Acceptance of black soldier fly larvae as animal feed by farmers, traders, and consumers in Zambia’s Copperbelt Province towns

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A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to consumers, traders, and farmers in markets, butcheries, and supermarkets across seven mining towns of Zambia. We assessed how individual characteristics (age, gender, occupation, motivation), socio-cultural circumstances (location, entomophagy, language group, household composition), product attributes (price, form, taste, nutrition), and adoption strategies (sensorial, market and education, design) influenced acceptance. A total of 678 valid responses were analysed. Overall, 88.2% (n = 594) of respondents expressed willingness to accept BSFL-based feed. Acceptance was strongly associated with all individual characteristics, except age, and with all socio-cultural circumstances save for household size and head. All product attributes significantly affected acceptance, highlighting the importance of both economic and sensory considerations. Among adoption strategies, marketing and education were identified as the most effective pathways to enhance uptake. The results highlight the potential of using BSFL as an alternative protein source for animal feed in densely populated regions of Zambia. Consumer acceptability may depend on the alignment of product development with socio-cultural preferences, which should be strengthened by targeted marketing and education. Addressing quality and safety issues will be essential for scaling adoption. These findings provide evidence to guide policy, extension, and private-sector initiatives aimed at integrating insect-based diets in sub-Saharan Africa. Adoption strategies black soldier fly larvae entomophagy individual characteristics socio-cultural circumstances product-related circumstance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction Over the years, scientific interest in insects as alternative sources of protein has grown considerably (Nachtigall et al., 2025 ). This growth is driven by the rapidly growing global human population, which has increased the demand for livestock and aquaculture products, requiring vast amounts of protein-based feeds. By 2050, an estimated 60–70% increase in consumption of animal products is expected (Hussein et al., 2017 ), which will increase the demand for animal feed ingredients such as grain, fish, meat and bone meal, whose prices are already high (Hasimuna et al., 2019 ). Furthermore, the availability of these ingredients may be limited in the future, given the estimated increase in demand for animal products. Like many African countries, Zambia continues to grow its livestock sector and in more recent years, it experienced a boom in both fish and poultry farming activities (Songa and Mwiya, 2014 ), mainly through its programmes aimed at improving the livelihoods of Zambians (Kasonde, 2020 ). The growing demand for livestock feed raises significant environmental and food security concerns, primarily due to direct competition between humans and livestock for familiar food sources (Hussein et al., 2017 ). This challenge is projected to intensify with climate change, further straining vital water and land resources crucial for pastures and crop cultivation. Additionally, traditional feed ingredients like mammalian meat and bone meal pose health risks, exemplified by prion diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, a persistent concern in many African nations (Hussein et al., 2017 ). Consequently, the search for sustainable alternative protein ingredients is critical. While abattoir waste has been proposed (Gingrich et al. 2024 ), its potential for toxin accumulation, particularly with unscientific disposal, limits its widespread utility. In contrast, insects offer an up-and-coming solution. As one of the most abundant animal groups, insects provide an excellent and sustainable protein source for animal feed (van Huis, 2013 ). They require fewer inputs to raise and offer highly digestible amino acid profiles (Nachtigall et al., 2025 ). Moreover, insects are more environmentally friendly than conventional feeds, such as soybeans and fishmeal, as they generate fewer greenhouse gas emissions and require significantly less land and water for production. While the use of insects as animal feed is not new in Zambia, its practice remains informal and is not widespread. Often, insects are only featured as animal feed in instances where they are harvested in the wild, or in cases of insect invasions (e.g., locusts) or during the rainy season when adult insects emerge. Purposeful rearing of insects for either animal feed or human consumption has been rare. Nevertheless, entomophagy is widely practiced across Zambia, with various insect species, including Gynanisa maja, Gonimbrasia zambesina, Gonimbrasia belina , Ruspolia differens , and Macrotermes falciger , commonly found in major markets (Mbata and Chidumayo, 2003 ; Siulapwa et al., 2014 ; Tanga and Kababu, 2023 , Tanga et al., 2024 ). Their occurrence in the market places is seasonal, and despite being a delicacy in most parts of the country, there is little done to rear them for food. In more recent years, a growing interest in rearing insects has emerged. This is not driven by the need for insects as food, but rather as a cheaper alternative to protein in animal feeds intended to reduce livestock production costs. Of interest is the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL) which is reared by pockets of farmers in Zambia as feed for livestock. Its use in Zambia may still be in its infancy given the absence of its products on the local market. Elsewhere, BSFL is reared commercially, yielding readily available products such as fertilisers, oils, and feed (Wang and Shelom, 2017 ; Bessa et al., 2020 ). Because of the low level of exposure of BSFL in Zambia, there seems to be a lack of regulatory or guiding principles on how BSFL should be reared and handled (Mufungwe et al., 2025 ). This is of great concern given the safety issues that may arise as it thrives on organic waste (Mapiki et al., 2025 ). Its close association with human garbage and faecal matter makes it highly undesirable (Koech et al., 2022), yet if ethically reared it offers an incredibly rich source of protein (Were et al., 2021 ; Moyo and Moyo, 2022 ) that would remarkably reduce the cost of livestock production by 60–70% (Hussein et al., 2017 ; Siamabele, 2019 ). Despite the clear benefits of BSFL as an animal feed, its adoption may be hindered by existing perceptions and attitudes among livestock farmers and consumers. Understanding how BSFL is perceived (cognitive appraisal) and the subsequent reactions (attitudes) towards it is crucial, as these factors can significantly influence its acceptance as animal feed and, consequently, the consumption of livestock products reared using it. Therefore, this study assessed the perceptions and attitudes of consumers, local farmers, and traders towards BSFL as a protein-based animal feed. Specifically, we investigated: (1) how consumer needs (social, cultural, economic, and environmental factors) influence BSFL acceptance; (2) how product-related circumstances and properties affect BSFL acceptance; and (3) which adoption strategies most effectively promote the acceptance and use of BSFL as animal feed. 2. Methodology 2.1 Study area This study was conducted in seven mining towns of the Copperbelt Province in Zambia (Chililabombwe, Chingola, Kalulushi, Kitwe, Luanshya, Mufulira, and Ndola, Fig. 1 ). These towns were selected due to their high urbanization and population density, which makes them significant hubs for employment, trade, and offer diverse markets for livestock and its products. The Province's role as an economic centre also means it hosts a rich variety of ethnic groups from across Zambia (Sosala, 2018 ), making it an ideal location to capture a broad range of consumer perspectives. This study's population in the seven mining towns comprised: (1) traders of livestock and their products in major markets; (2) livestock product consumers in the major markets and supermarkets; and (3) livestock farmers present in the markets. Specifically, data collection occurred in the following locations within each town; Chililabombwe: Lubengele Mine, and Second Class markets; Town Centre supermarkets; Chingola: Chiwempala market and the Park Mall; Kalulushi: Lwato and Nsokolo markets, and the butcheries; Kitwe: Chisokone, Nakadoli and Chamboli markets, and town centre supermarkets and butcheries; Luanshya: Buseko, Mikomfya and Main Luanshya markets, and town centre supermarkets and butcheries; Mufulira: Malela market and town centre supermarkets and butcheries; and Ndola: Chifubu, Old and New Masala markets, and town centre supermarkets and butcheries. 2.2 Data collection A questionnaire was designed to capture how consumer needs, product properties, and adoption strategies influenced the acceptance of using BSFL as animal feed. Consumer needs were considered in relation to the socio-cultural circumstances and individual characteristics. Kauppi et al., ( 2019 ) described location, social acceptability, household composition, and culture as the circumstances surrounding socio-cultural practices, while taste orientation, age, gender, and motivation as those surrounding individual factors. Regarding the product, we considered product-related circumstances and properties as described by Kauppi et al., ( 2019 ). Here, product-related circumstances included suitability, relative price, availability, ethnic aspects, and product placement, whilst product properties included taste properties, price, form, and nutritional properties. Adoption strategies were probed following Kauppi et al., ( 2019 ), who describe three strategies, namely, sensorial, market, education, and design. A random approach was used to select respondents to the questionnaire in the main markets, butcheries, and supermarkets. For livestock traders, we interviewed all the traders found trading in livestock in the market livestock sections. We also interviewed the farmers who deliver livestock (live animals, e.g., goats, chickens, etc.) or livestock products (eggs, fish, meat, etc.) to traders in the markets. Similarly, we interviewed all the consumers present at markets, butcheries, and major supermarkets between 6 am to 5 pm. In each location, we conducted interviews over three consecutive days in the months of August and September 2023. Before administering the questionnaire, permission to proceed was first sought from the market masters, butchers, and supermarket managers, as well as the respondents. Interviews were not conducted for those who indicated their unwillingness to participate. Tablets were used to collect all the data. Thus, the questionnaire was uploaded onto a Google Form, and data were collated using Microsoft Excel. 2.3 Data Analysis Data was collated using Microsoft Excel and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Demographic data was categorised by gender, household size, age, education, length of stay and major ethnic group. Frequencies and crosstabs were used to compare responses among respondents and Pearson Chi-square analysis to test differences between responses. Chi-square analyses was also performed to understand the association of BSFL acceptance to consumer needs, product suitability and adoption strategies which are factors known to affect entomophagy. 2.4 Limitations Even though data collection was confined to only the market places for animal products in the Copperbelt towns, and to one season of the year (hot dry season), the standardised data collection procedure used, allowed robust comparisons between the different consumer needs and their acceptance of BSFL as animal feed. 3. Results 3.1 Overview of the sample A total of 758 respondents were approached for this study. Of these, 68 declined to participate, leaving 690 who agreed and responded to the questionnaire. After reviewing the collected data, we excluded all respondents who had missing entries. Consequently, the final sample size used in the analysis was 678 respondents. Table 1 provides a summary of the demographic characteristics of the respondents interviewed. Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the survey respondents Demographic aspects Mining Towns % (n) Total Chililabombwe Chingola Kalulushi Kitwe Luanshya Mufulira Ndola Total respondents 17 (115) 15.5 (105) 5.5 (37) 21.8 (148) 9.6 (65) 6.8 (46) 23.9 (162) 100 (678) Gender Male 19.5 (64) 14.6 (48) 3.3 (11) 21.9 (72) 8.5 (28) 8.2 (27) 24.0 (79) 48.5 (329) Female 14.6 (51) 16.3 (57) 7.4 (26) 21.8 (76) 10.6 (37 5.4 (19) 23.8 (83) 51.5 (349) Household size 0–5 15.4 (59) 12.8 (49) 6.3 (24) 21.7 (83) 8.9 (34) 7.3 (28) 27.7 (106) 56.7 (383) 6–10 19.5 (51) 19.5 (51) 5.0 (13) 21.4 (56) 10.3 (27) 6.5 (17) 17.9 (47) 38.8 (262) 11–15 15.4 (4) 11.5 (3) 0 (0) 26.9 (7) 11.5 (3) 3.9 (1) 30.8 (8) 3.9 (26) 16–20 33.3 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 66.7 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.4 (3) > 20 0 (0) 100 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.2 (1) Age 15–20 20.9 (9) 9.3 (4) 2.3 (1) 18.6 (8) 9.3 (4) 4.7 (2) 34.9 (15) 6.3 (43) 21–30 16.9 (43) 14.5 (37) 5.1 (13) 16.9 (43) 10.6 (27) 9.0 (23) 27.1 (69) 37.6 (255) 31–40 17.2 (33) 22.3 (43) 7.3 (14) 21.2 (41) 8.3 (16) 6.2 (12) 17.6 (34) 28.5 (193) 41–50 19.3 (22) 13.2 (15) 5.3 (6) 31.6 (36) 9.7 (11) 3.5 (4) 17.5 (20) 16.8 (114) 51–60 12.1 (7) 6.9 (4) 5.2 (3) 31 (18) 8.6 (5) 6.9 (4) 29.3 (17) 8.6 (58) 61–70 8.3 (1) 8.3 (1) 0 (0) 16.7 (2) 16.7 (2) 8.3 (1) 41.7 (5) 1.8 (12) 71–80 0 (0) 33.3 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 66.7 (2) 0.4 (3) Highest level of education Primary 10.0 (13) 20.8 (27) 5.4 (7) 25.4 (33) 9.2 (12) 4.6 (6) 24.6 (32) 19.2 (130) Secondary 19.2 (73) 12.6 (48) 4.5 (17) 22.6 (86) 8.2 (31) 7.1 (27) 25.8 (98) 56.0 (380) Tertiary 17.9 (29) 18.5 (30) 8.0 (13) 17.3 (28) 11.7 (19) 7.4 (12) 19.1 (31) 23.9 (162) None 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 16.7 (1) 50 (3) 16.7 (1) 16.7 (1) 0.1 (6) Occupation Businessman or woman 18 (64) 18.8 (67) 4.5 (16) 25.3 (90) 6.2 (22) 9.3 (33) 18.0 (64) 52.5 (356) Farmer 7.1 (8) 3.5 (4) 16.8 (19) 31.0 (35) 7.1 (8) 8.0 (9) 26.6 (30) 16.7 (113) Employed 23.2 (36) 14.2 (22) 0 (0) 6.4 (10) 18.1 (28) 0.6 (1) 37.4 (58) 22.9 (155) Student 13.0 (3) 34.8 (8) 0 (0) 8.7 (2) 26.1 (6) 0 (0) 17.4 (4) 3.4 (23) Other (not disclosed) 12.9 (4) 12.9 (4) 6.4 (2) 35.4 (11) 3.2 (1) 9.7 (3) 19.4 (6) 4.6 (31) Language groups Northern 22.0 (85) 15.0 (58) 4.2 (16) 21.5 (83) 8.0 (31) 7.0 (27) 22.3(86) 57.0 (386) Southern 7.5 (3) 10 (4) 10 (4) 17.5 (7) 10.0 (4) 5.0 (2) 40 (16) 5.9 (40) North Western 12.7 (7) 27.3 (15) 7.3 (4) 23.6 (13) 9.1 (5) 9.1 (5) 9.1 (5) 8.1 (55) Eastern 9.2 (12) 10 (13) 7.7 (10) 25.4 (33) 6.2 (8) 6.2 (8) 31.5 (41) 19.2 (130) Western 21.7 (5) 17.4 (4) 4.4 (1) 17.4 (4) 4.4 (1) 4.4 (1) 26.1 (6) 3.4 (23) Central 0 (0) 20.7 (6) 6.9 (2) 17.3 (5) 10.3 (3) 10.3 (3) 13.8 (4) 4.3 (29) Other 21.4 (3) 28.6 (4) 0 (0) 21.4 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 28.6 (4) 2.1 (14) 3.2 Consumer needs 3.2.1 Individual factors Age, gender, education, occupation and motivation as demonstrated by those who had some knowledge of BSFL were assessed to understand their association with the acceptance of BSFL as animal feed. More than half of the respondents (52.9%, n = 359) were unaware of BSFL. For those who were aware (47.1%, n = 319), encountered BSFL on manure piles (44.8%, n = 142), while 18.9% (n = 60) had seen them in chicken runs and 17% (n = 54) in garbage and dumpsites. Others observed them in their yards and gardens (4.4%, n = 14), on their farms (3.5%, n = 11), and on a variety of rotting materials (2.8%, n = 9). Yet others heard about BSFL from the media & fairs (2.8%, n = 9) and from friends & colleagues (3.5%, n = 11). The others (2.8%, n = 9) could not recall where they had learnt about the BSFL. Women (58.9%, n = 188) were more knowledgeable of BSFL than men (41.1%, n = 131), and so were the businessmen and women (48.3%, n = 154) that comprised the largest group under occupation. In terms of education, those that had attained secondary education (56.4%, n = 180), had more knowledge of BSFL than those that attained primary education (21.9%, n = 70), tertiary education (20.6%, n = 66) and those that had never been to school (0.9%, n = 3). Northern Zambia language groups (i.e. Bemba, Aushi, Namwanga, Mambwe, Lambya), more knowledgeable of BSFL (56.9%, n = 181) followed by those from eastern Zambia (i.e. Ngoni, Nsenga, Chewa, & Kunda, 20.7%, n = 66), then those from northwestern Zambia (i.e. Lunda, Luvale, Kaonde, Chokwe & Luchazi, 8.8%, n = 28). Those from the southern parts of Zambia i.e. Tonga and Ila accounted for 6.0% (n = 19), and those from the western (Lozi and Mbunda, 3.5%, n = 11) and central (i.e. Soli, Lenje and Lala 3.1%, n = 10) parts of Zambia were the least aware. Amongst the demographic factors considered gender (χ 2 = 14.6, df 1, p < 0.0001), age (χ 2 = 16.1, df 6, p = 0.01) and occupation (χ 2 = 41.9, df 4, p < 0.001) were more strongly linked to respondents’ awareness of BSFL. For those who had heard of BSFL, 3.4% (n = 23) rejected it as animal feed (Fig. 2 ). Reasons given were that they were against consuming insects (34.8%, n = 8), yet others expressed health and safety concerns (21.7%, n = 5), and others gave no reason (26.1%, n = 6), or were not familiar with its use as animal feed (17.4%, n = 4). The main reason given by those that who were aware of BSFL and accepted it as an animal feed, was that it was cheaper, affordable and economical (45%, n = 131), worked well (19.6%, n = 57), and was safe and promoted animal growth (11%, n = 32). Other reasons given, were that it was nutritious as it had a high protein content (7.2%, n = 21), and was organic and could be locally accessed (5.5%, n = 16). The reasons given did not vary much between those who had prior knowledge of BSFL and those who had none (χ2 = 8.38, df 7, p = 0.30, Table 2 ). Table 2 Reasons for accepting BSFL in animal feeds vs. those that had prior knowledge of BSFL and those that did not. Reasons Prior Knowledge of BSFL % (n) Total No Yes 1 Maybe cheaper and more accessible 53.1 (161) 45.0 (131) 49.2 (292) 2 As long as it is safe, healthy, and promotes growth 10.6 (32) 11.0 (32) 10.8 (64) 3 Nutritious and high in protein 5.6 (17) 7.2 (21) 6.4 (38) 4 As long as it works well 13.2 (40) 19.6 (57) 16.3 (97) 5 Try new ways of doing things 11.9 (36) 11.0 (32) 11.4 (68) 6 Reduce amount of garbage 0.7 (2) 0.0 (1) 0.5 (3) 7 Organic and locally produced 4.0 (12) 5.5 (16) 4.7 (28) 8 No reasons given 1.0 (3) 0.0 (1) 0.6 (4) Total 51.0 (303) 49.0 (291) 100 (594) Overall, 88.2% (n = 594) of the respondents agreed to accept BSFL as an animal feed. The majority thought that it was cheaper, affordable and economical (57.2%, n = 340), followed by those who really didn’t mind it, as long as it worked well (21.4%, n = 127). Others thought that it promoted growth, had high proteins and was nutritious (8.2%, n = 49). Yet others thought it was safe, healthy and had no adverse effect on livestock, as it was already consumed by livestock such as chickens (7.4%, n = 44). It was also described as natural, organic and easy to source (5.7%, n = 34). Similarly, the reasons given by those who were unwilling to accept it varied. Those who disagreed to accept BSFL (11.7%, n = 79), expressed health and safety concerns (43.0%, n = 34), others were just against consuming insects (24.0%, n = 19), yet others gave no reasons (20.3%, n = 16), or were unfamiliar with insects (12.7%, n = 10). When we interrogated the reasons given to accept BSFL against the four individual factors, we found no significant differences between the reasons given to accept BSFL and gender (χ2 = 6.82, df 7, p = 0.45) and age (χ2 = 52.8 df 42, p = 0.12), but for individual factors such as education (χ2 = 39.7, df 21, p = 0.01), and occupation (χ2 = 46.9, df 28, p = 0.01). Table 3 provides a summary of the reasons given to accept BSFL. Table 3 Reasons for acceptance of BSFL and individual factors. Consumer needs (Individual factors) Reasons for Accepting BSFL Total Pearsons χ2 df P value Safe, healthy, and promotes growth As long as it works well Cheaper and more accessible Nutritious and high in protein No reason Organic and locally produced Reduce garbage Try new ways of doing things Gender Female 28 43 151 18 3 18 1 37 299 6.82 7 0.45 Male 36 54 141 20 1 10 2 31 295 Education Primary 15 24 50 4 0 1 1 13 107 39.7 21 0.01 Secondary 39 57 163 27 3 12 1 35 337 Tertiary 10 16 78 7 1 15 2 18 147 Other - none or unwilling to disclose 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 Occupation Businessman or woman 31 43 160 15 2 9 0 39 299 46.9 28 0.01 Other (not disclosed) 3 3 12 2 0 1 0 5 26 Employed 11 18 74 11 2 8 1 16 141 Farmer 17 29 37 10 0 9 1 6 109 Student 2 4 9 0 0 1 1 2 19 Age 15–20 3 10 19 3 0 1 0 3 39 52.8 42 0.12 21–30 28 31 108 16 3 12 2 23 223 31–40 16 19 101 7 0 12 1 15 171 41–50 12 22 39 8 1 1 0 16 99 51–60 5 12 20 1 0 2 0 10 50 61–70 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 10 71–80 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 But when we interrogated the association of BSFL acceptance to individual factors, we found that all the individual factors except for age (χ2 = 2.28, df 6, p = 0.89), were strongly associated with BSFL acceptance i.e. gender (χ2 = 7.29, df 1, p = 0.01), education level (χ2 = 9.10, df 3, p = 0.03), knowledge (χ2 = 11.07, df = 1, p = 0.00) and occupation (χ2 = 13.97, df 4, p = 0.01). 3.2.2 Social cultural circumstances Here we considered entomophagy, language group, reasons for being at the market, household size and household head as social-cultural circumstances that would influence the acceptance of BSFL. The study revealed that a great deal of respondents (78.6%, n = 533) practised entomophagy with this practice being equally prevalent among both males (49%, n = 261) and females (51%, n = 272). In terms of occupation, it was the businessmen and women posing as traders (52.1%, n = 278) that practised entomophagy far more than the other groups i.e. employed (22.5%, n = 120), farmers (18.2%, n = 97), not employed (4.1%, n = 21), and students (3.0%, = 16). The largest group practising entomophagy were those that had attained secondary education (56.5%, n = 301), followed by those that had attained tertiary education (23.4%, n = 125), primary education (19.3%, n = 103) and then those that had never attended school or would not disclose (7.5%, n = 4). In terms of location, those who were at the market trading in livestock or its products (41.8%, n = 222) practised entomophagy far more than those that were there as consumers (21.8%, n = 116) of livestock products, livestock farmers (14.7%, n = 78), employed in the market or supermarkets (19.6%, n = 104) or were passing by as students or unemployed (2.1%, n = 11). The practice of entomophagy was strongly linked to language group ( χ 2 = 36.4, df = 6, p = 0.00), household size ( χ 2 = 15.1, df = 4, p = 0.01), age ( χ 2 = 13.6, df = 6, p = 0.03) and reasons for being at the market ( χ 2 = 8.5, df = 3, p = 0.04). When we examined the reasons given to accept BSFL, we found that the reasons to accept BSFL did not vary much between those who practised entomophagy and those who didn’t ( χ 2 = 3.00, df = 7, p = 0.89), household size ( χ 2 = 13.88, df = 28, p = 0.99), and whether the respondent was the head of a household or not ( χ2 =11.25, df = 14, p = 0.67). However, reasons given for acceptance varied among the different language groups ( χ 2 = 57.55, df = 42, p = 0.05), reasons for being at the market ( χ 2 = 37.05, df = 21, p = 0.02). Table 4 provides a summary of the reasons given for accepting BSFL based on social cultural circumstances. Table 4 Social cultural circumstances and reasons for accepting BSFL Social cultural circumstances Reasons Total Pearsons χ2 df P value As long as it is safe, healthy & promotes growth As long as it works well Maybe cheaper & more accessible Nutritious & high in protein No reason Organic & locally produced Reduce garbage Trying new things Entomophagy No 16 20 52 7 1 7 1 12 116 2.99 7 0.89 Yes 48 77 240 31 3 21 2 56 478 Language group Northern 38 51 165 20 3 17 2 43 339 57.55 42 0.05 Southern 2 9 14 6 1 2 1 2 37 North Western 4 3 32 3 0 0 0 3 45 Eastern 18 18 51 8 0 7 0 14 116 Western 0 5 10 0 0 0 0 3 18 Central 2 10 13 0 0 0 0 1 26 Other 0 1 6 1 0 2 0 2 12 Size of household 0–5 36 54 169 24 3 15 2 32 335 13.88 28 0.99 6–10 27 38 111 12 1 11 1 32 233 11–15 1 5 9 1 0 1 0 3 20 16–20 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 > 20 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Household Head? No 36 51 128 19 0 14 1 27 276 11.25 14 0.67 Yes 27 44 158 18 4 14 2 40 307 Location Consumer 13 13 75 12 1 7 1 14 136 37.05 21 0.02 Farmer 17 21 31 7 0 8 1 4 89 Trading 25 45 126 16 2 8 0 34 256 Working 9 17 60 3 1 4 1 16 111 Social cultural circumstances that were strongly associated with BSFL acceptance included language group ( χ 2 = 18.9, df = 10, p = 0.04), reasons for being in current location ( χ 2 = 18.7, df = 5, p = 0.00) and entomophagy ( χ 2 = 8.9276, df = 2, p = 0.01). 3.3 Product related circumstances Here we interrogated the responses from only those who indicated their acceptance of BSFL as animal feed with regard to product related circumstances and properties. Regarding, product suitability and availability, nearly half of the respondents (47.3%, n = 281) did not mind that BSFL was reared on an assortment of organic waste including manure. Most of these respondents indicated that it did not matter (39.6%, n = 124), as livestock such as chickens were already consuming BSFL on their farms, and they were not even aware of the constituents of feed given to the livestock whose products they consumed. For those who indicated that their decision would be influenced (52.7%, n = 313), they mainly gave reasons for it being a cheaper option. When it came to taste, the majority of respondents who accepted BSFL as an animal feed (83.3%, n = 498), indicated that they would consider consuming livestock products (e.g. milk, eggs, meat, etc.) obtained from animals reared using BSFL. A small proportion (15.8%, n = 94) were not comfortable as they were unclear on how it worked and its safety. Regarding price, over half of the respondents (62.9%, n = 371), perceived a lower cost of production than similar feed constituents such as soya beans and fish meal. The rest (37.1%, n = 219) indicated that it did not matter as long as it worked, was cheaper and was beneficial. For those who indicated that it influenced their decision, they mainly gave reasons similar to those who perceived it to be a cheaper alternative. When asked whether the high protein content in BSFL would influence their decision to use it as animal feed, 65.3% (n = 388) agreed as they thought it would promote good growth in livestock. Those who indicated that it wasn’t important (17.2%, n = 35), gave reasons similar to those presented by those who indicated that the high protein content would influence their decision. In terms of product form, over half of the respondents (58%, n = 341) indicated that they preferred BSFL as animal feed in powder form as it was thought to be easier to use and provided more options. Others (40.7%, n = 241) were of the view that it made no difference. 3.4 Marketing Strategies Over half of the respondents (53.5%, n = 318) that agreed to accept BSFL in animal feed were of the view that market and education was the most effective strategy for its promotion. It was their view that using market and education as a strategy would bring about a better understanding of BSFL amongst the various stakeholders for informed decision making. The rest (25.3%, n = 150), were of the view that sensorial strategies that first sought to gain people’s trust, was a better approach followed by those (20.2%, n = 120) that thought design strategies were better. 4. Discussion The use of novel feed ingredients such as BSFL continues to grow globally (Ouko et al., 2022 ; Koech et al., 2023 ) and is considered a prudent alternative to traditional feed ingredients (i.e. soya beans and fish meal), especially in the framework of sustainability and a circular economy (Ouko et al., 2022 ; Mufungwe et al., 2025 ). Despite this growth and recognition, the uptake of BSFL is relatively slow in some parts of Africa including Zambia, which could benefit from its potential to diversify commercial feed formulation (Hussein et al., 2017 ; Siamabele, 2019 ; Koech et al., 2022; Nguezet et al., 2024 ) and ultimately boost the revenues accrued from the livestock industry (Roy et al., 2024 ). The slow uptake may be a consequence of many factors that relate to consumer needs that pertain to individual and social cultural factors (Kauppi et al., 2019 ; Koech et al., 2022), product suitability (Kauppi et al., 2019 ; Selaledi et al. 2021 ; Mufungwe et al., 2025 ;) and adoption strategies (Kauppi et al., 2019 ). In Africa, the lack of knowledge among individuals serves as a significant obstacle to accepting BSFL as a feed ingredient (Koech et al., 2022). Given this, we expected that the lack of awareness on BSFL would be a significant hindrance to its acceptance as a feed ingredient. To our surprise this did not affect the respondents' responses, as 84.4% (n = 303) of those that had no prior knowledge were willing to accept BSFL as a feed ingredient. Further, there was no significant difference between the reasons given to accept BSFL among those that had prior knowledge and those that had none (χ 2 = 8.38, df 7, p = 0.30). Instead, most respondents seemed more concerned with it being cheaper and accessible. This underscored the potential for BSFL to allay some of the environmental and food security concerns raised by Hussein et al., ( 2017 ) and provides a compelling reason to address the aforementioned concerns given the projected increase in the consumption of livestock products i.e. 60–70% by 2050, (van Huis, 2013 ; Hussein et al., 2017 ;) and the high prices of feed constituents (Hasimuna et al., 2019 ). Given that the majority of respondents were businessmen and women with secondary education, it is plausible that BSFL acceptance was strongly linked to occupation (χ 2 = 16.5, df 6, p = 0.01) and education (χ 2 = 10.8, df 4, p = 0.03) and not gender as just as many women and men accepted BSFL. Traditionally, BSFL has been associated with unappealing and dirty situations (Koech et al., 2022), and that’s why it was not surprising that some of the respondents (11.7%, n = 79) rejected it as an animal feed ingredient. Reasons given obviously corroborated this tradition as some were against consuming insects in whatever form (24.1%, n = 19). Others expressed health and safety concerns (43%, n = 34), and the others were unwilling to divulge their reasons (17.7%, n = 14) or were unfamiliar with BSFL (15.2%, n = 12). Yet, a majority (88.3%, n = 594) expressed their acceptance of BSFL as an animal feed, and this may well reflect the importance of insects as food in Africa, where entomophagy is predominately practised (Matandirotya et al., 2022 ). Our findings corroborate this, as nearly eighty percent (78.6%, n = 533) of the participants practised entomophagy and chief amongst them was the language group that comprises tribes from northern Zambia (49.7%, n = 265) that are the major suppliers of edible insects in the country (Mbata et al., 2002). The growing demand and ever-increasing prices of animal feed in Zambia (Hasimuna et al., 2019 ) seemingly overshadowed any concerns that may arise based on the product related circumstances or properties of BSFL. Over half of the respondents were more concerned about BSFL being a cheaper and affordable alternative than any other concern related to it being reared on organic waste, taste, constituents and packaging. In fact, most of the respondents were indifferent to these other product related circumstances as they were of the view that they were not important given that they were unaware of the constituents of the feeds used to rear the livestock they traded in or consumed, and as BSFL was consumed by livestock such as chickens on their farms, it was considered safe. This may reflect gaps in the quality assurance of animal feed constituents, particularly for those that may arise from insects such as BSFL, as the regulatory frameworks for the use of insects as feed and food in Zambia are generally lacking (Mufungwe et al., 2025 ). Given the critical safety concerns that arise in the production of BSFL in Africa for animal feeds (Mufungwe et al., 2025 ), the development of frameworks that guarantee the safe use of BSFL needs to be prioritised to ensure its safe use. Even though Kauppi et al., ( 2019 ) recommended focusing on the design-focused strategies, over half of the respondents (53.5%, n = 318) were of the view that market and education strategies would work best as this would garner more understanding and support decision making on the use of BSFL and the consumption of products raised using BSFL. Unlike other insects on which entomophagy is practised, BSFL presents a unique case as it thrives on organic waste, and its use as animal feed may be undesirable to many (Koech et al., 2022). Therefore, aspects relating to its identity and safe use may need to be fully understood. Regardless, this did not seem to affect the respondents, as most were far more concerned with the cost of feed or livestock products than any of the product-related circumstances of BSFL or its properties. Design was considered by a fifth of the respondents (20.2%, n = 120) after those that supported sensorial strategies (25.3%, n = 150) which was perceived as an approach that would enhance the buy in of BSFL as it would garner consumes’ trust. 5. Conclusions It is clear that BSFL as animal feed has the potential to be accepted in Zambia, as demonstrated by the responses from respondents drawn from the most culturally populace towns in Zambia. Economic considerations, such as affordability and accessibility, are the current drivers of acceptance, while socio-cultural factors like entomophagy practices and language group also play a role. However, its acceptance may need to be supported by a combination of strategies that promote insect consumption whilst integrating the need to market and educate users of BSFL and consumers of livestock products raised thereof. Through this integrated approach, the traditional negative perception of BSFL may be surmounted. Nonetheless, ensuring the safe use of BSFL across Zambia and other parts of Africa remains a priority to guarantee quality and biosafety needs. By aligning product development with consumer preferences and addressing safety and quality concerns, BSFL has the potential to contribute significantly to sustainable livestock production, reduce feed costs, and enhance food security in Zambia and comparable contexts across sub-Saharan Africa.​ Declarations Acknowledgements Gratitude is extended to all the respondents who participated in this study. We are also grateful to the National Science and Technology Council for the support provided through the Strategic Research Fund. Consent to Participate Informed consent was obtained from legal guardians and from all individual participants included in this study. Consent to Publish There are no potential conflicts of interest associated with the publication of this article. Funding declaration This study was supported by the National Science and Technology Council in Zambia, which provided funds through its Strategic Research Fund [NSTC/101/6/8]. Ethics statement This study was approved by the Copperbelt University’s Research Ethics Committee, under the ethical clearance certificate number: CBU/DoR/04223/2023. Authors contribution statement NN, JM, PM, TJ, NCM and JN were responsible for the funding acquisition, conceptualization and design of this study. NN, TJ, MS, NCM, JM, JN, MS and PM performed the fieldwork, and NN, TJ and DM analysed and interpreted the results. The manuscript was written and reviewed by NN, NM, TJ, MS, NCM, JM, JN, DM, MI and PM. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article Data availability Data will be made available on request. ORCID iDs Ngawo Namukonde https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-8876 Phenny Mwaanga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8317-8167 Joyce Mufungwe https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1878-0661 References Bessa LW, Pieterse E, Marais J, Hoffman LC. Why for feed and not for human consumption? The black soldiier fly larvae. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020;19(5):2747–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541- 4337 . Gingrich S, Theurl M, Erb K, Le Noë J, Magerl A, Bauernschuster S, et al. Livestock increasingly drove global agricultural emissions growth from 1910–2015. Environ Res Lett. 2024;19(2). doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad1cb6 . Hasimuna OJ, Maulu S, Monde C, Mweemba M. Cage aquaculture production in Zambia: Assessment of opportunities and challenges on Lake Kariba, Siavonga district. Egypt J Aquat Res. 2019;45(3):281–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.06.007 . 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Challenges and emerging opportunities associated with aquaculture development in Zambia. Int J Fisheries Aquat Stud. 2014;2(2):232–7. Sosala HK. 2018. Copperbelt: The Emergence of a tribe – Chitimukulu. Online resource, accessed 10/09/2025. Copperbelt: The Emergence of a tribe – Chitimukulu - Lusaka Times-Zambia's Leading Online News Site - LusakaTimes.com. Tanga CM, Kababu MO. New insights into the emerging edible insect industry in Africa. Anim Front. 2023;13(4):26–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad039 . Tanga CM, Ochieng BO, Beesigamukama D, Ghemoh CJ, Mudalungu C, Cheseto X, Osuga IM, Subramanian S, Kelemu S. Edible caterpillars ( Gonimbrasia belina and Gynanisa maja ) as emerging source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Future Foods. 2024;10:100478. Wang Y, Shelom M. Review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as animal feed and human food. Foods. 2017;91. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods 61000 . Were GJ, Irungu FG, Ngoda PN, Affognon H, Ekesi S, Nakimbugwe D, Fiaboe KKM, Mutungi CM. 2021. Nutritional and microbial quality of extruded fish feeds containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L) larvae meal as a replacement for fish meal for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarius gariepinus). J Appl Aquac . https://doi.org/10.1080/10454 438 . 2021. 19223 27. van Huis A. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Ann Rev Entomol. 2013;58:563–83. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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18:53:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8310543/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8310543/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101353711,"identity":"eb7dddc6-1edb-48b5-abed-6761b03c71fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-28 19:36:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":150329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMining towns in the Copperbelt Province, Zambia\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8310543/v1/0da914dfa6a320d6a6f1e081.jpeg"},{"id":101353710,"identity":"fe260b77-13a4-4ad3-8ca7-dd308c875993","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-28 19:36:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56927,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfluence of prior knowledge of BSFL on the willingness to accept BSFL in animal feed.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8310543/v1/dba81fe28c4deb84d75847c9.jpeg"},{"id":101398664,"identity":"af39db74-9b6c-4497-a640-ad0de06abf07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-29 09:43:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1429939,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8310543/v1/2a78fb5c-da9f-4d74-a990-fc7d35e3f733.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Acceptance of black soldier fly larvae as animal feed by farmers, traders, and consumers in Zambia’s Copperbelt Province towns","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOver the years, scientific interest in insects as alternative sources of protein has grown considerably (Nachtigall et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This growth is driven by the rapidly growing global human population, which has increased the demand for livestock and aquaculture products, requiring vast amounts of protein-based feeds. By 2050, an estimated 60\u0026ndash;70% increase in consumption of animal products is expected (Hussein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), which will increase the demand for animal feed ingredients such as grain, fish, meat and bone meal, whose prices are already high (Hasimuna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the availability of these ingredients may be limited in the future, given the estimated increase in demand for animal products. Like many African countries, Zambia continues to grow its livestock sector and in more recent years, it experienced a boom in both fish and poultry farming activities (Songa and Mwiya, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), mainly through its programmes aimed at improving the livelihoods of Zambians (Kasonde, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growing demand for livestock feed raises significant environmental and food security concerns, primarily due to direct competition between humans and livestock for familiar food sources (Hussein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This challenge is projected to intensify with climate change, further straining vital water and land resources crucial for pastures and crop cultivation. Additionally, traditional feed ingredients like mammalian meat and bone meal pose health risks, exemplified by prion diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, a persistent concern in many African nations (Hussein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, the search for sustainable alternative protein ingredients is critical. While abattoir waste has been proposed (Gingrich et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), its potential for toxin accumulation, particularly with unscientific disposal, limits its widespread utility. In contrast, insects offer an up-and-coming solution. As one of the most abundant animal groups, insects provide an excellent and sustainable protein source for animal feed (van Huis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). They require fewer inputs to raise and offer highly digestible amino acid profiles (Nachtigall et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, insects are more environmentally friendly than conventional feeds, such as soybeans and fishmeal, as they generate fewer greenhouse gas emissions and require significantly less land and water for production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the use of insects as animal feed is not new in Zambia, its practice remains informal and is not widespread. Often, insects are only featured as animal feed in instances where they are harvested in the wild, or in cases of insect invasions (e.g., locusts) or during the rainy season when adult insects emerge. Purposeful rearing of insects for either animal feed or human consumption has been rare. Nevertheless, entomophagy is widely practiced across Zambia, with various insect species, including \u003cem\u003eGynanisa maja, Gonimbrasia zambesina, Gonimbrasia belina\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRuspolia differens\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eMacrotermes falciger\u003c/em\u003e, commonly found in major markets (Mbata and Chidumayo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Siulapwa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Tanga and Kababu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Tanga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Their occurrence in the market places is seasonal, and despite being a delicacy in most parts of the country, there is little done to rear them for food.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn more recent years, a growing interest in rearing insects has emerged. This is not driven by the need for insects as food, but rather as a cheaper alternative to protein in animal feeds intended to reduce livestock production costs. Of interest is the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL) which is reared by pockets of farmers in Zambia as feed for livestock. Its use in Zambia may still be in its infancy given the absence of its products on the local market. Elsewhere, BSFL is reared commercially, yielding readily available products such as fertilisers, oils, and feed (Wang and Shelom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Bessa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Because of the low level of exposure of BSFL in Zambia, there seems to be a lack of regulatory or guiding principles on how BSFL should be reared and handled (Mufungwe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This is of great concern given the safety issues that may arise as it thrives on organic waste (Mapiki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Its close association with human garbage and faecal matter makes it highly undesirable (Koech et al., 2022), yet if ethically reared it offers an incredibly rich source of protein (Were et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Moyo and Moyo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) that would remarkably reduce the cost of livestock production by 60\u0026ndash;70% (Hussein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Siamabele, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the clear benefits of BSFL as an animal feed, its adoption may be hindered by existing perceptions and attitudes among livestock farmers and consumers. Understanding how BSFL is perceived (cognitive appraisal) and the subsequent reactions (attitudes) towards it is crucial, as these factors can significantly influence its acceptance as animal feed and, consequently, the consumption of livestock products reared using it. Therefore, this study assessed the perceptions and attitudes of consumers, local farmers, and traders towards BSFL as a protein-based animal feed. Specifically, we investigated: (1) how consumer needs (social, cultural, economic, and environmental factors) influence BSFL acceptance; (2) how product-related circumstances and properties affect BSFL acceptance; and (3) which adoption strategies most effectively promote the acceptance and use of BSFL as animal feed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in seven mining towns of the Copperbelt Province in Zambia (Chililabombwe, Chingola, Kalulushi, Kitwe, Luanshya, Mufulira, and Ndola, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). These towns were selected due to their high urbanization and population density, which makes them significant hubs for employment, trade, and offer diverse markets for livestock and its products. The Province's role as an economic centre also means it hosts a rich variety of ethnic groups from across Zambia (Sosala, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), making it an ideal location to capture a broad range of consumer perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study's population in the seven mining towns comprised: (1) traders of livestock and their products in major markets; (2) livestock product consumers in the major markets and supermarkets; and (3) livestock farmers present in the markets. Specifically, data collection occurred in the following locations within each town; Chililabombwe: Lubengele Mine, and Second Class markets; Town Centre supermarkets; Chingola: Chiwempala market and the Park Mall; Kalulushi: Lwato and Nsokolo markets, and the butcheries; Kitwe: Chisokone, Nakadoli and Chamboli markets, and town centre supermarkets and butcheries; Luanshya: Buseko, Mikomfya and Main Luanshya markets, and town centre supermarkets and butcheries; Mufulira: Malela market and town centre supermarkets and butcheries; and Ndola: Chifubu, Old and New Masala markets, and town centre supermarkets and butcheries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA questionnaire was designed to capture how consumer needs, product properties, and adoption strategies influenced the acceptance of using BSFL as animal feed. Consumer needs were considered in relation to the socio-cultural circumstances and individual characteristics. Kauppi et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) described location, social acceptability, household composition, and culture as the circumstances surrounding socio-cultural practices, while taste orientation, age, gender, and motivation as those surrounding individual factors. Regarding the product, we considered product-related circumstances and properties as described by Kauppi et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Here, product-related circumstances included suitability, relative price, availability, ethnic aspects, and product placement, whilst product properties included taste properties, price, form, and nutritional properties. Adoption strategies were probed following Kauppi et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), who describe three strategies, namely, sensorial, market, education, and design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA random approach was used to select respondents to the questionnaire in the main markets, butcheries, and supermarkets. For livestock traders, we interviewed all the traders found trading in livestock in the market livestock sections. We also interviewed the farmers who deliver livestock (live animals, e.g., goats, chickens, etc.) or livestock products (eggs, fish, meat, etc.) to traders in the markets. Similarly, we interviewed all the consumers present at markets, butcheries, and major supermarkets between 6 am to 5 pm. In each location, we conducted interviews over three consecutive days in the months of August and September 2023. Before administering the questionnaire, permission to proceed was first sought from the market masters, butchers, and supermarket managers, as well as the respondents. Interviews were not conducted for those who indicated their unwillingness to participate. Tablets were used to collect all the data. Thus, the questionnaire was uploaded onto a Google Form, and data were collated using Microsoft Excel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was collated using Microsoft Excel and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Demographic data was categorised by gender, household size, age, education, length of stay and major ethnic group. Frequencies and crosstabs were used to compare responses among respondents and Pearson Chi-square analysis to test differences between responses. Chi-square analyses was also performed to understand the association of BSFL acceptance to consumer needs, product suitability and adoption strategies which are factors known to affect entomophagy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though data collection was confined to only the market places for animal products in the Copperbelt towns, and to one season of the year (hot dry season), the standardised data collection procedure used, allowed robust comparisons between the different consumer needs and their acceptance of BSFL as animal feed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Overview of the sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 758 respondents were approached for this study. Of these, 68 declined to participate, leaving 690 who agreed and responded to the questionnaire. After reviewing the collected data, we excluded all respondents who had missing entries. Consequently, the final sample size used in the analysis was 678 respondents. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides a summary of the demographic characteristics of the respondents interviewed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the survey respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic aspects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMining Towns % (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChililabombwe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChingola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKalulushi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKitwe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLuanshya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMufulira\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNdola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (115)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 (105)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 (37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 (148)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 (65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 (46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9 (162)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (678)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 (64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 (48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 (11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9 (72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 (28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 (27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0 (79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5 (329)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 (51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 (57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 (26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 (76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 (37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 (19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8 (83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5 (349)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 (59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 (49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 (24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 (83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 (34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 (28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7 (106)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.7 (383)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 (51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 (51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 (13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 (56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 (27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 (17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 (47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8 (262)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9 (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8 (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 (26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9 (9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9 (15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 (43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 (43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 (37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 (13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 (43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 (27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0 (23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 (69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.6 (255)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 (33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 (43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 (14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 (41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 (16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 (34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 (193)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 (22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 (15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6 (36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 (11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 (20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 (114)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 (17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 (58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u0026ndash;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.7 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 (12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u0026ndash;80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighest level of education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0 (13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 (27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 (33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 (12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 (32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 (130)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 (73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 (48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 (17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 (86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 (31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 (27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 (98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.0 (380)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 (29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 (30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0 (13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 (28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 (19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 (12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 (31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9 (162)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusinessman or woman\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 (67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 (16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 (90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 (33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0 (64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.5 (356)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 (19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0 (35)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0 (9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 (30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 (113)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 (36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 (22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 (10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 (28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.4 (58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9 (155)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.8 (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 (23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther (not disclosed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4 (11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 (31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLanguage groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0 (85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0 (58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 (16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 (83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0 (31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 (27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3(86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.0 (386)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 (40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Western\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 (7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 (15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 (13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 (55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEastern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 (12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 (10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 (33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5 (41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 (130)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWestern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 (23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 (5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 (29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 (14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Consumer needs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 Individual factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, gender, education, occupation and motivation as demonstrated by those who had some knowledge of BSFL were assessed to understand their association with the acceptance of BSFL as animal feed. More than half of the respondents (52.9%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;359) were unaware of BSFL. For those who were aware (47.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;319), encountered BSFL on manure piles (44.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;142), while 18.9% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60) had seen them in chicken runs and 17% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54) in garbage and dumpsites. Others observed them in their yards and gardens (4.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14), on their farms (3.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11), and on a variety of rotting materials (2.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9). Yet others heard about BSFL from the media \u0026amp; fairs (2.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9) and from friends \u0026amp; colleagues (3.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11). The others (2.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9) could not recall where they had learnt about the BSFL. Women (58.9%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188) were more knowledgeable of BSFL than men (41.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;131), and so were the businessmen and women (48.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;154) that comprised the largest group under occupation. In terms of education, those that had attained secondary education (56.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;180), had more knowledge of BSFL than those that attained primary education (21.9%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70), tertiary education (20.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66) and those that had never been to school (0.9%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). Northern Zambia language groups (i.e. Bemba, Aushi, Namwanga, Mambwe, Lambya), more knowledgeable of BSFL (56.9%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;181) followed by those from eastern Zambia (i.e. Ngoni, Nsenga, Chewa, \u0026amp; Kunda, 20.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66), then those from northwestern Zambia (i.e. Lunda, Luvale, Kaonde, Chokwe \u0026amp; Luchazi, 8.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28). Those from the southern parts of Zambia i.e. Tonga and Ila accounted for 6.0% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19), and those from the western (Lozi and Mbunda, 3.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11) and central (i.e. Soli, Lenje and Lala 3.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) parts of Zambia were the least aware. Amongst the demographic factors considered gender (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.6, df 1, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), age (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.1, df 6, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01) and occupation (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;41.9, df 4, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were more strongly linked to respondents\u0026rsquo; awareness of BSFL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor those who had heard of BSFL, 3.4% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23) rejected it as animal feed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Reasons given were that they were against consuming insects (34.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), yet others expressed health and safety concerns (21.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5), and others gave no reason (26.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6), or were not familiar with its use as animal feed (17.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main reason given by those that who were aware of BSFL and accepted it as an animal feed, was that it was cheaper, affordable and economical (45%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;131), worked well (19.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57), and was safe and promoted animal growth (11%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32). Other reasons given, were that it was nutritious as it had a high protein content (7.2%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21), and was organic and could be locally accessed (5.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16). The reasons given did not vary much between those who had prior knowledge of BSFL and those who had none (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.38, df 7, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons for accepting BSFL in animal feeds vs. those that had prior knowledge of BSFL and those that did not.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior Knowledge of BSFL % (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaybe cheaper and more accessible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.1 (161)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.0 (131)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.2 (292)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs long as it is safe, healthy, and promotes growth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 (32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0 (32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 (64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritious and high in protein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 (17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 (21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 (38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs long as it works well\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 (40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 (57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 (97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTry new ways of doing things\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 (36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0 (32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 (68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduce amount of garbage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic and locally produced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0 (12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 (16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 (28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo reasons given\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.0 (303)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0 (291)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (594)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, 88.2% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;594) of the respondents agreed to accept BSFL as an animal feed. The majority thought that it was cheaper, affordable and economical (57.2%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;340), followed by those who really didn\u0026rsquo;t mind it, as long as it worked well (21.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;127). Others thought that it promoted growth, had high proteins and was nutritious (8.2%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49). Yet others thought it was safe, healthy and had no adverse effect on livestock, as it was already consumed by livestock such as chickens (7.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44). It was also described as natural, organic and easy to source (5.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34). Similarly, the reasons given by those who were unwilling to accept it varied. Those who disagreed to accept BSFL (11.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;79), expressed health and safety concerns (43.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34), others were just against consuming insects (24.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19), yet others gave no reasons (20.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16), or were unfamiliar with insects (12.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen we interrogated the reasons given to accept BSFL against the four individual factors, we found no significant differences between the reasons given to accept BSFL and gender (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.82, df 7, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.45) and age (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52.8 df 42, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12), but for individual factors such as education (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.7, df 21, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01), and occupation (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46.9, df 28, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e provides a summary of the reasons given to accept BSFL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons for acceptance of BSFL and individual factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumer needs (Individual factors)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons for Accepting BSFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearsons χ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafe, healthy, and promotes growth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs long as it works well\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCheaper and more accessible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritious and high in protein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo reason\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic and locally produced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduce garbage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTry new ways of doing things\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther - none or unwilling to disclose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBusinessman or woman\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther (not disclosed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u0026ndash;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u0026ndash;80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBut when we interrogated the association of BSFL acceptance to individual factors, we found that all the individual factors except for age (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.28, df 6, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89), were strongly associated with BSFL acceptance i.e. gender (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.29, df 1, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01), education level (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.10, df 3, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03), knowledge (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.07, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00) and occupation (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.97, df 4, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Social cultural circumstances\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHere we considered entomophagy, language group, reasons for being at the market, household size and household head as social-cultural circumstances that would influence the acceptance of BSFL. The study revealed that a great deal of respondents (78.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;533) practised entomophagy with this practice being equally prevalent among both males (49%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;261) and females (51%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;272). In terms of occupation, it was the businessmen and women posing as traders (52.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;278) that practised entomophagy far more than the other groups i.e. employed (22.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;120), farmers (18.2%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;97), not employed (4.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21), and students (3.0%, =\u0026thinsp;16). The largest group practising entomophagy were those that had attained secondary education (56.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;301), followed by those that had attained tertiary education (23.4%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;125), primary education (19.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;103) and then those that had never attended school or would not disclose (7.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4). In terms of location, those who were at the market trading in livestock or its products (41.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;222) practised entomophagy far more than those that were there as consumers (21.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;116) of livestock products, livestock farmers (14.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;78), employed in the market or supermarkets (19.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;104) or were passing by as students or unemployed (2.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11). The practice of entomophagy was strongly linked to language group (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;36.4, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00), household size (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;15.1, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01), age (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;13.6, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03) and reasons for being at the market (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;8.5, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen we examined the reasons given to accept BSFL, we found that the reasons to accept BSFL did not vary much between those who practised entomophagy and those who didn\u0026rsquo;t (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.00, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89), household size (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.88, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.99), and whether the respondent was the head of a household or not (\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e=11.25, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.67). However, reasons given for acceptance varied among the different language groups (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;57.55, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05), reasons for being at the market (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;37.05, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e provides a summary of the reasons given for accepting BSFL based on social cultural circumstances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial cultural circumstances and reasons for accepting BSFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial cultural circumstances\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearsons χ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs long as it is safe, healthy \u0026amp; promotes growth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs long as it works well\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaybe cheaper \u0026amp; more accessible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritious \u0026amp; high in protein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo reason\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic \u0026amp; locally produced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduce garbage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrying new things\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntomophagy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLanguage group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorthern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Western\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEastern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWestern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize of household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold Head?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrading\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial cultural circumstances that were strongly associated with BSFL acceptance included language group (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.9, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04), reasons for being in current location (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.7, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00) and entomophagy (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.9276, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Product related circumstances\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHere we interrogated the responses from only those who indicated their acceptance of BSFL as animal feed with regard to product related circumstances and properties. Regarding, product suitability and availability, nearly half of the respondents (47.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;281) did not mind that BSFL was reared on an assortment of organic waste including manure. Most of these respondents indicated that it did not matter (39.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;124), as livestock such as chickens were already consuming BSFL on their farms, and they were not even aware of the constituents of feed given to the livestock whose products they consumed. For those who indicated that their decision would be influenced (52.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;313), they mainly gave reasons for it being a cheaper option.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen it came to taste, the majority of respondents who accepted BSFL as an animal feed (83.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;498), indicated that they would consider consuming livestock products (e.g. milk, eggs, meat, etc.) obtained from animals reared using BSFL. A small proportion (15.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;94) were not comfortable as they were unclear on how it worked and its safety. Regarding price, over half of the respondents (62.9%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;371), perceived a lower cost of production than similar feed constituents such as soya beans and fish meal. The rest (37.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;219) indicated that it did not matter as long as it worked, was cheaper and was beneficial. For those who indicated that it influenced their decision, they mainly gave reasons similar to those who perceived it to be a cheaper alternative.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen asked whether the high protein content in BSFL would influence their decision to use it as animal feed, 65.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;388) agreed as they thought it would promote good growth in livestock. Those who indicated that it wasn\u0026rsquo;t important (17.2%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;35), gave reasons similar to those presented by those who indicated that the high protein content would influence their decision. In terms of product form, over half of the respondents (58%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;341) indicated that they preferred BSFL as animal feed in powder form as it was thought to be easier to use and provided more options. Others (40.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;241) were of the view that it made no difference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Marketing Strategies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver half of the respondents (53.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;318) that agreed to accept BSFL in animal feed were of the view that market and education was the most effective strategy for its promotion. It was their view that using market and education as a strategy would bring about a better understanding of BSFL amongst the various stakeholders for informed decision making. The rest (25.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150), were of the view that sensorial strategies that first sought to gain people\u0026rsquo;s trust, was a better approach followed by those (20.2%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;120) that thought design strategies were better.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of novel feed ingredients such as BSFL continues to grow globally (Ouko et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Koech et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and is considered a prudent alternative to traditional feed ingredients (i.e. soya beans and fish meal), especially in the framework of sustainability and a circular economy (Ouko et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mufungwe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Despite this growth and recognition, the uptake of BSFL is relatively slow in some parts of Africa including Zambia, which could benefit from its potential to diversify commercial feed formulation (Hussein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Siamabele, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Koech et al., 2022; Nguezet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and ultimately boost the revenues accrued from the livestock industry (Roy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The slow uptake may be a consequence of many factors that relate to consumer needs that pertain to individual and social cultural factors (Kauppi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Koech et al., 2022), product suitability (Kauppi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Selaledi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Mufungwe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e;) and adoption strategies (Kauppi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Africa, the lack of knowledge among individuals serves as a significant obstacle to accepting BSFL as a feed ingredient (Koech et al., 2022). Given this, we expected that the lack of awareness on BSFL would be a significant hindrance to its acceptance as a feed ingredient. To our surprise this did not affect the respondents' responses, as 84.4% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;303) of those that had no prior knowledge were willing to accept BSFL as a feed ingredient. Further, there was no significant difference between the reasons given to accept BSFL among those that had prior knowledge and those that had none (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.38, df 7, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30). Instead, most respondents seemed more concerned with it being cheaper and accessible. This underscored the potential for BSFL to allay some of the environmental and food security concerns raised by Hussein et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and provides a compelling reason to address the aforementioned concerns given the projected increase in the consumption of livestock products i.e. 60\u0026ndash;70% by 2050, (van Huis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hussein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e;) and the high prices of feed constituents (Hasimuna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Given that the majority of respondents were businessmen and women with secondary education, it is plausible that BSFL acceptance was strongly linked to occupation (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.5, df 6, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01) and education (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.8, df 4, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03) and not gender as just as many women and men accepted BSFL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditionally, BSFL has been associated with unappealing and dirty situations (Koech et al., 2022), and that\u0026rsquo;s why it was not surprising that some of the respondents (11.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;79) rejected it as an animal feed ingredient. Reasons given obviously corroborated this tradition as some were against consuming insects in whatever form (24.1%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19). Others expressed health and safety concerns (43%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34), and the others were unwilling to divulge their reasons (17.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14) or were unfamiliar with BSFL (15.2%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12). Yet, a majority (88.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;594) expressed their acceptance of BSFL as an animal feed, and this may well reflect the importance of insects as food in Africa, where entomophagy is predominately practised (Matandirotya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Our findings corroborate this, as nearly eighty percent (78.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;533) of the participants practised entomophagy and chief amongst them was the language group that comprises tribes from northern Zambia (49.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;265) that are the major suppliers of edible insects in the country (Mbata et al., 2002).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growing demand and ever-increasing prices of animal feed in Zambia (Hasimuna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) seemingly overshadowed any concerns that may arise based on the product related circumstances or properties of BSFL. Over half of the respondents were more concerned about BSFL being a cheaper and affordable alternative than any other concern related to it being reared on organic waste, taste, constituents and packaging. In fact, most of the respondents were indifferent to these other product related circumstances as they were of the view that they were not important given that they were unaware of the constituents of the feeds used to rear the livestock they traded in or consumed, and as BSFL was consumed by livestock such as chickens on their farms, it was considered safe. This may reflect gaps in the quality assurance of animal feed constituents, particularly for those that may arise from insects such as BSFL, as the regulatory frameworks for the use of insects as feed and food in Zambia are generally lacking (Mufungwe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Given the critical safety concerns that arise in the production of BSFL in Africa for animal feeds (Mufungwe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), the development of frameworks that guarantee the safe use of BSFL needs to be prioritised to ensure its safe use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though Kauppi et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) recommended focusing on the design-focused strategies, over half of the respondents (53.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;318) were of the view that market and education strategies would work best as this would garner more understanding and support decision making on the use of BSFL and the consumption of products raised using BSFL. Unlike other insects on which entomophagy is practised, BSFL presents a unique case as it thrives on organic waste, and its use as animal feed may be undesirable to many (Koech et al., 2022). Therefore, aspects relating to its identity and safe use may need to be fully understood. Regardless, this did not seem to affect the respondents, as most were far more concerned with the cost of feed or livestock products than any of the product-related circumstances of BSFL or its properties. Design was considered by a fifth of the respondents (20.2%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;120) after those that supported sensorial strategies (25.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150) which was perceived as an approach that would enhance the buy in of BSFL as it would garner consumes\u0026rsquo; trust.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is clear that BSFL as animal feed has the potential to be accepted in Zambia, as demonstrated by the responses from respondents drawn from the most culturally populace towns in Zambia. Economic considerations, such as affordability and accessibility, are the current drivers of acceptance, while socio-cultural factors like entomophagy practices and language group also play a role. However, its acceptance may need to be supported by a combination of strategies that promote insect consumption whilst integrating the need to market and educate users of BSFL and consumers of livestock products raised thereof. Through this integrated approach, the traditional negative perception of BSFL may be surmounted. Nonetheless, ensuring the safe use of BSFL across Zambia and other parts of Africa remains a priority to guarantee quality and biosafety needs. By aligning product development with consumer preferences and addressing safety and quality concerns, BSFL has the potential to contribute significantly to sustainable livestock production, reduce feed costs, and enhance food security in Zambia and comparable contexts across sub-Saharan Africa.​\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGratitude is extended to all the respondents who participated in this study. We are also grateful to the National Science and Technology Council for the support provided through the Strategic Research Fund.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from legal guardians and from all individual participants included in this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are no potential conflicts of interest associated with the publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by the National Science and Technology Council in Zambia, which provided funds through its Strategic Research Fund [NSTC/101/6/8].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Copperbelt University\u0026rsquo;s Research Ethics Committee, under the ethical clearance certificate number: CBU/DoR/04223/2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNN, JM, PM, TJ, NCM and JN were responsible for the funding acquisition, conceptualization and design of this study. NN, TJ, MS, NCM, JM, JN, MS and PM performed the fieldwork, and NN, TJ and DM analysed and interpreted the results. The manuscript was written and reviewed by NN, NM, TJ, MS, NCM, JM, JN, DM, MI and PM. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Conflicting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eORCID iDs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNgawo Namukonde https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-8876\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenny Mwaanga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8317-8167\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJoyce Mufungwe https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1878-0661\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBessa LW, Pieterse E, Marais J, Hoffman LC. 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Ann Rev Entomol. 2013;58:563\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adoption strategies, black soldier fly larvae, entomophagy, individual characteristics, socio-cultural circumstances, product-related circumstance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8310543/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8310543/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the factors influencing acceptance of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as animal feed in Zambia. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to consumers, traders, and farmers in markets, butcheries, and supermarkets across seven mining towns of Zambia. We assessed how individual characteristics (age, gender, occupation, motivation), socio-cultural circumstances (location, entomophagy, language group, household composition), product attributes (price, form, taste, nutrition), and adoption strategies (sensorial, market and education, design) influenced acceptance. A total of 678 valid responses were analysed. Overall, 88.2% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;594) of respondents expressed willingness to accept BSFL-based feed. Acceptance was strongly associated with all individual characteristics, except age, and with all socio-cultural circumstances save for household size and head. All product attributes significantly affected acceptance, highlighting the importance of both economic and sensory considerations. Among adoption strategies, marketing and education were identified as the most effective pathways to enhance uptake. The results highlight the potential of using BSFL as an alternative protein source for animal feed in densely populated regions of Zambia. Consumer acceptability may depend on the alignment of product development with socio-cultural preferences, which should be strengthened by targeted marketing and education. Addressing quality and safety issues will be essential for scaling adoption. These findings provide evidence to guide policy, extension, and private-sector initiatives aimed at integrating insect-based diets in sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Acceptance of black soldier fly larvae as animal feed by farmers, traders, and consumers in Zambia’s Copperbelt Province towns","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-28 19:36:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8310543/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision 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