Wideband Mimo Antenna with Reduced Mutual Coupling

Wideband Mimo Antenna with Reduced Mutual Coupling | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Wideband Mimo Antenna with Reduced Mutual Coupling P. Srinivasa Rao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1605228/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This work presents a revolutionary compact wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna. On the basis of the S-parameters and the surface current distributions, the working mechanism of the dual-antenna is investigated. The measured − 10dB impedance bandwidth is 6.8 GHz, and the measured mutual coupling is less than 15 dB throughout the whole band, according to a prototype. It is possible to attain a clearance area of 30 mm x 20 mm. To ensure the diversity performance of the proposed MIMO antenna, MIMO parameters such as ECC, DG, CCL, and multiplexing efficiency are explored. MIMO mutual coupling coplanar wave guide (CPW) Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction MIMO (multiple-input, multiple-output) technology has been widely used in various systems to greatly increase channel capacity. The use of wideband MIMO antennas in portable devices has recently gotten a lot of interest. In a portable device, however, the wideband mutual coupling between MIMO elements will influence the antenna performance. Furthermore, improving wideband isolation is a difficult task. Several approaches have recently been investigated and used to minimise MIMO antennas' wideband mutual coupling. High isolation was achieved using the band notched feature on an ACS supplied UWB MIMO antenna [ 1 ]. Improved isolation is accomplished by placing an I-shaped slot strip between the two slot antennas in a CPW fed UWB MIMO antenna [ 2 ]. A unique planar decoupling structure that is put between the two antennas achieves the wide isolation [ 3 ]. In order to provide wideband isolation over the operating frequency band, a dual L-shaped and a rectangular defect was produced in the ground plane [ 4 ]. To reduce mutual coupling, a flag-shaped stub is inserted in the ground plane in [ 5 ]. To eliminate mutual coupling between the elements, [ 6 ] employs a wideband neutralisation technique. Pattern diversity is used to achieve isolation in [ 7 ]. By inserting slots in the ground plane, mutual coupling in a quad element MIMO antenna is reduced in [ 8 ]. In [ 9 ], polarisation diversity is used to reduce reciprocal coupling between the elements. 2. Antenna Configuration And Design Approach Figure 1 depicts the proposed wideband antenna's geometry. The suggested antenna is constructed from a low-cost FR-4 substrate. The substrate has a thickness of 1.4 mm, a permittivity of 4.3, and a loss tangent of 0.025, respectively. Take a circle with a radius of c = 7mm and a cylinder with an outer radius of 6mm and an inner radius of 5.5mm. An arc is formed from this cylinder. On either side of the circular patch, the identical arc is replicated and symmetrically organised.Table 1 shows the optimal characteristics of the proposed antenna. Table 1 Parameters of the proposed antenna Parameter W s Ls a b c W f Unit (mm) 15 20 4 5.5 7 3 Return loss Figure 2 depicts the proposed antenna's return loss curve. The proposed antenna covers the frequency range of 5.4 to 12.2 GHz. The current distribution on the antenna is examined in order to provide a physical understanding. Figure 3 depicts the surface current distributions at four sample frequencies. The gain and efficiency of the antenna at four sample frequencies shown in Table 2 . Table 2 The gain and efficiency of the proposed MIMO antenna Frequency/Parameter 6 GHz 8 GHz 10 GHz 12 GHz Gain (dB) 2.7 3.5 4.3 3.5 Efficiency 89 92 94 91 3. Mimo Antenna As illustrated in Fig. 4 , the same construction was expanded to a total of 2×2 MIMO antenna. The suggested MIMO antenna's size are 32×20 mm 2 . d = 2mm (0.038 λ 0 ) is the end-to-end distance between two elements. Table 3 shows the optimum dimensions of the proposed MIMO antenna. Table 3 MIMO parameters Parameter Ws d W L T Value (mm) 32 2 5 16 1 Figures 5 and 6 show the simulated and measured S-parameters (S 11 , S 21 ). Figure 5 shows that the operating frequency range of MIMO antenna is similar to that of single antennas (5.4–12.2 GHz). It's also worth noting that the simulated and measured S 11 are nearly identical. Mutual coupling S 21 is the most significant metric to consider when evaluating the performance of a MIMO antenna. Mutual coupling happens when two or more antennas are put in close proximity to each other. Mutual coupling has a negative impact on impedance, radiation pattern, and received voltages, among other things, hence it's critical to reduce it. Mutual coupling throughout the full operational frequency band is below − 15dB, as shown in Fig. 5 . Figure 7 depicts the surface current distributions between elements with and without T-shaped stubs. When a stub is inserted between the elements, surface currents are prevented from propagating from one element to the next. The performance of the MIMO antenna is evaluated in terms of gain, ECC, diversity gain and channel capacity loss. The fabricated MIMO antenna is shown in Fig. 8 . The gain of the antenna is 2.6, 3.5, 4.3 and 3.4 at 6GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively as shown in Fig. 9 . Diversity Gain The diversity gain of the MIMO antenna is 9.98, 9.98, 10 and 9.99 at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively. DG = 10 \(\sqrt{1-{\left|ECC\right|}^{2}}\) (1) Multiplexing Efficiency Multiplexing efficiency and total efficiency for two element antenna is $${\left|{\rho }_{e}\right|}^{2}=1-\frac{{\eta }_{mux}}{{\eta }_{1}{\eta }_{2}}$$ 2 Effective Diversity Gain (EDG) The EDG is 8.6, 9, 9.2 and 9.1 at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively. The antenna efficiency, diversity gain and effective diversity gain are related as EDG = DG × 𝞰 ant (3) Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) The ECC for the proposed MIMO antenna can derived from S-parameters. The ECC is 0.003, 0.003, 0.001 and 0.002 at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively. Table 4 Performance evaluation of the proposed MIMO antenna in terms of efficiency, DG, gain, multiplexing efficiency, CCL Frequency/Parameter 6 GHz 8 GHz 10 GHz 12 GHz Mutual coupling (dB) -16 -17 -20 -17 Efficiency 86 91 92 91 Diversity Gain 9.98 9.98 10 9.99 Gain 2.6 3.5 4.3 3.4 Multiplexing Efficiency -0.11 -0.08 -0.05 -0.06 Effective Diversity Gain 8.6 9 9.2 9.1 CCL 0.25 0.23 0.25 0.24 ECC 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.002 Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) Channel capacity is one of the important performance index for the MIMO antenna. The channel capacity loss plot is shown in Fig. 9 . It is observed that CCL is 0.15, 0.24, 0.23 and 0.18 at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively. C loss = - \({\text{log}}_{2}det\left({\varPsi }^{R}\right)\) (5) 𝝭 R = \(\left[\begin{array}{cc}{\rho }_{11}& {\rho }_{12}\\ {\rho }_{21}& {\rho }_{22}\end{array}\right]\) Table 5 Performance comparison of proposed MIMO antenna Antenna Size (mm 2 ) Bandwidth (GHz) Mutual coupling (dB) ECC Clearance area (mm 2 ) [ 10 ] 35 × 33 3.1-5 -22 < 0.1 35 × 16 [ 11 ] 37 × 45 3.1–5.15 -20 NA 30 × 25 [ 12 ] 60 × 50 3–6 -20 NA 60 × 40 [ 13 ] 35 × 40 3.1–10.6 -16 NA 35 × 27.25 [ 14 ] 26 × 40 3.1–10.6 -20 NA 32 × 26 Proposed 32 × 20 5.4–12.2 -25 0.001 27 × 20 Conclusion The proposed MIMO antenna has a 6.8 GHz bandwidth. 0.038 λ 0 is the edge-to-edge distance between the elements. The mutual coupling over the full band is kept below − 15dB by introducing a stub between the elements. The MIMO antenna's performance is further assessed in terms of gain, EDG, ECC, DG, and CCL. The findings of the simulation and the measurements are in good agreement. References Ibrahim AA, Ali WAE “High isolation 4-element ACS-fed MIMO antenna with band notched feature for UWB communications” International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1–11, 2021. Raj Kumar and Neha Pazare “A CPW-fed stepped slot UWB antenna for MIMO/diversity applications” International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 2015. Radhi AH, Nilavalan R, Wang Y, Al-Raweshidy HS, Eltokhy AA, Ab Aziz N . “Mutual coupling reduction with a wideband planar decoupling structure for UWB–MIMO antennas” International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1–12, 2018. Kumari T, Das G, Sharma A, Gangwar R “Design approach for dual element hybrid MIMO antenna arrangement for wideband applications” Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng. 2018; e21486. Mohannad Obaid Katie Mohd Faizal Jamlos Abdulrahman Shueai Mohsen Alqadami and Mohd Aminudin Jamlos “Isolation enhancement of compact dual-wideband MIMO antenna using flag-shaped stub” Microwave and optical technology letters / Vol. 59, No. 5, May 2017. Shuai Zhang, and Gert Frølund Pedersen “Mutual Coupling Reduction for UWB MIMO Antennas with a Wideband Neutralization Line” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 1536-1225, 2015. Deng J-Y, Yao J, Sun D-Q, Guo L-X. Ten-element MIMO antenna for 5G terminals.Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2018;1–5. https://doi .org/10.1002/mop.31404. Pandit S, Mohan A, Ray P. A compact four-element MIMO antenna for WLAN applications. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2018;60:289–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.30961 . Swarup Chakraborty Muhammad Asad Rahman Md. Azad Hossain Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher Eisuke Nishiyama Ichihiko Toyoda “A 4‑element MIMO antenna with orthogonal circular polarization for sub‑6 GHz 5G cellular applications” SN Applied Sciences (2018) https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2957-z. Shuai Zhang, and Gert Frølund Pedersen “Mutual Coupling Reduction for UWB MIMO antenna with a wide band neutralization line” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 1536-1225, 2015. T. S. P. See and Z. N. Chen, “An ultrawideband diversity antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1597–1605, Jun.,2009. Q. Li, A. P. Feresidis, M. Mavridou, and P. S. Hall, “Miniaturized double-layer EBG structures for broadband mutual coupling reduction between UWB monopoles,” IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag., 2015. S. Zhang, Z. Ying, J. Xiong, and S. He, “Ultrawideband MIMO/diversity antennas with a tree-like structure to enhance wideband isolation,” IEEE Antenna Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 1279-1282, 2009. Li Liu, and S. W. Cheung, “Compact MIMO antenna for portable devices in UWB applications,” IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag., vol. 61, pp. 4257-4264, 2013. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 30 May, 2022 Reviews received at journal 07 May, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Apr, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Apr, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 30 Apr, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Apr, 2022 First submitted to journal 28 Apr, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1605228","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":102451429,"identity":"c23cfda6-e4bb-4a04-a063-e1dd4760d0a9","order_by":0,"name":"P. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMIMO (multiple-input, multiple-output) technology has been widely used in various systems to greatly increase channel capacity. The use of wideband MIMO antennas in portable devices has recently gotten a lot of interest. In a portable device, however, the wideband mutual coupling between MIMO elements will influence the antenna performance. Furthermore, improving wideband isolation is a difficult task.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral approaches have recently been investigated and used to minimise MIMO antennas' wideband mutual coupling. High isolation was achieved using the band notched feature on an ACS supplied UWB MIMO antenna [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Improved isolation is accomplished by placing an I-shaped slot strip between the two slot antennas in a CPW fed UWB MIMO antenna [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. A unique planar decoupling structure that is put between the two antennas achieves the wide isolation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In order to provide wideband isolation over the operating frequency band, a dual L-shaped and a rectangular defect was produced in the ground plane [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. To reduce mutual coupling, a flag-shaped stub is inserted in the ground plane in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. To eliminate mutual coupling between the elements, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] employs a wideband neutralisation technique. Pattern diversity is used to achieve isolation in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. By inserting slots in the ground plane, mutual coupling in a quad element MIMO antenna is reduced in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. In [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], polarisation diversity is used to reduce reciprocal coupling between the elements.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Antenna Configuration And Design Approach","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e depicts the proposed wideband antenna\u0026apos;s geometry. The suggested antenna is constructed from a low-cost FR-4 substrate. The substrate has a thickness of 1.4 mm, a permittivity of 4.3, and a loss tangent of 0.025, respectively. Take a circle with a radius of c\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7mm and a cylinder with an outer radius of 6mm and an inner radius of 5.5mm. An arc is formed from this cylinder. On either side of the circular patch, the identical arc is replicated and symmetrically organised.Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the optimal characteristics of the proposed antenna.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters of the proposed antenna\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit (mm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eReturn loss\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 depicts the proposed antenna\u0026apos;s return loss curve. The proposed antenna covers the frequency range of 5.4 to 12.2 GHz. The current distribution on the antenna is examined in order to provide a physical understanding. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e depicts the surface current distributions at four sample frequencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe gain and efficiency of the antenna at four sample frequencies shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe gain and efficiency of the proposed MIMO antenna\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency/Parameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGain (dB)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEfficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n"},{"header":"3. Mimo Antenna","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs illustrated in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the same construction was expanded to a total of 2\u0026times;2 MIMO antenna. The suggested MIMO antenna\u0026apos;s size are 32\u0026times;20 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2mm (0.038 \u0026lambda;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e) is the end-to-end distance between two elements. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the optimum dimensions of the proposed MIMO antenna.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMIMO parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValue (mm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigures \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e show the simulated and measured S-parameters (S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e, S\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003e). Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows that the operating frequency range of MIMO antenna is similar to that of single antennas (5.4\u0026ndash;12.2 GHz). It\u0026apos;s also worth noting that the simulated and measured S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e are nearly identical.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMutual coupling S\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003e is the most significant metric to consider when evaluating the performance of a MIMO antenna. Mutual coupling happens when two or more antennas are put in close proximity to each other. Mutual coupling has a negative impact on impedance, radiation pattern, and received voltages, among other things, hence it\u0026apos;s critical to reduce it. Mutual coupling throughout the full operational frequency band is below \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15dB, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e depicts the surface current distributions between elements with and without T-shaped stubs. When a stub is inserted between the elements, surface currents are prevented from propagating from one element to the next.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe performance of the MIMO antenna is evaluated in terms of gain, ECC, diversity gain and channel capacity loss. The fabricated MIMO antenna is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. The gain of the antenna is 2.6, 3.5, 4.3 and 3.4 at 6GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiversity Gain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diversity gain of the MIMO antenna is 9.98, 9.98, 10 and 9.99 at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\sqrt{1-{\\left|ECC\\right|}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultiplexing Efficiency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultiplexing efficiency and total efficiency for two element antenna is\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ1\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$${\\left|{\\rho }_{e}\\right|}^{2}=1-\\frac{{\\eta }_{mux}}{{\\eta }_{1}{\\eta }_{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffective Diversity Gain (EDG)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe EDG is 8.6, 9, 9.2 and 9.1 at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively. The antenna efficiency, diversity gain and effective diversity gain are related as\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEDG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;DG \u0026times; 𝞰\u003csub\u003eant\u003c/sub\u003e (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ECC for the proposed MIMO antenna can derived from S-parameters. The ECC is 0.003, 0.003, 0.001 and 0.002 at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerformance evaluation of the proposed MIMO antenna in terms of efficiency, DG, gain, multiplexing efficiency, CCL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency/Parameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 GHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutual coupling (dB)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEfficiency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiversity Gain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultiplexing Efficiency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffective Diversity Gain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eECC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChannel Capacity Loss (CCL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChannel capacity is one of the important performance index for the MIMO antenna. The channel capacity loss plot is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. It is observed that CCL is 0.15, 0.24, 0.23 and 0.18 at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 12 GHz respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003eloss\u003c/sub\u003e = -\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\text{log}}_{2}det\\left({\\varPsi }^{R}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e𝝭\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e =\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\left[\\begin{array}{cc}{\\rho }_{11}\u0026amp; {\\rho }_{12}\\\\ {\\rho }_{21}\u0026amp; {\\rho }_{22}\\end{array}\\right]\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab5\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerformance comparison of proposed MIMO antenna\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntenna\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSize\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBandwidth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(GHz)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMutual coupling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(dB)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClearance area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 \u0026times; 33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 \u0026times; 16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 \u0026times; 45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026ndash;5.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 \u0026times; 25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 \u0026times; 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 \u0026times; 40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 \u0026times; 40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026ndash;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 \u0026times; 27.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 \u0026times; 40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026ndash;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 \u0026times; 26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProposed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 \u0026times; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026ndash;12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 \u0026times; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe proposed MIMO antenna has a 6.8 GHz bandwidth. 0.038 \u0026lambda;\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e is the edge-to-edge distance between the elements. The mutual coupling over the full band is kept below \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15dB by introducing a stub between the elements. The MIMO antenna\u0026apos;s performance is further assessed in terms of gain, EDG, ECC, DG, and CCL. The findings of the simulation and the measurements are in good agreement.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIbrahim AA, Ali WAE \u0026ldquo;High isolation 4-element ACS-fed MIMO antenna with band notched feature for UWB communications\u0026rdquo; International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1\u0026ndash;11, 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRaj Kumar and Neha Pazare \u0026ldquo;A CPW-fed stepped slot UWB antenna for MIMO/diversity applications\u0026rdquo; International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRadhi AH, Nilavalan R, Wang Y, Al-Raweshidy HS, Eltokhy AA, Ab Aziz N . \u0026ldquo;Mutual coupling reduction with a wideband planar decoupling structure for UWB\u0026ndash;MIMO antennas\u0026rdquo; International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1\u0026ndash;12, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumari T, Das G, Sharma A, Gangwar R \u0026ldquo;Design approach for dual element hybrid MIMO antenna arrangement for wideband applications\u0026rdquo; Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng. 2018; e21486.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohannad Obaid Katie Mohd Faizal Jamlos Abdulrahman Shueai Mohsen Alqadami and Mohd Aminudin Jamlos \u0026ldquo;Isolation enhancement of compact dual-wideband MIMO antenna using flag-shaped stub\u0026rdquo; Microwave and optical technology letters / Vol. 59, No. 5, May 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShuai Zhang, and Gert Fr\u0026oslash;lund Pedersen \u0026ldquo;Mutual Coupling Reduction for UWB MIMO Antennas with a Wideband Neutralization Line\u0026rdquo; IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 1536-1225, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDeng J-Y, Yao J, Sun D-Q, Guo L-X. Ten-element MIMO antenna for 5G terminals.Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2018;1\u0026ndash;5.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi\"\u003ehttps://doi\u003c/a\u003e.org/10.1002/mop.31404.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePandit S, Mohan A, Ray P. A compact four-element MIMO antenna for WLAN applications. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2018;60:289\u0026ndash;295.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.30961\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/mop.30961\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSwarup Chakraborty Muhammad Asad Rahman Md. Azad Hossain Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher Eisuke Nishiyama Ichihiko Toyoda \u0026ldquo;A 4‑element MIMO antenna with orthogonal circular polarization for sub‑6 GHz 5G cellular applications\u0026rdquo; SN Applied Sciences (2018) https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2957-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e Shuai Zhang, and Gert Fr\u0026oslash;lund Pedersen \u0026ldquo;Mutual Coupling Reduction for UWB \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MIMO antenna with a wide band neutralization line\u0026rdquo; IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 1536-1225, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e T. S. P. See and Z. N. Chen, \u0026ldquo;An ultrawideband diversity antenna,\u0026rdquo; IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1597\u0026ndash;1605, Jun.,2009.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e Q. Li, A. P. Feresidis, M. Mavridou, and P. S. Hall, \u0026ldquo;Miniaturized double-layer EBG structures for broadband mutual coupling reduction between UWB monopoles,\u0026rdquo; IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag., 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e S. Zhang, Z. Ying, J. Xiong, and S. He, \u0026ldquo;Ultrawideband MIMO/diversity antennas with a tree-like structure to enhance wideband isolation,\u0026rdquo; IEEE Antenna Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 1279-1282, 2009.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e Li Liu, and S. W. Cheung, \u0026ldquo;Compact MIMO antenna for portable devices in UWB applications,\u0026rdquo; IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag., vol. 61, pp. 4257-4264, 2013. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"analog-integrated-circuits-and-signal-processing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"alog","sideBox":"Learn more about [Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing](http://link.springer.com/journal/10470)","snPcode":"10470","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10470/3","title":"Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"MIMO, mutual coupling, coplanar wave guide (CPW)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1605228/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1605228/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis work presents a revolutionary compact wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna. On the basis of the S-parameters and the surface current distributions, the working mechanism of the dual-antenna is investigated. The measured \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10dB impedance bandwidth is 6.8 GHz, and the measured mutual coupling is less than 15 dB throughout the whole band, according to a prototype. It is possible to attain a clearance area of 30 mm x 20 mm. To ensure the diversity performance of the proposed MIMO antenna, MIMO parameters such as ECC, DG, CCL, and multiplexing efficiency are explored.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Wideband Mimo Antenna with Reduced Mutual Coupling","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-05-06 17:10:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1605228/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-05-30T16:51:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-05-07T10:24:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"02412312-d1c1-44fb-9b8a-b43bad48eca1","date":"2022-04-30T13:19:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-04-30T13:13:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-04-30T13:12:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-04-29T13:47:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing","date":"2022-04-28T14:26:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"analog-integrated-circuits-and-signal-processing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"alog","sideBox":"Learn more about [Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing](http://link.springer.com/journal/10470)","snPcode":"10470","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10470/3","title":"Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a81b9511-00a7-4cda-a7e1-75d8089206ca","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 6th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-01-10T15:44:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-05-06 17:10:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1605228","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1605228","identity":"rs-1605228","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}