Bioinformatics and synteny analysis of “gecko gecko” as an evolutionary conserved social group habitable than other genera

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Ayeni-Babatunde, Isaac Sowah Badu, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6557698/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract BACKGROUND: Gecko, a reptile distinguishable by its heterogeneity and quiescent features, has been evolutionary marginalized as increased constraints are characterized to a particular species of the Gekkonidae (Hemidactylus frenatus), but more exploited is the species endemic to West Africa (Ancylodactylus africanus), which has the least conservative propensity. This study incorporates the use of integrative approaches coupled with bioinformatics tools to analyze and provide possible insights and answers to the puzzling questions of red zoned (endangered species) organisms extinction attenuated by a sporadic increase in anthropogenic cum socio-cultural norms posing death and elimination of such species. RESULTS: RAG1 gene, confers heterogeneity to gecko. The molecular function of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase in reptiles has not been identified but interesting it is observed that sequences conserved across species are highly similar but with single nucleotide substitution differentiating specific reptile as the snake, prospective studies should be carried to identify the function through genetic engineering. Sociocultural norms can affect the availability of organisms’ endemic in a geographical location and can inversely affect the ecosystem pool. Evidence based on the secondary data gathered shows that,42% and 58% accounted to quiet nature, and socially habitable nature of wall gecko compared with lizards respectively. However, 44% accounted to anthropological factors that endangers gecko which is inclusive of sociocultural norms and belief system. Moreover, 67% do not believe in any traditional or socio-cultural ideology related to the Wall gecko but 33% believe in traditional or socio-cultural ideology related to the Wall gecko. This raises concerns on the argument of cultural norms influencing the availability of species and can result in extinction over time. CONCLUSIONS: The findings revealed that Gecko is more socially habitable than the lizards but endangered and prone to extinction by anthroplological factors which is inclusive but not limited to sociocultural norms and belief. The study further suggest that insights in the molecular function of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase gene in reptiles can be unveiled through the single nucletide substitution specific to the snakes which distinguishes the sequence from other closely related reptilia. This can further be investigated through genetic engineering. Gecko Synteny Socially habitable Anthropogenic Extinction Ecology and Evolutionary trend Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. BACKGROUND 1.1 Gecko As A Food Ecosystem Enabler. As a nocturnal predator (Case et al., 1994; Perry et al., 2008). The Gecko gecko is an important regulator of insect populations, which has an indirect impact on plant communities and the dynamics of the entire ecosystem (Ceríaco et al., 2011). Studies have revealed that Gecko gecko primarily preys on a variety of insects, including cockroaches, spiders, crickets, moths, and other geckos (Henkel & Schmidt, 1991 ; Ceríaco et al., 2011), making it an important component of the food web. The Gecko gecko's ability to regulate insect pests is one of its most important ecological contributions (Bucol & Alcala, 2013). By consuming insects that are considered pests to humans, such as cockroaches and mosquitoes (Weterings et al., 2018 ), Gecko gecko helps to maintain the balance of insect populations within its habitat. This pest control function is particularly valuable in urban and agricultural settings, where insect pests can pose significant challenges to human health and agricultural productivity. Gecko gecko predation on insects can have cascading effects throughout the food web (Weterings et al., 2018 ). In addition to its role as a predator, the Gecko gecko also serves as prey for a variety of other animals within its ecosystem (Bauer, 2013 ). Snakes, birds of prey, larger lizards, and certain mammals are known to feed on the Gecko gecko, highlighting its importance as a source of food for higher trophic levels (Aowphol et al., 2006 ). This predation pressure plays a crucial role in controlling gecko populations and maintaining the equilibrium of predator-prey relationships in the ecosystem (Downes & Shine, 1998 ). Research on the Gecko gecko's use of habitat and niche differentiation have shed light on its ecological needs and preferences (Bobrov, 1993). Studies have shown that the Gecko gecko exhibits preferences for certain microhabitats within its range (Bobrov, 1993), such as rocky outcrops, trees, and human-made structures. 1.2 Relationship With Other Genera The Gecko gecko, belonging to the Gekkonidae family, possesses various attributes and features that are typical of geckos all across the globe (Singh & Chaudhury 2016). One of the most notable features shared by Gecko gecko and other gecko genera is their specialized adhesive toe pads, known as lamellae, which allow them to climb vertical surfaces with ease (Uetz et al., 2020 ). The Gecko gecko exhibits nocturnal behavior, preferring to be active at night (Perry et al., 2008), when temperatures are cooler and predatory risks are reduced similar to many other geckos. Gecko gecko shares habitat preferences with other gecko genera, often occupying diverse ecosystems ranging from primary and secondary forests to lowlands (Manthey & Grossmann, 1997 ). Their broad habitat tolerance underscores the adaptability of geckos as a group and their ability to thrive in various environmental conditions (Singh & Chaudhury 2016). They prey primarily on insects (Kobayashi et al., 2023 ), utilizing ambush tactics and agile climbing abilities to capture unsuspecting prey. However, the gecko is also susceptible to predators of its own, becoming prey to bigger animals like snakes, birds of prey, and some mammals (Bauer, 2013 ). Like other gecko genera, they have attracted human interest for their potential medicinal value (Gbogbo et al., 2009 ). In traditional medicine practices, geckos are sometimes used for their perceived medicinal properties (Wang et al., 2013 ) 1.3 Evolutionary Trends from the Iron Age: The evolution of humans and their relationship with animals has been deeply intertwined throughout history (Winterhalder & Kennett, 2019 ). From our early ancestors as hunter-gatherers relying on hunting animals for sustenance to the domestication of animals like dogs, cattle, sheep, and goats in the transition to settled agricultural communities (Gifford-Gonzalez & Hanotte, 2011 ), animals have played a crucial role in shaping human evolution (Larson & Fuller, 2014 ). This primal bond not only influenced our hunting skills and tool crafting abilities but also led to the development of complex civilizations (Wright, 1994 ), transforming the way we interact with animals and reshaping societies and cultures (Larson & Fuller, 2014 ). The domestication process marked a pivotal moment in human history, as it brought about new dimensions to our relationship with animals (Russell, 2002 ). Domesticated animals became integral to human survival, providing food, labor, and companionship, and played a significant role in the rise of complex civilizations (O’Connor, 1997 ). 1.4 Gecko Habitable Nature Wall geckos, renowned for their adaptability to urban environments (French et al., 2018 ; Martín et al., 2018), have forged a unique niche alongside humans, finding refuge in the nooks and crannies of human dwellings, buildings, and structures (Meshaka et al., 2004). They can effortlessly scale vertical surfaces, including walls and ceilings, affording them access to shelter, prey, and breeding sites within the built environment (Autumn, 2002 ). Their nocturnal behavior minimizes direct competition and conflict with humans, as the two species often occupy the same space at different times of the day. Human coexistence with wall geckos is strongly embedded in cultural contexts, where attitudes toward these reptile inhabitants are frequently shaped by superstitions and beliefs (Ceríaco, 2010). In many cultures, wall geckos are benign cohabitants of human spaces, valued for their role in pest control, (Bucol & Alcala, 2013) medical and spiritual importance (Gbogbo et al., 2009 ). Their presence is often welcomed, with some individuals even considering them to be the souls of buildings (Gbogbo et al., 2009 ). Across different cultures, wall geckos may be imbued with symbolic meanings and associations (Ceríaco, 2010). Nevertheless, despite of their generally positive reception (Ceríaco et al., 2011), occasional conflicts may arise, particularly when wall geckos intrude into living spaces or create messes with their droppings. In such instances, humans may kill them (Ceríaco et al., 2011). Some individuals may not employ lethal control measures because of their perceived harmlessness and beneficial role in pest management (Weterings et al., 2018 ). The anthropogenic transformation of landscapes has inadvertently created favorable habitats for wall geckos, with urbanization providing an abundance of artificial structures and habitats for colonization (French et al., 2018 ; Martín et al., 2018). As a result, wall geckos have become emblematic of human-altered ecosystems. 1.5 Abiotic Factors Influencing Adaptability Wall geckos, lizards, and chameleons belong to a larger group of reptiles (Westerhof, 2009 ), yet they exhibit distinct physiological adaptations, responses to environmental factors, and interactions within ecosystems. Wall geckos possess specialized adhesive toe pads, enabling them to scale vertical surfaces effortlessly (Chan et al., 2006 ), a trait not observed in most lizards or chameleons. This adaptation aids in hunting prey and seeking shelter within human structures (Autumn, 2002 ). Lizards, encompassing a diverse range of species, typically have elongated bodies, tails, and limbs adapted for terrestrial locomotion (Brandley et al., 2008 ; Chong et al., 2022 ), with some species capable of swift movement (Cieri et al., 2020 ). Chameleons are known for their distinctive zygodactylous feet, prehensile tails, and highly specialized tongues used for capturing prey (Moulton et al., 2016 ). Wall geckos, being nocturnal, have a lower body temperature (Meiri, 2019 ), whereas lizards and chameleons may bask in the sun to regulate their body temperature, using behavioral thermoregulation (Bennett, 2004 ; Avery et al., 1982 ; Muñoz & Losos, 2018 ). Predator-prey relationships vary among the groups; wall geckos primarily prey on insects (Probst et al., 2023 ), often serving as prey themselves to larger predators such as snakes (Downes & Shine, 1998 ; Bauer, 2013 ). Lizards have a diverse diet, with some being herbivorous or omnivorous (Meiri, 2019 ). Chameleons are known for their long, sticky tongues used to capture prey (Sabry et al., 2015 ; Moulton et al., 2016 ), mainly insects (Eason, 1990 ), while some larger species may also consume small birds and reptiles (Herrel et al., 2000 ). Wall geckos are often tolerated or even welcomed in human dwellings because of their role in pest control (Bucol & Alcala, 2013), whereas lizards may face persecution in certain cultures (Uyeda et al., 2016 ). Chameleons, with their unique appearance and behavior, have fascinated humans for centuries, leading to their capture for the pet trade (Goodman et al., 2023 ) and cultural symbolism in various societies (Carpenter, 2003). 2. METHODS Synteny and genome-wide analysis was performed using bioinformatics tools from the National Center for Biotechnology Information such as Sequence viewers and specific alignment tools. Detailed information was obtained using integrative methods for both primary literature sources and secondary sources to extract claims to facts supporting our hypothesis. Further analyses were performed using descriptive statistics. 3. RESULTS 3.1 Bioinformatics Analysis of Wall Gecko, Comparison of Similarity in Homology with Lizard and Related Species. Evolutionary trends in most susceptible organisms prone to extinction are very vital to determine the various genes necessary and required to aid organism`s proliferation, adaptation, and development. Reverse genetics has identified ways by which genome analysis and identification of the function or role of a gene through specific nucleotide replacement or substitution (also called point mutation) or phylogenetic search through sequence alignment to other homologs or organisms. The common house wall gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), also known as chichak “onomatopoetically” has ecologically evolved but currently threatened by anthropological factors and abiotic conditions. Fulgione et al ,2019 stated that the variation and differences between diurnal and nocturnal gecko have enhanced speciation attributed to genome-wide analysis of mtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA) of species. Genome analysis in reptiles has different patterns and waves of annotation as typical highly conserved linkage homology in the ZW chromosome has been reported between geckos on Okinawa Island and avian species (Kawai et al.,2009) suggesting how diverse the spectrum of biological analysis has limited transgenic modifications for the benefit and sustenance of gecko. The heterogeneity and lack of sex determinant markers in the chromosome has rendered the gecko susceptible to extinction and adverse ecological endangering. Sequence alignment can provide clues to the degree of relatedness of organisms conserved in the evolutionary tree by distance gaps and maps to orthologs or homologs. Wall gecko has been identified to possess the corneous beta proteins (CBPs) gene, which aids their distinct and specific adhesive foot (setae) and enables locomotion and swift mobility even on a smooth plane (Feifei et al., 2020). Generally, the karyotypes of gecko species have been found to be conserved (Trifonov et al., 2011 ) but with increased rearrangement in fusion and fission of Hemidactylus, indicating how uniquely mapped the species is the ancestral karyotype. Bioinformatics and phylogeny analysis revealed that the evolutionary relationship of Gecko was highly conserved in consensus nucleotide sequence and shared greater similarity of the mtCOX 2 (mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase sub-units) with turtles, crocodiles, common lizards, Iguanas, and water monitors. Intuitively, the degree of unrelatedness was specific to gecko, suggesting that the specie divergence might be ancestrally linked to gecko as the founder and parent stock. The lack of genome annotation for gecko is a hinderance to fully understand organismal function and role in the ecosystem as well as how to conserve species to prevent extinction, which is mainly attributed to anthropological and abiotic factors. 10,000 base pairs of comparative whole genome analysis for lizards showed how sequences are distorted when a large range of the genome is sandwiched against when a specific band width is aligned justifying the claim that genes, proteins, and mRNA involved in biological function can be easily modeled in a closed system to decipher how sequence probes affect the function of a protein, structure, and even chromosomal arrangements. The forward and reverse alignment of the whole genome for Scleloporus undulatus (fence lizards) and Podarcis muralis (common wall lizard) similar in morphology to Hemidactylus frenatus were aligned. The conclusion deduced is that even as organisms share similarity in phylogeny, speciation overtly distinguishes organisms, which can be an interplay of environmental factors and random mutagenesis obtained through evolutionary trends or survival fitness. 3.2 Biochemical Factors Contributing to The Social Behavior of Wall Gecko. The recombination activating gene, also known as RAG 1, has been identified to play a crucial role in enabling sequence-specific DNA binding, ubiquitin protein ligase activity, and double-stranded DNA endonuclease activity. It is the main component of DNA recombinase complex and Endodeoxyribonuclease complex. (NCBI) Multiple sequence alignment of RAG1 showed high specificity to Gekko gecko compared with other variations in species such as Phelsuma borbonica(Reunion island day gecko), astriata,comorensis, and nigristriata. Although only few gecko species have been characterized, Parsimony-based ancestral state reconstruction reveals that gekko gecko retained their putative ancestral karyotype through fission and fussion(Trifonov et al.,2011).In addition, the highly conserved feature of RAG 1 gene could explain their heterogeneity in sex determination,as they possess the ZW and XY chromosomes. 3.3 Multiple Sequence Alignment and Conserved Domain Specific to Gekko Gecko. Mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 is an enzymatic complex and a component of the electron transport chain, although its molecular function has not been identified in reptiles. Multiple alignment by the constraint-based Multiple Alignment tool (COBALT) unveils the conserved nucleotide shared between the gecko with turtle, crocodile, lizards, iguana, and water monitor. Quite interesting, these sequence similarities are substituted by a single nucleotide for rattle snake, boa constrictor, and rat snake. This raises concern to investigate the function of the gene in closely related Reptilia families other than snakes soon. 3.4 Sociocultural implications of the Gecko gecko in Africa and other regions of the world. Gecko symbolizes different things in various cultures around the world. Hindus believe that gecko inhabiting the house brings blessings and ensures financial stability (The Spiritual Powers of Wall Geckos: Myth or Reality? 2023), and in some parts of Southeast Asia, wall geckos are associated with fertility and protection (The Spiritual Powers Of Wall Geckos: Myth Or Reality?, 2023) In addition, within the Thai culture of Southeast Asia, gecko presence in a home is considered a sign of good luck and prosperity (Unlocking Gecko Symbolism: Protection, Luck, and Resilience, 2024). Wall geckos are also believed to possess healing properties in some parts of Africa. It is believed that the presence of geckos can cure diseases of various kinds by using gecko blood, oil, or other bodily secretions as remedies conditions such as skin conditions and respiratory disorders (The Spiritual Powers of Wall Geckos: Myth or Reality? 2023) . It is noteworthy to understand that some parts of Southeast Asia, Africa ,and Hinduism see geckos in a much more positive and friendly light, whereas some other parts of the world see them in a negative manner. Some parts of the Khushmaan Ma'aza Bedouin tribe from Egypt’s Eastern Desert consider geckos to be poisonous, believing that they can lead to the death of any animal that encounters them. It is also believed by this tribe that the poison of Gecko poison is in its tongue and can be transmitted to humans through contact with kitchen utensils or water supply. Some Communities in northern India and Afghanistan believe that direct contact with geckos is likely to cause skin diseases and food poisoning Luiz et. al.,2011). Luiz et. al. (2011) further explained that In Yemen and many other Arab countries, skin diseases are often attributed to a gecko having run over the face of an agonised individual as he or she slept. While wall geckos hold spiritual significance in certain cultures, there are not globally recognized or universally practiced rituals associated with them. The spiritual practices and beliefs surrounding wall geckos vary greatly depending on the cultural and religious contexts. 3.5 Health-related or therapeutic usage of gecko. Several journals have been written on the therapeutic use of Gecko, of which the prevalence of malignant tumors is the most spoken of even though pharmacologically active components are not yet known (Yuxia et al., 2017). Gecko is used in Chinese medicine to inhibit inflammation and allergic response, detumescence, and alimentation (Fei et al., 2008). The dosage forms are powder, pill, and mastic. Gecko is mostly used in the treatment of digestive system tumors, especially esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and liver cancer (Yuxia et.al., 2017: Fei et.al., 2008), and it can either be used independently or in combination with herbs to treat digestive system tumors (Yuxia et.al., 2017). Several studies have shown the anti-tumor effect of Gecko in several ways, including: Anti-tumor effects of Gecko in vivo and in vitro: induction of tumor cell apoptosis and the downregulation of protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) may be contribute to the anti-tumor effects of Gecko (Fei et al., 2008) as the immunoreactive score of expression of VEGF and bFGF expression of Cytoxan (CTX) positive group and Gecko groups decreased significantly. This indicates that gecko could decrease VEGF and bFGF protein expression in the tissue of transplanted sarcoma (Fei et al., 2008). Growth curves of EC9706 and EC1 (the growth rate of human esophageal carcinoma cells): (Fei et al., 2008) investigated the anti-tumor activity of Gecko in vitro. They treated the tumor cells with serum medicine ,which were cultured for 7 days, and then the cell growth curve was drawn.By performing this under an inverted light microscope, an obvious difference was observed in the cell morphology among the five groups of cells compared with the control group. The growth curves of the three Gecko groups (M-AG, S-AG, and V-AG; Macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko aqueous extract, small molecular components of gecko aqueous extracts) used gradually decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that serum with Gecko could inhibit EC9706 and EC1 growth and proliferation in vitro. Yuxia et al.,(2017) explained the Anti-tumor effects of three fractions (M-AG, S-AG, and V-AG;Macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko aqueous extract, small molecular components of gecko aqueous extracts, Valley part of Gecko aqueous extracts) on H22 hepatocarcinoma-bearing mice, confirming that anti-tumor compounds are macromolecular and induce cell morphology and biochemical indices. M-AG functions are related to ERK1/2 (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases ½) activation Yuxia et al., 2017). 4. DISCUSSION The majority of the correspondents believe that the Gecko gecko is more ecologically habitable in the home compared to lizards (58%), 53% believe that it is a household pest, and just 13% believe that they have a Diabolical connotation. Concerning the behavior of gecko geckos, 42% believe they are quiet, 28% believe they are present in antiquated houses and furniture, 19% believe they are Pest Predators and 11% believe they are found in cold areas. Of all the factors that people think influence the social behavior of Gecko gecko, majority think Anthropological factors e.g presence of humans are the highest factor (44%). 37% say they see wall geckos about 2–10 weekly, 28% say 2–10 times monthly, while 17% say 2–5 times daily. Concerning the endemicity of wall gecko, 42.42% are indecisive as to whether wall gecko is only endemic to Nigeria or Africa, 34.34% believe that wall gecko is endemic in Africa, 5.05% believe wall gecko is endemic in Nigeria, and finally 18.18% think that wall gecko is not endemic in either Nigeria or Africa. It is quite impressive that 67% do not believe in any traditional or socio-cultural ideology related to the Wall gecko and 33% believe in traditional or socio-cultural ideology related to the Wall gecko. From the survey, majority of the correspondent agrees that wall gecko is a household pest as 58% of the correspondence believes that gecko is more ecologically habitable in the home compared to lizards, 53% believes it is a household pest and 25% believes it’s a household niche, (37%, 28%, 17%) correspondence says that wall gecko is seen in the house 2–10 weekly, 2–10 Monthly, 2–5 times daily, respectively. Luiz et. al., 2011 also agrees with the perspective of some correspondence in this survey by agreeing that wall geckos are useful to humans in their ability to maintain or reduce the number of mosquitoes (i.e feeding on insects including mosquitoes) therefore confirming that 53% of the total correspondence that agrees that wall gecko are household pests. This research further acknowledges the research titled Common wall geckos, which explains that wall geckos can be found in rocky areas, cliffs, rock fields, and on many construction sites, ruins, building walls, and inside houses. 67% do not have traditional or socio-cultural ideology to the Wall gecko, while 33% believe that the wall gecko has traditional and socio-cultural ideology. This survey proves (The Spiritual Powers of Wall Geckos: Myth or Reality? 2023)that it is important to remember that these beliefs are subjective and may differ from person to person. This is important because beliefs such as wall gecko are poisonous, cause marks on people, bring bad luck, can cause, or be used to aid killing, and the other perception address in this survey has not been scientifically proven to be correct since the animal does not possess any kind of toxin that causes poisoning or disease therefore, this superstition is completely illogical (Luiz et. al., 2011). 42.42% are indecisive about the endemicity of wall gecko in Africa and Nigeria, (34.34%, 5.05%) wall gecko is endemic in Africa and Nigeria, respectively. While 18.18% believe that the wall gecko is not endemic in Africa or Nigeria, research has shown that the common wall gecko is native to the western Mediterranean area of North Africa and Europe (Common wall gecko, n.d.) 5. CONCLUSION Gekko gecko and its family with species variation such as Hemidactylus frenatus are evolutionary conserved ancestors of the reptilia family. The species has been endangered by anthropological factors in addition to abiotic factors. The wall gecko is a more social organism that has its niche similar to that of households, furniture, or antique objects. However, sociocultural norms also juxtapose the lifespan of this endangered species.This research and experiment examines the role of human factors in specie extinction, the directives for potential genome analysis, acknowledging that only some species have been characterized, and in addition justifies how socially compatible the gecko is compared with other reptilia. Further insights recommend how the organism has medicinal and theraupeutic benefits and can inspire the invention of bioadhesive technology through the setae, which contains keratin that confers the species with the rigidity to walk through any surface texture. Abbreviations VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor bFGF- basic fibroblast growth factor CTX - Cytoxan EC9706 and EC1 - the growth rate of human esophageal carcinoma cells M-AG - Macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko aqueous extract, S-AG - small molecular components of gecko aqueous extracts V-AG - Valley part of Gecko aqueous extracts ERK1/2 - Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases ½ Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate : Not applicable Consent for publication : Not applicable Availability of data and materials : The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests : The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper . Funding: This study received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors' contributions: Conceptualization and methodology:C.M.I., writing: C.M.I., E.T.A., and I.S.B., validation: C.M.I., E.T.A. and I.S.B; Statistical analysis: T.M.B., data curation:E.T.A., writing—original draft preparation: C.M.I., writing—review and editing: C.M.I., E.T.A., and I.S.B., visualization: C.M.I and T.M.B., project administration: C.M.I., E.T.A., and I.S.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements: Not applicable. References Aleksandr Morgulis, George Coulouris, Yan Raytselis, Thomas L. Madden, Richa Agarwala, Alejandro A. Schäffer (2008), "Database Indexing for Production MegaBLAST Searches", Bioinformatics 24:1757-1764. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/msaviewer/?anchor=0&coloring=fbd&key=7VJ7g41QWnF2fmx2XW9SeAEFAwQLBicMLxQhPrQw-DQXAvCK7Jbdvn96iQPcH4UHly_ALoMwkyGJO5kkrwmWC7Y7kA&columns=d:120,b:55,x:17,aln,e:55,o:150 Ammie J. Gibson. (2024, April 21). 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Town and Country Reptiles: A Review of Reptilian Responses to Urbanization. Integrative and Comparative Biology . https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icy052 Fei Liu, Jian-Gang Wang, Shu-Ying Wang, Yan Li, Yin-Ping Wu, and Shou-Min Xi.(2008). Antitumor effect and mechanism of Gecko on human esophageal carcinoma cell lines in vitro and xenografted sarcoma 180 in Kunming mice. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul 7; 14(25): 3990–3996. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.3990 H., Fundación Migres, International Bird Migration Center (CIMA), Cadiz, Spain, Ferrer, M., & Doñana Biological Station–CSIC, Sevilla, Spain. (2018). Effects of natural and artificial light on the nocturnal behaviour of the wall gecko. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation , 41 (2), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2018.41.0209 Gbogbo, F., Attuquayefio, D., & Krobea-Asante, A. (2009). Rodents and Herpetofauna (Reptiles and Amphibians) as household pests in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology , 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.4314/wajae.v11i1.45726 Gifford-Gonzalez, D., & Hanotte, O. (2011). Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Findings. Journal of World Prehistory , 24 (1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-010-9042-2 Goodman, C. M., Claunch, N. M., Steele, Z. T., Episcopio-Sturgeon, D. J., & Romagosa, C. M. (2023). Colorful Lizards and the Conflict of Collection . https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.08.10.552819 Henkel, F. W., & Schmidt, W. (1991). Geckos: Biologie, Haltung und Zucht. (No Title) . Herrel, A., Meyers, J. J., Aerts, P., & Nishikawa, K. C. (2000). The Mechanics of Prey Prehension in Chameleons. Journal of Experimental Biology , 203 (21), 3255–3263. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.21.3255 Inaturalist, Australia,2023.https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/39924857 Kawai, A., Ishijima, J., Nishida, C., Kosaka, A., Ota, H., Kohno, S., & Matsuda, Y. (2009). The ZW sex chromosomes of Gekko hokouensis (Gekkonidae, Squamata) represent highly conserved homology with those of avian species. Chromosoma , 118, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-008-0176-2. Kobayashi, K., Hotta, T., Sakai, O., & Mori, A. (2023). Investigation of mechanisms underlying a light approaching behavior in a house gecko by comparative and learning experiments. Behavioural Processes , 205 , 104806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104806 Larson, G., & Fuller, D. Q. (2014). The Evolution of Animal Domestication. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics , 45 (1), 115–136. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135813 Luis MP Ceríaco, Mariana P Marques, Natália C Madeira, Carlos M Vila-Viçosa & Paula Mendes. (2011). Folklore and traditional ecological knowledge of geckos in Southern Portugal: implications for conservation and science. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 7, 26 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-7-26 Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. (1997). Amphibian and Reptilien Südostasiens. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Münster, Germany. Pp: 512 Meiri, S. (2019). What geckos are – an ecological-biogeographic perspective. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution , 66 (3–4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191075 Meshaka, W. J., Butterfield, B. P., & Hauge, J. B. (2004). The exotic amphibians and reptiles of Florida (pp. x+-155). Moulton, D. E., Lessinnes, T., O’Keeffe, S., Dorfmann, L., & Goriely, A. (2016). The elastic secrets of the chameleon tongue. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences , 472 (2188), 20160030. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0030 Muñoz, M. M., & Losos, J. B. (2018). Thermoregulatory Behavior Simultaneously Promotes and Forestalls Evolution in a Tropical Lizard. The American Naturalist , 191 (1), E15–E26. https://doi.org/10.1086/694779 National Library of Medicine, National center for Biotechnology information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/msaviewer/?rid=2ES3PKBZ013&coloring= O’Connor, T. P. (1997). Working at relationships: Another look at animal domestication. Antiquity , 71 (271), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00084635 Perry, G., Buchanan, B., Fisher, R., Salmon, M., & Wise, S. (n.d.). Perry, G., B. W. Buchanan, R. Fisher, M. Salmon, and S. Wise. 2008. Effects of night lighting on urban reptiles and amphibians. Chapter 16 in: Urban Herpetology: Ecology, Conservation and Management of Amphibians and Reptiles in Urban and Suburban Environments. J. C. Mitchell, R. E. Jung Brown and B. Bartholomew (ed.). Herpetological Conservation 3:211-228. (pp. 211–228). Probst, A., Ringler, E., & Szabo, B. (2023). Prey size preference in the tokay gecko (Gekko gecko). Behaviour , 161 (1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-bja10251 Russell, N. (2002). The Wild Side of Animal Domestication. Society and Animals , 10 , 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853002320770083 Sabry, D. A., El-Sayyad, H. I., Khalifa, S. A., Am, A. M. A.-E.-N., & Foda, Y. A. (2015). Morphological, histological and ultrastructural studies on the tongue of . Singh, B., & Choudhury, P. (2016). Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko) In Barak Valley Of Assam, India. Original Research Article Habitat Preference Of Journal of Bioresources , 3 (1), 53-59. Trifonov, V., Giovannotti, M., O’Brien, P., Wallduck, M., Lovell, F., Rens, W., Parise-Maltempi, P., Caputo, V., & Ferguson-Smith, M. (2011). Chromosomal evolution in Gekkonidae. I. Chromosome painting between Gekko and Hemidactylus species reveals phylogenetic relationships within the group. Chromosome Research , 19, 843-855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-011-9241-4. Uetz, P., Slavenko, A., Meiri, S., & Heinicke, M. (2020). Gecko diversity: A history of global discovery. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution , 66 (3–4), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10003 Uyeda, L. T., Iskandar, E., Purbatrapsila, A., Pamungkas, J., Wirsing, A., & Kyes, R. C. (2016). The role of traditional beliefs in conservation of herpetofauna in Banten, Indonesia. Oryx , 50 (2), 296–301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000623 Wang, F., Chen, M., Cai, F., Li, P., Yan, J., & Zhou, K. (2020). Expression of specific corneous beta proteins in the developing digits of the Japanese gecko (Gekko japonicus) reveals their role in the growth of adhesive setae.. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology , 110370 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110370. Wang, G., Gong, S., Jiang, L., Peng, R., Shan, X., Zou, D., Yang, C., & Zou, F. (2013). Genetic variability of the tokay gecko based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA , 24 (5), 518–527. https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.770488 Westerhof, I. (2009). Chapter 30—Reptiles. In A. Rijnberk, F. J. van Sluijs, B. E. Belshaw, B. Janssen, J. Fama, E. Teske, M. J. A. Mudde, E. Schaefers, R. N. van Blokland, & Y. W. E. A. Pollak (Eds.), Medical History and Physical Examination in Companion Animals (Second Edition) (pp. 289–304). W.B. Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-2968-4.00030-7 Weterings, R., Umponstira, C., & Buckley, H. L. (2018). Landscape variation influences trophic cascades in dengue vector food webs. Science Advances , 4 (2), eaap9534. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap9534 Winterhalder, B., & Kennett, D. J. (2019). 1. Behavioral Ecology and the Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture. In D. J. Kennett & B. Winterhalder (Eds.), Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture (pp. 1–21). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520932456-004 Wright, K. I. (1994). Ground-Stone Tools and Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence in Southwest Asia: Implications for the Transition to Farming. American Antiquity , 59 (2), 238–263. https://doi.org/10.2307/281929 Yuxia Wang, Xiangxiang Gu, Hongmei Deng, Di Geng, Huaying Sun, Chunmei Wang. (2017). Anti-tumor activities of macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko in vivo and their induction of Bel-7402 cell differentiation. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2017, Pages 328-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcms.2017.12.006 Zheng Zhang, Scott Schwartz, Lukas Wagner, and Webb Miller (2000), "A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences", J Comput Biol 2000; 7(1-2):203-14. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6557698","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":451249788,"identity":"d17de064-f3a6-4317-9e51-c83e1220cf78","order_by":0,"name":"Chinyere Mary-Cynthia Ikele","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Osaka university","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chinyere","middleName":"Mary-Cynthia","lastName":"Ikele","suffix":""},{"id":451249789,"identity":"b618ccaf-22f4-4a74-bcc6-709eb2807b36","order_by":1,"name":"Eunice T. Ayeni-Babatunde","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal university of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eunice","middleName":"T.","lastName":"Ayeni-Babatunde","suffix":""},{"id":451249790,"identity":"d5503509-fd21-48e8-9c1e-f4c2caa5b436","order_by":2,"name":"Isaac Sowah Badu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wake forest university, North Carolina","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Isaac","middleName":"Sowah","lastName":"Badu","suffix":""},{"id":451249791,"identity":"ff14ad6e-4d10-4044-bc39-c813363b7c8a","order_by":3,"name":"Taiwo Moses Babatunde","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal university of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taiwo","middleName":"Moses","lastName":"Babatunde","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-29 15:08:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6557698/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6557698/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83031877,"identity":"725d8a39-b415-49ee-b4ec-d8a24596b452","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:17:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1036918,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGenome-wide analysis of 10,000 base pairs for two species of lizards.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForward alignment in green\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReverse alignment in Purple\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBase pairs: 10,000.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6557698/v1/df9f25a4b7dceb2c74860a36.png"},{"id":83031550,"identity":"e3dc0899-f00c-4891-bedd-dd69cd3289e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:09:26","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocus of the RAG 1 in the chromosome.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6557698/v1/c551e3dbac6cd77760a027a5.png"},{"id":83031553,"identity":"e9f314a1-93cb-47a7-8d3e-ee35fdc1a07b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:09:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":241621,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe RAG 1 gene shows high affinity specific to Gekko gecko.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6557698/v1/9c04bbb16a9eccc205bae75e.jpeg"},{"id":83031557,"identity":"3b9b0888-01b1-4324-8f5e-73d09fb02f53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:09:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1867812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMSA (multiple Sequence Alignment) of mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase in Gecko and other Reptilia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6557698/v1/b403e786da0f788fdc7d4af2.jpeg"},{"id":83031881,"identity":"721de0bf-0d90-4713-a741-f7ae8148ec81","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:17:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":426169,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWall gecko as a socially conserved organism habitable than other genera.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(a)data showing perception about biological role of organism (b) wall gecko is more socially habitable than lizards. (c) Behavioral specificity to organism (d)Possible factors affecting greatly organism`s existence(e) Socio-cultural norms associated with wall gecko.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6557698/v1/e9ec9b957cdaca1e340b1d0a.jpeg"},{"id":83910389,"identity":"2c8bc137-ac0d-467b-a4bb-2e812897cad7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-04 11:32:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4394314,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6557698/v1/e663e9b9-c5e1-4cc7-ac3d-765e957d32c6.pdf"},{"id":83031549,"identity":"76b154d0-198c-4dad-9b26-905ae122e97d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:09:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":327497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImage Illustration\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6557698/v1/bddd0788c5421e5582ca05ee.jpeg"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Bioinformatics and synteny analysis of “gecko gecko” as an evolutionary conserved social group habitable than other genera","fulltext":[{"header":"1. BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1 Gecko As A Food Ecosystem Enabler.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a nocturnal predator (Case et al., 1994; Perry et al., 2008). The Gecko gecko is an important regulator of insect populations, which has an indirect impact on plant communities and the dynamics of the entire ecosystem (Cer\u0026iacute;aco et al., 2011). Studies have revealed that Gecko gecko primarily preys on a variety of insects, including cockroaches, spiders, crickets, moths, and other geckos (Henkel \u0026amp; Schmidt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Cer\u0026iacute;aco et al., 2011), making it an important component of the food web. The Gecko gecko's ability to regulate insect pests is one of its most important ecological contributions (Bucol \u0026amp; Alcala, 2013). By consuming insects that are considered pests to humans, such as cockroaches and mosquitoes (Weterings et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), Gecko gecko helps to maintain the balance of insect populations within its habitat. This pest control function is particularly valuable in urban and agricultural settings, where insect pests can pose significant challenges to human health and agricultural productivity. Gecko gecko predation on insects can have cascading effects throughout the food web (Weterings et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to its role as a predator, the Gecko gecko also serves as prey for a variety of other animals within its ecosystem (Bauer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Snakes, birds of prey, larger lizards, and certain mammals are known to feed on the Gecko gecko, highlighting its importance as a source of food for higher trophic levels (Aowphol et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). This predation pressure plays a crucial role in controlling gecko populations and maintaining the equilibrium of predator-prey relationships in the ecosystem (Downes \u0026amp; Shine, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Research on the Gecko gecko's use of habitat and niche differentiation have shed light on its ecological needs and preferences (Bobrov, 1993). Studies have shown that the Gecko gecko exhibits preferences for certain microhabitats within its range (Bobrov, 1993), such as rocky outcrops, trees, and human-made structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.2 Relationship With Other Genera\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Gecko gecko, belonging to the Gekkonidae family, possesses various attributes and features that are typical of geckos all across the globe (Singh \u0026amp; Chaudhury 2016). One of the most notable features shared by Gecko gecko and other gecko genera is their specialized adhesive toe pads, known as lamellae, which allow them to climb vertical surfaces with ease (Uetz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The Gecko gecko exhibits nocturnal behavior, preferring to be active at night (Perry et al., 2008), when temperatures are cooler and predatory risks are reduced similar to many other geckos. Gecko gecko shares habitat preferences with other gecko genera, often occupying diverse ecosystems ranging from primary and secondary forests to lowlands (Manthey \u0026amp; Grossmann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Their broad habitat tolerance underscores the adaptability of geckos as a group and their ability to thrive in various environmental conditions (Singh \u0026amp; Chaudhury 2016). They prey primarily on insects (Kobayashi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), utilizing ambush tactics and agile climbing abilities to capture unsuspecting prey. However, the gecko is also susceptible to predators of its own, becoming prey to bigger animals like snakes, birds of prey, and some mammals (Bauer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Like other gecko genera, they have attracted human interest for their potential medicinal value (Gbogbo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). In traditional medicine practices, geckos are sometimes used for their perceived medicinal properties (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.3 Evolutionary Trends from the Iron Age:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe evolution of humans and their relationship with animals has been deeply intertwined throughout history (Winterhalder \u0026amp; Kennett, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). From our early ancestors as hunter-gatherers relying on hunting animals for sustenance to the domestication of animals like dogs, cattle, sheep, and goats in the transition to settled agricultural communities (Gifford-Gonzalez \u0026amp; Hanotte, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), animals have played a crucial role in shaping human evolution (Larson \u0026amp; Fuller, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This primal bond not only influenced our hunting skills and tool crafting abilities but also led to the development of complex civilizations (Wright, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e), transforming the way we interact with animals and reshaping societies and cultures (Larson \u0026amp; Fuller, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The domestication process marked a pivotal moment in human history, as it brought about new dimensions to our relationship with animals (Russell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Domesticated animals became integral to human survival, providing food, labor, and companionship, and played a significant role in the rise of complex civilizations (O\u0026rsquo;Connor, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.4 Gecko Habitable Nature\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWall geckos, renowned for their adaptability to urban environments (French et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Mart\u0026iacute;n et al., 2018), have forged a unique niche alongside humans, finding refuge in the nooks and crannies of human dwellings, buildings, and structures (Meshaka et al., 2004). They can effortlessly scale vertical surfaces, including walls and ceilings, affording them access to shelter, prey, and breeding sites within the built environment (Autumn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Their nocturnal behavior minimizes direct competition and conflict with humans, as the two species often occupy the same space at different times of the day. Human coexistence with wall geckos is strongly embedded in cultural contexts, where attitudes toward these reptile inhabitants are frequently shaped by superstitions and beliefs (Cer\u0026iacute;aco, 2010). In many cultures, wall geckos are benign cohabitants of human spaces, valued for their role in pest control, (Bucol \u0026amp; Alcala, 2013) medical and spiritual importance (Gbogbo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Their presence is often welcomed, with some individuals even considering them to be the souls of buildings (Gbogbo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Across different cultures, wall geckos may be imbued with symbolic meanings and associations (Cer\u0026iacute;aco, 2010). Nevertheless, despite of their generally positive reception (Cer\u0026iacute;aco et al., 2011), occasional conflicts may arise, particularly when wall geckos intrude into living spaces or create messes with their droppings. In such instances, humans may kill them (Cer\u0026iacute;aco et al., 2011). Some individuals may not employ lethal control measures because of their perceived harmlessness and beneficial role in pest management (Weterings et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The anthropogenic transformation of landscapes has inadvertently created favorable habitats for wall geckos, with urbanization providing an abundance of artificial structures and habitats for colonization (French et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Mart\u0026iacute;n et al., 2018). As a result, wall geckos have become emblematic of human-altered ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.5 Abiotic Factors Influencing Adaptability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWall geckos, lizards, and chameleons belong to a larger group of reptiles (Westerhof, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), yet they exhibit distinct physiological adaptations, responses to environmental factors, and interactions within ecosystems. Wall geckos possess specialized adhesive toe pads, enabling them to scale vertical surfaces effortlessly (Chan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), a trait not observed in most lizards or chameleons. This adaptation aids in hunting prey and seeking shelter within human structures (Autumn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Lizards, encompassing a diverse range of species, typically have elongated bodies, tails, and limbs adapted for terrestrial locomotion (Brandley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Chong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), with some species capable of swift movement (Cieri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Chameleons are known for their distinctive zygodactylous feet, prehensile tails, and highly specialized tongues used for capturing prey (Moulton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Wall geckos, being nocturnal, have a lower body temperature (Meiri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), whereas lizards and chameleons may bask in the sun to regulate their body temperature, using behavioral thermoregulation (Bennett, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Avery et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Mu\u0026ntilde;oz \u0026amp; Losos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Predator-prey relationships vary among the groups; wall geckos primarily prey on insects (Probst et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), often serving as prey themselves to larger predators such as snakes (Downes \u0026amp; Shine, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Bauer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Lizards have a diverse diet, with some being herbivorous or omnivorous (Meiri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Chameleons are known for their long, sticky tongues used to capture prey (Sabry et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Moulton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), mainly insects (Eason, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e), while some larger species may also consume small birds and reptiles (Herrel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Wall geckos are often tolerated or even welcomed in human dwellings because of their role in pest control (Bucol \u0026amp; Alcala, 2013), whereas lizards may face persecution in certain cultures (Uyeda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Chameleons, with their unique appearance and behavior, have fascinated humans for centuries, leading to their capture for the pet trade (Goodman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and cultural symbolism in various societies (Carpenter, 2003).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eSynteny and genome-wide analysis was performed using bioinformatics tools from the National Center for Biotechnology Information such as Sequence viewers and specific alignment tools. Detailed information was obtained using integrative methods for both primary literature sources and secondary sources to extract claims to facts supporting our hypothesis. Further analyses were performed using descriptive statistics.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Bioinformatics Analysis of Wall Gecko, Comparison of Similarity in Homology with Lizard and Related Species.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolutionary trends in most susceptible organisms prone to extinction are very vital to determine the various genes necessary and required to aid organism`s proliferation, adaptation, and development. Reverse genetics has identified ways by which genome analysis and identification of the function or role of a gene through specific nucleotide replacement or substitution (also called point mutation) or phylogenetic search through sequence alignment to other homologs or organisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe common house wall gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), also known as chichak \u0026ldquo;onomatopoetically\u0026rdquo; has ecologically evolved but currently threatened by anthropological factors and abiotic conditions. Fulgione et al ,2019 stated that the variation and differences between diurnal and nocturnal gecko have enhanced speciation attributed to genome-wide analysis of mtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA) of species. Genome analysis in reptiles has different patterns and waves of annotation as typical highly conserved linkage homology in the ZW chromosome has been reported between geckos on Okinawa Island and avian species (Kawai et al.,2009) suggesting how diverse the spectrum of biological analysis has limited transgenic modifications for the benefit and sustenance of gecko. The heterogeneity and lack of sex determinant markers in the chromosome has rendered the gecko susceptible to extinction and adverse ecological endangering.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequence alignment can provide clues to the degree of relatedness of organisms conserved in the evolutionary tree by distance gaps and maps to orthologs or homologs. Wall gecko has been identified to possess the corneous beta proteins (CBPs) gene, which aids their distinct and specific adhesive foot (setae) and enables locomotion and swift mobility even on a smooth plane (Feifei et al., 2020). Generally, the karyotypes of gecko species have been found to be conserved (Trifonov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) but with increased rearrangement in fusion and fission of Hemidactylus, indicating how uniquely mapped the species is the ancestral karyotype.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioinformatics and phylogeny analysis revealed that the evolutionary relationship of Gecko was highly conserved in consensus nucleotide sequence and shared greater similarity of the mtCOX\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase sub-units) with turtles, crocodiles, common lizards, Iguanas, and water monitors. Intuitively, the degree of unrelatedness was specific to gecko, suggesting that the specie divergence might be ancestrally linked to gecko as the founder and parent stock. The lack of genome annotation for gecko is a hinderance to fully understand organismal function and role in the ecosystem as well as how to conserve species to prevent extinction, which is mainly attributed to anthropological and abiotic factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,000 base pairs of comparative whole genome analysis for lizards showed how sequences are distorted when a large range of the genome is sandwiched against when a specific band width is aligned justifying the claim that genes, proteins, and mRNA involved in biological function can be easily modeled in a closed system to decipher how sequence probes affect the function of a protein, structure, and even chromosomal arrangements. The forward and reverse alignment of the whole genome for Scleloporus undulatus (fence lizards) and Podarcis muralis (common wall lizard) similar in morphology to Hemidactylus frenatus were aligned. The conclusion deduced is that even as organisms share similarity in phylogeny, speciation overtly distinguishes organisms, which can be an interplay of environmental factors and random mutagenesis obtained through evolutionary trends or survival fitness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Biochemical Factors Contributing to The Social Behavior of Wall Gecko.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recombination activating gene, also known as RAG 1, has been identified to play a crucial role in enabling sequence-specific DNA binding, ubiquitin protein ligase activity, and double-stranded DNA endonuclease activity. It is the main component of DNA recombinase complex and Endodeoxyribonuclease complex. (NCBI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple sequence alignment of RAG1 showed high specificity to Gekko gecko compared with other variations in species such as Phelsuma borbonica(Reunion island day gecko), astriata,comorensis, and nigristriata. Although only few gecko species have been characterized, Parsimony-based ancestral state reconstruction reveals that gekko gecko retained their putative ancestral karyotype through fission and fussion(Trifonov et al.,2011).In addition, the highly conserved feature of RAG 1 gene could explain their heterogeneity in sex determination,as they possess the ZW and XY chromosomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Multiple Sequence Alignment and Conserved Domain Specific to Gekko Gecko.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 is an enzymatic complex and a component of the electron transport chain, although its molecular function has not been identified in reptiles. Multiple alignment by the constraint-based Multiple Alignment tool (COBALT) unveils the conserved nucleotide shared between the gecko with turtle, crocodile, lizards, iguana, and water monitor. Quite interesting, these sequence similarities are substituted by a single nucleotide for rattle snake, boa constrictor, and rat snake. This raises concern to investigate the function of the gene in closely related Reptilia families other than snakes soon.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Sociocultural implications of the Gecko gecko in Africa and other regions of the world.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGecko symbolizes different things in various cultures around the world. Hindus believe that gecko inhabiting the house brings blessings and ensures financial stability (The Spiritual Powers of Wall Geckos: Myth or Reality? 2023), and in some parts of Southeast Asia, wall geckos are associated with fertility and protection (The Spiritual Powers Of Wall Geckos: Myth Or Reality?, 2023)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, within the Thai culture of Southeast Asia, gecko presence in a home is considered a sign of good luck and prosperity (Unlocking Gecko Symbolism: Protection, Luck, and Resilience, 2024). Wall geckos are also believed to possess healing properties in some parts of Africa. It is believed that the presence of geckos can cure diseases of various kinds by using gecko blood, oil, or other bodily secretions as remedies conditions such as skin conditions and respiratory disorders (The Spiritual Powers of Wall Geckos: Myth or Reality? 2023) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is noteworthy to understand that some parts of Southeast Asia, Africa ,and Hinduism see geckos in a much more positive and friendly light, whereas some other parts of the world see them in a negative manner. Some parts of the Khushmaan Ma'aza Bedouin tribe from Egypt\u0026rsquo;s Eastern Desert consider geckos to be poisonous, believing that they can lead to the death of any animal that encounters them. It is also believed by this tribe that the poison of Gecko poison is in its tongue and can be transmitted to humans through contact with kitchen utensils or water supply.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome Communities in northern India and Afghanistan believe that direct contact with geckos is likely to cause skin diseases and food poisoning Luiz et. al.,2011).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLuiz et. al. (2011) further explained that In Yemen and many other Arab countries, skin diseases are often attributed to a gecko having run over the face of an agonised individual as he or she slept.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile wall geckos hold spiritual significance in certain cultures, there are not globally recognized or universally practiced rituals associated with them. The spiritual practices and beliefs surrounding wall geckos vary greatly depending on the cultural and religious contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Health-related or therapeutic usage of gecko.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral journals have been written on the therapeutic use of Gecko, of which the prevalence of malignant tumors is the most spoken of even though pharmacologically active components are not yet known (Yuxia et al., 2017). Gecko is used in Chinese medicine to inhibit inflammation and allergic response, detumescence, and alimentation (Fei et al., 2008). The dosage forms are powder, pill, and mastic. Gecko is mostly used in the treatment of digestive system tumors, especially esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and liver cancer (Yuxia et.al., 2017: Fei et.al., 2008), and it can either be used independently or in combination with herbs to treat digestive system tumors (Yuxia et.al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies have shown the anti-tumor effect of Gecko in several ways, including:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-tumor effects of Gecko in vivo and in vitro: induction of tumor cell apoptosis and the downregulation of protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) may be contribute to the anti-tumor effects of Gecko (Fei et al., 2008) as the immunoreactive score of expression of VEGF and bFGF expression of Cytoxan (CTX) positive group and Gecko groups decreased significantly. This indicates that gecko could decrease VEGF and bFGF protein expression in the tissue of transplanted sarcoma (Fei et al., 2008).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth curves of EC9706 and EC1 (the growth rate of human esophageal carcinoma cells): (Fei et al., 2008) investigated the anti-tumor activity of Gecko in vitro. They treated the tumor cells with serum medicine ,which were cultured for 7 days, and then the cell growth curve was drawn.By performing this under an inverted light microscope, an obvious difference was observed in the cell morphology among the five groups of cells compared with the control group. The growth curves of the three Gecko groups (M-AG, S-AG, and V-AG; Macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko aqueous extract, small molecular components of gecko aqueous extracts) used gradually decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that serum with Gecko could inhibit EC9706 and EC1 growth and proliferation in vitro.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eYuxia et al.,(2017) explained the Anti-tumor effects of three fractions (M-AG, S-AG, and V-AG;Macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko aqueous extract, small molecular components of gecko aqueous extracts, Valley part of Gecko aqueous extracts) on H22 hepatocarcinoma-bearing mice, confirming that anti-tumor compounds are macromolecular and induce cell morphology and biochemical indices. M-AG functions are related to ERK1/2 (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases \u0026frac12;) activation Yuxia et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the correspondents believe that the Gecko gecko is more ecologically habitable in the home compared to lizards (58%), 53% believe that it is a household pest, and just 13% believe that they have a Diabolical connotation. Concerning the behavior of gecko geckos, 42% believe they are quiet, 28% believe they are present in antiquated houses and furniture, 19% believe they are Pest Predators and 11% believe they are found in cold areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf all the factors that people think influence the social behavior of Gecko gecko, majority think Anthropological factors e.g presence of humans are the highest factor (44%). 37% say they see wall geckos about 2\u0026ndash;10 weekly, 28% say 2\u0026ndash;10 times monthly, while 17% say 2\u0026ndash;5 times daily.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning the endemicity of wall gecko, 42.42% are indecisive as to whether wall gecko is only endemic to Nigeria or Africa, 34.34% believe that wall gecko is endemic in Africa, 5.05% believe wall gecko is endemic in Nigeria, and finally 18.18% think that wall gecko is not endemic in either Nigeria or Africa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is quite impressive that 67% do not believe in any traditional or socio-cultural ideology related to the Wall gecko and 33% believe in traditional or socio-cultural ideology related to the Wall gecko.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the survey, majority of the correspondent agrees that wall gecko is a household pest as 58% of the correspondence believes that gecko is more ecologically habitable in the home compared to lizards, 53% believes it is a household pest and 25% believes it\u0026rsquo;s a household niche, (37%, 28%, 17%) correspondence says that wall gecko is seen in the house 2\u0026ndash;10 weekly, 2\u0026ndash;10 Monthly, 2\u0026ndash;5 times daily, respectively. Luiz et. al., 2011 also agrees with the perspective of some correspondence in this survey by agreeing that wall geckos are useful to humans in their ability to maintain or reduce the number of mosquitoes (i.e feeding on insects including mosquitoes) therefore confirming that 53% of the total correspondence that agrees that wall gecko are household pests. This research further acknowledges the research titled Common wall geckos, which explains that wall geckos can be found in rocky areas, cliffs, rock fields, and on many construction sites, ruins, building walls, and inside houses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67% do not have traditional or socio-cultural ideology to the Wall gecko, while 33% believe that the wall gecko has traditional and socio-cultural ideology. This survey proves (The Spiritual Powers of Wall Geckos: Myth or Reality? 2023)that it is important to remember that these beliefs are subjective and may differ from person to person. This is important because beliefs such as wall gecko are poisonous, cause marks on people, bring bad luck, can cause, or be used to aid killing, and the other perception address in this survey has not been scientifically proven to be correct since the animal does not possess any kind of toxin that causes poisoning or disease therefore, this superstition is completely illogical (Luiz et. al., 2011).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.42% are indecisive about the endemicity of wall gecko in Africa and Nigeria, (34.34%, 5.05%) wall gecko is endemic in Africa and Nigeria, respectively. While 18.18% believe that the wall gecko is not endemic in Africa or Nigeria, research has shown that the common wall gecko is native to the western Mediterranean area of North Africa and Europe (Common wall gecko, n.d.)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eGekko gecko and its family with species variation such as Hemidactylus frenatus are evolutionary conserved ancestors of the reptilia family. The species has been endangered by anthropological factors in addition to abiotic factors. The wall gecko is a more social organism that has its niche similar to that of households, furniture, or antique objects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, sociocultural norms also juxtapose the lifespan of this endangered species.This research and experiment examines the role of human factors in specie extinction, the directives for potential genome analysis, acknowledging that only some species have been characterized, and in addition justifies how socially compatible the gecko is compared with other reptilia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther insights recommend how the organism has medicinal and theraupeutic benefits and can inspire the invention of bioadhesive technology through the setae, which contains keratin that confers the species with the rigidity to walk through any surface texture.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":" \u003cp\u003eVEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ebFGF- basic fibroblast growth factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTX - Cytoxan\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC9706 and EC1 - the growth rate of human esophageal carcinoma cells\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM-AG - Macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko aqueous extract,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eS-AG - small molecular components of gecko aqueous extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eV-AG - Valley part of Gecko aqueous extracts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eERK1/2 - Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases \u0026frac12;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This study received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization and methodology:C.M.I., writing: C.M.I., E.T.A., and I.S.B., validation: C.M.I., E.T.A. and I.S.B; Statistical analysis: T.M.B., data curation:E.T.A., writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation: C.M.I., writing\u0026mdash;review and editing: C.M.I., E.T.A., and I.S.B., visualization: C.M.I and T.M.B., project administration: C.M.I., E.T.A., and I.S.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAleksandr Morgulis, George Coulouris, Yan Raytselis, Thomas L. Madden, Richa Agarwala, Alejandro A. Sch\u0026auml;ffer (2008), \u0026quot;Database Indexing for Production MegaBLAST Searches\u0026quot;, Bioinformatics 24:1757-1764. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/msaviewer/?anchor=0\u0026amp;coloring=fbd\u0026amp;key=7VJ7g41QWnF2fmx2XW9SeAEFAwQLBicMLxQhPrQw-DQXAvCK7Jbdvn96iQPcH4UHly_ALoMwkyGJO5kkrwmWC7Y7kA\u0026amp;columns=d:120,b:55,x:17,aln,e:55,o:150\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmmie J. Gibson. (2024, April 21). 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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2017, Pages 328-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcms.2017.12.006\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZheng Zhang, Scott Schwartz, Lukas Wagner, and Webb Miller (2000), \u0026quot;A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences\u0026quot;, J Comput Biol 2000; 7(1-2):203-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gecko, Synteny, Socially habitable, Anthropogenic, Extinction, Ecology and Evolutionary trend","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6557698/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6557698/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBACKGROUND:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGecko, a reptile distinguishable by its heterogeneity and quiescent features, has been evolutionary marginalized as increased constraints are characterized to a particular species of the Gekkonidae (Hemidactylus frenatus), but more exploited is the species endemic to West Africa (Ancylodactylus africanus), which has the least conservative propensity. This study incorporates the use of integrative approaches coupled with bioinformatics tools to analyze and provide possible insights and answers to the puzzling questions of red zoned (endangered species) organisms extinction attenuated by a sporadic increase in anthropogenic cum socio-cultural norms posing death and elimination of such species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRESULTS:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRAG1 gene, confers heterogeneity to gecko. The molecular function of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase in reptiles has not been identified but interesting it is observed that sequences conserved across species are highly similar but with single nucleotide substitution differentiating specific reptile as the snake, prospective studies should be carried to identify the function through genetic engineering. Sociocultural norms can affect the availability of organisms\u0026rsquo; endemic in a geographical location and can inversely affect the ecosystem pool. Evidence based on the secondary data gathered shows that,42% and 58% accounted to quiet nature, and socially habitable nature of wall gecko compared with lizards respectively. However, 44% accounted to anthropological factors that endangers gecko which is inclusive of sociocultural norms and belief system. Moreover, 67% do not believe in any traditional or socio-cultural ideology related to the Wall gecko but 33% believe in traditional or socio-cultural ideology related to the Wall gecko. This raises concerns on the argument of cultural norms influencing the availability of species and can result in extinction over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCONCLUSIONS:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings revealed that Gecko is more socially habitable than the lizards but endangered and prone to extinction by anthroplological factors which is inclusive but not limited to sociocultural norms and belief. The study further suggest that insights in the molecular function of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase gene in reptiles can be unveiled through the single nucletide substitution specific to the snakes which distinguishes the sequence from other closely related reptilia. This can further be investigated through genetic engineering.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bioinformatics and synteny analysis of “gecko gecko” as an evolutionary conserved social group habitable than other genera","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-19 09:09:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6557698/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":2}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9bdcc52c-a8c5-4375-b188-f909f6401450","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-04T11:23:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-19 09:09:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6557698","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6557698","identity":"rs-6557698","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}