Method Development for Evaluating Initial Performance of A Low Energy Cyclotron

Method Development for Evaluating Initial Performance of A Low Energy Cyclotron | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Method Development for Evaluating Initial Performance of A Low Energy Cyclotron Silakhuddin Silakhuddin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374464/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The DECY-13 cyclotron, a compact isochronous accelerator developed in Indonesia, is designed to accelerate negative hydrogen ions (H⁻) to produce radioisotopes for nuclear medicine. This study presents the methodology and implementation of a low-energy function assessment for the DECY-13, targeting the achievement of a 10 µA proton beam at 3 MeV. The assessment includes tests on subsystem functionality, magnetic field mapping, dee voltage requirements, RF power delivery, and phase synchronization between particle revolution and the RF dee field. A synchronization testing method was developed to calculate cumulative phase differences critical for stable acceleration. Results confirm successful ion beam extraction, required beam currents, and energy levels at a dee voltage of ~ 40 kV, supported by 17.57 kW RF power. Although a phase lag of 61.5° remains at 3 MeV, synchronization is maintained within acceptable limits. Further work will focus on magnetic field optimization to reduce phase deviation, enabling progression to higher-energy commissioning. Nuclear Physics cyclotron function assessment novelty procedure RF dee magnetic field Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Nuclear technology plays a crucial role in the health sector, as well as in industry and energy. Particle accelerators, particularly cyclotrons, are essential tools in this field. Cyclotrons are widely used for producing radioisotopes for nuclear medicine due to their high specific activity, decentralized production, lower generation of long-lived radioactive waste, and relatively lower investment costs [ 1 ], [ 2 ], [ 3 ]. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has explored alternative non-HEU production methods for medical radioisotopes such as 99Mo/99mTc using cyclotrons, demonstrating their feasibility [ 4 ], [ 5 ]. Additionally, cyclotrons offer a competitive alternative to high-power linear accelerators (Linacs) for accelerator-driven systems, providing advantages in reliability, cost-effectiveness, and power efficiency [ 6 ]. In Indonesia, we are at the forefront of accelerator technology research, particularly with the development of the DECY-13 cyclotron - a compact isochronous accelerator designed by the Research Center for Accelerator Technology. The DECY-13 accelerates negative hydrogen ions (H⁻) to 13 MeV with a 50 µA beam current, converting them into proton beams for the production of fluorine-18 (¹⁸F) isotopes used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging [ 7 ], [ 8 ]. Our ongoing work with this cyclotron underscores our commitment to advancing nuclear science and technology. Additionally, we are currently in the second phase of cyclotron development, which aims to achieve a higher energy output of 30 MeV [ 9 ]. Achieving stable and efficient acceleration in a cyclotron requires precise synchronization between the revolution of charged particles and the applied radiofrequency (RF) field within the dee structures [ 10 ]. Any phase deviation can lead to beam instability and reduced extraction efficiency [ 11 ]. Synchronization is maintained by ensuring that the phase difference between the RF field and the particles remains within an acceptable range. However, several factors, such as space charge effects, magnetic field imperfections, and RF phase fluctuations, can cause phase drifts over multiple revolutions [ 12 ]. Therefore, it is essential to determine and correct the cumulative phase difference between the particle revolution and the RF dee phase. Before the cyclotron undergoes final operational testing, several preliminary tests are required. These include subsystem conditioning tests, low-energy testing in the central region, and high-energy testing at the final radius. The function assessment phase of the cyclotron, often referred to as beam commissioning, is crucial for evaluating its performance [ 13 ], [ 14 ], [ 15 ]. Literature also describes function assessment at the subsystem level, such as RF subsystem testing, as an integral part of the overall commissioning process [ 16 ], [ 17 ], [ 18 ], [ 19 ]. The goal of low-energy function assessment is to achieve a proton beam current of 10 µA at 3 MeV, a threshold selected to minimize radiation exposure [ 20 ]. This study discusses the initial operational function assessment methodology for the DECY-13 cyclotron, including its general specifications and output targets. It outlines the function assessment procedures, focusing on the initial conditions and diagnostics for a 3 MeV ion beam. These procedures are essential for determining the cyclotron’s readiness for low-energy function assessment. A key aspect of this methodology is the introduction of a synchronization testing procedure that calculates the cumulative phase difference between the particle revolution phase and the RF dee frequency phase at a specific radius. This cumulative phase difference is a critical parameter for evaluating synchronization in cyclotron acceleration and serves as a valuable tool for testing the initial functionality of newly installed cyclotrons 2. Methodology The methodology is briefly presented in a flow diagram as shown in Fig. 1 . The general technical specifications and key performance indicators of the DECY-13 cyclotron are presented in Table 1 , while its architecture is illustrated in Fig. 2 . The cyclotron consists of three main subsystems: the ion source, magnet, and RF-dee. The primary objective of the DECY-13 cyclotron during function assessment is to achieve an H⁻ ion beam current of 10 µA at 3 MeV. Previous calculations indicate that this energy and current level will not generate significant radiation. Table 1 General specifications of DECY-13 Cyclotron [ 21 ], [ 22 ] Component/Model Specifications Acceleration type Acceleration of negative hydrogen ion Ion Source Penning type, minimum extracted ion beam of 100 µA. Magnet Electromagnet type, the magnetic field of 1.259 T in the centre, and varying accordance with early focussing and relativistic mass increment requirements RF- Dee • Operation frequency 77.76 MHz • Capacitance of one dee C dee \(\:=\:\) 43.596×10 –12 F • Resistance of one dee R dee \(\:=\:\) 1.216 ×10 − 2 ohm Ekstractor Carbon foil extractor The next step is to develop function assessment procedures. Based on the general technical specifications and function assessment targets, the following procedures are formulated: All subsystems must function properly and meet operational requirements. Before testing the ion source for cyclotron acceleration, it must first generate a DC puller voltage [ 23 ]. The magnetic field must be mapped in the central region to ensure proper acceleration of the ion beam to the 3 MeV radius. This mapping ensures that the ion’s circular motion frequency remains synchronized with the RF frequency. The dee voltage must be sufficient to allow the ion beam to pass through the puller gap and rotate within the beam guide without contacting the walls, a condition known as “initial particle circular motion” [ 24 ]. The combination of dee voltage and magnetic field must maintain synchronization up to the 3 MeV radius. The phase difference between the ion revolution frequency and the RF dee frequency must not exceed 90 degrees [ 25 ]. The RF power input must be effectively transferred from the RF generator to the dee structure to provide the required dee voltage. The relationship between power requirements and dee parameters is expressed in Eqs. ( 1 ) and ( 2 ): $$\:{P}_{one\:RF\:dee}={{I}_{rf}}^{2}R$$ 1 $$\:{\:I}_{rf}=2\pi\:fC{V}_{dee\:\:}$$ 2 where Irf is electrical current flowing in the one dee and stated in a formula [ 26 ] and R is the resistance and C is the capacitance of one dee. 6. The placement of a beam probe must be strategically planned to detect an ion beam current at 3 MeV. The final step involves implementing the procedures and conducting a comprehensive evaluation. This step provides insights into the current system conditions and determines the necessary actions for commissioning at higher energy levels. 3. Result and Discussion 3.1 The Formulated Function Assessment Procedures a. Magnetic Field and Dee Voltage Testing ensures the proper conditions for initial ion beam revolution. After extraction from the ion source, negative hydrogen ions (H⁻) are accelerated by an RF electric field and a static magnetic field in the central region, which spans several dozen centimeters, allowing them to reach 3 MeV. Detecting the ion beam at a specific energy and radius requires a minimum dee voltage, which depends on the magnetic field and the geometry of the puller and beam guide. The ion beam must pass through the puller gap and rotate within the beam guide without colliding with the walls. The required dee voltage, based on magnetic field parameters and the radius (r) of the central region, is determined by Eq. (3): $$\:r=\frac{1}{B}\sqrt{\frac{2mV}{q}}$$ 3 where m and q are mass and charge of particle respectively, accelerated by a voltage of dee ( V ) in a magnetic field ( B ). Under normal conditions, where the magnetic field at the midpoint B = 1.29 T [27], the required dee voltage for the ion to pass through the puller gap can be calculated. The mass of the negative H⁻ ion is m = 1.67 × 10 − 27 kg and charge q = 1.6 × 10 − 19 C. b. Synchronization testing for requirements up to 3 MeV The synchronization analysis evaluates the phase difference between the particle movement and the RF dee frequency at various radii ( R ). Synchronization occurs when this phase difference remains within 90°, ensuring proper acceleration. The phase difference is computed every 180°, and accumulated data determines whether the phase difference exceeds 90° at 3 MeV. The rotational frequency ( f p ) of H⁻ ions in a cyclotron with a magnetic field B is given by Eq. (4) [28], [29]. $$\:{f}_{p}=1.53\:B$$ 4 where, f is in MHz, and B is in kG. In ideal synchronous conditions, the synchronous magnetic field, B syn , ensures that the particle frequency \(\:{f}_{p},\) remains synchronized with the RF dee frequency \(\:{f}_{RF}\). If the magnetic field at a position r is Br , the particle rotation frequency can be calculated using Eq. (5). $$\:{f}_{p}=1.53\:{B}_{r}$$ 5 The RF frequency is given by f RF \(\:=\) 4\(\:\times\:1.53\:Br=\) \(\:6.12\:Br\). Since the RF frequency is set at \(\:{f}_{rf}=77.76\:MHz\), the phase difference between the ion rotation frequency and the RF dee frequency is: $$\:\varDelta\:\phi\:=\frac{6.12\:Br\:-\:77.46}{77.76}\times\:{360}^{0}$$ 6 The phase difference indicates whether the particle's rotational phase is ahead of or lagging behind the RF dee phase. Key operating indicators for the cyclotron include effective loop operation (amplitude, tuning, and phase) [30]. When particles are accelerated using a single RF harmonic, their trajectories follow a parabolic pattern due to the sinusoidal nature of the RF wave and the "frozen phase motion" effect. This leads to increased beam width, complicating clean beam extraction [31]. A "two-sample test setup" based on bootstrap theory enhances phase synchronization detection over traditional methods [32]. We employ a statistical approach to compare phase data from two samples to assess significant phase synchronization. c. The minimum requirement of RF power The minimum RF power requirement (P) is determined using Eq. (7) $$\:{P}_{one\:RF\:dee}={{I}_{rf}}^{2}R$$ 7 where I rf is current flowing in the dee. The relationship between the RF current, frequency, and dee voltage is given by Eq. (8): $$\:\:{\:I}_{rf}=2\pi\:fC{V}_{dee\:\:}$$ 8 3.2. Detection ion beam current of 3 MeV The centripetal force required to maintain a circular orbit of radius R for a particle with mass m , speed v , and charge q , is provided by the Lorentz force exerted by the magnetic field B [33] This relationship is expressed in Eq. (9). $$\:\frac{m{v}^{2}}{R}=Bqv$$ 9 By applying the known values of mass (mmm) and charge (qqq) for a proton and substituting the expression for proton energy, \(\:{E}_{p}=\frac{1}{2}m{v}^{2}\), we obtain the following equation: \(\:{E}_{p\:}=\text{0,48}\times\:{B}^{2}\times\:{R}^{2}\) (10) where the units used are Ep in MeV, B in kG, and R in m. 3.3. Implementation of Procedures in the Decy-13 Cyclotron The ion source has been tested for ion beam extraction using a DC puller voltage, and the results are shown in Fig. 3. The test measures the current at a radius of 5 cm from the cyclotron center. The ion source produces an ion beam current of approximately 27 µA a DC voltage of 3 kV, ensuring that the requirement for a 10 µA ion beam at a 20 cm radius and an RF dee voltage above 30 kV is met. The beam probe is positioned 20 cm from the cyclotron center, following the approach used in KIRAMS-13 [34]. The magnetic field and minimum dee voltage was measured, with the magnetic field in the central region recorded at 1.9 T. This value will be used to calculate the initial revolution radius of the ion. A schematic of the central region of the DECY-13 cyclotron is shown in Fig. 4. Based on Eq. (2) and the central region configuration shown in Fig. 4, the dee voltage V is determined as follows: If the ion rotates at a radius equal to the outer radius of the central region components (puller and beam guide) at 0.024 m, the calculated dee voltage using Eq. (5) is 46.440 kV. If the ion rotates at a radius equal to the inner radius of the central region components (puller and beam guide) at 0.022 m, the calculated dee voltage is 39.022 kV. Thus, the required dee voltage ranges between 39.022 kV and 46.440 kV. In practical terms, the minimum voltage required for the ion to escape and complete its initial circular motion is approximately 40 kV. For synchronization testing at 3 MeV, data on the magnetic field Br as a function of radius r is needed, specifically for radii of at least 20 cm. Measurements of the magnetic field on both the hill and valley regions up to 20 cm were averaged to represent the magnetic field near the edge of the dee, marked as the "line acc" in Fig. 4. The resulting magnetic field Br as a function of radius r is illustrated in Fig. 5. From Fig. 5, the relationship between radius, magnetic field, cumulative phase differences, and energy can be determined. Given the radius r and magnetic field B r , ( B r ) 2 , is used to calculate the particle energy E p using Eq. (10). The revolution frequency f p is then determined using Eq. (4), while the frequency difference Δf between fp and the RF dee frequency (77.76 MHz) is obtained. The phase difference Δφ ( 0 ) between the particle revolution phase and the RF dee phase is calculated using Eq. (6). Each time a particle crosses the dee edge, it gains 40 keV, resulting in a total energy gain of 0.16 MeV per full revolution. The effective phase difference Δφ ef , corresponding to this energy gain, is accumulated in ΣΔφ ef for radii where energy gains exceed integer multiples of 0.16 MeV. The results are presented in Fig. 6. From Fig. 6, it can be observed that the ions remain synchronized at an energy of 3 MeV, despite a significant phase difference of 61.5° relative to the RF dee frequency phase. The curve in Fig. 6 further indicates that synchronization is still achievable at 3 MeV, even though the typical phase difference is around 150°. This highlights the need to reduce the phase difference, as the particle phase lags behind the RF phase. To address this issue, the magnetic field in lagging areas must be increased by widening the magnet pole surface, a process known as shimming. After shimming, re-mapping may be required to ensure a suitable magnetic field distribution. Additionally, optimizing beam current during tests can involve adjusting gas pressure, magnetic field strength, and ion source geometry [35]. The determination of the minimum RF power requirement is based on the physical parameters of the dee components, specifically capacitance and resistance. Previous research has shown that the dee's capacitance is C = 43.596×10 − 12 F and its resistance is R = 1.216 ×10 − 2 ohm [36]. Given an RF frequency of f = 77.77 MHz, the required RF power for one dee, calculated using Eq. (7) and Eq. (8), is \(\:{P}_{one\:RF\:dee}={{I}_{rf}}^{2}R\:\cong\:8.787\:kW\). Consequently, the total RF power requirement for two dee is \(\:{P}_{RF\:dee}=17.57\:kW\). 3.4. Detection of Ion Beam in 3 MeV Energy According to Fig. 6, a particle energy of 3 MeV corresponds to a radius of approximately 20 cm. Using Eq. (10) with data from Fig. 5, the calculated radius is 19.6 cm. Therefore, to detect the 3 MeV ion beam current, the beam probe should be positioned at this radius [37]. The use of cylindrical probe models for measuring beam phase, energy, and intensity in accelerator technology, as applied in this study, has also been implemented in various systems, including the ACCEL proton cyclotrons, the HIRFL cyclotron, and research conducted by Kalvas [12], [38], [39]. 3.5. Evaluation of Resulted Function Assessment Indicators Based on the function assessment procedures for the DECY-13 Cyclotron, an ion source generating 27 µA with a 2 kV puller voltage is sufficient. The magnetic field is capable of accelerating negative hydrogen ions to 3 MeV, though adjustments in magnetic field distribution will be required for further acceleration. Additionally, the RF dee subsystem must deliver at least 20 kW to achieve a peak dee voltage of 40 kV. This aligns with existing studies indicating that cyclotron operation requires a high-level control system to regulate the ion source, RF system, beamline, and magnets. Such a system ensures the desired beam characteristics while also enabling real-time monitoring and fault detection [40], [41]. 4. Conclusion A low-energy function assessment method for the DECY-13 cyclotron has been developed, enabling operation up to 3 MeV. This includes defining initial conditions, procedures, and implementation details. The ion source must provide a 27 µA ion beam current, and the magnetic field must be optimized to achieve acceleration to 3 MeV. To generate the required 40 kV dee voltage, the RF system must supply 17.57 kW of power. At a radius of 19.5 cm, the ion energy reaches 3 MeV, although there remains a 61.5° phase difference between the particle revolution and the dee voltage phases. To prepare for higher-energy commissioning, efforts will focus on reducing this phase difference. Declarations Funding This research was supported by the RIIM LPDP Grant and BRIN, grant number B-4131/II.7.5/TK.01.03/02/2025 and B-1703/III.2/TK.01.03/1/2025. We also extend our gratitude to the Head of Research Center for Accelerator Technology - Research Organization for Nuclear Energy. Data availability No new data were generated or analyzed in this study. Conflict of interest Authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References A. Boschi, P. Martini, V. Costa, A. Pagnoni, and L. Uccelli Molecules 24 3 444 (2019). B. L. Doyle, F. “Del” McDaniel, and R. W. Hamm Rev. Accel. Sci. Technol. 10 01 93 (2019). T.-Y. Lee, S. Shin, J. Lee, C. U. Choi, and M. Chung Proceedings of NAPAC TUPOA10 (2016). International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Series: IAEA Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals Reports 2 (2017). S. A. Mcquarrie et al. , IAEA (2017). P. Mandrillon, M. 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06:58:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2794637,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7374464/v1/5f16e754-a3c9-4b2b-a451-c0f46d6de783.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod Development for Evaluating Initial Performance of A Low Energy Cyclotron\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNuclear technology plays a crucial role in the health sector, as well as in industry and energy. Particle accelerators, particularly cyclotrons, are essential tools in this field. Cyclotrons are widely used for producing radioisotopes for nuclear medicine due to their high specific activity, decentralized production, lower generation of long-lived radioactive waste, and relatively lower investment costs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has explored alternative non-HEU production methods for medical radioisotopes such as 99Mo/99mTc using cyclotrons, demonstrating their feasibility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, cyclotrons offer a competitive alternative to high-power linear accelerators (Linacs) for accelerator-driven systems, providing advantages in reliability, cost-effectiveness, and power efficiency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Indonesia, we are at the forefront of accelerator technology research, particularly with the development of the DECY-13 cyclotron - a compact isochronous accelerator designed by the Research Center for Accelerator Technology. The DECY-13 accelerates negative hydrogen ions (H⁻) to 13 MeV with a 50 \u0026micro;A beam current, converting them into proton beams for the production of fluorine-18 (\u0026sup1;⁸F) isotopes used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Our ongoing work with this cyclotron underscores our commitment to advancing nuclear science and technology. Additionally, we are currently in the second phase of cyclotron development, which aims to achieve a higher energy output of 30 MeV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAchieving stable and efficient acceleration in a cyclotron requires precise synchronization between the revolution of charged particles and the applied radiofrequency (RF) field within the dee structures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Any phase deviation can lead to beam instability and reduced extraction efficiency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Synchronization is maintained by ensuring that the phase difference between the RF field and the particles remains within an acceptable range. However, several factors, such as space charge effects, magnetic field imperfections, and RF phase fluctuations, can cause phase drifts over multiple revolutions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, it is essential to determine and correct the cumulative phase difference between the particle revolution and the RF dee phase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore the cyclotron undergoes final operational testing, several preliminary tests are required. These include subsystem conditioning tests, low-energy testing in the central region, and high-energy testing at the final radius. The function assessment phase of the cyclotron, often referred to as beam commissioning, is crucial for evaluating its performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Literature also describes function assessment at the subsystem level, such as RF subsystem testing, as an integral part of the overall commissioning process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The goal of low-energy function assessment is to achieve a proton beam current of 10 \u0026micro;A at 3 MeV, a threshold selected to minimize radiation exposure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study discusses the initial operational function assessment methodology for the DECY-13 cyclotron, including its general specifications and output targets. It outlines the function assessment procedures, focusing on the initial conditions and diagnostics for a 3 MeV ion beam. These procedures are essential for determining the cyclotron\u0026rsquo;s readiness for low-energy function assessment. A key aspect of this methodology is the introduction of a synchronization testing procedure that calculates the cumulative phase difference between the particle revolution phase and the RF dee frequency phase at a specific radius. This cumulative phase difference is a critical parameter for evaluating synchronization in cyclotron acceleration and serves as a valuable tool for testing the initial functionality of newly installed cyclotrons\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe methodology is briefly presented in a flow diagram as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe general technical specifications and key performance indicators of the DECY-13 cyclotron are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, while its architecture is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The cyclotron consists of three main subsystems: the ion source, magnet, and RF-dee. The primary objective of the DECY-13 cyclotron during function assessment is to achieve an H⁻ ion beam current of 10 \u0026micro;A at 3 MeV. Previous calculations indicate that this energy and current level will not generate significant radiation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral specifications of DECY-13 Cyclotron [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComponent/Model\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecifications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcceleration type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcceleration of negative hydrogen ion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIon Source\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePenning type, minimum extracted ion beam of 100 \u0026micro;A.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMagnet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElectromagnet type, the magnetic field of 1.259 T in the centre, and varying accordance with early focussing and relativistic mass increment requirements\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRF-\u003cem\u003eDee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Operation frequency 77.76 MHz\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Capacitance of one dee \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003edee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:=\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e43.596\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;12\u003c/sup\u003e F\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Resistance of one dee \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003edee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:=\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e1.216 \u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e ohm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEkstractor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarbon foil extractor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe next step is to develop function assessment procedures. Based on the general technical specifications and function assessment targets, the following procedures are formulated:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll subsystems must function properly and meet operational requirements. Before testing the ion source for cyclotron acceleration, it must first generate a DC puller voltage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe magnetic field must be mapped in the central region to ensure proper acceleration of the ion beam to the 3 MeV radius. This mapping ensures that the ion\u0026rsquo;s circular motion frequency remains synchronized with the RF frequency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dee voltage must be sufficient to allow the ion beam to pass through the puller gap and rotate within the beam guide without contacting the walls, a condition known as \u0026ldquo;initial particle circular motion\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe combination of dee voltage and magnetic field must maintain synchronization up to the 3 MeV radius. The phase difference between the ion revolution frequency and the RF dee frequency must not exceed 90 degrees [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe RF power input must be effectively transferred from the RF generator to the dee structure to provide the required dee voltage. The relationship between power requirements and dee parameters is expressed in Eqs.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and (\u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{P}_{one\\:RF\\:dee}={{I}_{rf}}^{2}R$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{\\:I}_{rf}=2\\pi\\:fC{V}_{dee\\:\\:}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere Irf is electrical current flowing in the one dee and stated in a formula [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] and R is the resistance and C is the capacitance of one dee.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. The placement of a beam probe must be strategically planned to detect an ion beam current at 3 MeV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe final step involves implementing the procedures and conducting a comprehensive evaluation. This step provides insights into the current system conditions and determines the necessary actions for commissioning at higher energy levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e3.1 The Formulated Function Assessment Procedures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea. Magnetic Field and Dee Voltage Testing ensures the proper conditions for initial ion beam revolution. After extraction from the ion source, negative hydrogen ions (H⁻) are accelerated by an RF electric field and a static magnetic field in the central region, which spans several dozen centimeters, allowing them to reach 3 MeV. Detecting the ion beam at a specific energy and radius requires a minimum dee voltage, which depends on the magnetic field and the geometry of the puller and beam guide. The ion beam must pass through the puller gap and rotate within the beam guide without colliding with the walls. The required dee voltage, based on magnetic field parameters and the radius (r) of the central region, is determined by Eq. (3):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:r=\\frac{1}{B}\\sqrt{\\frac{2mV}{q}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e are mass and charge of particle respectively, accelerated by a voltage of dee (\u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e) in a magnetic field (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder normal conditions, where the magnetic field at the midpoint \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.29 T [27], the required dee voltage for the ion to pass through the puller gap can be calculated. The mass of the negative H⁻ ion is \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.67 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;27\u003c/sup\u003e kg and charge \u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.6 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/sup\u003e C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb. Synchronization testing for requirements up to 3 MeV\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe synchronization analysis evaluates the phase difference between the particle movement and the RF dee frequency at various radii (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e). Synchronization occurs when this phase difference remains within 90\u0026deg;, ensuring proper acceleration. The phase difference is computed every 180\u0026deg;, and accumulated data determines whether the phase difference exceeds 90\u0026deg; at 3 MeV. The rotational frequency (\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of H⁻ ions in a cyclotron with a magnetic field \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e is given by Eq.\u0026nbsp;(4) [28], [29].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:{f}_{p}=1.53\\:B$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere, f is in MHz, and B is in kG.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn ideal synchronous conditions, the synchronous magnetic field, \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003esyn\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, ensures that the particle frequency \\(\\:{f}_{p},\\) remains synchronized with the RF dee frequency \\(\\:{f}_{RF}\\). If the magnetic field at a position \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e is \u003cem\u003eBr\u003c/em\u003e, the particle rotation frequency can be calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:{f}_{p}=1.53\\:{B}_{r}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe RF frequency is given by \u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eRF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \\(\\:=\\) 4\\(\\:\\times\\:1.53\\:Br=\\) \\(\\:6.12\\:Br\\). Since the RF frequency is set at \\(\\:{f}_{rf}=77.76\\:MHz\\), the phase difference between the ion rotation frequency and the RF dee frequency is:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equ6\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ6\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:\\varDelta\\:\\phi\\:=\\frac{6.12\\:Br\\:-\\:77.46}{77.76}\\times\\:{360}^{0}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phase difference indicates whether the particle\u0026apos;s rotational phase is ahead of or lagging behind the RF dee phase. Key operating indicators for the cyclotron include effective loop operation (amplitude, tuning, and phase) [30]. When particles are accelerated using a single RF harmonic, their trajectories follow a parabolic pattern due to the sinusoidal nature of the RF wave and the \u0026quot;frozen phase motion\u0026quot; effect. This leads to increased beam width, complicating clean beam extraction [31]. A \u0026quot;two-sample test setup\u0026quot; based on bootstrap theory enhances phase synchronization detection over traditional methods [32]. We employ a statistical approach to compare phase data from two samples to assess significant phase synchronization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec. The minimum requirement of RF power\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe minimum RF power requirement (P) is determined using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equ7\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ7\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:{P}_{one\\:RF\\:dee}={{I}_{rf}}^{2}R$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003erf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is current flowing in the dee. The relationship between the RF current, frequency, and dee voltage is given by Eq.\u0026nbsp;(8):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equ8\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ8\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:\\:{\\:I}_{rf}=2\\pi\\:fC{V}_{dee\\:\\:}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Detection ion beam current of 3 MeV\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe centripetal force required to maintain a circular orbit of radius \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e for a particle with mass \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e, speed \u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e, and charge \u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e, is provided by the Lorentz force exerted by the magnetic field \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e [33] This relationship is expressed in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(9).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ9\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ9\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:\\frac{m{v}^{2}}{R}=Bqv$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBy applying the known values of mass (mmm) and charge (qqq) for a proton and substituting the expression for proton energy, \\(\\:{E}_{p}=\\frac{1}{2}m{v}^{2}\\), we obtain the following equation: \\(\\:{E}_{p\\:}=\\text{0,48}\\times\\:{B}^{2}\\times\\:{R}^{2}\\) (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere the units used are \u003cem\u003eEp\u003c/em\u003e in MeV, \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e in kG, and \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e in m.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Implementation of Procedures in the Decy-13 Cyclotron\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe ion source has been tested for ion beam extraction using a DC puller voltage, and the results are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe test measures the current at a radius of 5 cm from the cyclotron center. The ion source produces an ion beam current of approximately 27 \u0026micro;A a DC voltage of 3 kV, ensuring that the requirement for a 10 \u0026micro;A ion beam at a 20 cm radius and an RF dee voltage above 30 kV is met. The beam probe is positioned 20 cm from the cyclotron center, following the approach used in KIRAMS-13 [34].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe magnetic field and minimum dee voltage was measured, with the magnetic field in the central region recorded at 1.9 T. This value will be used to calculate the initial revolution radius of the ion. A schematic of the central region of the DECY-13 cyclotron is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on Eq.\u0026nbsp;(2) and the central region configuration shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4, the dee voltage V is determined as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf the ion rotates at a radius equal to the outer radius of the central region components (puller and beam guide) at 0.024 m, the calculated dee voltage using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(5) is 46.440 kV.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf the ion rotates at a radius equal to the inner radius of the central region components (puller and beam guide) at 0.022 m, the calculated dee voltage is 39.022 kV.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThus, the required dee voltage ranges between 39.022 kV and 46.440 kV. In practical terms, the minimum voltage required for the ion to escape and complete its initial circular motion is approximately 40 kV.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor synchronization testing at 3 MeV, data on the magnetic field \u003cem\u003eBr\u003c/em\u003e as a function of radius \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e is needed, specifically for radii of at least 20 cm. Measurements of the magnetic field on both the hill and valley regions up to 20 cm were averaged to represent the magnetic field near the edge of the dee, marked as the \u0026quot;line acc\u0026quot; in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4. The resulting magnetic field \u003cem\u003eBr\u003c/em\u003e as a function of radius \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;5, the relationship between radius, magnetic field, cumulative phase differences, and energy can be determined. Given the radius \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e and magnetic field \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, is used to calculate the particle energy \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(10). The revolution frequency \u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is then determined using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(4), while the frequency difference \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;f\u003c/em\u003e between \u003cem\u003efp\u003c/em\u003e and the RF dee frequency (77.76 MHz) is obtained. The phase difference \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;\u0026phi;\u003c/em\u003e (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e) between the particle revolution phase and the RF dee phase is calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(6).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEach time a particle crosses the dee edge, it gains 40 keV, resulting in a total energy gain of 0.16 MeV per full revolution. The effective phase difference \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;\u0026phi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, corresponding to this energy gain, is accumulated in \u003cem\u003e\u0026Sigma;\u0026Delta;\u0026phi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e for radii where energy gains exceed integer multiples of 0.16 MeV. The results are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;6, it can be observed that the ions remain synchronized at an energy of 3 MeV, despite a significant phase difference of 61.5\u0026deg; relative to the RF dee frequency phase. The curve in Fig.\u0026nbsp;6 further indicates that synchronization is still achievable at 3 MeV, even though the typical phase difference is around 150\u0026deg;. This highlights the need to reduce the phase difference, as the particle phase lags behind the RF phase. To address this issue, the magnetic field in lagging areas must be increased by widening the magnet pole surface, a process known as shimming. After shimming, re-mapping may be required to ensure a suitable magnetic field distribution. Additionally, optimizing beam current during tests can involve adjusting gas pressure, magnetic field strength, and ion source geometry [35].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe determination of the minimum RF power requirement is based on the physical parameters of the dee components, specifically capacitance and resistance. Previous research has shown that the dee\u0026apos;s capacitance is \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;43.596\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/sup\u003e F and its resistance is \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.216 \u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e ohm [36]. Given an RF frequency of \u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77.77 MHz, the required RF power for one dee, calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(7) and Eq.\u0026nbsp;(8), is \\(\\:{P}_{one\\:RF\\:dee}={{I}_{rf}}^{2}R\\:\\cong\\:8.787\\:kW\\). Consequently, the total RF power requirement for two dee is \\(\\:{P}_{RF\\:dee}=17.57\\:kW\\).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Detection of Ion Beam in 3 MeV Energy\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to Fig.\u0026nbsp;6, a particle energy of 3 MeV corresponds to a radius of approximately 20 cm. Using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(10) with data from Fig.\u0026nbsp;5, the calculated radius is 19.6 cm. Therefore, to detect the 3 MeV ion beam current, the beam probe should be positioned at this radius [37]. The use of cylindrical probe models for measuring beam phase, energy, and intensity in accelerator technology, as applied in this study, has also been implemented in various systems, including the ACCEL proton cyclotrons, the HIRFL cyclotron, and research conducted by Kalvas [12], [38], [39].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Evaluation of Resulted Function Assessment Indicators\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on the function assessment procedures for the DECY-13 Cyclotron, an ion source generating 27 \u0026micro;A with a 2 kV puller voltage is sufficient. The magnetic field is capable of accelerating negative hydrogen ions to 3 MeV, though adjustments in magnetic field distribution will be required for further acceleration. Additionally, the RF dee subsystem must deliver at least 20 kW to achieve a peak dee voltage of 40 kV. This aligns with existing studies indicating that cyclotron operation requires a high-level control system to regulate the ion source, RF system, beamline, and magnets. Such a system ensures the desired beam characteristics while also enabling real-time monitoring and fault detection [40], [41].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA low-energy function assessment method for the DECY-13 cyclotron has been developed, enabling operation up to 3 MeV. This includes defining initial conditions, procedures, and implementation details. The ion source must provide a 27 \u0026micro;A ion beam current, and the magnetic field must be optimized to achieve acceleration to 3 MeV. To generate the required 40 kV dee voltage, the RF system must supply 17.57 kW of power. At a radius of 19.5 cm, the ion energy reaches 3 MeV, although there remains a 61.5\u0026deg; phase difference between the particle revolution and the dee voltage phases. To prepare for higher-energy commissioning, efforts will focus on reducing this phase difference.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research was supported by the RIIM LPDP Grant and BRIN, grant number B-4131/II.7.5/TK.01.03/02/2025 and B-1703/III.2/TK.01.03/1/2025. We also extend our gratitude to the Head of Research Center for Accelerator Technology - Research Organization for Nuclear Energy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo new data were generated or analyzed in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAuthors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Boschi, P. Martini, V. Costa, A. Pagnoni, and L. Uccelli \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e 444 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB. L. Doyle, F. \u0026ldquo;Del\u0026rdquo; McDaniel, and R. W. Hamm \u003cem\u003eRev. Accel. Sci. 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Trimaud \u003cem\u003e15\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Internasional Particle Accelertaor Conference\u003c/em\u003e THPG15 3278 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"cyclotron, function assessment, novelty procedure, RF dee, magnetic field","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374464/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374464/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe DECY-13 cyclotron, a compact isochronous accelerator developed in Indonesia, is designed to accelerate negative hydrogen ions (H⁻) to produce radioisotopes for nuclear medicine. This study presents the methodology and implementation of a low-energy function assessment for the DECY-13, targeting the achievement of a 10 \u0026micro;A proton beam at 3 MeV. The assessment includes tests on subsystem functionality, magnetic field mapping, dee voltage requirements, RF power delivery, and phase synchronization between particle revolution and the RF dee field. A synchronization testing method was developed to calculate cumulative phase differences critical for stable acceleration. Results confirm successful ion beam extraction, required beam currents, and energy levels at a dee voltage of ~\u0026thinsp;40 kV, supported by 17.57 kW RF power. Although a phase lag of 61.5\u0026deg; remains at 3 MeV, synchronization is maintained within acceptable limits. Further work will focus on magnetic field optimization to reduce phase deviation, enabling progression to higher-energy commissioning.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Method Development for Evaluating Initial Performance of A Low Energy Cyclotron","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-18 06:26:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7374464/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b0bafeb4-78c9-44fb-8a09-6401b06dbe77","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53285329,"name":"Nuclear Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-18T06:26:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-18 06:26:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7374464","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7374464","identity":"rs-7374464","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}