Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activation of zinc nanoparticles via biogenic methods

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activation of zinc nanoparticles via biogenic methods | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activation of zinc nanoparticles via biogenic methods ELİF ESRA ALTUNER This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021648/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) were synthesized from the leaves of the plant Hypericum calycinum L by the biogenic method. Ultra-violet visible spectrum (UV-Vis), Fourier transmission electron spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray were used to examine the absorbance, vibration bands, morphological structure, particle size, and crystalline size of the synthesized Zn NPs, respectively. Diffraction characterization (XRD) was performed. According to the results obtained, it was calculated that NPs gave peaks in the absorbance ranges of 274 and 370 nm, had a size of 29.066 ± 10.561 nm, and their crystalline size was 16 nm. Then, photocatalytic processes were started for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye by combining the catalysis of NPs under the photocatalysis of sunlight. The degradation process provided by photocatalytic processes was carried out every half hour for 150 minutes. As a result of 150 minutes, the photodegradation efficiency was calculated to be 70%. This study supports future photodegradation studies for the removal of waste dyestuffs. Biogenic method Dyestuff photodegradation Photocatalytic studies Zinc nanoparticles Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Human beings are developing technology day by day. Industry is of great importance in the developing technological process [ 1 ]. Therefore, the industry is developing in parallel. This progress is developing further in various branches during the developing industrial process [ 2 , 3 ]. The industrial process manifests itself in agriculture [ 4 , 5 ], dyestuffs [ 6 , 7 ], fertilizers [ 8 – 10 ], food processing processes [ 11 , 12 ], and many other fields [ 13 , 14 ]. Industry has many benefits as well as harm to human beings [ 15 , 16 ]. For example, waste dyestuffs and waste chemicals discharged from processes mix with water and soil, causing serious harm to nature, the ecosystem, and thus the health of living things [ 17 ]. For this reason, researchers have turned to studies on the removal of waste dyestuffs and chemicals removed from the processes [ 18 ]. Among these studies, photocatalytic degradation studies have become a very remarkable field. Photocatalysis is a process based on the removal of harmful chemical dyes by using sunlight under UV photons [ 19 , 20 ]. In photocatalytic studies, photons act as a catalyst and have an effect on the breakdown and removal of dyestuffs [ 21 ]. Dyes used in photodegradation studies are generally inductors such as methylene blue (MB) [ 22 ], rhodamine B [ 23 ], or methyl orange [ 24 ]. Various reports have appeared in the literature in this field of study. For example, zinc-oxide nanoparticles were supported with activated carbon to create new nanoparticle derivatives (NPs), and the degradation of rhodamine B with UV was investigated and the efficiency was determined to be 76% [ 25 ]. In another study, zinc nanoparticles were synthesized and it was observed that the photocatalytic process was effective under UV light [ 26 ]. Photocatalytic studies using titanium oxide nanoparticles also take their place in the literature [ 27 ]. As can be seen from these exemplary reports in the literature, nanoparticles are used quite frequently in photocatalytic studies. Nanotechnology is a branch of science that covers working sizes between 1-100 nm [ 28 – 30 ]. Nanotechnology, which deals with such small-sized particles, therefore enters almost every field of human science [ 31 ]. The main ones are fields such as sensors [ 32 – 36 ], energy studies [ 37 – 39 ], photocatalysis [ 40 , 41 ], chemistry [ 42 , 43 ], biology [ 44 , 45 ], medicine [ 32 , 46 ], optics [ 47 ] electronics [ 48 , 49 ], etc. In photocatalytic reactions, UV light acts as a photocatalyst. Metal nanoparticles create a great synergistic effect by acting as a supporting element for photocatalysts in the photocatalytic process, and photocatalysis occurs faster, more actively, and more efficiently [ 50 ]. Bimetallic palladium-zinc nanoparticles were synthesized from Citrus Paradisi (grapefruit peels) and their energy activity and photocatalytic activity took place in previous studies [ 51 ]. Trimetallic palladium-platinum-cobalt nanoparticles synthesized from Malus domestica peels (red apple peels) also took their place in photocatalytic activity [ 52 ]. As can be understood from here, nanoparticle production from natural resources as green synthesis has a highly interesting feature. Green synthesis is a synthesis method carried out from plant leaves [ 53 , 54 ], plant roots [ 55 , 56 ], plant bodies [ 57 , 58 ], algae [ 59 ], fungi [ 60 ], bacteria [ 61 ], and completely natural resources in nature [ 58 ]. The advantage of green synthesis is that it does not contain chemicals and is a process that is extremely friendly to the health of living things and the ecosystem [ 58 , 62 ]. In previous studies, nanoparticle production from Nigella Sativa seeds (black cumin seeds) has taken its place in the literature [ 44 , 63 ]. Likewise, nanoparticle studies synthesized from propolis, a honey product, have also been reported [ 64 ]. In this study, synthesizing zinc nanoparticles from Hypericum calycinum L. leaves using the green synthesis method and carrying out the photocatalytic process attracted our attention due to their functional functions and groups, which have a feature that attracts much attention. In this study, zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) were synthesized from Hypericum calycinum L. leaves by a biogenic method using green synthesis, and their photocatalytic activation was examined. To better observe the morphological structure of Zn NPs, photocatalytic activation efficiency was calculated by taking ultra-violet visible (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier infrared microscopy (FTIR) characterizations. 2. Material & Method 2.1. Materials MB, Zinc (II) chloride (ZnCl 2 ), and all materials were obtained from Sigma & Aldrich. Hypericum calycinum L. leaves were collected from the Yuvacik part of Basiskele district of Kocaeli. 2.2. Instruments Hitachi HT-7700 brand TEM device was used to elucidate the morphological structure of NPs and calculate their size. A Panalytical Empyrean brand XRD device was used to measure the crystalline size of Zn NPs. To observe the band vibrations of NPs, a Panalytical Empyrean brand device was used for FTIR analysis. Measurement of absorbance values of plant leaves and NPs and photocatalytic studies were carried out on the HITACHI/U-4100 brand UV-Vis NIR device. 2.3. Synthesis of Zn NPs 5 g of Hypericum calycinum L. leaves were weighed and the extract was extracted in 100 ml of distilled water using the microwave method. Then, 25 ml of this extract was separated and 25 mg of previously weighed ZnCl 2 powder was added to obtain a new mixture. This resulting mixture was left at 70 o C for three days until the color change occurred [ 43 ]. After the color change occurred, the NPs were washed by filtration, dried in the oven, and stored for photocatalytic processes. 2.4. Photocatalytic studies For photocatalytic processes, 10 mg Zn NPs were dissolved in 100 ml ultrapure water by sonicating for half an hour. Then, 1 mg MB was added and UV-Vis characterization was taken. Then, the photocatalytic efficiency was calculated by keeping this mixture in sunlight for half an hour and taking UV-Vis measurements again every half hour [ 52 ]. 3. Results & Discussion 3.1. UV-Vis UV-Vis characterization was carried out to observe the absorbance values of Zn NPs and the extract of plant leaves. Figure 1 shows the UV-Vis characterization. According to Fig. 1 a, it was observed that the extract of Hypericum calycinum L. leaves showed two small peaks at 316 and 368 nm. In previous studies, it was observed that the Hypericum family also peaked in these absorbance ranges [ 65 , 66 ]. According to Fig. 1 b, it was observed that the absorbance of Zn NPs synthesized from Hypericum calycinum L. by green synthesis was very weak at 274 and 370 nm [ 67 , 68 ]. 3.2. FTIR FTIR analysis was performed to observe the stretching vibrations of Zn NPs. Figure 2 shows the FTIR analysis of nanoparticles. According to Fig. 2 , The distinct and sharp peak at 3252 cm − 1 indicates the presence of Zn NPs [ 69 ]. Stretching and vibration bands indicate C-Cl, C-Cl, C-N and C-N groups originating from alkyl halides and aliphatic amines appeared at 857, 1003, and 1083 cm − 1 , respectively [ 70 ]. Also these groups are indicating to C-O group [ 69 ]. The symmetric peak appearing at 1434 and 1616 cm − 1 refers to nitro derivatives coming from aliphatic groups [ 70 ]. The peak seen in the 463 cm − 1 band refers to Zn NP, which supports the reports [ 69 ], [ 70 ]. 3.3. XRD Figure 3 shows the XRD characterization analysis of Zn NPs. According to the XRD characterization, peaks appeared at 26.25 o , 28.92 o , 31.78 o , 35.01 o , 35.81 o , 45.89 o , 54.54 o , and 62.57 theta degrees, and these peaks are (121), (111), (100), (002), (101), (102), (110) and (103) refer to lattice structures respectively [ 71 ]. According to calculations obtained from XRD characterization, the crystalline size of the nanoparticles was found to be 16 nm. This result supports previous reports with Zn NPs [ 69 ]. 3.4. TEM TEM characterization was performed to calculate the size of the synthesized Zn NPs and observe their morphological structure. TEM analysis results are given in Fig. 4 . According to Fig. 4 a, the image of Zn NPs taken at 100 nm scale is shown. According to Fig. 4 , the nanoparticles partially agglomerated and clustered in some places, but no agglomeration was observed in some places. The size of Zn NPs was calculated as 29.066 ± 10.561 nm and the histogram is shown in Fig. 4 b. 4. Results & Discussion Photocatalytic studies were carried out in the range of 0-150 minutes, and UV-Vis analysis was performed by exposing the NP-containing with MB dye sample to the photocatalysis of sunlight every half hour (Fig. 5). In Fig. 5a, the effect of the photocatalyst every half hour is shown under UV-Vis. According to this analysis, it was observed that there was a decrease in the peak absorbance observed every half hour. In the latest application, the photodegradation efficiency was calculated to be 70% and is shown as a histogram graph in Fig. 5b. ​ Figure 5. Photocatalytic studies performances (a) UV–Vis graphs of MB dye in a time-bound study (b) the histogram graph of efficiency photodegradation. Photodegradation of the photocatalyst under sunlight at 30-minute intervals occurred with the addition of MB dye. Therefore, with the addition of MB concentration, this degradation occurred and the degradation effect was further increased with each passing half hour. Figure 6 shows the graphs of photodegradation versus time with the addition of MB dye. The degradation graph of the rate formed by adding MB concentration against time is shown in Fig. 6 a, and it is seen that the degradation increases with time. The graphic curve of the linear photodegradation of the addition of MB concentration and the rate of the first application is shown in Fig. 6 b. According to Fig. 6 b, the reaction rate is 0.95223 and it is observed that the degradation reaction is first order. The reaction linear kinetic rate was calculated according to Eq. 1 (Eq. 1). The reaction linear kinetic rate was calculated according to Eq. 1 (Eq. 1). ln(C/C 0 ) = kt (Eq. 1) [ 72 ]. According to Eq. 1, C is the concentration of MB addition, C 0 is the original concentration of the sample before MB dye, k is the constant coefficient of the reaction, and t is the time. The previous studies of photocatalytic prosesses and this study results were given at Table 1 . Table 1 Photodegradation studies at previous reports and this study. Entry Photocatalyst Method Material dye of photodegradation Efficieny of photodegradation Ref 1 Pd@ZnO NPs Biogenic method Rhodamine B (Rh B) 75% [ 73 ] 2 ZnFe 2 O 4 NPs Sol-gel/Co-precipiation/calcined at 500 o C method Methyl orange (MO) 4% [ 74 ] 3 ZnO NPs Chemical method Ciyanide ions (CN − ) 100% [ 75 ] 4 W-PZn NPs Electrochemical method Malachite green (MG) 80% [ 76 ] 5 Zn NPs Biogenic method MB 70% This study A complete scheme of oxidation reactions and how the process works through the catalyst effect of Zn NPs and the photocatalyst effect of sunlight in the photodegradation processes for MB dye removal in photocatalytic processes, from the very beginning of the process to the results, is given in Fig. 7 . 5. Conclusion In this study, Zn NPs were synthesized from the leaves of the Hypericum calycinum L. plant. According to the UV-Vis results taken to observe the absorbance range of the synthesized NPs, peaks were observed at 274 and 370 nm. It was observed that the plant's absorbance values were at 316 and 368 nm before NPs were synthesized. TEM characterization was performed to measure the morphological density and size of Zn NPs. According to TEM characterization, it was found to be 29.066 ± 10.561 nm. According to XRD characterization, the crystalline size of Zn NPs was calculated as 16 nm. Then, to examine the removal of MB dyestuff by sunlight photocatalyst, photocatalytic processes were started by including the catalysis of Zn NPs under UV-Vis. Photodegradation processes were repeated every half hour and were completed in 150 minutes. The efficiency was calculated to be 70% in the 150-minute period. These results yielded very important and effective results when compared to previous reports. Declarations Acknowledgement We would like to thank the Ataturk University DAYTAM unit for shooting the characterizations. We would like to thank the Selcuk University ILTEK unit for the photodegradation studies. We would like to thank Onur Altinbasak and Betul Buyukkilic Altinbasak for collecting Hypericum calycinum L . leaves and providing plant support to our study. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reason - able request. Conflict of interest The authors declare they have no competing interests. References Drejer A, Riis JO. Competence development and technology: How learning and technology can be meaningfully integrated. Technovation 1999;19:631–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(99)00064-4. Roco MC, Bainbridge WS. Converging technologies for improving human performance: Integrating from the nanoscale. J Nanoparticle Res 2002;4:281–95. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021152023349/METRICS. Maksimovic M. Greening the Future: Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) as a Key Technological Enabler of Sustainable Development. 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Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 2010;81:81–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.06.029. Acidri R, Sawai Y, Sugimoto Y, Handa T, Sasagawa D, Masunaga T, et al. Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Coffee Plant Organs Compared to Green and Roasted Coffee Beans. Antioxidants 2020;9:93. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020093. Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Li F, Okasha KM, Mahmoud YAG, Elsamahy T, et al. A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022;231:113160. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2021.113160. Altuner EE, Erduran V, Sen F. Green synthesized nanomaterials for bioimaging. Synth. Bionanomaterials Biomed. Appl. Micro Nano Technol., Elsevier; 2023, p. 265–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91195-5.00023-4. Pugazhendhi A, Prabakar D, Jacob JM, Karuppusamy I, Saratale RG. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Gelidium amansii and its antimicrobial property against various pathogenic bacteria. Microb Pathog 2018;114:41–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.013. Manivasagan P, Venkatesan J, Senthilkumar K, Sivakumar K, Kim SK. Biosynthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles using a novel Nocardiopsis sp. MBRC-1. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/287638. Korkmaz N, Ceylan Y, Taslimi P, Karadağ A, Bülbül AS, Şen F. Biogenic nano silver: Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial, antibiofilms, and enzymatic activity. Adv Powder Technol 2020;31:2942–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APT.2020.05.020. Aygün A, Gülbağça F, Nas MS, Alma MH, Çalımlı MH, Ustaoglu B, et al. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rheum ribes and evaluation of their anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial potential: A novel approach in phytonanotechnology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020;179:113012. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPBA.2019.113012. Gulbagça F, Aygun A, Altuner EE, Bekmezci M, Gur T, Sen F, et al. Facile bio-fabrication of Pd-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles and its performance in catalytic and pharmaceutical applications: Hydrogen production and in-vitro antibacterial, anticancer activities, and model development. Chem Eng Res Des 2022;180:254–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHERD.2022.02.024. Tiri RNE, Gulbagca F, Aygun A, Cherif A, Sen F. Biosynthesis of Ag–Pt bimetallic nanoparticles using propolis extract: Antibacterial effects and catalytic activity on NaBH4 hydrolysis. Environ Res 2022;206:112622. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2021.112622. Kalliantas D, Kallianta M, Kordatos K, Karagianni CS. Micro-nano particulate compositions of Hypericum perforatum L in ultra high diluted succussed solution medicinal products. Heliyon 2021;7:e06604. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2021.E06604. Jarzębski M, Smułek W, Baranowska HM, Masewicz Ł, Kobus-Cisowska J, Ligaj M, et al. Characterization of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and the impact of filtration process on bioactive extracts incorporated into carbohydrate-based hydrogels. Food Hydrocoll 2020;104:105748. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODHYD.2020.105748. Fakhari S, Jamzad M, Kabiri Fard H. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a comparison. Green Chem Lett Rev 2019;12:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2018.1547925. Raad M, Abbas T, Al-Kifaie MA, Taher MR, Al-Kifaie AMA. Fabrication of Zn/ZnO Core/Shell Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation in Liquid Technique. J Kufa-Physics 2022;14:32–40. https://doi.org/10.31257/2018/JKP/2022/140105. Karimi F, Altuner EE, Gulbagca F, Tiri RNE, Sen F, Javadi A, et al. Facile bio-fabrication of ZnO@AC nanoparticles from chitosan: Characterization, hydrogen generation, and photocatalytic properties. Environ Res 2023;216:114668. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2022.114668. Mahalakshmi S, Hema N, Vijaya PP. In Vitro Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial activities of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Prepared by Chemical and Green Synthetic Route— A Comparative Study. Bionanoscience 2020;10:112–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12668-019-00698-W/TABLES/2. Chinnathambi A, Alahmadi TA. Zinc nanoparticles green-synthesized by Alhagi maurorum leaf aqueous extract: Chemical characterization and cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-osteosarcoma effects. Arab J Chem 2021;14:103083. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARABJC.2021.103083. Altuner EE, El Houda Tiri RN, Aygun A, Gulbagca F, Sen F, Iranbakhsh A, et al. Hydrogen production and photocatalytic activities from NaBH4 using trimetallic biogenic PdPtCo nanoparticles: Development of machine learning model. Chem Eng Res Des 2022;184:180–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHERD.2022.05.021. Altuner EE, Gulbagca F, Tiri RNE, Aygun A, Sen F. Highly efficient palladium-zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by biogenic methods: Characterization, hydrogen production and photocatalytic activities. Chem Eng J Adv 2023;14:100465. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJA.2023.100465. Cheng P, Deng C, Gu M, Shangguan W. Visible-light responsive zinc ferrite doped titania photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation. J Mater Sci 2007;42:9239–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10853-007-1902-5/FIGURES/6. Bagabas A, Alshammari A, Aboud MFA, Kosslick H. Room-temperature synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles in different media and their application in cyanide photodegradation. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013;8:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-8-516/TABLES/5. Jose A, Sunaja Devi KR, Pinheiro D, Lakshmi Narayana S. Electrochemical synthesis, photodegradation and antibacterial properties of PEG capped zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2018;187:25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHOTOBIOL.2018.07.022. Supplementary Files GRAPHICALABSTRACT.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4021648","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":293772158,"identity":"2011d130-97e2-49f0-93b4-6952cb48e458","order_by":0,"name":"ELİF ESRA ALTUNER","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdsaGDxAGhC8HIg48wKeFmbFxBoTBDKaMwVoS8GphYETRktgAIvFp4Wdmbmz48OeePH8z/zHpgop76fPDDj8E2mInp9uAXYtkM2Nj48y2YsMZh5nZpGecKc7deDvNAKgl2djsAHYtBocZ2x/zNiQwNoC08LYl5G6cnQDSciBxGw4t9ocZG5v//Emwnw/W8i8h3XB2+ge8WgyAIdbMwJaQuAGspSEhQV46B78tEkBbGnvbEpI3HmY2tuY5lmC4QTqn4ECCAW6/8Le3P2z48SfBdt7xxoe3eWoS5OVnp2/+8KHCTg6XFixOBas0IFY5CMg3kKJ6FIyCUTAKRgIAAAIXX1RudHuhAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7663-6898","institution":"Kocaeli Health and Technology University: Kocaeli Saglik ve Teknoloji Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ELİF","middleName":"ESRA","lastName":"ALTUNER","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-06 15:51:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021648/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021648/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55524265,"identity":"87da7ba8-bb4d-4385-9e48-382a16e0ec94","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 14:35:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUV-Vis characterization of (a) \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum \u003c/em\u003eL. leaves and (b) Zn NPs.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021648/v1/512b0bfa05bc6c95f7854a6e.jpg"},{"id":55524264,"identity":"84be6cb9-74ff-4577-a182-fbe223e92fb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 14:35:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR characterization of Zn NPs.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021648/v1/c074a86c04a18c974a18f62f.jpg"},{"id":55524267,"identity":"3cc58fe8-10b8-462b-894b-8acb52764c2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 14:35:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD characterization analysis of Zn NPs.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021648/v1/80d68e2f6b80664d99f3df1b.jpg"},{"id":55524266,"identity":"04f73ad2-b912-499a-8e48-576021add5b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 14:35:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTEM characterization results (a) Zn NPs (b) the size histogram graph of Zn NPs.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021648/v1/90cd2b0017d6b13ed8845691.jpg"},{"id":55525572,"identity":"fe60f1ec-8e8f-4267-9698-f4471766bbae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 14:43:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotocatalytic studies performances (a) UV–Vis graphs of MB dye in a time-bound study (b) the histogram graph of efficiency photodegradation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021648/v1/e19284ede2990fa1d6978131.jpg"},{"id":55524270,"identity":"cdb6b4c3-6724-4de1-8705-65d4f5013f41","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 14:35:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Photodegradation curves of RhB under simulated sunlight(b) the first-order kinetics equation curves.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021648/v1/553b9e707850fc9b3227cc16.jpg"},{"id":55525571,"identity":"09aea0e6-2594-4c7a-8d23-72ae40646db5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 14:43:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58996,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIllustration of MB dye using Zn NPs under photons of the sun for photocatalytic processes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021648/v1/f88d91be726c6b07e8bf35c1.jpg"},{"id":56558175,"identity":"e75e81ca-6299-4c25-8589-541631a13639","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-15 18:56:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":851064,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021648/v1/6252d857-6412-4e30-871e-3d8879dbb6c9.pdf"},{"id":55524271,"identity":"221b4938-bb41-489c-9f78-45588d57aa78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 14:35:40","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":134990,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GRAPHICALABSTRACT.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4021648/v1/09e16e6153a43df94f15554d.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activation of zinc nanoparticles via biogenic methods","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHuman beings are developing technology day by day. Industry is of great importance in the developing technological process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the industry is developing in parallel. This progress is developing further in various branches during the developing industrial process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The industrial process manifests itself in agriculture [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], dyestuffs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], fertilizers [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], food processing processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], and many other fields [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Industry has many benefits as well as harm to human beings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, waste dyestuffs and waste chemicals discharged from processes mix with water and soil, causing serious harm to nature, the ecosystem, and thus the health of living things [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. For this reason, researchers have turned to studies on the removal of waste dyestuffs and chemicals removed from the processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Among these studies, photocatalytic degradation studies have become a very remarkable field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotocatalysis is a process based on the removal of harmful chemical dyes by using sunlight under UV photons [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In photocatalytic studies, photons act as a catalyst and have an effect on the breakdown and removal of dyestuffs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Dyes used in photodegradation studies are generally inductors such as methylene blue (MB) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], rhodamine B [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], or methyl orange [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Various reports have appeared in the literature in this field of study. For example, zinc-oxide nanoparticles were supported with activated carbon to create new nanoparticle derivatives (NPs), and the degradation of rhodamine B with UV was investigated and the efficiency was determined to be 76% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. In another study, zinc nanoparticles were synthesized and it was observed that the photocatalytic process was effective under UV light [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Photocatalytic studies using titanium oxide nanoparticles also take their place in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. As can be seen from these exemplary reports in the literature, nanoparticles are used quite frequently in photocatalytic studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanotechnology is a branch of science that covers working sizes between 1-100 nm [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Nanotechnology, which deals with such small-sized particles, therefore enters almost every field of human science [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. The main ones are fields such as sensors [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR33 CR34 CR35\" citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], energy studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR38\" citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], photocatalysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], chemistry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], biology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e], medicine [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e], optics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e] electronics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e], etc. In photocatalytic reactions, UV light acts as a photocatalyst. Metal nanoparticles create a great synergistic effect by acting as a supporting element for photocatalysts in the photocatalytic process, and photocatalysis occurs faster, more actively, and more efficiently [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Bimetallic palladium-zinc nanoparticles were synthesized from \u003cem\u003eCitrus Paradisi\u003c/em\u003e (grapefruit peels) and their energy activity and photocatalytic activity took place in previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Trimetallic palladium-platinum-cobalt nanoparticles synthesized from \u003cem\u003eMalus domestica\u003c/em\u003e peels (red apple peels) also took their place in photocatalytic activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. As can be understood from here, nanoparticle production from natural resources as green synthesis has a highly interesting feature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen synthesis is a synthesis method carried out from plant leaves [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e], plant roots [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e], plant bodies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e], algae [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e], fungi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e], bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e], and completely natural resources in nature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. The advantage of green synthesis is that it does not contain chemicals and is a process that is extremely friendly to the health of living things and the ecosystem [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e]. In previous studies, nanoparticle production from \u003cem\u003eNigella Sativa\u003c/em\u003e seeds (black cumin seeds) has taken its place in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]. Likewise, nanoparticle studies synthesized from propolis, a honey product, have also been reported [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, synthesizing zinc nanoparticles from \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum\u003c/em\u003e L. leaves using the green synthesis method and carrying out the photocatalytic process attracted our attention due to their functional functions and groups, which have a feature that attracts much attention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) were synthesized from \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum\u003c/em\u003e L. leaves by a biogenic method using green synthesis, and their photocatalytic activation was examined. To better observe the morphological structure of Zn NPs, photocatalytic activation efficiency was calculated by taking ultra-violet visible (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier infrared microscopy (FTIR) characterizations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material \u0026 Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMB, Zinc (II) chloride (ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), and all materials were obtained from Sigma \u0026amp; Aldrich. \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum\u003c/em\u003e L. leaves were collected from the \u003cem\u003eYuvacik\u003c/em\u003e part of \u003cem\u003eBasiskele\u003c/em\u003e district of \u003cem\u003eKocaeli.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Instruments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHitachi HT-7700 brand TEM device was used to elucidate the morphological structure of NPs and calculate their size. A Panalytical Empyrean brand XRD device was used to measure the crystalline size of Zn NPs. To observe the band vibrations of NPs, a Panalytical Empyrean brand device was used for FTIR analysis. Measurement of absorbance values of plant leaves and NPs and photocatalytic studies were carried out on the HITACHI/U-4100 brand UV-Vis NIR device.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Synthesis of Zn NPs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 g of \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum\u003c/em\u003e L. leaves were weighed and the extract was extracted in 100 ml of distilled water using the microwave method. Then, 25 ml of this extract was separated and 25 mg of previously weighed ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e powder was added to obtain a new mixture. This resulting mixture was left at 70 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for three days until the color change occurred [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. After the color change occurred, the NPs were washed by filtration, dried in the oven, and stored for photocatalytic processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Photocatalytic studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor photocatalytic processes, 10 mg Zn NPs were dissolved in 100 ml ultrapure water by sonicating for half an hour. Then, 1 mg MB was added and UV-Vis characterization was taken. Then, the photocatalytic efficiency was calculated by keeping this mixture in sunlight for half an hour and taking UV-Vis measurements again every half hour [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results \u0026 Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. UV-Vis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV-Vis characterization was carried out to observe the absorbance values of Zn NPs and the extract of plant leaves. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the UV-Vis characterization. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea, it was observed that the extract of \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum\u003c/em\u003e L. leaves showed two small peaks at 316 and 368 nm. In previous studies, it was observed that the \u003cem\u003eHypericum\u003c/em\u003e family also peaked in these absorbance ranges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e]. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb, it was observed that the absorbance of Zn NPs synthesized from \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum\u003c/em\u003e L. by green synthesis was very weak at 274 and 370 nm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. FTIR\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFTIR analysis was performed to observe the stretching vibrations of Zn NPs. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the FTIR analysis of nanoparticles. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, The distinct and sharp peak at 3252 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e indicates the presence of Zn NPs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]. Stretching and vibration bands indicate C-Cl, C-Cl, C-N and C-N groups originating from alkyl halides and aliphatic amines appeared at 857, 1003, and 1083 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e]. Also these groups are indicating to C-O group [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]. The symmetric peak appearing at 1434 and 1616 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e refers to nitro derivatives coming from aliphatic groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e]. The peak seen in the 463 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eband refers to Zn NP, which supports the reports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. XRD\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the XRD characterization analysis of Zn NPs. According to the XRD characterization, peaks appeared at 26.25\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 28.92\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 31.78\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 35.01\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 35.81\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 45.89\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, 54.54\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e, and 62.57 theta degrees, and these peaks are (121), (111), (100), (002), (101), (102), (110) and (103) refer to lattice structures respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e]. According to calculations obtained from XRD characterization, the crystalline size of the nanoparticles was found to be 16 nm. This result supports previous reports with Zn NPs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. TEM\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTEM characterization was performed to calculate the size of the synthesized Zn NPs and observe their morphological structure. TEM analysis results are given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea, the image of Zn NPs taken at 100 nm scale is shown. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the nanoparticles partially agglomerated and clustered in some places, but no agglomeration was observed in some places. The size of Zn NPs was calculated as 29.066\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.561 nm and the histogram is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results \u0026 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePhotocatalytic studies were carried out in the range of 0-150 minutes, and UV-Vis analysis was performed by exposing the NP-containing with MB dye sample to the photocatalysis of sunlight every half hour (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5). In Fig.\u0026nbsp;5a, the effect of the photocatalyst every half hour is shown under UV-Vis. According to this analysis, it was observed that there was a decrease in the peak absorbance observed every half hour. In the latest application, the photodegradation efficiency was calculated to be 70% and is shown as a histogram graph in Fig.\u0026nbsp;5b.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e​\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 5.\u003c/b\u003e Photocatalytic studies performances (a) UV\u0026ndash;Vis graphs of MB dye in a time-bound study (b) the histogram graph of efficiency photodegradation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotodegradation of the photocatalyst under sunlight at 30-minute intervals occurred with the addition of MB dye. Therefore, with the addition of MB concentration, this degradation occurred and the degradation effect was further increased with each passing half hour. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the graphs of photodegradation versus time with the addition of MB dye. The degradation graph of the rate formed by adding MB concentration against time is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea, and it is seen that the degradation increases with time. The graphic curve of the linear photodegradation of the addition of MB concentration and the rate of the first application is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb, the reaction rate is 0.95223 and it is observed that the degradation reaction is first order. The reaction linear kinetic rate was calculated according to Eq.\u0026nbsp;1 (Eq.\u0026nbsp;1). The reaction linear kinetic rate was calculated according to Eq.\u0026nbsp;1 (Eq.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eln(C/C\u003c/em\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;kt\u003c/em\u003e (Eq.\u0026nbsp;1) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Eq.\u0026nbsp;1, C is the concentration of MB addition, C\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e is the original concentration of the sample before MB dye, k is the constant coefficient of the reaction, and t is the time. The previous studies of photocatalytic prosesses and this study results were given at Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotodegradation studies at previous reports and this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotocatalyst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial dye of photodegradation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEfficieny of photodegradation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePd@ZnO NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiogenic method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhodamine B (Rh B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZnFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSol-gel/Co-precipiation/calcined at 500 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl orange (MO)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZnO NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCiyanide ions (CN\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW-PZn NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrochemical method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalachite green (MG)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiogenic method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThis study\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA complete scheme of oxidation reactions and how the process works through the catalyst effect of Zn NPs and the photocatalyst effect of sunlight in the photodegradation processes for MB dye removal in photocatalytic processes, from the very beginning of the process to the results, is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, Zn NPs were synthesized from the leaves of the \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum\u003c/em\u003e L. plant. According to the UV-Vis results taken to observe the absorbance range of the synthesized NPs, peaks were observed at 274 and 370 nm. It was observed that the plant's absorbance values were at 316 and 368 nm before NPs were synthesized. TEM characterization was performed to measure the morphological density and size of Zn NPs. According to TEM characterization, it was found to be 29.066\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.561 nm. According to XRD characterization, the crystalline size of Zn NPs was calculated as 16 nm. Then, to examine the removal of MB dyestuff by sunlight photocatalyst, photocatalytic processes were started by including the catalysis of Zn NPs under UV-Vis. Photodegradation processes were repeated every half hour and were completed in 150 minutes. The efficiency was calculated to be 70% in the 150-minute period. These results yielded very important and effective results when compared to previous reports.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the Ataturk University DAYTAM unit for shooting the characterizations. We would like to thank the Selcuk University ILTEK unit for the photodegradation studies. We would like to thank Onur Altinbasak and Betul Buyukkilic Altinbasak for collecting \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e leaves and providing plant support to our study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reason - able request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDrejer A, Riis JO. Competence development and technology: How learning and technology can be meaningfully integrated. Technovation 1999;19:631\u0026ndash;44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(99)00064-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoco MC, Bainbridge WS. 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J Mater Sci 2007;42:9239\u0026ndash;44. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10853-007-1902-5/FIGURES/6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBagabas A, Alshammari A, Aboud MFA, Kosslick H. Room-temperature synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles in different media and their application in cyanide photodegradation. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013;8:1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-8-516/TABLES/5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJose A, Sunaja Devi KR, Pinheiro D, Lakshmi Narayana S. Electrochemical synthesis, photodegradation and antibacterial properties of PEG capped zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2018;187:25\u0026ndash;34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHOTOBIOL.2018.07.022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biogenic method, Dyestuff photodegradation, Photocatalytic studies, Zinc nanoparticles","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021648/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021648/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs) were synthesized from the leaves of the plant \u003cem\u003eHypericum calycinum\u003c/em\u003e L by the biogenic method. Ultra-violet visible spectrum (UV-Vis), Fourier transmission electron spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray were used to examine the absorbance, vibration bands, morphological structure, particle size, and crystalline size of the synthesized Zn NPs, respectively. Diffraction characterization (XRD) was performed. According to the results obtained, it was calculated that NPs gave peaks in the absorbance ranges of 274 and 370 nm, had a size of 29.066\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.561 nm, and their crystalline size was 16 nm. Then, photocatalytic processes were started for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye by combining the catalysis of NPs under the photocatalysis of sunlight. The degradation process provided by photocatalytic processes was carried out every half hour for 150 minutes. As a result of 150 minutes, the photodegradation efficiency was calculated to be 70%. This study supports future photodegradation studies for the removal of waste dyestuffs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activation of zinc nanoparticles via biogenic methods","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-29 14:35:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4021648/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4891e6bd-e0ad-487a-88e1-b8c05124ec0e","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-15T18:48:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-29 14:35:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4021648","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4021648","identity":"rs-4021648","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"ApUGefWb6u5IBVtyqm6d5","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}