Who encourages youth to be active? A structural equation modelling analysis of parental support: ACTIBESE Project

Who encourages youth to be active? 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A structural equation modelling analysis of parental support: ACTIBESE Project Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Carol Brennan, Nicolás Aguilar-Farias, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800099/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background. Parents play a central role in influencing physical activity (PA) behaviours in children and adolescents. Parental influence operates through two key mechanisms: role modelling and support. This study aimed to examine how maternal and paternal PA and support behaviours predict moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among children and adolescents, and whether these associations vary according to child age and parental gender in a Latin American context. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 780 parents (390 mothers and 390 fathers) and 390 school-aged children (193 boys and 197 girls), with 61.8% (n = 241) of the sample composed of adolescents. PA levels were assessed using the Youth Activity Profile (YAP) questionnaire, and parental support was measured using a 5-item Likert scale. The analysis followed a three-step approach: (1) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to identify the underlying factor structure of parental support behaviours, (2) Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to validate the factor structure and assess model fit, and (3) Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test predictive relationships. Results . Five factors were found in mothers associated with encouragement, logistical and Co-activity, and three in fathers related to encouragement and parental regulatory support, in the EFA and CFA. Parental support predicted MVPA in age-specific ways: among children, maternal encouragement was positively associated with MVPA, while combined co-activity and regulation showed a negative association. Among adolescents, structured forms of support, particularly from mothers, were positively associated with MVPA. Conclusions. These findings highlight the importance of developmentally and culturally tailored interventions. Strategies aimed at increasing adolescent PA should prioritize maternal involvement, while approaches for children may require more balanced engagement from both parents. family physical education father mother exercise Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a major global health challenge, accounting for over 70% of all deaths worldwide ( 1 ). Alarmingly, approximately 80% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden of NCDs is disproportionately high ( 2 ). Individuals in LMICs, including upper-middle-income countries such as Chile, are more likely to develop NCDs at younger ages, suffer from prolonged illness, and face premature mortality compared to those in high-income countries (HICs) ( 2 , 3 ). This pattern highlights the pressing need for cost-effective strategies to prevent and mitigate the burden of NCDs, particularly among vulnerable populations in LMICs. One such strategy is the promotion of regular moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), which is widely recognised for reducing the risk of various NCDs ( 4 ) and improving both physical and mental health outcomes ( 1 ). In response, the WHO recommends that children and adolescents (aged 5–17 years) engage in at least 60 minutes of MVPA per day, incorporate muscle-strengthening activities three times per week, and minimise sedentary behaviour. However, global adherence to these guidelines remains low; 81% of adolescents are insufficiently active, and this figure rises to 87.6% in Chile ( 5 ), placing Chilean youth at elevated risk for NCD-related health consequences ( 6 , 7 ). Moreover, despite the increasing prevalence of NCD risk factors such as obesity ( 8 ), hypertension ( 9 ), and type 2 diabetes ( 10 ) among adolescents, most interventional evidence on MVPA originates from HICs ( 11 ). This highlights the urgent need for context-specific research in LMICs like Chile ( 12 ), particularly to identify the factors influencing physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents and to inform the development of tailored interventions for this at-risk population ( 13 ). Aligning with the Socioecological Model ( 14 ), the factors influencing PA in children and adolescents are complex and multifactorial, ranging across individual (e.g., age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), motivation), social (e.g., parental support, peer influence) and environmental (e.g., access to facilities, cost) domains ( 15 , 16 , 17 ). A salient factor influencing child and adolescent PA behaviour is their co-dependence on parents ( 18 , 19 ), particularly given that children and adolescents spend a substantial amount of time in the care of their parents. Further, parents have been described as “gatekeepers” to PA during family time ( 20 ); hence, there is a need to position parents as a central part of interventions promoting PA in children and adolescents ( 19 ). Parental influence on child and adolescent PA typically involves two fundamental factors: parental role modelling (i.e., learning through observation of parents’ PA behaviour) and parental support (i.e., parental facilitation of PA behaviour) ( 21 ). Findings on the relationship between parental role modelling and child and adolescent PA are mixed. A meta-analysis by Yao and Rhodes ( 22 ) found a weak overall association between parental modelling and child PA (r = .16), with stronger effects found in father-son dyads (r = .29) compared to mother-son dyads (r = .19), but no significant effects for girls. Similarly, a systematic review by Petersen et al. ( 23 ) reported that most studies demonstrated only weak positive associations between parent and child PA, regardless of age, gender, or activity type. In contrast, Hutchens and Lee ( 24 ) found that children with physically active parents were significantly more likely to be active themselves, suggesting a more robust association. Furthermore Sigmundova et al. ( 25 ), a gender-specific association was identified in adolescents’ PA, with a stronger parent-child relationship observed in father-son dyads, particularly on weekends. While the overall association between parental and child PA levels is generally small, evidence suggests that it may be more pronounced in specific parent–child dyads, particularly when considering factors such as gender concordance, parental support, and co-participation in activity ( 22 ). Parental support is an overarching term used to characterise several support behaviours for PA, such as encouragement (e.g., providing praise, feedback and spectating), logistical support (e.g., provision of transport), co-activity (e.g., parents providing support through being active with their child), instrumental support (e.g., provision of materials and equipment necessary to facilitate PA), and regulatory support (e.g., establishing rules and regulations around PA) ( 19 , 26 ). Unlike the mixed findings for parental modelling, parental support has emerged as a more consistent and robust correlate of child and adolescent PA, with no clear support behaviour that is more important than another ( 19 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 28 ). However, some studies have reported stronger correlations for same gender parent and child/adolescent dyads (e.g., mother and daughter) ( 29 , 30 ). While this body of research offers valuable insights into the important association between parents and child and adolescent PA, there remains a gap in evidence from LMICs ( 11 ). Indeed, most of this research has been conducted in North American, European, or Australasian contexts, with limited evidence from Latin American countries ( 11 ). This gap arises primarily where cultural norms, family structures, and environmental contexts differ substantially from those found in Latin American countries. Cultural values surrounding parenting, gender roles, autonomy, and PA may shape distinct patterns of influence within family systems that are not captured by models developed in high-income countries. Consequently, extrapolating findings from those contexts may obscure important socio-cultural determinants unique to Latin America, reinforcing the need for region-specific research. Encouragingly, while some research within the Chilean context has reported parental sociodemographic factors, such as parental income, education level, and residential area (urban vs. rural), as significantly associated with children's active commuting and independent mobility ( 31 , 32 ), research on parental support is lacking. Consequently, further research conducted exclusively within the Chilean context, incorporating comprehensive assessments of parental support, is warranted to generate more precise and contextually relevant insights to inform future intervention development. The literature shows that both mothers and fathers exert a positive influence on their children’s physical activity (PA), although they tend to provide support in different ways: mothers more frequently offer logistical support and supervision (e.g., organizing transportation, accompanying children to activities, daily monitoring), whereas fathers are more involved in playful co-participation, role modelling, and recreational physical activities, particularly on weekends or in play-related contexts ( 33 ). Much of the existing research comes from high-income countries; there is less robust and comparative evidence in Latin America, highlighting the need for caution when generalizing findings and underscoring the importance of local studies (e.g., Chile) that disaggregate by the gender of both parent and child ( 34 ). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to advance prior research ( 31 , 32 ) and investigate how maternal and paternal PA and support behaviours (i.e., encouragement, logistical, instrumental, co-activity and regulatory) predict MVPA among children and adolescents, and whether these predictive relationships differ by child age and parental gender in a Latin American context. We hypothesise that (i) mothers will report providing greater logistical support, whereas fathers will report engaging in more co-activity with their children, (ii) parental support will likely be perceived as higher for children than for adolescents. METHOD Study Design This investigation employed a cross-sectional design as part of the initial phase of the "Active Behaviour in School Education" (ACTIBESE) project, funded by the National Agency for Research and Development of the Chilean Government (Grant No. 1230801). The overarching aim of ACTIBESE is to identify and develop effective strategies to promote PA within the school context. The broader project spans three years and comprises both observational (cross-sectional; Years 1 and 2) and interventional components (Year 3). More details about the project are published in the study protocol ( 35 ). Recruitment Procedures School principals from selected institutions were formally invited to participate. Upon receiving institutional consent, meetings were organised with school administrators and teachers to explain the objectives, design, and implementation phases of the study. Informational sessions were subsequently held with students and parents, segmented by age group: children in grades 5–6 of primary education (9–11 years) and adolescents of secondary education (12–17 years). Sampling and Participants The sample was drawn from three cities in Chile: Viña del Mar and Los Andes (Valparaíso Region), and Temuco (Araucanía Region). These urban centres were selected due to their proximity to the participating research institutions. The sampling frame included public, subsidised, and private schools to ensure representativeness of the Chilean educational system. Both rural and urban schools were included, with the intention to make to balance sex and socioeconomic distribution. A total of 152 schools were identified: 84 in Viña del Mar (student population: 25,176), 19 in Los Andes (n = 7,401), and 49 in Temuco (n = 21,647), according to official municipal statistics ( https://reportescomunales.bcn.cl ). For this study, based on a 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error, 50% heterogeneity, and 80% statistical power, a representative sample size of 382 students was calculated. Stratified sampling yielded 177 students in Viña del Mar, 52 in Los Andes, and 153 in Temuco. In total, nine schools (three per city) were randomly selected for participation. Eligible schools were required to offer a minimum of two physical education classes per week for grades 4 of primary through 2 of secondary education. Each participating class needed at least 15 students, and informed consent was required from both parents and students. The study sample comprised 780 parents, including 390 mothers and 390 fathers. The mean age of mothers was 41.2 years (SD = 9.5), whereas fathers had a mean age of 40.0 years (SD = 10.6). Mothers reported an average of 1.8 children (SD = 0.9), while fathers reported 1.9 children (SD = 0.8). In addition, data were collected from 390 school-aged children, of whom 193 were boys and 197 were girls. The mean age of boys was 12.07 years (SD = 1.9), while girls had a mean age of 12.36 years (SD = 1.8). For analytical purposes, children were categorized into two groups: children (6–12 years) and adolescents (13–18 years). Among the younger group, 57.1% were girls, whereas among adolescents, 53.5% were boys. Sociodemographic Variables A multicomponent questionnaire captured basic sociodemographic characteristics, including sex, age, school grade, and socioeconomic status. The latter was assessed using the Family Affluence Scale III (FAS III) ( 36 ) based on six material indicators: the number of cars owned by the household (0, 1, 2 or more), number of bathrooms (ranging from 0 to 3 or more), number of computers (0, 1, 2, or more than 2), whether the they have their own room, presence of a dishwasher, and number of vacations abroad taken in the past 12 months (0 to 3 or more). The total FAS III score is calculated by summing responses to these items, yielding a possible range from 0 to 13. According to the International Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) guidelines, ridit scores should be computed for each country to enable relative comparisons of affluence. Based on the ridit-derived distribution ( 37 ), families were categorized into three groups: low (bottom 15%), medium (middle 70%), and high (top 15%) family affluence. In the present study, these categories corresponded to scores of 0–2 (low), 3–10 (medium), and 11–13 (high). Child/Youth Physical Activity To evaluate PA levels, we employed the Youth Activity Profile (YAP) questionnaire—a validated and widely used self-report instrument designed to estimate MVPA and sedentary behaviour in youth populations ( 38 ). A Spanish version of the YAP was created using a standardised back-translation procedure to ensure linguistic and cultural appropriateness, as well as psychometric reliability, for Spanish-speaking schoolchildren ( 39 ). The instrument consists of 19 items—comprising four general and fifteen specific questions—organised into three domains: ( 1 ) Activity at School, ( 2 ) Out-of-School Activity, and ( 3 ) Sedentary Behaviours. For data analysis, PA scores were calculated as mean values on a 1 to 5 scale, where higher scores indicate greater activity levels. To estimate daily MVPA in minutes, YAP scores were transformed using the predictive equations developed by Fairclough et al. ( 40 ). These estimates provided detailed profiles of MVPA during school time, outside school hours, and across weekends, stratified by age and sex. Parental Support Parental support for children’s PA was assessed using a 5-item Likert scale (range: "never" to "every day"). Items addressed specific behaviours such as providing transportation, observing or praising PA, and co-participation in physical activities. ( 41 ). These behaviours align with the key dimensions of parental support (Table 1 ) consistently highlighted in a systematic review of the literature ( 42 ). Table 1 Abbreviations of the variables, definitions of each question and the respective domain. Abbreviature Definition Domain S1 Do you go to see your child when he or she is physically active or sport? Encouragement S2 Do you encourage your child to engage in sport or physical activity? S5 How often do you talk to your child about the importance of physical activity? S6 Do you talk to your child about the benefits of physical activity or sports? S8 I support my child's participation in any sports activity that does not involve spending money. S12 I encourage my child to physically active during the weekdays. S13 I encourage my child to physically active during working days. S3 Do you transport your child to a place where he or she can physical activity or sports? Logistical S9 I accompany my child to sports facilities during the weekdays. S11 During the weekend, I take my child to and pick him/her up from the place(s) where he/she practices a sport or physical activity. S4 Do you engage in physical activity or sports with your child? Co-activity S15 I practice physical activities with my child during the weekend. S16 I engage in physical activity with my child during the working days. S7 I spend some money during the weekend for my child to practice a sporting activity (I pay for him/her to attend a sport in general). Instrumental S10 I spend some money during the working days of the week for my child to practice a sport. S14 I practice a good number of physical activities or sports during the weekend. PA behaviour S17 I practice a good number of physical activities during the working days of the week. S18 I used to practice a good number of physical activities during the working days of the week, but now I no longer do so. Past PA behaviour S19 I used to practice a good number of physical activities during the weekend, but now I no longer do so. S20 I have workday rules for physical activity Regulatory S21 I have weekend rules for physical activity Procedures Once the authorisations from the schools and parents were obtained, the research team attended the schools to administer the questionnaires. The instruments for schoolchildren were administered in physical education or classes accompanied by the respective teacher of physical education. In the parents, the questionnaires were applied in parents’ meetings at the school. The self-report questionnaires in both schoolchildren and parents were administered in pencil and paper format and lasted a maximum of 30 minutes. The evaluators hired specifically for the ACTIBESE project were trained physical education external teachers who answered the children's questions. Analysis Plan Normality of distribution was verified using Q–Q plots. Descriptive statistics, like means and standard deviations for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, were calculated. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations for all variables were calculated. In addition, associations among family demographics (e.g., child’s age, family income, child’s sex), campaign awareness, support behaviors, and PA were analyzed. To address the study’s main objective and test the hypothesis, a three-step statistical approach was conducted: 1) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to identify the underlying factor structure of the measured constructs, 2) Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to verify the factor structure and assess the model’s fit, and 3) Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to examine the hypothesized relationships among variables within a comprehensive analytic framework. The first step involved conducting an EFA to identify the latent factors (unobservable constructs) underlying the correlations among the multiple variables measured in the questionnaire assessing perceived support from parents (19 questions, where S18 and S19 were deleted from the analysis because these are not support questions). An orthogonal varimax rotation and a display loading above 0.7 were considered in the EFA analysis. This analysis was made by separating mothers and fathers, obtaining two different models and only one in the peer support variables. By extracting these latent factors, it was possible to estimate a response pattern associated with the selected dependent variable, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among school-aged children. Subsequently, a CFA was conducted to test the adequacy of the factor structure identified in the exploratory phase and to confirm whether the observed data fit the hypothesised measurement model. Finally, different models were created incorporating only the factors obtained in previous steps in an SEM. Before model specification, the data were screened for multivariate normality, and missing values were handled using Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML). Model fit was evaluated using standard indices: Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), and Standardised Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR). A CFI and TLI ≥ 0.90, RMSEA ≤ 0.08, and SRMR ≤ 0.08 were considered indicative of acceptable model fit. Standardised path coefficients were reported to assess the strength of associations between the latent constructs and MVPA. Analyses were stratified by age group (children and adolescents) and gender (girls and boys). The descriptive analysis was conducted with SPSS 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and statistical analyses and plots were made with a cross-platform software program called JASP statistical package V 0.18.3 (JASP, 2024), a free software interface Version 0.18.3 (Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Missing data were imputed using the missForest ( 43 ) package in R (version 4.4.1). This method employs a non-parametric, random forest-based algorithm that can handle both continuous and categorical variables, providing robust imputation without requiring multivariate normality assumptions. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ethical Considerations Informed consent was obtained from all participating students and their parents or legal guardians, following institutional approval by each school. Ethical clearance was granted by the Bioethics Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (Code: BIOEPUCV-H 638–2023), following the Declaration of Helsinki ( 44 ). RESULTS Table 2 presents the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample, including age, gender, type of school, socioeconomic level, and PA level for both parents and school-aged children. Among parents, fathers are older than mothers and show higher adherence to PA guidelines. For school-aged children, the results are presented by school type, socioeconomic level, and PA level and compliance, disaggregated by gender (girls and boys). Table 2 Sociodemographic characteristics of the 390 participants’ families, parents and children by sex. Suggestion for title Sociodemographic characteristics of participating families: parents (N = 780) and children (N = 390), by sex” Variables Overall (N = 780) Parents p-value Mothers (n = 390) Fathers (n = 390) Age (years), Mean (SD) 41.2 + 9.5 40.0 + 10.6 < 0.001 Child number, Mean (SD) 1.8 + 0.9 1.9 + 0.8 < 0.001 MVPA (min/wk), Mean (SD) 259.2 + 496.5 444.6 + 842.0 < 0.001 PA Guidelines, n (%) <150 min/wk 206 (52.8%) 147 (37.7%) < 0.001 ≥150 min/wk 184 (47.2%) 243 (62.3%) Schoolers Overall (N = 390) Boys (n = 193) Girls (n = 197) Age (years), Mean, SD 12.36 + 1.8 12.07 + 1.9 < 0.001 Age group, n (%) Children 149 (38.2%) 64 (42.95%) 85 (57.05%) < 0.001 Adolescents 241 (61.8) 129 (53.53%) 112 (46.47%) School type, n (%) Public 108 (27.7%) 57 (29.53%) 51 (25.89%) Subsided 96 (24.6%) 51 (26.43%) 45 (22.84%) 0.300 Private 186 (47.7%) 85 (44.04%) 101 (51.27%) Socioeconomic level Low 79 (20.3) 46 (23.8%) 33 (16.7) Middle 185 (47.4) 96 (49.7) 89 (45.2) 0.031 High 126 (32.3) 51 (26.4) 75 /38.1) MVPA (min/day), Mean, SD 122.0 + 48.1 136.1 + 48.7 109.0 + 43.7 Children 106.8 + 21.4 113 + 20.8 101.7 + 20.8 0.300 Adolescents 131.8 + 56.8 147 + 54.1 116.3 + 53.6 Reach MVPA, n (%) <60 min/day 5 (2.7%) 20 (10.4%) 0.003 ≥60 min/day 182 (97.3%) 173 (89.6%) MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; PA: physical activity; SD: standard deviation. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) conducted for perceived support from mothers and fathers revealed distinct factorial structures across sources (Table 3 ). For mothers, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was 0.868, indicating a meritorious level of factorability. A five-factor solution was extracted. Factor 1 grouped two items related to logistical and instrumental support: “MS16” and “MS14”, all with high loadings (0.840 and 0.827, respectively). Factor 2 included items associated with encouragement support “MS1 and MS2” (0.765 and 0.759), logistical “MS3” (0.777) and Co-activity “MS4” (0.800). Factor 3 reflected logistic and instrumental support, including “MS10” (0.888) and “MS11” (0.847). Factor 4 corresponded to logistical “MS9” (0.774) and regulatory support, represented by “MS20” (0.738). The fifth factor only included MS8 (0.771) related to encouragement. For fathers, the KMO value was 0.775, also indicating good sampling adequacy. A three-factor solution was retained. Factor 1 included “FS5” (0.970) and “FS6” (0.874), which may reflect general encouragement. Factor 2 included “FS13” (0.798) related to encouragement. Factor 3 was related to parental regulatory support, incorporating “FS20” (0.891) and “FS21” (0.840). Overall, these findings reveal that perceived support from mothers and fathers is multi-dimensional, encompassing emotional support, modelling, participation, regulation, and historical behaviour. Table 3 Factors loading obtained in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in parents and children. KMO Factor Loadings (Mothers) Variables 0.850 Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 MS16 0.868 0.840 MS14 0.874 0.827 MS4 0.807 0.800 MS3 0.811 0.777 MS1 0.838 0.765 MS2 0.836 0.759 MS10 0.771 0.888 MS11 0.778 0.847 MS20 0.780 0.774 MS9 0.800 0.738 MS8 0.865 0.771 KMO Factor Loadings (Fathers) Variables 0.775 Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 FS5 0.650 0.970 FS6 0.641 0.874 FS13 0.757 0.798 FS20 0.531 0.891 FS21 0.553 0.840 KMO: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Test; MS: mother support; FS: father support. Note. Applied rotation method is varimax. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted separately for mothers and fathers to examine the underlying factor structure of the measured items. Table 4 shows that for the mothers' data, five factors were retained. The first factor had an eigenvalue of 5.908 and accounted for 17.2% of the total variance, as indicated by the proportion of variance column. The second factor had an eigenvalue of 3.264 and explained an additional 15.4% of the variance, resulting in a cumulative variance of 32.6%. The third factor (eigenvalue = 1.670) added 12.2% of explained variance, while the fourth and fifth factors contributed 9.4% and 7.1%, respectively. Overall, these five factors together accounted for 61.3% of the total variance in the data. In the case of fathers, three factors were retained. The first factor had an eigenvalue of 2.352, explaining 11.3% of the total variance. The second factor (eigenvalue = 1.509) accounted for 10.1%, leading to a cumulative explained variance of 45.8%. The third factor, with an eigenvalue of 1.308, contributed an additional 8.3%, resulting in a total of 62.4% of the variance explained by the three extracted factors. These results suggest a multidimensional structure in the items analyzed, with a greater number of interpretable factors observed among mothers compared to fathers. The proportion and cumulative variance values support the adequacy of the factor solution in capturing the underlying construct structure. Table 4 Factors from EFA and their Eigenvalues, sum of squared loadings, proportion of variance and cumulative values for mothers and fathers (rotated solution). Factors Eigenvalues Sum Sq. Loadings Proportion var. Cumulative Factor 1 5.908 3.259 0.172 0.172 Factor 2 3.264 2.930 0.154 0.326 Mothers Factor 3 1.670 2.320 0.122 0.448 Factor 4 1.548 1.784 0.094 0.542 Factor 5 1.052 1.345 0.071 0.613 Factor 1 2.352 2.152 0.113 0.251 Fathers Factor 2 1.509 1.917 0.101 0.458 Factor 3 1.308 1.569 0.083 0.541 With the factors obtained in EFA, a structural equation model was created, and regression analyses were conducted separately for age groups and by gender to examine the associations between MVPA and two predictors: maternal support and paternal support. For more specific associations, an analysis was conducted for each factor (Fig. 1 ). Figure 1 presents the results of two structural equation models that examine the associations between five latent maternal support factors and MVPA in children (panel A) and adolescents (panel B). Each latent factor was defined through observed variables derived from survey items related to parental support. In the case of children, Factor 5 (encouragement) was positively and significantly associated with MVPA (β = 4.17, p < .05), while Factor 2 (encouragement and regulation) showed a significant negative association (β = -7.42, p < .05). The other factors—Factor 1 (co-activity and parental PA behaviour), Factor 3 (instrumental and regulatory support), and Factor 4 (logistical and regulatory support)—showed positive but non-significant associations. In contrast, for adolescents, Factor 1 (co-activity and parental PA behaviour) and Factor 2 (encouragement and regulation) were both significantly and positively associated with MVPA (β = 10.98 and β = 12.39, respectively; p < .05), suggesting that these types of support are more effective during adolescence. The remaining factors were not significantly related to adolescent MVPA. Notably, Factor 2 demonstrated an opposite pattern across age groups: it was negatively associated with MVPA in children but positively associated in adolescents. This divergence underscores the developmental specificity of parental influences and suggests that the effectiveness of particular types of support may vary depending on the child’s age and autonomy. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of tailoring parental support strategies to the developmental stage of the youth to effectively promote PA. Figure 2 presents the results of a multi-group structural equation model assessing the associations between three latent fathers’ support factors and MVPA among children (A panel) and adolescents (B panel). Each latent factor was constructed using observed indicators of regulatory and encouragement-based support. Specifically, Factor 1 was defined by two encouragement items (FS5 and FS6), Factor 2 by a single encouragement item (FS1), and Factor 3 by two regulatory items (FS20 and FS21). In both age groups, the measurement model shows strong standardized loadings between observed variables and their respective latent factors, indicating good internal consistency and construct validity. For children, Factor 2 (encouragement via FS1) showed a statistically significant positive association with MVPA (β = 3.54, p < .05), suggesting that this specific form of encouragement is positively related to physical activity levels. The associations between MVPA and the other two latent factors—Factor 1 (β = -1.38) and Factor 3 (β = 0.15)—were not statistically significant. In contrast, for adolescents, Factor 2 was again positively and significantly associated with MVPA (β = 13.89, p < .05), indicating that the influence of this encouragement item strengthens with age. Additionally, Factor 3 (regulatory support) showed a moderately positive, though non-significant, association with MVPA (β = 4.31), and Factor 1 had a smaller, non-significant effect (β = 2.84). Table 5 reports standardized beta coefficients (Std. β) and associated statistics from multi-group comparisons, evaluating the influence of parent gender (mothers vs. fathers) on children's and adolescents’ MVPA, as well as cross-age group comparisons between parents of the same gender. The comparison between mothers and fathers regarding their influence on children’s MVPA yields a non-significant standardized beta (β = -0.017, p = 0.859). The 95% CI ([-0.209, 0.174]) crosses zero, indicating no meaningful difference between maternal and paternal influence in this age group. In contrast, the corresponding comparison for adolescents reveals a statistically significant difference (β = 0.304, p = 0.001). The positive coefficient suggests that mothers’ support is significantly more predictive of adolescents' MVPA than fathers’ support. The confidence interval (0.118 to 0.489) excludes zero, reinforcing the robustness of the finding. The comparison of fathers’ influence across age groups (children vs. adolescents) results in a negligible and non-significant effect (β = 0.000, p = 0.999), indicating that paternal support does not differ in its association with MVPA between children and adolescents. However, mothers’ influence shows a significant increase from childhood to adolescence (β = 0.344, p = 0.002), with a 95% CI of [0.129, 0.559]. This suggests that maternal support becomes more strongly associated with MVPA as children grow older. Table 5 Factors covariances comparing each model of Mothers and Fathers between age groups. 95% CI Groups Comparisons Std. β SE z-value p-value Lower Upper Children Mothers/Fathers -0.017 0.098 -0.178 0.859 -0.209 0.174 Adolescents 0.304 0.095 3.202 *0.001 0.118 0.489 Children & adolescents Fathers/Fathers 0.000 0.053 -0.001 0.999 -0.104 0.104 Mothers/Mothers 0.344 0.110 3.138 *0.002 0.129 0.559 Std. β: standardized beta value; SE: standard error; (*) Significant values p < 0.05. DISCUSSION The purpose of this study was to investigate how maternal and paternal PA and support behaviours (i.e., encouragement, logistical, instrumental, co-activity and regulatory) predict MVPA among children and adolescents, and whether these predictive relationships differ by child age and parental gender in a Latin American context. This study investigated the differential roles of maternal and paternal support in promoting MVPA among school-aged children and adolescents, using EFA, followed by SEM. The results offer novel insights into the multidimensional nature of parental support and its age-specific effects on youth PA. Consistent with existing literature ( 45 , 46 ), fathers were more likely to meet PA guidelines than mothers (62.3% vs. 47.2%), and reported significantly higher MVPA levels. Among children, boys exhibited higher daily MVPA than girls, a pattern also well-documented in previous studies across various cultural settings ( 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ). Importantly, higher socioeconomic status and attendance at private schools were associated with more favorable PA profiles, reinforcing the role of structural and contextual factors in enabling healthy behaviors in youth. Factor Structure of Parental Support Exploratory factor analysis revealed that both maternal and paternal support are multifactorial constructs, albeit with different dimensional structures. Maternal support was characterized by five distinct factors, reflecting co-activity and modeling, encouragement, instrumental and regulatory support, and logistical support. In contrast, paternal support yielded a more concise three-factor structure, dominated by encouragement and regulatory dimensions. These results are consistent with previous literature that highlights the multidimensionality of parental influences on physical activity, encompassing emotional, instrumental, and regulatory forms of support ( 20 , 22 ). The following section presents further details disaggregated by the child’s age group and by the parent’s sex, underscoring subtle differences in the factor structures of support. Given that this constitutes a relatively novel and not yet firmly established line of inquiry, it highlights the importance of conducting additional confirmatory research to validate these patterns more generally and across diverse cultural contexts. Parental Support on MVPA in children and adolescents The predictive association between parental support and MVPA differed significantly between children and adolescents. Among children, maternal encouragement (Factor 5, related to: I support my child's participation in any sports activity that does not involve spending money ) emerged as a positive predictor of MVPA, whereas combined encouragement, co-activity and regulation (Factor 2) were negatively associated. This paradoxical inverse relationship could reflect the dampening effect of overregulation on intrinsic motivation in younger children, as proposed by self-determination theory ( 51 ). A systematic review showed that the evidence tends to indicate stronger positive associations between parent and child PA in studies involving younger children ( 23 ). This finding contrasts with the results of the present study, where a combination of support-related factors was inversely associated with MVPA. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that the diversity of combined support indicators may attenuate the statistical strength of the association. In our results, affective encouragement, on the other hand, appears to foster more autonomous engagement in PA at this developmental stage. In contrast, among adolescents and mothers, both co-activity/modeling (Factor 1) and encouragement/co-activity/regulation (Factor 2) were significant positive predictors of MVPA. This suggests that adolescents may respond more positively to structured and motivational forms of support, aligning with their increasing autonomy and cognitive maturity. This developmental progression is consistent with theoretical frameworks emphasizing the growing effectiveness of modeling and motivational support as youth mature ( 52 ). Another study found similar results, which demonstrated that both tangible behaviors (e.g., co-participation and transportation) and intangible forms of support (e.g., encouragement) can positively influence adolescents' activity levels ( 53 ). Similiarly, an interesting large-scale study conducted with 61,429 school-aged children (6–18 years old, 50.7% boys) and their parents, using self-report measures, demonstrated that the association between various levels of parental support, such as parental encouragement, parental involvement, parental financial support, and parental modeling and MVPA increased as children grew older ( 54 ). Encouragement, operationalised in Factor 1, which asks whether parents seek out opportunities to observe their child being physically active, consistently predicted youth MVPA across both children and adolescents, with its impact being particularly strong in the adolescent group. Recent longitudinal evidence from Shanghai supports the power of parental co-activity and encouragement in maintaining or increasing adolescent MVPA with intrinsic motivation as mediator ( 55 ). Moreover, a meta-analysis of parent–child PA associations reveals stronger effect sizes in younger children (r = 0.15 for ages 6–12) compared to adolescents, underscoring the developmental sensitivity of parental encouragement ( 23 ). This difference between children and adolescents could be explained by the fact that PA for older children and adolescents often requires more logistical and financial resources (e.g., organized sports, specialized equipment, club memberships, transportation). Therefore, parental financial and instrumental support becomes increasingly relevant for enabling participation. Likewise, younger children often engage in free play and informal activities with minimal parental involvement ( 56 ). As they grow older, these opportunities decrease and are replaced by structured activities ( 26 ). In this way, adolescents may depend more heavily on parental involvement and facilitation. In contrast to the parental modeling pathway, which is stronger in childhood than in adolescence ( 22 , 23 , 54 ), we could conclude that, in terms of support, the relationship or association is reversed, with adolescents requiring greater parental support than younger children. Accordingly, we may define “parental modelling” as the most effective strategy for promoting physical activity in childhood, while “parental support” may represent the most effective strategy during adolescence. An explanation for the observed association between age and parental support may be attributable to the progressively greater autonomy that parents tend to grant during adolescence, which could alter both the form and frequency of supportive behaviours ( 57 , 58 ). Maternal vs Paternal Support Multi-group comparisons revealed meaningful gender-specific differences in parental influence. Among children, no significant differences were found between maternal and paternal support in predicting MVPA. However, in adolescence, maternal support was significantly more predictive of MVPA than paternal support. Moreover, the effect of maternal support increased significantly from childhood to adolescence, whereas paternal influence remained statistically unchanged. This pattern suggests that mothers play a more central role in supporting adolescent PA, possibly due to their more frequent engagement in daily routines and more consistent communication about health behaviors ( 57 ). Similar results were obtained in a study conducted in Black girls and their parents ( 59 ). In this study, adolescents reported that parental support was related to their MVPA and mediated through self-efficacy, suggesting that parental support improved girls’ confidence to be active. These results align with prior Latin American studies, which have reported higher maternal involvement in regulating adolescent behaviour ( 60 ), particularly within the sociocultural context of Chilean families. In contrast, an American study with the Latino population reported a favourable relationship between father-provided support and MVPA among normal-weight female adolescents ( 61 ). Furthermore, boys are more likely to meet the recommended 60 minutes of MVPA per day, consistent with prior regional studies ( 62 ). Although both mothers and fathers provided similar forms of support, their effectiveness varied by gender and age, pointing to the importance of culturally and developmentally sensitive approaches to PA promotion. Overall, these findings underscore a developmentally sensitive and gendered pattern of parental influence. While paternal support remained relatively stable and modest across developmental stages, maternal support emerged as a key determinant of adolescent MVPA. The evidence shows that mothers also tend to be the primary parent responsible for promoting children’s physical activity in trials ( 19 ). These insights suggest that interventions targeting adolescents may benefit from particular Engagement of maternal figures, whereas those focused on children might adopt a more balanced parental approach. In this regard, it may be necessary to promote the inclusion of fathers in the process to increase levels of support during adolescence ( 63 , 64 ). The results advocate for age- and gender-specific strategies in the design of public health initiatives aimed at increasing physical activity among youth. Implications for Practice and Policy These findings underscore the need for differentiated strategies to enhance parental support for youth PA. Interventions should recognise that maternal and paternal supports are not interchangeable and that their influence may vary by the child’s developmental stage and gender. For mothers, fostering autonomy-supportive and co-participatory behaviors may be especially effective during adolescence. For fathers, strategies to enhance consistent and meaningful encouragement beyond verbal praise may be key. In the Latin American context, where traditional gender roles often shape parenting practices, these results highlight opportunities for family-based interventions to promote more balanced and active parental engagement, particularly among fathers who may not currently view themselves as central agents in their child’s PA development ( 65 ). Strengths and Limitations This study contributes significantly to the Latin American literature by utilizing SEM and a large, diverse sample of school-aged children and their parents. However, some limitations must be acknowledged. The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, and self-reported MVPA data may be subject to recall or social desirability biases. Future longitudinal studies employing objective measures (e.g., accelerometry) and examining the relationships and phenomena occurring in single-parent families would enhance the reliability of these findings. Conclusion Overall, our results emphasize the critical and evolving role of parental support in promoting MVPA, particularly maternal encouragement during adolescence. These findings support the development of family-based interventions tailored to both age and gender, leveraging specific types of support at appropriate developmental stages to foster sustained engagement in physical activity. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Once the respective schools have authorised the project, the teachers and parents must sign an informed consent form for participation. Likewise, the students signed an informed consent form that described the study's characteristics, aims, and activities. This project has been approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, code BIOEPUCV-H 638–2023, following the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013). Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests as defined by BMC, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper. Funding This project has been financed by the Fondo Nacional de Investigación para el Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT of the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) of the Chilean Government. FONDECYT Regular project 2023, Nº 1230801. Author Contribution The study concept and design were conceived by FRR, and assisted in refining the study questionnaires and study design by FRR and NAF, and handling data collection. FRR and CB conducted analyses. All authors prepared the first draft of the manuscript. FRR, NAF, CB and RR critically and deeply revised the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the submitted version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement We sincerely thank the participating schools: Escuela José Miguel Carrera, Los Andes; Escuela Metodista Eden del Niño, Los Andes; Colegio Maristas Instituto Chacabuco, Los Andes; Colegio Adriano Machado, Viña del Mar; Colegio Profesor Huguet, Viña del Mar; Complejo Educacional un Amanecer en la Araucanía, Temuco; Colegio Providencia del Sagrado Corazón, Temuco and Colegio San Francisco, Temuco for their valuable support in the development of this project. We also extend our special thanks to the team research Marcela Rompeltien, Matías Pirtzl, Gabriela Basterrica and Melisa Pèrez for their commitment and collaboration throughout the implementation of the study. Data Availability Material and data are available for writing to [email protected] References World Health Organisation. Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: WHO. 2020. 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Rhodes","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Victoria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ryan","middleName":"E.","lastName":"Rhodes","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-07 13:38:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800099/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800099/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96916081,"identity":"2e4ef75f-6a55-46c6-b9f0-e886d333eb7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:08:00","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1877432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7800099/v1/eba70a8e37453e501df0a8ae.docx"},{"id":96792740,"identity":"aa6a66af-fabb-4929-a50f-5792f955c910","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 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14:08:44","extension":"xml","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":229072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"dbca264945fc407d8fa4ee7af4287f241structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7800099/v1/937d0b95385f982f8ab252a6.xml"},{"id":96792760,"identity":"56c37a9c-356f-48b5-8bb1-ed2fb1a22494","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 07:05:35","extension":"html","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":243601,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7800099/v1/5192328398cfe66c28b2fdfc.html"},{"id":96792747,"identity":"fa8c5a6a-5ad8-427d-8189-98cb87f3bc68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 07:05:34","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":543571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStructural equation modelling between maternal support and MVPA for children and adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7800099/v1/8b95df7d8c8e1f780e0c3b81.jpeg"},{"id":96917807,"identity":"2993239c-4b77-4ec9-8347-8df25d6ce91f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:10:35","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":983085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStructural equation modelling between parental support and MVPA for boys and girls.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7800099/v1/1316205e3116468aebaf9374.png"},{"id":96922864,"identity":"07fb3462-9d63-475d-9113-a3b31dd74c58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:20:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2595907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7800099/v1/fa2f38db-76de-410f-8ba0-dcd43d9dc9a9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Who encourages youth to be active? A structural equation modelling analysis of parental support: ACTIBESE Project","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a major global health challenge, accounting for over 70% of all deaths worldwide (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Alarmingly, approximately 80% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden of NCDs is disproportionately high (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals in LMICs, including upper-middle-income countries such as Chile, are more likely to develop NCDs at younger ages, suffer from prolonged illness, and face premature mortality compared to those in high-income countries (HICs) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This pattern highlights the pressing need for cost-effective strategies to prevent and mitigate the burden of NCDs, particularly among vulnerable populations in LMICs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne such strategy is the promotion of regular moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), which is widely recognised for reducing the risk of various NCDs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and improving both physical and mental health outcomes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In response, the WHO recommends that children and adolescents (aged 5\u0026ndash;17 years) engage in at least 60 minutes of MVPA per day, incorporate muscle-strengthening activities three times per week, and minimise sedentary behaviour. However, global adherence to these guidelines remains low; 81% of adolescents are insufficiently active, and this figure rises to 87.6% in Chile (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), placing Chilean youth at elevated risk for NCD-related health consequences (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, despite the increasing prevalence of NCD risk factors such as obesity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), hypertension (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e), and type 2 diabetes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) among adolescents, most interventional evidence on MVPA originates from HICs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). This highlights the urgent need for context-specific research in LMICs like Chile (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), particularly to identify the factors influencing physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents and to inform the development of tailored interventions for this at-risk population (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAligning with the Socioecological Model (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), the factors influencing PA in children and adolescents are complex and multifactorial, ranging across individual (e.g., age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), motivation), social (e.g., parental support, peer influence) and environmental (e.g., access to facilities, cost) domains (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). A salient factor influencing child and adolescent PA behaviour is their co-dependence on parents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e), particularly given that children and adolescents spend a substantial amount of time in the care of their parents. Further, parents have been described as \u0026ldquo;gatekeepers\u0026rdquo; to PA during family time (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e); hence, there is a need to position parents as a central part of interventions promoting PA in children and adolescents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Parental influence on child and adolescent PA typically involves two fundamental factors: parental role modelling (i.e., learning through observation of parents\u0026rsquo; PA behaviour) and parental support (i.e., parental facilitation of PA behaviour) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFindings on the relationship between parental role modelling and child and adolescent PA are mixed. A meta-analysis by Yao and Rhodes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) found a weak overall association between parental modelling and child PA (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.16), with stronger effects found in father-son dyads (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.29) compared to mother-son dyads (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.19), but no significant effects for girls. Similarly, a systematic review by Petersen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e) reported that most studies demonstrated only weak positive associations between parent and child PA, regardless of age, gender, or activity type. In contrast, Hutchens and Lee (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) found that children with physically active parents were significantly more likely to be active themselves, suggesting a more robust association. Furthermore Sigmundova et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), a gender-specific association was identified in adolescents\u0026rsquo; PA, with a stronger parent-child relationship observed in father-son dyads, particularly on weekends. While the overall association between parental and child PA levels is generally small, evidence suggests that it may be more pronounced in specific parent\u0026ndash;child dyads, particularly when considering factors such as gender concordance, parental support, and co-participation in activity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParental support is an overarching term used to characterise several support behaviours for PA, such as encouragement (e.g., providing praise, feedback and spectating), logistical support (e.g., provision of transport), co-activity (e.g., parents providing support through being active with their child), instrumental support (e.g., provision of materials and equipment necessary to facilitate PA), and regulatory support (e.g., establishing rules and regulations around PA) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Unlike the mixed findings for parental modelling, parental support has emerged as a more consistent and robust correlate of child and adolescent PA, with no clear support behaviour that is more important than another (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). However, some studies have reported stronger correlations for same gender parent and child/adolescent dyads (e.g., mother and daughter) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile this body of research offers valuable insights into the important association between parents and child and adolescent PA, there remains a gap in evidence from LMICs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, most of this research has been conducted in North American, European, or Australasian contexts, with limited evidence from Latin American countries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). This gap arises primarily where cultural norms, family structures, and environmental contexts differ substantially from those found in Latin American countries. Cultural values surrounding parenting, gender roles, autonomy, and PA may shape distinct patterns of influence within family systems that are not captured by models developed in high-income countries. Consequently, extrapolating findings from those contexts may obscure important socio-cultural determinants unique to Latin America, reinforcing the need for region-specific research. Encouragingly, while some research within the Chilean context has reported parental sociodemographic factors, such as parental income, education level, and residential area (urban vs. rural), as significantly associated with children's active commuting and independent mobility (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e), research on parental support is lacking. Consequently, further research conducted exclusively within the Chilean context, incorporating comprehensive assessments of parental support, is warranted to generate more precise and contextually relevant insights to inform future intervention development. The literature shows that both mothers and fathers exert a positive influence on their children\u0026rsquo;s physical activity (PA), although they tend to provide support in different ways: mothers more frequently offer logistical support and supervision (e.g., organizing transportation, accompanying children to activities, daily monitoring), whereas fathers are more involved in playful co-participation, role modelling, and recreational physical activities, particularly on weekends or in play-related contexts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Much of the existing research comes from high-income countries; there is less robust and comparative evidence in Latin America, highlighting the need for caution when generalizing findings and underscoring the importance of local studies (e.g., Chile) that disaggregate by the gender of both parent and child (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the purpose of this study was to advance prior research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e) and investigate how maternal and paternal PA and support behaviours (i.e., encouragement, logistical, instrumental, co-activity and regulatory) predict MVPA among children and adolescents, and whether these predictive relationships differ by child age and parental gender in a Latin American context. We hypothesise that (i) mothers will report providing greater logistical support, whereas fathers will report engaging in more co-activity with their children, (ii) parental support will likely be perceived as higher for children than for adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHOD","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis investigation employed a cross-sectional design as part of the initial phase of the \"Active Behaviour in School Education\" (ACTIBESE) project, funded by the National Agency for Research and Development of the Chilean Government (Grant No. 1230801). The overarching aim of ACTIBESE is to identify and develop effective strategies to promote PA within the school context. The broader project spans three years and comprises both observational (cross-sectional; Years 1 and 2) and interventional components (Year 3). More details about the project are published in the study protocol (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRecruitment Procedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSchool principals from selected institutions were formally invited to participate. Upon receiving institutional consent, meetings were organised with school administrators and teachers to explain the objectives, design, and implementation phases of the study. Informational sessions were subsequently held with students and parents, segmented by age group: children in grades 5\u0026ndash;6 of primary education (9\u0026ndash;11 years) and adolescents of secondary education (12\u0026ndash;17 years).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling and Participants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample was drawn from three cities in Chile: Vi\u0026ntilde;a del Mar and Los Andes (Valpara\u0026iacute;so Region), and Temuco (Araucan\u0026iacute;a Region). These urban centres were selected due to their proximity to the participating research institutions. The sampling frame included public, subsidised, and private schools to ensure representativeness of the Chilean educational system. Both rural and urban schools were included, with the intention to make to balance sex and socioeconomic distribution. A total of 152 schools were identified: 84 in Vi\u0026ntilde;a del Mar (student population: 25,176), 19 in Los Andes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7,401), and 49 in Temuco (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21,647), according to official municipal statistics (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://reportescomunales.bcn.cl\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://reportescomunales.bcn.cl\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). For this study, based on a 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error, 50% heterogeneity, and 80% statistical power, a representative sample size of 382 students was calculated. Stratified sampling yielded 177 students in Vi\u0026ntilde;a del Mar, 52 in Los Andes, and 153 in Temuco.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn total, nine schools (three per city) were randomly selected for participation. Eligible schools were required to offer a minimum of two physical education classes per week for grades 4 of primary through 2 of secondary education. Each participating class needed at least 15 students, and informed consent was required from both parents and students. The study sample comprised 780 parents, including 390 mothers and 390 fathers. The mean age of mothers was 41.2 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.5), whereas fathers had a mean age of 40.0 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.6). Mothers reported an average of 1.8 children (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9), while fathers reported 1.9 children (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.8). In addition, data were collected from 390 school-aged children, of whom 193 were boys and 197 were girls. The mean age of boys was 12.07 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.9), while girls had a mean age of 12.36 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.8). For analytical purposes, children were categorized into two groups: children (6\u0026ndash;12 years) and adolescents (13\u0026ndash;18 years). Among the younger group, 57.1% were girls, whereas among adolescents, 53.5% were boys.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSociodemographic Variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA multicomponent questionnaire captured basic sociodemographic characteristics, including sex, age, school grade, and socioeconomic status. The latter was assessed using the Family Affluence Scale III (FAS III) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e) based on six material indicators: the number of cars owned by the household (0, 1, 2 or more), number of bathrooms (ranging from 0 to 3 or more), number of computers (0, 1, 2, or more than 2), whether the they have their own room, presence of a dishwasher, and number of vacations abroad taken in the past 12 months (0 to 3 or more). The total FAS III score is calculated by summing responses to these items, yielding a possible range from 0 to 13. According to the International Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) guidelines, ridit scores should be computed for each country to enable relative comparisons of affluence. Based on the ridit-derived distribution (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e), families were categorized into three groups: low (bottom 15%), medium (middle 70%), and high (top 15%) family affluence. In the present study, these categories corresponded to scores of 0\u0026ndash;2 (low), 3\u0026ndash;10 (medium), and 11\u0026ndash;13 (high).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChild/Youth Physical Activity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo evaluate PA levels, we employed the Youth Activity Profile (YAP) questionnaire\u0026mdash;a validated and widely used self-report instrument designed to estimate MVPA and sedentary behaviour in youth populations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). A Spanish version of the YAP was created using a standardised back-translation procedure to ensure linguistic and cultural appropriateness, as well as psychometric reliability, for Spanish-speaking schoolchildren (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). The instrument consists of 19 items\u0026mdash;comprising four general and fifteen specific questions\u0026mdash;organised into three domains: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) Activity at School, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) Out-of-School Activity, and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) Sedentary Behaviours. For data analysis, PA scores were calculated as mean values on a 1 to 5 scale, where higher scores indicate greater activity levels. To estimate daily MVPA in minutes, YAP scores were transformed using the predictive equations developed by Fairclough et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). These estimates provided detailed profiles of MVPA during school time, outside school hours, and across weekends, stratified by age and sex.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParental Support\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eParental support for children\u0026rsquo;s PA was assessed using a 5-item Likert scale (range: \"never\" to \"every day\"). Items addressed specific behaviours such as providing transportation, observing or praising PA, and co-participation in physical activities. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). These behaviours align with the key dimensions of parental support (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) consistently highlighted in a systematic review of the literature (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations of the variables, definitions of each question and the respective domain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviature\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDomain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you go to see your child when he or she is physically active or sport?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEncouragement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you encourage your child to engage in sport or physical activity?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow often do you talk to your child about the importance of physical activity?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you talk to your child about the benefits of physical activity or sports?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI support my child's participation in any sports activity that does not involve spending money.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI encourage my child to physically active during the weekdays.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI encourage my child to physically active during working days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you transport your child to a place where he or she can physical activity or sports?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLogistical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI accompany my child to sports facilities during the weekdays.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the weekend, I take my child to and pick him/her up from the place(s) where he/she practices a sport or physical activity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you engage in physical activity or sports with your child?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo-activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI practice physical activities with my child during the weekend.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI engage in physical activity with my child during the working days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI spend some money during the weekend for my child to practice a sporting activity (I pay for him/her to attend a sport in general).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInstrumental\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI spend some money during the working days of the week for my child to practice a sport.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI practice a good number of physical activities or sports during the weekend.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA behaviour\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI practice a good number of physical activities during the working days of the week.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI used to practice a good number of physical activities during the working days of the week, but now I no longer do so.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePast PA behaviour\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI used to practice a good number of physical activities during the weekend, but now I no longer do so.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have workday rules for physical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegulatory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have weekend rules for physical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce the authorisations from the schools and parents were obtained, the research team attended the schools to administer the questionnaires. The instruments for schoolchildren were administered in physical education or classes accompanied by the respective teacher of physical education. In the parents, the questionnaires were applied in parents\u0026rsquo; meetings at the school. The self-report questionnaires in both schoolchildren and parents were administered in pencil and paper format and lasted a maximum of 30 minutes. The evaluators hired specifically for the ACTIBESE project were trained physical education external teachers who answered the children's questions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnalysis Plan\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNormality of distribution was verified using Q\u0026ndash;Q plots. Descriptive statistics, like means and standard deviations for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, were calculated. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations for all variables were calculated. In addition, associations among family demographics (e.g., child\u0026rsquo;s age, family income, child\u0026rsquo;s sex), campaign awareness, support behaviors, and PA were analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address the study\u0026rsquo;s main objective and test the hypothesis, a three-step statistical approach was conducted: 1) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to identify the underlying factor structure of the measured constructs, 2) Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to verify the factor structure and assess the model\u0026rsquo;s fit, and 3) Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to examine the hypothesized relationships among variables within a comprehensive analytic framework. The first step involved conducting an EFA to identify the latent factors (unobservable constructs) underlying the correlations among the multiple variables measured in the questionnaire assessing perceived support from parents (19 questions, where S18 and S19 were deleted from the analysis because these are not support questions). An orthogonal varimax rotation and a display loading above 0.7 were considered in the EFA analysis. This analysis was made by separating mothers and fathers, obtaining two different models and only one in the peer support variables. By extracting these latent factors, it was possible to estimate a response pattern associated with the selected dependent variable, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among school-aged children. Subsequently, a CFA was conducted to test the adequacy of the factor structure identified in the exploratory phase and to confirm whether the observed data fit the hypothesised measurement model. Finally, different models were created incorporating only the factors obtained in previous steps in an SEM. Before model specification, the data were screened for multivariate normality, and missing values were handled using Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML). Model fit was evaluated using standard indices: Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), and Standardised Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR). A CFI and TLI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.90, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.08, and SRMR\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.08 were considered indicative of acceptable model fit. Standardised path coefficients were reported to assess the strength of associations between the latent constructs and MVPA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalyses were stratified by age group (children and adolescents) and gender (girls and boys). The descriptive analysis was conducted with SPSS 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and statistical analyses and plots were made with a cross-platform software program called JASP statistical package V 0.18.3 (JASP, 2024), a free software interface Version 0.18.3 (Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Missing data were imputed using the missForest (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e) package in R (version 4.4.1). This method employs a non-parametric, random forest-based algorithm that can handle both continuous and categorical variables, providing robust imputation without requiring multivariate normality assumptions. A p-value of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003ewas obtained from all participating students and their parents or legal guardians, following institutional approval by each school. Ethical clearance was granted by the Bioethics Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Cat\u0026oacute;lica de Valpara\u0026iacute;so (Code: BIOEPUCV-H 638\u0026ndash;2023), following the Declaration of Helsinki (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample, including age, gender, type of school, socioeconomic level, and PA level for both parents and school-aged children. Among parents, fathers are older than mothers and show higher adherence to PA guidelines. For school-aged children, the results are presented by school type, socioeconomic level, and PA level and compliance, disaggregated by gender (girls and boys).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics of the 390 participants\u0026rsquo; families, parents and children by sex. Suggestion for title Sociodemographic characteristics of participating families: parents (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;780) and children (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;390), by sex\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;780)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMothers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;390)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFathers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;390)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (years), Mean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;9.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChild number, Mean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMVPA (min/wk), Mean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259.2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;496.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e444.6\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;842.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA Guidelines, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;150 min/wk\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206 (52.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147 (37.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;150 min/wk\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184 (47.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243 (62.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSchoolers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;390)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBoys\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;193)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGirls\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;197)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (years), Mean, SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.36\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge group, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149 (38.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64 (42.95%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (57.05%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdolescents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e241 (61.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129 (53.53%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112 (46.47%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSchool type, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108 (27.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (29.53%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (25.89%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsided\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96 (24.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (26.43%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (22.84%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186 (47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (44.04%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101 (51.27%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic level\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (20.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46 (23.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96 (49.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89 (45.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (26.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75 /38.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMVPA (min/day), Mean, SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122.0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;48.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136.1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;48.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109.0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;43.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106.8\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;21.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101.7\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdolescents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131.8\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;56.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;54.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116.3\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;53.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReach MVPA, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;60 min/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (2.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (10.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;60 min/day\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182 (97.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173 (89.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; PA: physical activity; SD: standard deviation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe exploratory factor analysis (EFA) conducted for perceived support from mothers and fathers revealed distinct factorial structures across sources (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). For mothers, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was 0.868, indicating a meritorious level of factorability. A five-factor solution was extracted. Factor 1 grouped two items related to logistical and instrumental support: \u0026ldquo;MS16\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;MS14\u0026rdquo;, all with high loadings (0.840 and 0.827, respectively). Factor 2 included items associated with encouragement support \u0026ldquo;MS1 and MS2\u0026rdquo; (0.765 and 0.759), logistical \u0026ldquo;MS3\u0026rdquo; (0.777) and Co-activity \u0026ldquo;MS4\u0026rdquo; (0.800). Factor 3 reflected logistic and instrumental support, including \u0026ldquo;MS10\u0026rdquo; (0.888) and \u0026ldquo;MS11\u0026rdquo; (0.847). Factor 4 corresponded to logistical \u0026ldquo;MS9\u0026rdquo; (0.774) and regulatory support, represented by \u0026ldquo;MS20\u0026rdquo; (0.738). The fifth factor only included MS8 (0.771) related to encouragement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor fathers, the KMO value was 0.775, also indicating good sampling adequacy. A three-factor solution was retained. Factor 1 included \u0026ldquo;FS5\u0026rdquo; (0.970) and \u0026ldquo;FS6\u0026rdquo; (0.874), which may reflect general encouragement. Factor 2 included \u0026ldquo;FS13\u0026rdquo; (0.798) related to encouragement. Factor 3 was related to parental regulatory support, incorporating \u0026ldquo;FS20\u0026rdquo; (0.891) and \u0026ldquo;FS21\u0026rdquo; (0.840). Overall, these findings reveal that perceived support from mothers and fathers is multi-dimensional, encompassing emotional support, modelling, participation, regulation, and historical behaviour.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors loading obtained in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in parents and children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKMO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor Loadings (Mothers)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.840\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.874\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.807\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.811\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.838\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.765\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.771\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.780\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.771\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKMO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactor Loadings (Fathers)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVariables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.775\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactor 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactor 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactor 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.641\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.874\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.840\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKMO: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Test; MS: mother support; FS: father support.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e \u0026nbsp;Applied rotation method is varimax.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted separately for mothers and fathers to examine the underlying factor structure of the measured items. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows that for the mothers' data, five factors were retained. The first factor had an eigenvalue of 5.908 and accounted for 17.2% of the total variance, as indicated by the proportion of variance column. The second factor had an eigenvalue of 3.264 and explained an additional 15.4% of the variance, resulting in a cumulative variance of 32.6%. The third factor (eigenvalue\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.670) added 12.2% of explained variance, while the fourth and fifth factors contributed 9.4% and 7.1%, respectively. Overall, these five factors together accounted for 61.3% of the total variance in the data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the case of fathers, three factors were retained. The first factor had an eigenvalue of 2.352, explaining 11.3% of the total variance. The second factor (eigenvalue\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.509) accounted for 10.1%, leading to a cumulative explained variance of 45.8%. The third factor, with an eigenvalue of 1.308, contributed an additional 8.3%, resulting in a total of 62.4% of the variance explained by the three extracted factors. These results suggest a multidimensional structure in the items analyzed, with a greater number of interpretable factors observed among mothers compared to fathers. The proportion and cumulative variance values support the adequacy of the factor solution in capturing the underlying construct structure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors from EFA and their Eigenvalues, sum of squared loadings, proportion of variance and cumulative values for mothers and fathers (rotated solution).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEigenvalues\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSum Sq. Loadings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProportion var.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCumulative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.259\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.930\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.326\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMothers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.670\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.320\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.548\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.784\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.542\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.345\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.352\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.152\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFathers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.509\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.917\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.569\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.541\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e With the factors obtained in EFA, a structural equation model was created, and regression analyses were conducted separately for age groups and by gender to examine the associations between MVPA and two predictors: maternal support and paternal support. For more specific associations, an analysis was conducted for each factor (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of two structural equation models that examine the associations between five latent maternal support factors and MVPA in children (panel A) and adolescents (panel B). Each latent factor was defined through observed variables derived from survey items related to parental support. In the case of children, Factor 5 (encouragement) was positively and significantly associated with MVPA (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.17, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05), while Factor 2 (encouragement and regulation) showed a significant negative association (β = -7.42, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). The other factors\u0026mdash;Factor 1 (co-activity and parental PA behaviour), Factor 3 (instrumental and regulatory support), and Factor 4 (logistical and regulatory support)\u0026mdash;showed positive but non-significant associations. In contrast, for adolescents, Factor 1 (co-activity and parental PA behaviour) and Factor 2 (encouragement and regulation) were both significantly and positively associated with MVPA (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.98 and β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.39, respectively; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05), suggesting that these types of support are more effective during adolescence. The remaining factors were not significantly related to adolescent MVPA. Notably, Factor 2 demonstrated an opposite pattern across age groups: it was negatively associated with MVPA in children but positively associated in adolescents. This divergence underscores the developmental specificity of parental influences and suggests that the effectiveness of particular types of support may vary depending on the child\u0026rsquo;s age and autonomy. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of tailoring parental support strategies to the developmental stage of the youth to effectively promote PA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of a multi-group structural equation model assessing the associations between three latent fathers\u0026rsquo; support factors and MVPA among children (A panel) and adolescents (B panel). Each latent factor was constructed using observed indicators of regulatory and encouragement-based support. Specifically, Factor 1 was defined by two encouragement items (FS5 and FS6), Factor 2 by a single encouragement item (FS1), and Factor 3 by two regulatory items (FS20 and FS21). In both age groups, the measurement model shows strong standardized loadings between observed variables and their respective latent factors, indicating good internal consistency and construct validity. For children, Factor 2 (encouragement via FS1) showed a statistically significant positive association with MVPA (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.54, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05), suggesting that this specific form of encouragement is positively related to physical activity levels. The associations between MVPA and the other two latent factors\u0026mdash;Factor 1 (β = -1.38) and Factor 3 (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15)\u0026mdash;were not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, for adolescents, Factor 2 was again positively and significantly associated with MVPA (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.89, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05), indicating that the influence of this encouragement item strengthens with age. Additionally, Factor 3 (regulatory support) showed a moderately positive, though non-significant, association with MVPA (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.31), and Factor 1 had a smaller, non-significant effect (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.84).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e reports standardized beta coefficients (Std. β) and associated statistics from multi-group comparisons, evaluating the influence of parent gender (mothers vs. fathers) on children's and adolescents\u0026rsquo; MVPA, as well as cross-age group comparisons between parents of the same gender. The comparison between mothers and fathers regarding their influence on children\u0026rsquo;s MVPA yields a non-significant standardized beta (β = -0.017, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.859). The 95% CI ([-0.209, 0.174]) crosses zero, indicating no meaningful difference between maternal and paternal influence in this age group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the corresponding comparison for adolescents reveals a statistically significant difference (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.304, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). The positive coefficient suggests that mothers\u0026rsquo; support is significantly more predictive of adolescents' MVPA than fathers\u0026rsquo; support. The confidence interval (0.118 to 0.489) excludes zero, reinforcing the robustness of the finding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe comparison of fathers\u0026rsquo; influence across age groups (children vs. adolescents) results in a negligible and non-significant effect (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.999), indicating that paternal support does not differ in its association with MVPA between children and adolescents. However, mothers\u0026rsquo; influence shows a significant increase from childhood to adolescence (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.344, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002), with a 95% CI of [0.129, 0.559]. This suggests that maternal support becomes more strongly associated with MVPA as children grow older.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors covariances comparing each model of Mothers and Fathers between age groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparisons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. β\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMothers/Fathers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.178\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.209\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdolescents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.202\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.489\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChildren \u0026amp; adolescents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFathers/Fathers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMothers/Mothers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.344\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.559\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. β: standardized beta value; SE: standard error; (*) Significant values p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to investigate how maternal and paternal PA and support behaviours (i.e., encouragement, logistical, instrumental, co-activity and regulatory) predict MVPA among children and adolescents, and whether these predictive relationships differ by child age and parental gender in a Latin American context.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the differential roles of maternal and paternal support in promoting MVPA among school-aged children and adolescents, using EFA, followed by SEM. The results offer novel insights into the multidimensional nature of parental support and its age-specific effects on youth PA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsistent with existing literature (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e), fathers were more likely to meet PA guidelines than mothers (62.3% vs. 47.2%), and reported significantly higher MVPA levels. Among children, boys exhibited higher daily MVPA than girls, a pattern also well-documented in previous studies across various cultural settings (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e). Importantly, higher socioeconomic status and attendance at private schools were associated with more favorable PA profiles, reinforcing the role of structural and contextual factors in enabling healthy behaviors in youth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFactor Structure of Parental Support\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExploratory factor analysis revealed that both maternal and paternal support are multifactorial constructs, albeit with different dimensional structures. Maternal support was characterized by five distinct factors, reflecting co-activity and modeling, encouragement, instrumental and regulatory support, and logistical support. In contrast, paternal support yielded a more concise three-factor structure, dominated by encouragement and regulatory dimensions. These results are consistent with previous literature that highlights the multidimensionality of parental influences on physical activity, encompassing emotional, instrumental, and regulatory forms of support (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). The following section presents further details disaggregated by the child\u0026rsquo;s age group and by the parent\u0026rsquo;s sex, underscoring subtle differences in the factor structures of support. Given that this constitutes a relatively novel and not yet firmly established line of inquiry, it highlights the importance of conducting additional confirmatory research to validate these patterns more generally and across diverse cultural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParental Support on MVPA in children and adolescents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe predictive association between parental support and MVPA differed significantly between children and adolescents. Among children, maternal encouragement (Factor 5, related to: \u003cem\u003eI support my child's participation in any sports activity that does not involve spending money\u003c/em\u003e) emerged as a positive predictor of MVPA, whereas combined encouragement, co-activity and regulation (Factor 2) were negatively associated. This paradoxical inverse relationship could reflect the dampening effect of overregulation on intrinsic motivation in younger children, as proposed by self-determination theory (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e). A systematic review showed that the evidence tends to indicate stronger positive associations between parent and child PA in studies involving younger children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). This finding contrasts with the results of the present study, where a combination of support-related factors was inversely associated with MVPA. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that the diversity of combined support indicators may attenuate the statistical strength of the association. In our results, affective encouragement, on the other hand, appears to foster more autonomous engagement in PA at this developmental stage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, among adolescents and mothers, both co-activity/modeling (Factor 1) and encouragement/co-activity/regulation (Factor 2) were significant positive predictors of MVPA. This suggests that adolescents may respond more positively to structured and motivational forms of support, aligning with their increasing autonomy and cognitive maturity. This developmental progression is consistent with theoretical frameworks emphasizing the growing effectiveness of modeling and motivational support as youth mature (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e). Another study found similar results, which demonstrated that both tangible behaviors (e.g., co-participation and transportation) and intangible forms of support (e.g., encouragement) can positively influence adolescents' activity levels (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e). Similiarly, an interesting large-scale study conducted with 61,429 school-aged children (6\u0026ndash;18 years old, 50.7% boys) and their parents, using self-report measures, demonstrated that the association between various levels of parental support, such as parental encouragement, parental involvement, parental financial support, and parental modeling and MVPA increased as children grew older (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEncouragement, operationalised in Factor 1, which asks whether parents seek out opportunities to observe their child being physically active, consistently predicted youth MVPA across both children and adolescents, with its impact being particularly strong in the adolescent group. Recent longitudinal evidence from Shanghai supports the power of parental co-activity and encouragement in maintaining or increasing adolescent MVPA with intrinsic motivation as mediator (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, a meta-analysis of parent\u0026ndash;child PA associations reveals stronger effect sizes in younger children (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15 for ages 6\u0026ndash;12) compared to adolescents, underscoring the developmental sensitivity of parental encouragement (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). This difference between children and adolescents could be explained by the fact that PA for older children and adolescents often requires more logistical and financial resources (e.g., organized sports, specialized equipment, club memberships, transportation). Therefore, parental financial and instrumental support becomes increasingly relevant for enabling participation. Likewise, younger children often engage in free play and informal activities with minimal parental involvement (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e). As they grow older, these opportunities decrease and are replaced by structured activities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). In this way, adolescents may depend more heavily on parental involvement and facilitation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast to the parental modeling pathway, which is stronger in childhood than in adolescence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e), we could conclude that, in terms of support, the relationship or association is reversed, with adolescents requiring greater parental support than younger children. Accordingly, we may define \u0026ldquo;parental modelling\u0026rdquo; as the most effective strategy for promoting physical activity in childhood, while \u0026ldquo;parental support\u0026rdquo; may represent the most effective strategy during adolescence. An explanation for the observed association between age and parental support may be attributable to the progressively greater autonomy that parents tend to grant during adolescence, which could alter both the form and frequency of supportive behaviours (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaternal vs Paternal Support\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMulti-group comparisons revealed meaningful gender-specific differences in parental influence. Among children, no significant differences were found between maternal and paternal support in predicting MVPA. However, in adolescence, maternal support was significantly more predictive of MVPA than paternal support. Moreover, the effect of maternal support increased significantly from childhood to adolescence, whereas paternal influence remained statistically unchanged. This pattern suggests that mothers play a more central role in supporting adolescent PA, possibly due to their more frequent engagement in daily routines and more consistent communication about health behaviors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e). Similar results were obtained in a study conducted in Black girls and their parents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, adolescents reported that parental support was related to their MVPA and mediated through self-efficacy, suggesting that parental support improved girls\u0026rsquo; confidence to be active. These results align with prior Latin American studies, which have reported higher maternal involvement in regulating adolescent behaviour (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e), particularly within the sociocultural context of Chilean families. In contrast, an American study with the Latino population reported a favourable relationship between father-provided support and MVPA among normal-weight female adolescents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, boys are more likely to meet the recommended 60 minutes of MVPA per day, consistent with prior regional studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e). Although both mothers and fathers provided similar forms of support, their effectiveness varied by gender and age, pointing to the importance of culturally and developmentally sensitive approaches to PA promotion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, these findings underscore a developmentally sensitive and gendered pattern of parental influence. While paternal support remained relatively stable and modest across developmental stages, maternal support emerged as a key determinant of adolescent MVPA. The evidence shows that mothers also tend to be the primary parent responsible for promoting children\u0026rsquo;s physical activity in trials (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). These insights suggest that interventions targeting adolescents may benefit from particular Engagement of maternal figures, whereas those focused on children might adopt a more balanced parental approach. In this regard, it may be necessary to promote the inclusion of fathers in the process to increase levels of support during adolescence (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e). The results advocate for age- and gender-specific strategies in the design of public health initiatives aimed at increasing physical activity among youth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImplications for Practice and Policy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings underscore the need for differentiated strategies to enhance parental support for youth PA. Interventions should recognise that maternal and paternal supports are not interchangeable and that their influence may vary by the child\u0026rsquo;s developmental stage and gender. For mothers, fostering autonomy-supportive and co-participatory behaviors may be especially effective during adolescence. For fathers, strategies to enhance consistent and meaningful encouragement beyond verbal praise may be key. In the Latin American context, where traditional gender roles often shape parenting practices, these results highlight opportunities for family-based interventions to promote more balanced and active parental engagement, particularly among fathers who may not currently view themselves as central agents in their child\u0026rsquo;s PA development (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStrengths and Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study contributes significantly to the Latin American literature by utilizing SEM and a large, diverse sample of school-aged children and their parents. However, some limitations must be acknowledged. The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, and self-reported MVPA data may be subject to recall or social desirability biases. Future longitudinal studies employing objective measures (e.g., accelerometry) and examining the relationships and phenomena occurring in single-parent families would enhance the reliability of these findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOverall, our results emphasize the critical and evolving role of parental support in promoting MVPA, particularly maternal encouragement during adolescence. These findings support the development of family-based interventions tailored to both age and gender, leveraging specific types of support at appropriate developmental stages to foster sustained engagement in physical activity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Once the respective schools have authorised the project, the teachers and parents must sign an informed consent form for participation. Likewise, the students signed an informed consent form that described the study's characteristics, aims, and activities. This project has been approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Cat\u0026oacute;lica de Valpara\u0026iacute;so, code BIOEPUCV-H 638\u0026ndash;2023, following the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests as defined by BMC, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis project has been financed by the Fondo Nacional de Investigaci\u0026oacute;n para el Desarrollo Cient\u0026iacute;fico y Tecnol\u0026oacute;gico, FONDECYT of the Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u0026oacute;n y Desarrollo (ANID) of the Chilean Government. FONDECYT Regular project 2023, N\u0026ordm; 1230801.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study concept and design were conceived by FRR, and assisted in refining the study questionnaires and study design by FRR and NAF, and handling data collection. FRR and CB conducted analyses. All authors prepared the first draft of the manuscript. FRR, NAF, CB and RR critically and deeply revised the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e We sincerely thank the participating schools: Escuela Jos\u0026eacute; Miguel Carrera, Los Andes; Escuela Metodista Eden del Ni\u0026ntilde;o, Los Andes; Colegio Maristas Instituto Chacabuco, Los Andes; Colegio Adriano Machado, Vi\u0026ntilde;a del Mar; Colegio Profesor Huguet, Vi\u0026ntilde;a del Mar; Complejo Educacional un Amanecer en la Araucan\u0026iacute;a, Temuco; Colegio Providencia del Sagrado Coraz\u0026oacute;n, Temuco and Colegio San Francisco, Temuco for their valuable support in the development of this project. We also extend our special thanks to the team research Marcela Rompeltien, Mat\u0026iacute;as Pirtzl, Gabriela Basterrica and Melisa P\u0026egrave;rez for their commitment and collaboration throughout the implementation of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaterial and data are available for writing to [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organisation. Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: WHO. 2020. 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BMC Pediatr. 2015;15(1):101. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0421-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12887-015-0421-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"family, physical education, father, mother, exercise","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800099/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800099/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground.\u003c/strong\u003e Parents play a central role in influencing physical activity (PA) behaviours in children and adolescents. Parental influence operates through two key mechanisms: role modelling and support. This study aimed to examine how maternal and paternal PA and support behaviours predict moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among children and adolescents, and whether these associations vary according to child age and parental gender in a Latin American context.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods.\u003c/strong\u003eThis cross-sectional study included 780 parents (390 mothers and 390 fathers) and 390 school-aged children (193 boys and 197 girls), with 61.8% (n = 241) of the sample composed of adolescents. PA levels were assessed using the Youth Activity Profile (YAP) questionnaire, and parental support was measured using a 5-item Likert scale. The analysis followed a three-step approach: (1) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to identify the underlying factor structure of parental support behaviours, (2) Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to validate the factor structure and assess model fit, and (3) Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test predictive relationships.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e. Five factors were found in mothers associated with encouragement, logistical and Co-activity, and three in fathers related to encouragement and parental regulatory support, in the EFA and CFA. Parental support predicted MVPA in age-specific ways: among children, maternal encouragement was positively associated with MVPA, while combined co-activity and regulation showed a negative association. Among adolescents, structured forms of support, particularly from mothers, were positively associated with MVPA.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions.\u003c/strong\u003e These findings highlight the importance of developmentally and culturally tailored interventions. Strategies aimed at increasing adolescent PA should prioritize maternal involvement, while approaches for children may require more balanced engagement from both parents.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Who encourages youth to be active? A structural equation modelling analysis of parental support: ACTIBESE Project","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 07:05:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7800099/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T08:26:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-01T16:25:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T12:50:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"287986088108085078264331471696733669076","date":"2025-11-25T10:28:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"282721161529069209688965540516490477493","date":"2025-11-25T06:34:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"336489255900901502491269046234972036437","date":"2025-11-24T15:23:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"28806612074968271434916949685240512579","date":"2025-11-17T11:57:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-14T08:59:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-20T08:30:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-20T08:27:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-19T19:18:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-10-19T19:14:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e9ebbfe2-82c3-4cc7-ba5d-6a6c39f65bb8","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-26T07:05:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-26 07:05:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7800099","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7800099","identity":"rs-7800099","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}