to ensure data security. Secondly, by integrating blockchain technology and identification and resolution system of Industrial Interne technology, by building the data structure of the block and combining the dual encoding design of the identity resolution system, we successfully established a secure and trusted model for mine data, and elaborated on the circulation mechanism of mine data in detail. Then, based on the Hyperledger Fabric platform, a mine data security and trustworthy prototype system was built to verify the implementation of the model. This model is of great significance, especially in terms of data security. The combination of the immutability of blockchain and the uniqueness of trusted identification has built a solid line of defense for mine data, effectively avoiding malicious tampering and forgery of data, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of data, and thus providing a solid basis for mine production decision-making. From the perspective of industry norms, it promotes data sharing and interaction among mining enterprises, strengthens the precise supervision of the entire process of mining by regulatory authorities, and promotes the formation of a standardized data management model for the entire industry. In terms of technological innovation, the model has introduced cutting-edge technical concepts for mine data management, promoted the in-depth application and integrated development of related technologies in this field, injected new vitality into the digital transformation of the mining industry, and thus improved the overall operational efficiency and competitiveness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn future work, it is necessary to further optimize the functions of smart contracts so that they can more accurately adapt to the complex and changing business scenarios of mines, such as achieving more efficient and intelligent processing in ore transaction settlement, automatic judgment of safety compliance, etc., reducing manual intervention and reducing error rates. Secondly, we should deepen the exploration of integration with emerging technologies, for example, deeply integrate big data analysis technology into it, and deeply mine massive mining data, so as to provide more forward-looking decision-making support for mine resource planning, safety hazard prediction, etc.; at the same time, closely combine with Internet of Things technology to ensure seamless connection between mining equipment and data security models, so as to improve the real-time and security of equipment data collection and transmission.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, J.H. and T.X.; methodology, Y.C.; software, Y.C; validation, B.W.; formal analysis, J.H.; investigation, Y.C.; resources,B.W.; data curation, W.Z.; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, J.H.; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, Y.C.; visualization, J.H; supervision, J.H.; project administration, X.P.; funding acquisition, W.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This work was supported in part by School-level Projects of Ordos Institute of Technology (XJ2024003802), Ordos Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research Innovation Project(KYQN25Z020); (corresponding author: W.Z.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available from the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e Thanks for the support of teachers from Ordos Institute of Technology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing financial or nonfinancial interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu, S., Zhang, X., Zhao, R., Chen, L., Li, J., Yang, G. 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I., Hanbing, L. \u0026Uuml;. Research on evaluation and promotion strategy of data governance capability for intelligent coal mines. Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2024, 9(1): 106-115.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQiang, Z., Wang, Y., Song, K., Zhao, Z. Mine consortium blockchain: the application research of coal mine safety production based on blockchain. Security and Communication Networks, 2021, 2021(1): 5553874.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhongqi, F. A. N., Lin, D. A. I. Research on data trust model and technical architecture of intelligent mines based on blockchain technology. Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2024, 9(2): 304-314.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang, H., Li, Z., Sampath, L. P. M. I. Blockchain-enabled carbon and energy trading for network-constrained coal mines with uncertainties. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2023, 14(3): 1634-1647.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYuyan, L., Yan, S. 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Decision Model to Design Trust-Focused and Blockchain-Based Health Data Management Applications. Blockchains 2024, 2, 79-106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"blockchain, industrial internet identity analysis, mine data security, data management","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831106/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831106/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the development of the digital era, mine data security is crucial. Mining data covers a wide range of information such as geological structure, mining progress, equipment operation and so on. Safe data management can accurately guide mining planning, effectively prevent geologic disasters and safety accidents, reduce operating costs, and thus promote the sustainable and healthy development of the industry and social stability. In this study, the whole process from geological exploration to sales of mines is divided into links, and the data generated in each link is summarized and categorized. Then, it carries out the design of blockchain structure, industrial Internet identification code and its storage method, constructs a safe and reliable model of mine data by virtue of blockchain and industrial Internet technology, and designs the data flow of the model, so as to achieve the goal of safe and reliable mine data, and provides practical solutions for the fusion of blockchain and industrial Internet technology in the safety and security of mine data. Finally, relying on the Fabric framework to develop the design and research and development of the prototype system for mine data collection and storage, and implement the validation and case analysis of the data trustworthy model, the research can effectively overcome a series of problems such as inefficient mine data collection, easy to be tampered with and inconvenient to query, which contributes pioneering ideas and practical solutions for the informationization of the mine safety field. It also provides highly feasible implementation solutions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Research on Mine Data Security Trusted Model Based On Blockchain and Industrial Internet Identity Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-06 04:16:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7831106/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"898a03cf-f9c3-4c00-b972-ab48918443b4","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":57348731,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology"},{"id":57348732,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":57348733,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-06T05:53:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-06 04:16:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7831106","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7831106","identity":"rs-7831106","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}