Monitoring And Health Risk Evaluation of AtmosphericPollutants In Owerri Metropolis and Sub-Urban Areas ofImoState,NigeriaUsingChemometric Models

Monitoring And Health Risk Evaluation of AtmosphericPollutants In Owerri Metropolis and Sub-Urban Areas ofImoState,NigeriaUsingChemometric Models | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Monitoring And Health Risk Evaluation of AtmosphericPollutants In Owerri Metropolis and Sub-Urban Areas ofImoState,NigeriaUsingChemometric Models Goodness Chizurum Adiele, Ubaezue Ugochukwu Egereonu, Sunny Kalu Egereonu, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6771057/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Concern about health risk from atmospheric pollutants; Particulate Matter (PM 10 ), Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) prompted atmospheric monitoring and inhalation health risk assessment for residents of Owerri Metropolis and its Sub-urban areas. Field measurements werecarried out in 35 select locations within Imo State. Monitoring was carried outusing Chemometric methods as Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) and Artificial NeuralNetwork (ANN).The experiments' findings showed that the pollutants existed year-round. The human health risk assessment methodology of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was utilized to estimate potential health risks resulting from exposure to contaminants. For acute and chronic exposure periods for infants, children, and adults, a scenario assessment technique was used, wherein normal exposure and the worst-case scenario were adopted. The mean concentrations of the pollutants exceeded the WHO1-hr, 24-hrand annual mean maximum exposure limits. The 24-hour, annual PM 10 ambient quality standard for instance was exceeded during the monitoring period. This could explain the chronic (annual) Hazard Quotient (HQ>1) that our study found, which suggests that there may be some danger associated with long-term PM10 exposure. Therefore, steps should be done to control the exposure of the public to contaminants and to increase public awareness. Frequent monitoring is advised to lower concentrations because determining whether these pollutants pose health risks as determined by the human health risk assessment framework will help the government, environmental experts, and other pertinent stakeholders take more decisive action to safeguard and extend human life. Risk assessment Atmospheric Pollutants Hazard Quotient ANN MATLAB Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Introduction Air pollution has been identified as a significant environmental issue and a concern to public health on a global scale [ 1 ]. Urban air quality concerns are primarily caused by the growing human population, industrialization, urbanization, modernization, and the corresponding increase in automobile emissions and activities. The General Director of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, called air pollution "the new tobacco" and a "silent public health emergency [ 2 ] in 2018 during the first-ever WHO Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health. Over one in nine deaths globally are attributed to air pollution. It was the fourth most important risk factor for death worldwide in 2019 and is predicted to have contributed to 7 million deaths worldwide. The only things that have a greater overall impact are tobacco use, dietary hazards, and high blood pressure. It is estimated that each year about 1.28 million people die worldwide as a result of being exposed to air pollution during traffic accidents. Exposures to air pollution for long and short terms have indicated increased mortality and reduced life expectancy. There is also a yearly pattern that shows that during the dry season, average daily concentration levels of SO2, NO2, and PM10 are greater. On the other hand, certain demographics are more vulnerable to certain types of air pollution. Those who are young, old, pregnant, or have concomitant diseases are the most vulnerable demographics [ 3 ].According to estimates, air pollution is responsible for 24% of strokes and 43% of lung ailments. According to WHO projections, ischemic heart disease and stroke accounted for almost 37% of premature deaths in 2019 associated with outdoor air pollution, followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (18%), acute lower respiratory infections (23%), and respiratory tract cancer (11%). Inhaled particles known as particulate matter (PM) can enter the respiratory system and lead to cancer, reproductive, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disorders, as well as malfunctions of the central nervous system and reproductive organs. Moreover, it is thought that sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are dangerous air pollutants for people. Excessive levels of carbon monoxide have the potential to induce poisoning symptoms through inhalation. Depending on the extent of exposure, heavy metals like lead can cause either acute poisoning or long-term intoxication when absorbed into the human body. The majority of the respiratory system ailments brought on by the substances listed above include asthma, bronchiolitis, lung cancer, cardiovascular events, abnormalities of the central nervous system, and skin conditions. People who are sensitive or prone to air pollution may have health effects even on days with moderate levels of pollution. Short-term exposure to air pollution is closely linked to the following conditions: wheezing, asthma, respiratory disorders, shortness of breath, cough, and high hospitalization rates (a measure of morbidity).The long-term effects of air pollution include cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary insufficiency, chronic asthma, and cardiovascular death. A Swedish cohort research suggests that prolonged exposure to air pollution may cause diabetes [ 4 ]. Furthermore, it appears that early-life exposure to air pollution causes a range of harmful health outcomes, including respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, and perinatal illnesses that can result in chronic disease in adulthood or infant death [ 5 ]. It's interesting to note, though, that industrialized and high-income nations have seen a greater prevalence of cardiovascular disorders than developing, low-income nations that are heavily exposed to air pollution [ 6 ].The number of deaths in December 1952 in London and in New York City in 1963 (400 deaths) grew as a result of air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide and smoke, which accumulated to 1,500 mg/m3 [ 7 ]. In all situations, the concentrations of fine, inhalable, and sulfate particles appear to be more closely associated with mortality than are the levels of aerosol acidity, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, or total particulate pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor atmospheric change to ascertain the extent of population exposure to air pollutants, which can have a range of unfavorable effects. Due to the state of Imo's lack of air quality reporting, industrialization, urbanization, and population growth, the impacts of pollution are mostly dependent on the kind of pollutant, its amount, duration, and frequency of exposure, as well as its toxicity [ 8 ]. Models which integrate new observations into coherent theoretical frameworks were employed to test this understanding by providing results that could be compared with independent data as would be observed in the monitoring locations in both the dry and the rainy seasons for the study duration. Air pollutant mappings produced using these models could be used as an information source to boost the health of the inhabitants of Imo State and would also help relevant agencies make valid decisions necessary and strategic for better pollution policies,control and management. The gap in Nigeria air quality policies exists because relevant authorities are not using proactive predictive approaches in developing effectivestrategies for air quality planning [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].However, more predictive and proactive approaches; GIS (IDW method) and MATLAB (Polynomial linear regression) are being used in this research to present the spatial variation of air pollutants concentration in the study area and interpret the experimental/actual data. Materials and Methods 1.1 Materials Gasman Air-Monitor-Crowcon, Hazdust Particulate Monitor –Model EPAM 5000,MATLAB2015(Polynomiallinearregression),ArtificialNeuralNetwork (ANN). 1.2 StudyArea Imo is a state in the southeast of Nigeria, one of the 36 states in the country. Createdonthe3 rd ofFebruary,1976undertheregimeofthelatemilitaryHeadofState, Gen. Murtala Muhammad is located in an area of around 5,100 square kilometers and is between latitudes 4°45'N and 7°15'N and longitudes 6°50'E and 7°25'E.Thestatehasa population ofapproximately3.9millionaccordingtothe2006census;aprojected population of 5,408,800 is predominantly Igbo, in addition to Englishbeing the official language. Christianity is the predominant religion. Imo Stateconsistsoftwenty-seven[14] Local Government Areas: Ikeduru, Isiala Mbano, Isu, Mbaitoli, Ngor-Okpala, Njaba, Nkwerre, Nwangele, Obowo, Oguta, Ohaji/Egbema, Okigwe, Onuimo, Orlu, Orsu, Oru East, Oru West, Owerri Municipal, Owerri North, Owerri West. Situated between the upper and middle Imo River and the lower Niger River sits the state capital, Owerri. Imo State shares borders with the following states: Rivers State to the south, Anambra State to the north, River Niger and Delta State to the west, and Abia State to the east. The Köppen-Geiger classification assigns it a tropical wet climate. With a brief dry season, the majority of the year is spent in the rain. The rainy season, which spans from April to October, sees an annual rainfall of between 1,500 and 2,200 mm (60 and 80 inches). Relative humidity rises to 75% with an annual temperature above 20 °C (68 °F), and reaches 90% during the rainy season. Harmattan occurs for two months during the dry season, from late December to late February. According to www.igbofocus.co.uk, January through March are the hottest months. Owerri, the state's major capital, is made up of the three Local Government Areas of Owerri Municipal, Owerri North, and Owerri West.The only local government in the state with an autonomous community called Owerri Nchi-ise and just one town called Owerri Municipal town is Owerri Municipal. Its headquarters are located in Owerri City. Situated at the intersection of routes from Port-Harcourt, Onitsha, Aba, Orlu, Okigwe, and Umuahia, Owerri Municipality has an area of 58 km² and a population of 125,337 as of the 2006 census. Known collectively as Owerri Nchi-ise, Umuororonjo, Amawom, Umuonyeche, Umuodu, and Umuoyima are the five villages that comprise Owerre town, often spelled Owerri. Owerri town served as the administrative center for Owerri Division and, subsequently, the former Owerri Province due to British colonialism and influence in the early 1900s. Additionally, Owerri City was selected as the capital of Imo State upon its creation on February 3, 1976. Owerri City became a municipal city on December 15, 1996. OtherLocalGovernment Areas of the state included in cause of the study includes; EhimeMbanoandMbaitoli. 1.3 Geological Map of Study AreaImoState 1.4 Briefdescriptionofsamplinglocations 1.5 AirQualitySampling GaspollutantsConcentrationswerecollectedfromthedistributedsamplingstations across the study area and Coordinate values of locations captured usingGPS (GlobalPositioning System) device.In order to ensure adequate representation, sites for conducting air quality measurements were chosen using a stratified random sampling technique. StratificationonebasedontheAustralianStandardAS2922.Samplingfrequencyforthecriteriaairpollutants(SO 2 ,CO,NO 2 &PM 10 )carriedout twice weekly for 14 weeks in both the dry and the rainy seasons in the 35select air monitoring locations for 2 years. The gas pollutants were determinedusing the Crowcon Gas Monitor while dust concentration was measured using theHAZ-DUSTEPAM 5000ParticulateMonitor. 2.Results Results obtained from the analysis of pollutants concentration of the atmospherein 35 select locations within Imo State in both the dry seasons (November D 1 ,January D 2 , February D 3 ) and the rainy seasons (June R 1 , July R 2 , August R 3 ) for a 2-yearanalyticalperiodusingstandardinstrumentalmethodsare as follows; 3. HumanHealthRiskAssessment(HHRA) A comprehensive process for characterizing the negative effects of human exposure to hazardous chemicals is health risk assessment. The HHRA measures the health impacts of human exposure to a specific pollutant using exposure data that is currently available and is predictive in nature [15]. Numerous epidemiological studies have discovered a link between poor air quality and a range of harmful health effects, highlighting the major contribution of air pollution to the burden of disease in the general population, which can range from subclinical effects to early mortality. At the individual, societal, and preventative health and disease l evels, health risk assessment of air quality can be extremely important. The Air Pollution Health Risk Assessment (AP-HRA) is a crucial tool for informing public policy decisions because it projects t he anticipated health effects of measures affecting air quality under different policy, environmental, and socioeconomic scenarios. Given that air pollution is currently one of the biggest health risks, there is enough scientific evidence to support the creation of methods that integrate epidemiological evaluation into the risk associated with health. The concept of AP-HRA has been present since the 1950s, but its adoption by the global health care system has not happened as swiftly. At the levels of disease prevention and health promotion at the individual, community, and global levels, AP-HRAs can be extremely important. By weighing the costs and health benefits of climate change mitigation measures, the HRA tools can help with policy decision-making. "AP-HRAs estimate the health impact to be expected from measures that affect air quality, in different socioeconomic, environmental, and policy circumstances," the World Health Organization states. Thus, it serves as a crucial instrument for guiding the formulation of public policy. For the purpose of regulatory decision-making and public participation, it summarizes data on exposure to air pollution, health effects, and community risk.AP-HRAs have been utilized in numerous studies, such as the WHO's global burden of illness study, to help comprehend the health benefits that will result from improved air quality. They have switched over the past ten years from primarily qualitative methods to quantitative ones. HRA tools evaluate the health hazards associated with key pollutants, such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides (NO 2 and SO 2 ), ground-level ozone (O 3 ), and particulates (PM2.5), for the population that is exposed to them. With Concentration Response Functions (CRFs), they use the predicted mortality rates from lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and respiratory infections to relate the change in the level of the air pollution concentration [15].This work presents the concept of AP-HRA, provides an outline for conducting AP-HRA properly for various situations, and provides a general explanation of how air pollution-related impacts are assessed and how health hazards associated with air pollutants and their sources are measured. The four parts of the HHRA framework are risk characterization, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, and hazard identification. HazardIdentification A review of the literature was done in order to determine the health concerns associated with PM 10 , CO, NO 2 , and SO 2 . Assessment of Dose-Response In this case, the quantity of the pollutant ingested into the body was calculated based on exposure duration and concentration (WHO, 1999). This study did not conduct a dose-response assessment. Instead, we used the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) as the baseline and compared the detected ambient concentration of contaminants in the research area. Evaluation of Exposure The population exposed to the risk, as well as the level and length of exposure, are determined by the exposure assessment. In our analysis, the primary pathway of exposure to the contaminants under observation was believed to be inhalation. A scenario assessment method was employed in this study. For both intermediate (24-hour) and chronic (year) exposure periods, worst-case (continuous exposure) and normal (average exposure) scenarios were calculated. Additionally, the typical acute exposure times of one hour were ascertained.These were ascertained across three age groups: children (6–12 years), adults (19–75 years), and newborns (birth to one year). The acute exposure rate equation for non-carcinogenic pollutants (PM 10 , CO, NO 2 , and SO 2 ) is as follows: Table 14 illustrates the many assumptions that underpin the requirements for each age group (USEPA, 1997). The EF value is determined by assuming that an individual will be absent from their residence (study area) for 14 days each year [17]. The DE was calculated at 1, 12, and 30 years old for infants, children, and adults, respectively. The estimated AT is calculated by multiplying the exposure time by 365 days per year. Estimated ET values for acute, intermediate, and chronic exposure durations based on average and continuous scenarios are presented in Table 15 for each population group [17]. For each exposure group, default values for IR and BW (USEPA, 1997) are provided in Table 16. Characterization of Risk The quantitative assessment of the health risk associated with pollutant exposure is known as risk characterization. Here, the hazard quotient (HQ) is used to quantify potential non-carcinogenic effects of exposure to a known pollutant [17]. It shows the likelihood that someone who is healthy and/or sensitive will experience a negative health consequence. For scenarios of both acute and chronic exposure, non-cancer hazards were computed as follows: HQ=ADD/REL(Chronicexposure) (4) HQ=AHD/REL(Acuteexposure) (5) Where; REL is the dosage at which exposed groups will experience noticeably worse health outcomes than the unexposed group. The Office of the Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has established the term "Reference Exposure Level" (REL), which we employed in this investigation. Table 17 lists the RELs that are utilized. The standard for safety is regarded to be an HQ of 1.0. A 1.0 HQ suggests that there could be some dangers associated with exposure for those who are easily offended. Results PM 10 Concentration Table12showedtheannualmeanrangeofPM 10 inthedryseasonswas10.21-12.62 mg/m 3 which were higher than that of the rainy seasons 7.53 - 8.89 mg/m 3 .The highest reading of 12.62 mg/m 3 occurred in the dry season. PM 10 was shownto be present throughout the year with the dry season been more polluted. PM 10 concentration levels were higher than both FEPA and NAAQS standards.ANOVAanalysis on Table 13 affirmed by the Box and Whiskers plot on Fig. 16 and theMulti-Comparative graph on Fig. 17 interprets the concentration values of thepollutant in the dry seasons as varying significantly from that of the rainy seasonsindicating that Particulate matter concentration of the atmosphere was affectedbyseasonalchange. The mean hourly, daily and annual concentrations of PM 10 in the study area are14,121 (14.12 mg/m 3 ), 10,841 (10.84 mg/m 3 ) and 10,060 µg/m 3 (10.06 mg/m 3 )respectively (Table 18). The NAAQS recommended mean limit of 20 µg/m3 annually and the daily (24-hour) guideline limit of 50 µg/m3 were both surpassed. Since a 1-hour REL value for PM10 could not be located in the literature, the 1-hour (acute) scenario was disregarded. Table 19 provides the HQ from the health risk categorization resulting from PM10 exposure. The results demonstrated that the exposed population had a high (HQ>1) probability of experiencing health-related problems under the typical and worst-case scenarios for average and continuous exposures, respectively. This is because an HQ>1.0 suggests that PM10 is likely to have a negative impact on health. However, in the typical and worst-case scenarios, respectively, for intermediate exposure, children (3.3 × 101 vs. 1.3 × 102) and babies (55.0 × 10-1 vs. 1.3 × 102) are likely to be affected from exposure to PM10 compared with adults (1.0 × 101 vs. 8.3 × 101). For normal and worst-case exposures in the Chronic (Annual) exposure scenario, HQ>1.0 for adults, children, and newborns. These findings suggest that long-term exposure to PM10 may put a vulnerable exposed population at risk of health issues. In the best-case scenario, adults will be more harmed than children and infants, but under normal chronic exposure, children are more likely to be affected than adults and infants. SO 2 Concentration The mean range SO 2 readings recorded for the dry seasons was 0.54 - 0.87 ppmandfortherainyseasons0.46-0.73ppmasshowninTable10.Theseconcentration levels for both seasons were however, seen to exceed the NAAQSStandard of 0.5 ppm but falls within FEPA Standard of 26 ppm for SO 2 in theatmosphere. Fig. 15 interprets the data as having slight variation in the air SO 2 concentration levels in both seasons.Valuesobtained from SO 2 ANOVA analysison Table 11 which is affirmed by Fig. 12, SO 2 Box and Whiskers plot and Fig. 13,SO 2 Multi-Comparative plot showed that data sets were significantly different,indicatingthatatmosphericSO 2 concentrationwasaffectedby changeinseason. The measured average concentration ofSO 2 for 1-hr, 24-hr and annual averagesin the study area are 2,300 (0.92 ppm), 1,667 (0.67ppm) and 1,450 µg/m 3 (0.58ppm) respectively (Table 18). These results are significantly higher than the NAAQS recommended maximum values of 350, 125, and 50 µg/m3 for one-hour, 24-hour, and annual averages, respectively (Table 17). For both adults and infants, the estimated risk of acute and intermediate (normal) exposures to SO2 was found to be HQ1 for infant, child, and adult exposure to SO2 for intermediate worst-case, and HQ>1 for children's exposure to SO2 for intermediate normal. For acuteexposure,infantsandchildren(1.7×10 -1 )arelikelytobeaffectedthesamewayfrom exposure to SO 2 compared with adults (1.1 × 10 -1 ).For the entire study population, under both the best and worst case scenarios for chronic exposure, HQ>1. This suggests that exposure to SO2 may pose certain dangers to susceptible persons. Age groups experience exposed to varying degrees of harshness. NO 2 Concentration For the study period, the average range concentration for the dry seasons of NO 2 was 0.55 - 0.75 ppm while the rainy seasons was 0.68 - 0.85 ppm. A peak readingof0.85ppmwasnotedduringtherainyseason.TheFEPA(Stationarysources)and NAAQS (Ambient limit) NO 2 values for Nigeria [18] is 0.06 ppm and 0.1 ppmrespectively (FEPA, 1991) thus, the NO 2 levels at all sampling points exceeds bothFEPAandNAAQSlimitforNitrogen dioxideintheatmosphere.Fig.6,NO 2 MATLAB Comparison Model shows both seasons as having similar concentrationleveldistribution,withtherainyseasonexperiencinghighervariationinconcentrationlevels.ValuesfromNO 2 ANOVAanalysisonTable9,showsthatdatasetsareasignificantlydifferent.ThisisaffirmedbyFig.14,theNO 2 Boxand Whiskers plot (since the tip of the boxes not at the same level) and Fig. 15,NO 2 Multi-Comparative graph (the 2 lines of the graph having different colours –BlueandRed),implyingthatNO 2 concentrationintheatmospherewasaffectedbyseasonalchange. The monitored 1-hour, 24-hour and annual concentrations of NO 2 shown in Table18 were 2,692 (1.077 ppm), 2,027 (0.81 ppm) and 1,775 µg/m 3 (0.71 ppm). The research region surpassed the 1-hour, 24-hour, and yearly standards of NAAQS, which are 200, 80, and 40 µg/m3, respectively (Table 17). Table 21's HQ calculations for each acute NO2 exposure level indicated that there was no chance of negative health effects for infants, children, or adults at this level of exposure (HQ1) for all age groups in the intermediate (worst-case), children, and adult scenarios. In contrast, adults (8.3 × 104) are more likely to be impacted by the worst-case chronic exposure, whereas children (1.3 × 104) appear to be more likely to be harmed by typical chronic exposure than babies (3.7 × 102) and adults (1.0 × 104). COConcentration Concentration values throughout the wet seasons are displayed in Table 6. 53–65 ppm is greater than the 41–51 ppm recorded during the dry season. Theseconcentration levels for both seasons exceeded WHO, NAAQS and FEPA Standardof50ppm,35ppm,9ppmrespectivelyforcarbon monoxideintheatmosphere. In Fig. 2, it is seen that the rainy seasons was the season most polluted with COsuggesting that the atmosphere contained more CO pollution during the rainyseasons. Obtained values from CO ANOVA analysis on table 7 which is affirmed bytheMulti-Comparative graphing Fig.5showsthatthecompareddataareinsignificantly different since the lines of the graph have only one colour (blue).This indicates that there was no significant variation in CO concentration level inbothseasonsthus;COconcentrationintheatmospherewasnotaffectedbyseasonalchange. The 1-hour average CO concentration of 309,145 µg/m3 (123.7 ppm) and the 8-hour average CO concentration of 132,500 µg/m3 (53 ppm) (Table 18) were higher above the 1-hour and 8-hour exposure limits recommended by the NAAQS, which are 87,500 µg/m3 and 22,500 µg/m3, respectively. Acute exposure to CO is estimated to have a risk of HQ<1.0 for adults, children, and babies (Table 22). This suggests that there is very little risk, especially for vulnerable adults, children, and newborns. Nonetheless, adults (5.9 × 10-2) might experience the consequences in contrast to newborns and kids (9.4 × 10-2). Furthermore, compared to infants and children with worst-case scenarios (HQ>1.0), adults, children, and babies residing in the research area are unlikely to suffer negative health effects from normal exposure scenarios to 8 hours of CO (HQ<1.0). Discussion Air quality assessment was carried out on data collected from 35 select locationswithin the study area in both the dry and the rainy seasons for a 2-year analyticalperiodto investigate the effect of seasonal variation on theconcentration levelsofcriteriaairpollutantsforqualityassurance. The majority of contaminants were found at higher amounts during the dry seasons than during the rainy ones. This might be explained by higher pollutant dispersion in the dry seasons compared to the wet seasons and reduced pollutant output during the rainy seasons. Rainfall events may also play a role in scavenging air contaminants released by both natural and man-made sources. MATLABComparisonModel,BarCharts,ArtificialNeuralNetwork(ANN),Box&Whiskers Plot, the Multi-Comparative Graph and ANOVA Table Discussion ANOVA best description lies on the multi-comparative graph which normally has 2linesofdifferentcolours.Ifthelinesinthegraphhavedifferentcolours, itmeansthatthedatacompared(meandataofthedryandtherainyseasonsofpollutants)vary significantlyorissignificantlydifferentindicatingthattheconcentrationlevelofthepollutanti saffectedbyseasonalchange.Ifthelineshaveonecolour(maybeblueandtheotheroneisblurred), itmeansdatacompared are insignificantly different (concentration level of the pollutant is notaffected by seasonal change) because it’s a one-way ANOVA. The outcome of theANOVA is affirmed by the multi-comparative graph. If the tip of the boxes in theBox and Whiskers plot are not at the same level, it shows that the data sets aresignificantly different from each other. Both the “Box and Whiskers plot” and the“Multi-Comparative graph” affirm presented information, explaining one and thesame thing –The ANOVA Table. The emphasis on determining the significant levelof the data that are being compared is based on the multi-comparative graphs. Ifthemulti-comparativegraphsstatesclearlythattherearesignificantdifferences,it means the ANOVA table suggests the same. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), atool in MATLAB 2015 application is plotted with actual data to see if it will trackthe actual data. If the lines follow the same pattern, it means ANN tracked theactual data properly and can beused torepresent/gather information ordatawithregardstopollutantconcentrationinalltheareasconsidered.Ifitdoesnot,it means ANN cannot be utilized to represent that data. Once, you use ANN tomodel, you can predict with them to generate values of their own with which toplottheirgraphs. Thelinemovementorplotsshows clearlythediscrepancies. Air pollution continues to be a menace to public health and the environment worldwide. According to research, ambient air pollution exposure can have negative health impacts at or below the levels permitted by national and international air quality regulations. Our study's conclusions showed that during the monitoring period, the 24-hour PM10 ambient quality threshold of 75 µg/m3 was surpassed. The average yearly PM10 concentration found in our research was significantly higher than the 45 µg/m3 NAAQS guideline limit. This could explain the chronic (annual) HQ>1 found in our investigation, which suggests a degree of risk associated with long-term PM10 exposure. According to estimates, outdoor air pollution caused 1.1% of deaths in children under the age of five and 3.7% of deaths in individuals 30 years of age and over due to lung, tracheal, and bronchus malignancies [20]. A 2001 assessment of twelve earlier research confirmed that hospital admissions for ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure increase with every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10. Long-term exposure to PM10 has been associated with an increase in morbidity and death from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among the susceptible population (elderly individuals and those with a prior medical history of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases) [20]. Large population studies have also demonstrated a connection between hospital admissions for respiratory conditions (such as asthma, COPD, and pneumonia) and ambient PM10. Even with little contact, the effects appear to be more pronounced in elderly patients. The 1-hour, 24-hour, and annual mean concentrations of NO2 were found to be higher than the national standard in this investigation. A minimal risk exists for both acute and intermediate exposure to ambient NO2 levels, with the exception of children's intermediate (normal) exposure, according to data from the risk characterization assessment. However, a sensitive person may be at risk after a year of exposure to ambient NO2 levels. According to recent epidemiological research, the general public may be more likely to be admitted to the emergency room for acute and obstructive lung disorders when exposed to low levels of NO2 [21, 22]. Research from Canada, Denmark, and Italy revealed a strong correlation between NO2 exposure and acute ischemic stroke [23, 24]. Nevertheless, a number of research failed to discover any conclusive links between health impacts and exposure to ambient and personal NO2 levels [25]. The ambient value of SO2 in the studied area is also higher according to our study than it is according to the national norm. In the same way, exposure to SO2 for one hour does not appear to pose any health harm (HQ<1). Still, for intermediate worst-case, chronic (year) exposure to SO2 in the research area, some risk values for susceptible individuals were identified. According to USEPA (2002), there has been evidence of SO2 aggravating childhood asthma at quite modest concentrations—well below the limits set by the US EPA and WHO. More evidence that SO2 is associated with negative health outcomes in the short term, such as mortality and morbidity, comes from multicity studies carried out in Europe and Asia [26]. In this investigation, elevated CO ambient values were noted. Because CO is non-irritating and imperceptible in the air we breathe, researchers believe that exposure to ambient CO levels is frequently overlooked and that its toxicity is frequently underreported and misdiagnosed [27]. In the USA, CO exposure has been connected to poison-correlated mortality [27].Acute and intermediate exposure to ambient CO concentrations, with the exception of intermediate (normal) exposure, is also less likely to have an impact on adults than on infants and children, according to data from the risk characterization assessment. This also applies to short-term and long-term NO2 exposures. It has been established that children are more vulnerable than adults to environmental contaminants. A few of the factors that make them a risk group are that they breathe in twice as much air while at rest as an adult does, making them comparatively more susceptible to respiratory and immune system problems. [19]. Uncertaintiesandlimitations Despite the existence of uncertainty in risk assessment, the application of risk assessment has proven beneficial in offering a consistent and quantitative framework for methodically assessing environmental health hazards and control options. The human health risk assessment method utilized in this study is conservative since it incorporates several process-integrated safety measures. As a result, the final risk estimate is probably going to overestimate actual danger. We used benchmark values based on national and international standards and guidelines, which were established based on the ensuing impacts on human health from exposure to recognized contaminants, together with USEPA equations to handle these uncertainties in our analysis. The following limitations were taken into consideration while interpreting the results of our investigation. Because of its ecological focus, this study's unit of analysis was populations or groups of people rather than individual participants. The ecological technique makes the assumption that everyone in the research region is exposed to the same level of air pollution and is not aware of any personal risk factors that could contribute to the development of disease outcomes. These risk variables include genetics, sociodemographic characteristics, and occupational exposure to pollutants and respiratory risks at work. Furthermore, it was not possible to identify the potential health risk associated with exposure to the combination of pollutants rather than the individual pollutants as measured in our study. This study has several noteworthy strengths. The study's first-ever description of the health risk connected to human exposure to PM and other gaseous pollutants makes it unique in the field of study. Furthermore, the study makes use of hourly air pollution data, has a proven data gathering approach, and its findings are broadly applicable. Furthermore, our results can be compared with those of other studies since we used the USEPA human health risk assessment framework, which was initially approved by the National Research Council in 1994. Conclusion The study used MATLAB 2015 software to generate air pollution models whichwereappliedintheMonitoringandhealthriskevaluationofatmosphericpollutants in Owerri Metropolis & Sub-urban areas of Imo State, Nigeria usingChemometric Methods. The findings indicated that the contaminants were year-round, but with seasonal variations in concentration and levels beyond the WHO, NAAQS, and FEPA thresholds. The dry seasons were morepollutedbySO 2 andPM 10 thantherainyseasons.Thiscouldbeattributedtolower pollutant emission during the rainy seasons and higher pollutant dispersionin the dry seasons than in the rainy seasons. Another factor could be due toscavengingoftheatmosphericpollutantsemittedfromnaturalandanthropogenic sources by rain events. Recently, there were reports on the use ofNanomaterialsinremediatingair pollution [27].Thoughthesestudieshavedemonstrated their efficacy in laboratory settings, more research is necessary forthefullunderstandingofhowNanotechnologycansignificantlyaffecttheremediationof air contaminantsinrealcasescenario. The research area's measured acute, intermediate, and chronic ambient PM10 and gaseous pollutant concentrations were higher than the NAAQS. Significant health risks have been linked to acute, intermediate, and long-term exposure to the contaminants; nevertheless, adults and children are more likely to experience negative health outcomes than babies. Sensitive people faced varying degrees of risk from long-term chronic (annual) exposure to common and worst-case exposure scenarios to each of the contaminants, with risk severity varying amongst groups. When it comes to taking more proactive measures to protect and extend human life, government officials, environmental experts, and other relevant stakeholders will benefit greatly from the identification of potential health risks associated with these pollutants as determined by the human health risk assessment framework. These results will also help legislators enforce and improve current laws that establish risk management plans and restrict the amount of pollution that can be released into the atmosphere. SuggestionsforfurtherStudy 1. AnempiricalModelshouldbedeployedinthepredictionofpollutionfactors with the outcome compared to the outcome of the Artificial NeuralNetwork(ANN) Model. 2. OtherArtificialIntelligenceModelsshouldbeusedandcomparedtodeterminethebestModelthatrepresentsenvironmentalpollutantsobtainedfromthefield. ConversionRates · 1mg/L= 1ppm · 1ppm=2,500µg/m 3 · 1ppb=1,000ppm · 1mg/m 3 = 1,000 µg/m 3 · 1ppm=1.15 mg/m 3 Declarations Authors Contribution Declaration: I hereby declare that all the authors in the above in this paper, contributed to the writing of this paper. The contributory authors are: G.C. Adiele, U.U. Egereonu, S.K. Egereonu, J.C. Ike and R.U. Iwuagwu. Consent to Publish Declaration: I hereby declare that all the authors in the above in this paper, concented to the writing of this paper. The authors that gave their consents are: G.C. Adiele, U.U. Egereonu, S.K. Egereonu, J.C. Ike and R.U. Iwuagwu. It was agreed upon by all authors to publish this research. Consent to Participate Declaration: All the authors in the above paper, consented to participate in the writing of this paper. The authors that gave their consents are: G.C. Adiele, U.U. Egereonu, S.K. Egereonu, J.C. Ike and R.U. Iwuagwu. Funding Declaration: No funding. Clinical Trials/Number: Not application. Ethics Declaration: Not applicable. Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest, according to the authors. References Hassan, S. M., & Abdullahi, M. E. (2012). Evaluation of pollutants in ambientair:A casestudyof Abuja,Nigeria. Int J Sci andResearch , 2 (12), 1–9. WHO(WorldHealthOrganization) (2018). FirstGlobalConferenceonAirPollutionandHealth. https://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/ Mannucci, P. M., Harari, S., Martinelli, I., & Franchini, M. (2015). Effects onhealth of air pollution: a narrative review. Internal and EmergencyMedicine , 10 (6), 657–662. 10.1007/s11739-015-1276-7 Rückerl, R., Schneider, A., & &Breitner, S. (2011). Health effects of particulateair pollution: a review of epidemiological evidence. Inhal Toxicol , 23 , 555–592. 10.3109/08958378.2011.593587 Ostro, B., Tobias, A., & Querol, X. (2011). ),The effects of particulate mattersourcesondailymortality:acase-crossoverstudyofBarcelona. Spain Environ HealthPerspect , 119 , 1781–1787. 10.1289/ehp.1103618 SchikowskiT RanftU. AndSugiriD.(2010),Declineinairpollutionandchange in prevalence in respiratory symptoms and chronic obstructivepulmonarydiseaseinelderlywomen.RespirRes11:113. 10.1186/1465-9921-11-113 Kalantzi, E. G., Makris, D., & Duquenne, M. N. (2011). Air pollutants andmorbidityof cardiopulmonarydiseasesinasemi-urbanGreekpeninsula.AtmosEnviron.45:7121-6. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.032 Hanninen, O., Economopoulos, A., & OzKaynak, H. (1999). Information on airquality required for health impact assessment and monitoring. WHORegionalPublications EuropeanSeries , 85 , 1–83. Chasant, M. (2019). Nigeria leads Africa in air pollution–Related deaths:Updatedestimates. ATCMASK,April 04, 2019. Kayode, S., John, & Kamson, F. (2013). Air pollution by CarbonMonoxide (CO) poisonous gas in Lagos Area. Southwestern Nigeria AtmosphericandClimateSciences , 3 , 510–514. Komolafe Akinola, A., Abdul-Azeez, S., Adeleye Anifowose, A., Francis Omowonuola, B. A., & Dauda Rotimi, A. (2014). Air pollution andClimate change in Lagos, Nigeria: Need for proactive approaches to riskmanagement and adaptation. American Journal of Environmental Sciences , 10 (4), 412–423. USEPA(UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency)(2000),TermsofEnvironment: Rating scale for outdoor air. USA Guide to Environmentalissues,WashingtonD.C.DOC.,2350/B-24-07. FagbejaM.A.,ChattertonT.J.,LonghurstJ.W.S.,AkinyedeJ. O.&AdegokeJ. O. (2008). Air pollution and management in the Niger Delta –Emergingissues. WIT Transactions on Ecology and Management, 116, 2008 WITPress. George, M. P., Kaur, B., Sharma, A., & Mishra, S. (2013). Seasonal variations ofair pollutants of Delhi and its health effects. NeBIO J Environ Biodivers , 4 (4), 42–46. Briggs, D., Corvalan, C., & Nurminen, M. (1996). Linkage methods forenvironmentalhealthanalysis:generalguidelines.Geneva. WHO(WorldHealthOrganization)1999.Principlesfortheassessmentofrisks to human health from exposure to chemicals. Environmental HealthCriteria. Geneva,Switzerland. Matooane, M., & Diab, R. (2003). Health risk assessment for sulfur dioxide pollution in South Durban, South Africa. Archives Of Environmental Health , 58 , 763–770. 10.3200/AEOH.58.12.763-770 AnyikaL.C.,AlisaC.O.,NkwoadaA.U.,OparaA.I.,EjikeE.N.,&OnuohaG.N.,(2018),GISandMATLABmodelingofcriteriapollutants:Astudyoflower Onitsha basin during rains. Journal of Science Technology andEnvironmentInformatics ,06(01):443–457. Crossref://doi.org/10.18801/jstei.060118.47 Thabethe, N. D. L., Engelbrecht, J. C., & Wright, C. Y. (2014). Human healthrisks posed by exposure to PM 10 for four life stages in a low socio-economiccommunityinSouthAfrica. PanAfr MedJ , 18 , 206. 10.11604/pamj.2014.18.206.3393 Hoek, G., Krishnan, R. M., & Beelen, R. (2013). Long-term air pollutionexposureandcardio-respiratorymortality:areview.EnvironHealth12:43. 10.1186/1476-069X-12-43 Chen, R., & Samoli, E. (2012). & W ong C. M. Associations between short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality in 17 Chinese cities: theChina Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES). Environ Int; 45:32–8. 10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.008 Santus, P., Russo, A., & Madonini, E. (2012). How air pollution influencesclinical management of respiratory diseases. A case-crossover study. inMilan RespirRes 13:95 . 10.1186/1465-9921-13-95 Vidale, S., Bonanomi, A., & Guidotti, M. (2010). Air pollution positivelycorrelateswithdailystrokeadmissionandinhospitalmortality:astudyinthe urban area of Como. Italy Neurol Sci , 31 , 179–182. 10.1007/s10072-009-0206-8 Andersen, Z. J., Kristiansen, L. C., Andersen, K. K., Olsen, T. S., Hvidberg, M., Jensen, S. S., & Raaschou-Nielsen, O. (2012). Stroke and Long-Term ExposuretoOutdoorAirPollutionfromNitrogenDioxide: ACohortStudy Stroke ,43:320–325. Linaker, C. H., Chauhan, A. J., & Inskip, H. M. (2000). Personal exposures ofchildrento nitrogen dioxiderelativeto concentrationsinoutdoorair. Occupational And Environmental Medicine , 57 , 472–476. 10.1136/oem.57.7.472 Sunyer, J., Ballester, F., & Tertre, A. L. (2003). The association of daily sulfurdioxideairpollutionlevelswithhospitaladmissionsforcardiovasculardiseases in Europe. (The Aphea-II study). European Heart Journal , 24 , 752–760. 10.1016/S0195-668X(02)00808-4 Iroegbulam, I. U., Egereonu, U. U., Ogukwe, C. E., Akalezi, C. O., Egereonu, J. C., Duru, C. E., & Okoro, J. N. (2022). Assessment of seasonal variations in airquality from Lagos Metropolis and Suburbs . using Chemometric Models.SpringernatureJournal,Chemistry Africa. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-22-005378 Tables Tables 1–12 and 14–22 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6771057","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":464401866,"identity":"9ded851c-979c-4083-b221-eb453d40a304","order_by":0,"name":"Goodness Chizurum Adiele","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rivers State University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Goodness","middleName":"Chizurum","lastName":"Adiele","suffix":""},{"id":464401867,"identity":"c81d4b7a-9821-4e1a-ae9c-260798649398","order_by":1,"name":"Ubaezue Ugochukwu Egereonu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADfhCRUECKFskGkBYDUrQYHACTxKg83n7xcUXFncTN51cnfnhgwCDPL3aAgJYzZ4oNz5x5lrjtxtvNEkCHGc6cnUBAy42cNMnGtsNALWc3gLQkGNwmpOX+m/SfIC2bZ5zd/IM4LTfYjzGCtGzg791GnC2SZ3KYJRvOHDaecYN3m0WCgQRhv/AdP/7wY0PFYdn+/rObb/6osJHnlyaghYGBBxoXEmCVEoSUgwD7AwjNf4AY1aNgFIyCUTASAQAASkzRHwditgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ubaezue","middleName":"Ugochukwu","lastName":"Egereonu","suffix":""},{"id":464401868,"identity":"5b32fdaa-cf94-4957-97aa-223b0e7a9691","order_by":2,"name":"Sunny Kalu Egereonu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sunny","middleName":"Kalu","lastName":"Egereonu","suffix":""},{"id":464401869,"identity":"4c6e7bd2-a031-40e7-baa0-2b82e01e7632","order_by":3,"name":"Justice Chijioke Ike","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Technology Owerri","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Justice","middleName":"Chijioke","lastName":"Ike","suffix":""},{"id":464401870,"identity":"895bc3d9-4725-4a02-97de-6de36f8b3308","order_by":4,"name":"Ruth Uchenna Iwuagwu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rivers State University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruth","middleName":"Uchenna","lastName":"Iwuagwu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-28 21:08:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6771057/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6771057/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84422942,"identity":"13e8a82c-8dbe-450a-a4df-8c439a696175","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-11 18:41:05","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":286192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGISMapof Study Area showing Sampling locations\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6771057/v1/b34bd3ad2334b9e761b47b5f.png"},{"id":84423601,"identity":"64a63e0d-f50d-4f4a-92f9-6dbc53c36fdb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-11 18:49:05","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":154372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCarbon Monoxide MATLAB Comparison Model\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6771057/v1/e98254fc16915f024eacc1f4.png"},{"id":84423599,"identity":"05a52a3f-c99c-42d6-a3e6-c901a6b23b2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-11 18:49:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":86710,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative Analysis of Actual and ANN Predicted CO\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6771057/v1/6b37d5a7a2d665a01802c733.png"},{"id":84423604,"identity":"5dda5be9-5c44-43c4-b2ba-11ac497189d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-11 18:49:05","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCarbon Monoxide Box \u0026amp; 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Urban air quality concerns are primarily caused by the growing human population, industrialization, urbanization, modernization, and the corresponding increase in automobile emissions and activities. The General Director of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, called air pollution \"the new tobacco\" and a \"silent public health emergency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] in 2018 during the first-ever WHO Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health. Over one in nine deaths globally are attributed to air pollution. It was the fourth most important risk factor for death worldwide in 2019 and is predicted to have contributed to 7\u0026nbsp;million deaths worldwide. The only things that have a greater overall impact are tobacco use, dietary hazards, and high blood pressure. It is estimated that each year about 1.28\u0026nbsp;million people die worldwide as a result of being exposed to air pollution during traffic accidents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposures to air pollution for long and short terms have indicated increased mortality and reduced life expectancy. There is also a yearly pattern that shows that during the dry season, average daily concentration levels of SO2, NO2, and PM10 are greater. On the other hand, certain demographics are more vulnerable to certain types of air pollution. Those who are young, old, pregnant, or have concomitant diseases are the most vulnerable demographics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].According to estimates, air pollution is responsible for 24% of strokes and 43% of lung ailments. According to WHO projections, ischemic heart disease and stroke accounted for almost 37% of premature deaths in 2019 associated with outdoor air pollution, followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (18%), acute lower respiratory infections (23%), and respiratory tract cancer (11%). Inhaled particles known as particulate matter (PM) can enter the respiratory system and lead to cancer, reproductive, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disorders, as well as malfunctions of the central nervous system and reproductive organs. Moreover, it is thought that sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are dangerous air pollutants for people. Excessive levels of carbon monoxide have the potential to induce poisoning symptoms through inhalation. Depending on the extent of exposure, heavy metals like lead can cause either acute poisoning or long-term intoxication when absorbed into the human body. The majority of the respiratory system ailments brought on by the substances listed above include asthma, bronchiolitis, lung cancer, cardiovascular events, abnormalities of the central nervous system, and skin conditions. People who are sensitive or prone to air pollution may have health effects even on days with moderate levels of pollution. Short-term exposure to air pollution is closely linked to the following conditions: wheezing, asthma, respiratory disorders, shortness of breath, cough, and high hospitalization rates (a measure of morbidity).The long-term effects of air pollution include cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary insufficiency, chronic asthma, and cardiovascular death. A Swedish cohort research suggests that prolonged exposure to air pollution may cause diabetes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, it appears that early-life exposure to air pollution causes a range of harmful health outcomes, including respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, and perinatal illnesses that can result in chronic disease in adulthood or infant death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. It's interesting to note, though, that industrialized and high-income nations have seen a greater prevalence of cardiovascular disorders than developing, low-income nations that are heavily exposed to air pollution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].The number of deaths in December 1952 in London and in New York City in 1963 (400 deaths) grew as a result of air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide and smoke, which accumulated to 1,500 mg/m3 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In all situations, the concentrations of fine, inhalable, and sulfate particles appear to be more closely associated with mortality than are the levels of aerosol acidity, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, or total particulate pollution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, it is crucial to monitor atmospheric change to ascertain the extent of population exposure to air pollutants, which can have a range of unfavorable effects. Due to the state of Imo's lack of air quality reporting, industrialization, urbanization, and population growth, the impacts of pollution are mostly dependent on the kind of pollutant, its amount, duration, and frequency of exposure, as well as its toxicity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Models which integrate new observations into coherent theoretical frameworks were employed to test this understanding by providing results that could be compared with independent data as would be observed in the monitoring locations in both the dry and the rainy seasons for the study duration. Air pollutant mappings produced using these models could be used as an information source to boost the health of the inhabitants of Imo State and would also help relevant agencies make valid decisions necessary and strategic for better pollution policies,control and management. The gap in Nigeria air quality policies exists because relevant authorities are not using proactive predictive approaches in developing effectivestrategies for air quality planning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].However, more predictive and proactive approaches; GIS (IDW method) and MATLAB (Polynomial linear regression) are being used in this research to present the spatial variation of air pollutants concentration in the study area and interpret the experimental/actual data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e1.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGasman Air-Monitor-Crowcon, Hazdust Particulate Monitor \u0026ndash;Model EPAM 5000,MATLAB2015(Polynomiallinearregression),ArtificialNeuralNetwork (ANN).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.2 StudyArea\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImo is a state in the southeast of Nigeria, one of the 36 states in the country. Createdonthe3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003eofFebruary,1976undertheregimeofthelatemilitaryHeadofState, Gen. Murtala Muhammad is located in an area of around 5,100 square kilometers and is between latitudes 4\u0026deg;45\u0026apos;N and 7\u0026deg;15\u0026apos;N and longitudes 6\u0026deg;50\u0026apos;E and 7\u0026deg;25\u0026apos;E.Thestatehasa population ofapproximately3.9millionaccordingtothe2006census;aprojected population of 5,408,800 is predominantly Igbo, in addition to Englishbeing the official language. Christianity is the predominant religion. Imo Stateconsistsoftwenty-seven[14] Local Government Areas: Ikeduru, Isiala Mbano, Isu, Mbaitoli, Ngor-Okpala, Njaba, Nkwerre, Nwangele, Obowo, Oguta, Ohaji/Egbema, Okigwe, Onuimo, Orlu, Orsu, Oru East, Oru West, Owerri Municipal, Owerri North, Owerri West. Situated between the upper and middle Imo River and the lower Niger River sits the state capital, Owerri. Imo State shares borders with the following states: Rivers State to the south, Anambra State to the north, River Niger and Delta State to the west, and Abia State to the east. The K\u0026ouml;ppen-Geiger classification assigns it a tropical wet climate. With a brief dry season, the majority of the year is spent in the rain. The rainy season, which spans from April to October, sees an annual rainfall of between 1,500 and 2,200 mm (60 and 80 inches). Relative humidity rises to 75% with an annual temperature above 20 \u0026deg;C (68 \u0026deg;F), and reaches 90% during the rainy season. Harmattan occurs for two months during the dry season, from late December to late February. According to www.igbofocus.co.uk, January through March are the hottest months. Owerri, the state\u0026apos;s major capital, is made up of the three Local Government Areas of Owerri Municipal, Owerri North, and Owerri West.The only local government in the state with an autonomous community called Owerri Nchi-ise and just one town called Owerri Municipal town is Owerri Municipal. Its headquarters are located in Owerri City. Situated at the intersection of routes from Port-Harcourt, Onitsha, Aba, Orlu, Okigwe, and Umuahia, Owerri Municipality has an area of 58 km\u0026sup2; and a population of 125,337 as of the 2006 census. Known collectively as Owerri Nchi-ise, Umuororonjo, Amawom, Umuonyeche, Umuodu, and Umuoyima are the five villages that comprise Owerre town, often spelled Owerri. Owerri town served as the administrative center for Owerri Division and, subsequently, the former Owerri Province due to British colonialism and influence in the early 1900s. Additionally, Owerri City was selected as the capital of Imo State upon its creation on February 3, 1976. Owerri City became a municipal city on December 15, 1996. OtherLocalGovernment Areas of the state included in cause of the study includes; EhimeMbanoandMbaitoli.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.3 Geological Map of Study\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003eAreaImoState\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.4 Briefdescriptionofsamplinglocations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.5 AirQualitySampling\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGaspollutantsConcentrationswerecollectedfromthedistributedsamplingstations across the study area and Coordinate values of locations captured usingGPS (GlobalPositioning System) device.In order to ensure adequate representation, sites for conducting air quality measurements were chosen using a stratified random sampling technique.\u0026nbsp;StratificationonebasedontheAustralianStandardAS2922.Samplingfrequencyforthecriteriaairpollutants(SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e,CO,NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026amp;PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e)carriedout twice weekly for 14 weeks in both the dry and the rainy seasons in the 35select air monitoring locations for 2 years. The gas pollutants were determinedusing the Crowcon Gas Monitor while dust concentration was measured using theHAZ-DUSTEPAM 5000ParticulateMonitor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.Results\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults obtained from the analysis of pollutants concentration of the atmospherein 35 select locations within Imo State in both the dry seasons (November D\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e,January D\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, February D\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) and the rainy seasons (June R\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, July R\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, August R\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) for a 2-yearanalyticalperiodusingstandardinstrumentalmethodsare as follows;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. HumanHealthRiskAssessment(HHRA)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA comprehensive process for characterizing the negative effects of human exposure to hazardous chemicals is health risk assessment. The HHRA measures the health impacts of human exposure to a specific pollutant using exposure data that is currently available and is predictive in nature [15]. Numerous epidemiological studies have discovered a link between poor air quality and a range of harmful health effects, highlighting the major contribution of air pollution to the burden of disease in the general population, which can range from subclinical effects to early mortality. At the individual, societal, and preventative health and disease l\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eevels, health risk assessment of air quality can be extremely important. The Air Pollution Health Risk Assessment (AP-HRA) is a crucial tool for informing public policy decisions because it projects t\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehe anticipated health effects of measures affecting air quality under different policy, environmental, and socioeconomic scenarios.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven that air pollution is currently one of the biggest health risks, there is enough scientific evidence to support the creation of methods that integrate epidemiological evaluation into the risk associated with health. The concept of AP-HRA has been present since the 1950s, but its adoption by the global health care system has not happened as swiftly. At the levels of disease prevention and health promotion at the individual, community, and global levels, AP-HRAs can be extremely important.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy weighing the costs and health benefits of climate change mitigation measures, the HRA tools can help with policy decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;AP-HRAs estimate the health impact to be expected from measures that affect air quality, in different socioeconomic, environmental, and policy circumstances,\u0026quot; the World Health Organization states. Thus, it serves as a crucial instrument for guiding the formulation of public policy. For the purpose of regulatory decision-making and public participation, it summarizes data on exposure to air pollution, health effects, and community risk.AP-HRAs have been utilized in numerous studies, such as the WHO\u0026apos;s global burden of illness study, to help comprehend the health benefits that will result from improved air quality. They have switched over the past ten years from primarily qualitative methods to quantitative ones. HRA tools evaluate the health hazards associated with key pollutants, such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides (NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eand SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), ground-level ozone (O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), and particulates (PM2.5), for the population that is exposed to them. With Concentration Response Functions (CRFs), they use the predicted mortality rates from lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and respiratory infections to relate the change in the level of the air pollution concentration [15].This work presents the concept of AP-HRA, provides an outline for conducting AP-HRA properly for various situations, and provides a general explanation of how air pollution-related impacts are assessed and how health hazards associated with air pollutants and their sources are measured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe four parts of the HHRA framework are risk characterization, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, and hazard identification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHazardIdentification\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA review of the literature was done in order to determine the health concerns associated with PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssessment of Dose-Response\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this case, the quantity of the pollutant ingested into the body was calculated based on exposure duration and concentration (WHO, 1999). This study did not conduct a dose-response assessment. Instead, we used the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) as the baseline and compared the detected ambient concentration of contaminants in the research area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation of Exposure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe population exposed to the risk, as well as the level and length of exposure, are determined by the exposure assessment. In our analysis, the primary pathway of exposure to the contaminants under observation was believed to be inhalation. A scenario assessment method was employed in this study. For both intermediate (24-hour) and chronic (year) exposure periods, worst-case (continuous exposure) and normal (average exposure) scenarios were calculated. Additionally, the typical acute exposure times of one hour were ascertained.These were ascertained across three age groups: children (6\u0026ndash;12 years), adults (19\u0026ndash;75 years), and newborns (birth to one year). The acute exposure rate equation for non-carcinogenic pollutants (PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 14\u003c/strong\u003e illustrates the many assumptions that underpin the requirements for each age group (USEPA, 1997).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe EF value is determined by assuming that an individual will be absent from their residence (study area) for 14 days each year [17]. The DE was calculated at 1, 12, and 30 years old for infants, children, and adults, respectively. The estimated AT is calculated by multiplying the exposure time by 365 days per year. Estimated ET values for acute, intermediate, and chronic exposure durations based on average and continuous scenarios are presented in Table 15 for each population group [17]. For each exposure group, default values for IR and BW (USEPA, 1997) are provided in Table 16.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharacterization of Risk\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe quantitative assessment of the health risk associated with pollutant exposure is known as risk characterization. Here, the hazard quotient (HQ) is used to quantify potential non-carcinogenic effects of exposure to a known pollutant [17]. It shows the likelihood that someone who is healthy and/or sensitive will experience a negative health consequence. For scenarios of both acute and chronic exposure, non-cancer hazards were computed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHQ=ADD/REL(Chronicexposure) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHQ=AHD/REL(Acuteexposure) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eREL is the dosage at which exposed groups will experience noticeably worse health outcomes than the unexposed group. The Office of the Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has established the term \u0026quot;Reference Exposure Level\u0026quot; (REL), which we employed in this investigation. Table 17 lists the RELs that are utilized. The standard for safety is regarded to be an HQ of 1.0. A 1.0 HQ suggests that there could be some dangers associated with exposure for those who are easily offended.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eConcentration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable12showedtheannualmeanrangeofPM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003einthedryseasonswas10.21-12.62 mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e which were higher than that of the rainy seasons 7.53 - 8.89 mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e.The highest reading of 12.62 mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e occurred in the dry season. PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e was shownto be present throughout the year with the dry season been more polluted. PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003econcentration levels were higher than both FEPA and NAAQS standards.ANOVAanalysis on Table 13 affirmed by the Box and Whiskers plot on Fig. 16 and theMulti-Comparative graph on Fig. 17 interprets the concentration values of thepollutant in the dry seasons as varying significantly from that of the rainy seasonsindicating that Particulate matter concentration of the atmosphere was affectedbyseasonalchange.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean hourly, daily and annual concentrations of PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e in the study area are14,121 (14.12 mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e), 10,841 (10.84 mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) and 10,060 µg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (10.06 mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)respectively (Table 18). The NAAQS recommended mean limit of 20 µg/m3 annually and the daily (24-hour) guideline limit of 50 µg/m3 were both surpassed. Since a 1-hour REL value for PM10 could not be located in the literature, the 1-hour (acute) scenario was disregarded. Table 19 provides the HQ from the health risk categorization resulting from PM10 exposure. The results demonstrated that the exposed population had a high (HQ\u0026gt;1) probability of experiencing health-related problems under the typical and worst-case scenarios for average and continuous exposures, respectively. This is because an HQ\u0026gt;1.0 suggests that PM10 is likely to have a negative impact on health. However, in the typical and worst-case scenarios, respectively, for intermediate exposure, children (3.3 × 101 vs. 1.3 × 102) and babies (55.0 × 10-1 vs. 1.3 × 102) are likely to be affected from exposure to PM10 compared with adults (1.0 × 101 vs. 8.3 × 101). For normal and worst-case exposures in the Chronic (Annual) exposure scenario, HQ\u0026gt;1.0 for adults, children, and newborns. These findings suggest that long-term exposure to PM10 may put a vulnerable exposed population at risk of health issues. In the best-case scenario, adults will be more harmed than children and infants, but under normal chronic exposure, children are more likely to be affected than adults and infants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eConcentration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean range SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e readings recorded for the dry seasons was 0.54 - 0.87 ppmandfortherainyseasons0.46-0.73ppmasshowninTable10.Theseconcentration levels for both seasons were however, seen to exceed the NAAQSStandard of 0.5 ppm but falls within FEPA Standard of 26 ppm for SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in theatmosphere. Fig. 15 interprets the data as having slight variation in the air SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003econcentration levels in both seasons.Valuesobtained from SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eANOVA analysison Table 11 which is affirmed by Fig. 12, SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Box and Whiskers plot and Fig. 13,SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Multi-Comparative plot showed that data sets were significantly different,indicatingthatatmosphericSO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003econcentrationwasaffectedby changeinseason.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe measured average concentration ofSO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for 1-hr, 24-hr and annual averagesin the study area are 2,300 (0.92 ppm), 1,667 (0.67ppm) and 1,450 µg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (0.58ppm) respectively (Table 18). These results are significantly higher than the NAAQS recommended maximum values of 350, 125, and 50 µg/m3 for one-hour, 24-hour, and annual averages, respectively (Table 17). For both adults and infants, the estimated risk of acute and intermediate (normal) exposures to SO2 was found to be HQ\u0026lt;1.0 (Table 20). This suggests a very small risk, even for the most delicate person. HQ\u0026gt;1 for infant, child, and adult exposure to SO2 for intermediate worst-case, and HQ\u0026gt;1 for children's exposure to SO2 for intermediate normal. For acuteexposure,infantsandchildren(1.7×10\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)arelikelytobeaffectedthesamewayfrom exposure to SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e compared with adults (1.1 × 10\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e).For the entire study population, under both the best and worst case scenarios for chronic exposure, HQ\u0026gt;1. This suggests that exposure to SO2 may pose certain dangers to susceptible persons. Age groups experience exposed to varying degrees of harshness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eConcentration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the study period, the average range concentration for the dry seasons of NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ewas 0.55 - 0.75 ppm while the rainy seasons was 0.68 - 0.85 ppm. A peak readingof0.85ppmwasnotedduringtherainyseason.TheFEPA(Stationarysources)and NAAQS (Ambient limit) NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e values for Nigeria [18] is 0.06 ppm and 0.1 ppmrespectively (FEPA, 1991) thus, the NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e levels at all sampling points exceeds bothFEPAandNAAQSlimitforNitrogen dioxideintheatmosphere.Fig.6,NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMATLAB Comparison Model shows both seasons as having similar concentrationleveldistribution,withtherainyseasonexperiencinghighervariationinconcentrationlevels.ValuesfromNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eANOVAanalysisonTable9,showsthatdatasetsareasignificantlydifferent.ThisisaffirmedbyFig.14,theNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eBoxand Whiskers plot (since the tip of the boxes not at the same level) and Fig. 15,NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Multi-Comparative graph (the 2 lines of the graph having different colours –BlueandRed),implyingthatNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003econcentrationintheatmospherewasaffectedbyseasonalchange.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe monitored 1-hour, 24-hour and annual concentrations of NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e shown in Table18 were 2,692 (1.077 ppm), 2,027 (0.81 ppm) and 1,775 µg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (0.71 ppm). The research region surpassed the 1-hour, 24-hour, and yearly standards of NAAQS, which are 200, 80, and 40 µg/m3, respectively (Table 17). Table 21's HQ calculations for each acute NO2 exposure level indicated that there was no chance of negative health effects for infants, children, or adults at this level of exposure (HQ\u0026lt;1.0), the same for infants in the intermediate (Normal) scenario, and otherwise (HQ\u0026gt;1) for all age groups in the intermediate (worst-case), children, and adult scenarios. In contrast, adults (8.3 × 104) are more likely to be impacted by the worst-case chronic exposure, whereas children (1.3 × 104) appear to be more likely to be harmed by typical chronic exposure than babies (3.7 × 102) and adults (1.0 × 104).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOConcentration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcentration values throughout the wet seasons are displayed in Table 6. 53–65 ppm is greater than the 41–51 ppm recorded during the dry season. Theseconcentration levels for both seasons exceeded WHO, NAAQS and FEPA Standardof50ppm,35ppm,9ppmrespectivelyforcarbon monoxideintheatmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. 2, it is seen that the rainy seasons was the season most polluted with COsuggesting that the atmosphere contained more CO pollution during the rainyseasons. Obtained values from CO ANOVA analysis on table 7 which is affirmed bytheMulti-Comparative graphing Fig.5showsthatthecompareddataareinsignificantly different since the lines of the graph have only one colour (blue).This indicates that there was no significant variation in CO concentration level inbothseasonsthus;COconcentrationintheatmospherewasnotaffectedbyseasonalchange.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1-hour average CO concentration of 309,145 µg/m3 (123.7 ppm) and the 8-hour average CO concentration of 132,500 µg/m3 (53 ppm) (Table 18) were higher above the 1-hour and 8-hour exposure limits recommended by the NAAQS, which are 87,500 µg/m3 and 22,500 µg/m3, respectively. Acute exposure to CO is estimated to have a risk of HQ\u0026lt;1.0 for adults, children, and babies (Table 22). This suggests that there is very little risk, especially for vulnerable adults, children, and newborns. Nonetheless, adults (5.9 × 10-2) might experience the consequences in contrast to newborns and kids (9.4 × 10-2). Furthermore, compared to infants and children with worst-case scenarios (HQ\u0026gt;1.0), adults, children, and babies residing in the research area are unlikely to suffer negative health effects from normal exposure scenarios to 8 hours of CO (HQ\u0026lt;1.0).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAir quality assessment was carried out on data collected from 35 select locationswithin the study area in both the dry and the rainy seasons for a 2-year analyticalperiodto investigate the effect of seasonal variation on theconcentration levelsofcriteriaairpollutantsforqualityassurance.\u0026nbsp;The majority of contaminants were found at higher amounts during the dry seasons than during the rainy ones. This might be explained by higher pollutant dispersion in the dry seasons compared to the wet seasons and reduced pollutant output during the rainy seasons. Rainfall events may also play a role in scavenging air contaminants released by both natural and man-made sources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMATLABComparisonModel,BarCharts,ArtificialNeuralNetwork(ANN),Box\u0026amp;Whiskers Plot, the Multi-Comparative Graph and ANOVA Table Discussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eANOVA best description lies on the multi-comparative graph which normally has 2linesofdifferentcolours.Ifthelinesinthegraphhavedifferentcolours,\u003cbr\u003eitmeansthatthedatacompared(meandataofthedryandtherainyseasonsofpollutants)vary\u003cbr\u003esignificantlyorissignificantlydifferentindicatingthattheconcentrationlevelofthepollutanti\u003cbr\u003esaffectedbyseasonalchange.Ifthelineshaveonecolour(maybeblueandtheotheroneisblurred),\u003cbr\u003eitmeansdatacompared are insignificantly different (concentration level of the pollutant is notaffected by seasonal change) because it\u0026rsquo;s a one-way ANOVA.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003eThe outcome of theANOVA is affirmed by the multi-comparative graph. If the tip of the boxes in theBox and Whiskers plot are not at the same level, it shows that the data sets aresignificantly different from each other. Both the \u0026ldquo;Box and Whiskers plot\u0026rdquo; and the\u0026ldquo;Multi-Comparative graph\u0026rdquo; affirm presented information, explaining one and thesame thing \u0026ndash;The ANOVA Table. The emphasis on determining the significant levelof the data that are being compared is based on the multi-comparative graphs. Ifthemulti-comparativegraphsstatesclearlythattherearesignificantdifferences,it means the ANOVA table suggests the same. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), atool in MATLAB 2015 application is plotted with actual data to see if it will trackthe actual data. If the lines follow the same pattern, it means ANN tracked theactual data properly and can beused torepresent/gather information ordatawithregardstopollutantconcentrationinalltheareasconsidered.Ifitdoesnot,it means ANN cannot be utilized to represent that data. Once, you use ANN tomodel, you can predict with them to generate values of their own with which toplottheirgraphs. Thelinemovementorplotsshows clearlythediscrepancies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAir pollution continues to be a menace to public health and the environment worldwide. According to research, ambient air pollution exposure can have negative health impacts at or below the levels permitted by national and international air quality regulations. Our study\u0026apos;s conclusions showed that during the monitoring period, the 24-hour PM10 ambient quality threshold of 75 \u0026micro;g/m3 was surpassed. The average yearly PM10 concentration found in our research was significantly higher than the 45 \u0026micro;g/m3 NAAQS guideline limit. This could explain the chronic (annual) HQ\u0026gt;1 found in our investigation, which suggests a degree of risk associated with long-term PM10 exposure. According to estimates, outdoor air pollution caused 1.1% of deaths in children under the age of five and 3.7% of deaths in individuals 30 years of age and over due to lung, tracheal, and bronchus malignancies [20]. A 2001 assessment of twelve earlier research confirmed that hospital admissions for ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure increase with every 10 \u0026mu;g/m3 increase in PM10. Long-term exposure to PM10 has been associated with an increase in morbidity and death from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among the susceptible population (elderly individuals and those with a prior medical history of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases) [20]. \u0026nbsp;Large population studies have also demonstrated a connection between hospital admissions for respiratory conditions (such as asthma, COPD, and pneumonia) and ambient PM10. Even with little contact, the effects appear to be more pronounced in elderly patients. The 1-hour, 24-hour, and annual mean concentrations of NO2 were found to be higher than the national standard in this investigation. A minimal risk exists for both acute and intermediate exposure to ambient NO2 levels, with the exception of children\u0026apos;s intermediate (normal) exposure, according to data from the risk characterization assessment. However, a sensitive person may be at risk after a year of exposure to ambient NO2 levels. According to recent epidemiological research, the general public may be more likely to be admitted to the emergency room for acute and obstructive lung disorders when exposed to low levels of NO2 [21, 22]. Research from Canada, Denmark, and Italy revealed a strong correlation between NO2 exposure and acute ischemic stroke [23, 24]. Nevertheless, a number of research failed to discover any conclusive links between health impacts and exposure to ambient and personal NO2 levels [25]. The ambient value of SO2 in the studied area is also higher according to our study than it is according to the national norm. In the same way, exposure to SO2 for one hour does not appear to pose any health harm (HQ\u0026lt;1). Still, for intermediate worst-case, chronic (year) exposure to SO2 in the research area, some risk values for susceptible individuals were identified. According to USEPA (2002), there has been evidence of SO2 aggravating childhood asthma at quite modest concentrations\u0026mdash;well below the limits set by the US EPA and WHO. More evidence that SO2 is associated with negative health outcomes in the short term, such as mortality and morbidity, comes from multicity studies carried out in Europe and Asia [26]. In this investigation, elevated CO ambient values were noted. Because CO is non-irritating and imperceptible in the air we breathe, researchers believe that exposure to ambient CO levels is frequently overlooked and that its toxicity is frequently underreported and misdiagnosed [27]. In the USA, CO exposure has been connected to poison-correlated mortality [27].Acute and intermediate exposure to ambient CO concentrations, with the exception of intermediate (normal) exposure, is also less likely to have an impact on adults than on infants and children, according to data from the risk characterization assessment. This also applies to short-term and long-term NO2 exposures. It has been established that children are more vulnerable than adults to environmental contaminants. A few of the factors that make them a risk group are that they breathe in twice as much air while at rest as an adult does, making them comparatively more susceptible to respiratory and immune system problems. [19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUncertaintiesandlimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the existence of uncertainty in risk assessment, the application of risk assessment has proven beneficial in offering a consistent and quantitative framework for methodically assessing environmental health hazards and control options. The human health risk assessment method utilized in this study is conservative since it incorporates several process-integrated safety measures. As a result, the final risk estimate is probably going to overestimate actual danger. We used benchmark values based on national and international standards and guidelines, which were established based on the ensuing impacts on human health from exposure to recognized contaminants, together with USEPA equations to handle these uncertainties in our analysis. The following limitations were taken into consideration while interpreting the results of our investigation. Because of its ecological focus, this study\u0026apos;s unit of analysis was populations or groups of people rather than individual participants. The ecological technique makes the assumption that everyone in the research region is exposed to the same level of air pollution and is not aware of any personal risk factors that could contribute to the development of disease outcomes. These risk variables include genetics, sociodemographic characteristics, and occupational exposure to pollutants and respiratory risks at work. Furthermore, it was not possible to identify the potential health risk associated with exposure to the combination of pollutants rather than the individual pollutants as measured in our study. This study has several noteworthy strengths. The study\u0026apos;s first-ever description of the health risk connected to human exposure to PM and other gaseous pollutants makes it unique in the field of study. Furthermore, the study makes use of hourly air pollution data, has a proven data gathering approach, and its findings are broadly applicable. Furthermore, our results can be compared with those of other studies since we used the USEPA human health risk assessment framework, which was initially approved by the National Research Council in 1994.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study used MATLAB 2015 software to generate air pollution models whichwereappliedintheMonitoringandhealthriskevaluationofatmosphericpollutants in Owerri Metropolis \u0026amp; Sub-urban areas of Imo State, Nigeria usingChemometric Methods. The findings indicated that the contaminants were year-round, but with seasonal variations in concentration and levels beyond the WHO, NAAQS, and FEPA thresholds. The dry seasons were morepollutedbySO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eandPM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003ethantherainyseasons.Thiscouldbeattributedtolower pollutant emission during the rainy seasons and higher pollutant dispersionin the dry seasons than in the rainy seasons. Another factor could be due toscavengingoftheatmosphericpollutantsemittedfromnaturalandanthropogenic sources by rain events. Recently, there were reports on the use ofNanomaterialsinremediatingair pollution [27].Thoughthesestudieshavedemonstrated their efficacy in laboratory settings, more research is necessary forthefullunderstandingofhowNanotechnologycansignificantlyaffecttheremediationof air contaminantsinrealcasescenario.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research area\u0026apos;s measured acute, intermediate, and chronic ambient PM10 and gaseous pollutant concentrations were higher than the NAAQS. Significant health risks have been linked to acute, intermediate, and long-term exposure to the contaminants; nevertheless, adults and children are more likely to experience negative health outcomes than babies. Sensitive people faced varying degrees of risk from long-term chronic (annual) exposure to common and worst-case exposure scenarios to each of the contaminants, with risk severity varying amongst groups. When it comes to taking more proactive measures to protect and extend human life, government officials, environmental experts, and other relevant stakeholders will benefit greatly from the identification of potential health risks associated with these pollutants as determined by the human health risk assessment framework. These results will also help legislators enforce and improve current laws that establish risk management plans and restrict the amount of pollution that can be released into the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuggestionsforfurtherStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. AnempiricalModelshouldbedeployedinthepredictionofpollutionfactors with the outcome compared to the outcome of the Artificial NeuralNetwork(ANN) Model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. OtherArtificialIntelligenceModelsshouldbeusedandcomparedtodeterminethebestModelthatrepresentsenvironmentalpollutantsobtainedfromthefield.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eConversionRates\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; 1mg/L= 1ppm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; 1ppm=2,500\u0026micro;g/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; 1ppb=1,000ppm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; 1mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e= 1,000 \u0026micro;g/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; 1ppm=1.15 mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors Contribution Declaration:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI hereby declare that all the authors in the above in this paper, contributed to the writing of this paper. The contributory authors are: G.C. Adiele, U.U. Egereonu, S.K. Egereonu, J.C. Ike and R.U. Iwuagwu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent to Publish Declaration:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI hereby declare that all the authors in the above in this paper, concented to the writing of this paper. The authors that gave their consents are: G.C. Adiele, U.U. Egereonu, S.K. Egereonu, J.C. Ike and R.U. Iwuagwu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was agreed upon by all authors to publish this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent to Participate Declaration:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors in the above paper, consented to participate in the writing of this paper. The authors that gave their consents are: G.C. Adiele, U.U. Egereonu, S.K. Egereonu, J.C. Ike and R.U. Iwuagwu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding Declaration:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNo funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical Trials/Number:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNot application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics Declaration:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThere is no conflict of interest, according to the authors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHassan, S. M., \u0026amp; Abdullahi, M. E. (2012). Evaluation of pollutants in ambientair:A casestudyof Abuja,Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eInt J Sci andResearch\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e(12), 1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWHO(WorldHealthOrganization) (2018). 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Personal exposures ofchildrento nitrogen dioxiderelativeto concentrationsinoutdoorair. \u003cem\u003eOccupational And Environmental Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e57\u003c/em\u003e, 472\u0026ndash;476. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1136/oem.57.7.472\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSunyer, J., Ballester, F., \u0026amp; Tertre, A. L. (2003). The association of daily sulfurdioxideairpollutionlevelswithhospitaladmissionsforcardiovasculardiseases in Europe. (The Aphea-II study). \u003cem\u003eEuropean Heart Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e, 752\u0026ndash;760. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/S0195-668X(02)00808-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIroegbulam, I. U., Egereonu, U. U., Ogukwe, C. E., Akalezi, C. O., Egereonu, J. C., Duru, C. E., \u0026amp; Okoro, J. N. (2022). \u003cem\u003eAssessment of seasonal variations in airquality from Lagos Metropolis and Suburbs\u003c/em\u003e. using Chemometric Models.SpringernatureJournal,Chemistry Africa.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-22-005378\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1–12 and 14–22 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Risk assessment, Atmospheric Pollutants, Hazard Quotient, ANN, MATLAB","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6771057/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6771057/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eConcern about health risk from atmospheric pollutants; Particulate Matter (PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e), Sulphur dioxide (SO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), Nitrogen dioxide (NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) prompted atmospheric monitoring and inhalation health risk assessment for residents of Owerri Metropolis and its Sub-urban areas. Field measurements werecarried out in 35 select locations within Imo State. Monitoring was carried outusing Chemometric methods as Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) and Artificial NeuralNetwork (ANN).The experiments' findings showed that the pollutants existed year-round. The human health risk assessment methodology of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was utilized to estimate potential health risks resulting from exposure to contaminants. For acute and chronic exposure periods for infants, children, and adults, a scenario assessment technique was used, wherein normal exposure and the worst-case scenario were adopted. The mean concentrations of the pollutants exceeded the WHO1-hr, 24-hrand annual mean maximum exposure limits. The 24-hour, annual PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e ambient quality standard for instance was exceeded during the monitoring period. This could explain the chronic (annual) Hazard Quotient (HQ\u0026gt;1) that our study found, which suggests that there may be some danger associated with long-term PM10 exposure. Therefore, steps should be done to control the exposure of the public to contaminants and to increase public awareness. Frequent monitoring is advised to lower concentrations because determining whether these pollutants pose health risks as determined by the human health risk assessment framework will help the government, environmental experts, and other pertinent stakeholders take more decisive action to safeguard and extend human life.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Monitoring And Health Risk Evaluation of AtmosphericPollutants In Owerri Metropolis and Sub-Urban Areas ofImoState,NigeriaUsingChemometric Models","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-11 18:41:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6771057/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a086fe7e-cae3-45df-825b-bc092054c381","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-19T08:38:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-11 18:41:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6771057","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6771057","identity":"rs-6771057","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}