Nonlinear Effects Analysis of Cardan Shaft Using Conventional and Composite Material

Nonlinear Effects Analysis of Cardan Shaft Using Conventional and Composite Material | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Nonlinear Effects Analysis of Cardan Shaft Using Conventional and Composite Material Noha Muhammad, Ahmed Abdullah Hussien, Mahmoud A. Essam, Hossameldin Hussein This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7008557/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the structural and modal behavior of two-piece cardan shafts constructed from conventional and composite materials. Material selection included Steel SM45C, Hardox 400, Stainless Steel, and two composite coatings Carbon Epoxy and E-Glass Polyester applied on a steel core. Finite element analyses in ANSYS Workbench 2021 R2 were conducted to assess the cardan shaft's total deformation, shear stress, maximum principal stress, strain energy, and natural frequency. Under torsional loading of 1250 N·mm at 2000 rpm, Hardox 400 showed the highest total deformation of 0.778 mm, while Steel SM45C had the lowest at 0.398 mm. Maximum principal stresses ranged between 2.4041 MPa (Stainless Steel) and 3.1634 MPa (E-Glass Polyester). Modal analysis revealed that Hardox 400 displayed the lowest fundamental natural frequency at 1191.1 Hz, while Carbon Epoxy exhibited the highest at 952.96 Hz. Across higher-order modes up to Mode 16, Carbon Epoxy and Stainless Steel consistently yielded the highest natural frequencies (~ 8802.3 Hz), while Hardox 400 showed the most compliant behavior (~ 5314.5 Hz). These findings highlight that material selection greatly influences dynamic performance, making composite and stainless-steel coatings promising for lightweight, high-speed automotive driveshafts. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Cardan shaft SOLIDWORKS finite elements analysis Ansys composite material hardox400 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7008557","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":490158649,"identity":"957feb3d-2715-44eb-b7d5-8090ad88aef1","order_by":0,"name":"Noha Muhammad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Canadian International College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noha","middleName":"","lastName":"Muhammad","suffix":""},{"id":490158651,"identity":"9e0e5403-16ac-4c96-b044-3eea7df1fb73","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmed Abdullah Hussien","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technology and Education Faculties Helwan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"Abdullah","lastName":"Hussien","suffix":""},{"id":490158654,"identity":"6e428e6b-65f4-42c4-8fc8-9231722598fc","order_by":2,"name":"Mahmoud A. 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Material selection included Steel SM45C, Hardox 400, Stainless Steel, and two composite coatings Carbon Epoxy and E-Glass Polyester applied on a steel core. Finite element analyses in ANSYS Workbench 2021 R2 were conducted to assess the cardan shaft's total deformation, shear stress, maximum principal stress, strain energy, and natural frequency. Under torsional loading of 1250 N\u0026middot;mm at 2000 rpm, Hardox 400 showed the highest total deformation of 0.778 mm, while Steel SM45C had the lowest at 0.398 mm. Maximum principal stresses ranged between 2.4041 MPa (Stainless Steel) and 3.1634 MPa (E-Glass Polyester). Modal analysis revealed that Hardox 400 displayed the lowest fundamental natural frequency at 1191.1 Hz, while Carbon Epoxy exhibited the highest at 952.96 Hz. Across higher-order modes up to Mode 16, Carbon Epoxy and Stainless Steel consistently yielded the highest natural frequencies (~\u0026thinsp;8802.3 Hz), while Hardox 400 showed the most compliant behavior (~\u0026thinsp;5314.5 Hz). These findings highlight that material selection greatly influences dynamic performance, making composite and stainless-steel coatings promising for lightweight, high-speed automotive driveshafts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Nonlinear Effects Analysis of Cardan Shaft Using Conventional and Composite Material","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-25 15:11:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7008557/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ee697998-baac-4e68-81a7-dcaabb9853e8","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":52042381,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":52042382,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-25T19:55:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-25 15:11:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7008557","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7008557","identity":"rs-7008557","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}