Depressive Symptomatology among Adolescents in Internally Displaced Persons’ Camps in Borno State, Nigeria: Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behaviour and Client-Centred Therapies

Depressive Symptomatology among Adolescents in Internally Displaced Persons’ Camps in Borno State, Nigeria: Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behaviour and Client-Centred Therapies | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Depressive Symptomatology among Adolescents in Internally Displaced Persons’ Camps in Borno State, Nigeria: Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behaviour and Client-Centred Therapies Amos Audu, Adebukola Kabir Taiwo, Adesoji Emmanuel Awoyemi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8295751/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Depressive symptomatology (DS) is the presence of depressive symptoms in individuals whose presentation has not met diagnostic criteria for any depression but is associated with many unfavourable socioeconomicconsequences. This study investigated the effects of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) and Client-Centred Therapy (CCT) on DS among adolescents in IDP camps in Borno State. The moderating effects of gender and health self-efficacy (HSE) were also examined. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with a 3×2×3 factorial matrix. Ninety adolescents participated in the study. The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents and the HSE Scale were used. The data were analysed via ANCOVA. The results were considered significant at the p < 0.05 level. The participants’ average age was 14.04 ± 4.46 years; 51% were female, and 49% were male. There were significant main effects of treatments (REBT and CCT) on the reduction in DS. REBT was found to be more effective than CCT. The moderating effects of gender and the HSE were significant. It was concluded that REBT and CCT were effective in reducing DS. Counselling psychologists should incorporate both therapies in the treatment of DSs among adolescents in IDPs’ camps with due consideration to sex and the HSE, given priority to REBT. Rational emotive behaviour therapy client-centred therapy depressive symptomatology adolescents internally displaced persons Figures Figure 1 Introduction Nigeria, like many developing countries in the world, is being faced with diverse forms of security challenges since independence. However, prominent among these security threats is “ Boko Haram ” which means “ western education is forbidden ” insurgency and its ceaseless terroristic activities for more than a decade. Boko Haram insurgency has become a significant threat to Nigerian state and its neighbouring countries like Cameroun, Chad and Niger Republic. Unfortunately, Borno being the only state in Nigeria that shares borders with Cameroun, Chad and Niger Republic, have become the epicentre of Boko Haram Terrorists (BHT) activities. The emergence of Boko Haram as a group is conflictual in the literatures; however, Aremu ( 2022 ) asserts that Boko Haram frantic activities can be traced to 2009, when the pioneer leader of the group “Mohammed Yusuf” was outreaching several places in the North-East, Nigeria and also launched attack on government forces. Many school of thoughts believed that the Boko Haram which is also known as Jamāʿat Ahl al-Sunnah li-l-Daʿawah wa al-Jihād (often translated as “Association of the People of the Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad” or “People Committed to the Prophet’s Teaching for Propagation and Jihad) terror acts were particularly their forceful attempt to impose a religious ideology on a constitutionally recognized secular state (Nigeria). Although, in the long many elements like criminal and political entities may have colluded in the terroristic adventure. The rise of BHT activities has been accompanied by a sharp increase in the prevalence of mental health issues in Borno State and its surrounding. It could be logically assumed that the linkage between the BHT activities and prevalence rates of mental health issues in Borno State are positively correlated. Likewise, Coventry, Meader, Melton, Temple, Dale and Wright ( 2020 ) confirms that exposure to complex traumatic situations like armed conflict and violence, forcible displacement, sexual abuse and domestic violence which is associated with physical and psychological trauma increases the risk of depressive symptomatology and other mental health issues among the survivors. According to Amalu ( 2015 ), the spate of violent attacks by BHT in recent times which has been characterised by the killing, abduction and displacement of people, destruction of public and private residences, schools, health care centres, media houses, churches, mosques and farms has plunged the Nigerian state into a chronic state of insecurity. Likewise, it has been observed by the researchers that many adolescents receiving instructions at Temporary Learning Centres (TLCs) in Internally Displaced Persons’ (IDPs) camps in Borno State suffers from noticeable depressive symptomatology (DS), unfortunately, as they journey through adolescence stage of development which is naturally stressful and stormy, it was further compounded by acute humanitarian crises, protracted displacement, physical trauma, psychological trauma and emergencies situations. According to Hoare, Millar, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Skouteris, Nichols, Malakellis, Swinburn and Allender (2016), DS is the grouping of symptoms that classify depressive disorders. The depressive symptomatology may include low mood, loss of pleasure or interest in hobbies and everyday activities that an individual may experience. DS can be described as the presence of depressive symptoms in an individual whose presentation has never met diagnostic criteria for any depression, yet associated with a lot of unfavourable socioeconomic consequences. It could be surmised that DS is an early sign or mental health condition that may potentially develops into full blown depression if not properly managed. According to Kong ( 2019 ), the aetiology of DS is not known, but many studies alludes that it is caused by multi-factors such as genetic and environmental factors. DS is associated with childhood trauma, female gender, low socio-economic status, loss of blood relatives, older age, not employed and being single, separated and divorced (Dawood et al., 2017 ). Beck and Brad ( 2009 ) reported that the prevalence of depressive symptomatology among adolescents ranges from 13% to 33% in community settings. Also, Davis-Berman ( 1988 ) stated that DS is more common in community-based investigations while, depressive disorders tend to be more in clinical population. DS is found to be linked with numerous unfavourable personal, social, academic and vocational consequences. It affects the psychosocial functioning and wellbeing of its sufferers negatively (Sheikh et al, 2015 ). Depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State have become a source for concern to the government at all levels, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Education in Emergencies Working Group Nigeria (EiEWGN), critical education stakeholders, counselling psychologists and other mental health professionals in Borno State. If this trend is left unchecked, unmanaged or untreated, the negative impacts of DS on adolescents, their families, communities and society may be costly. These consequences may range from low academic performance, predisposition to depression and other mental health disorders, increase in substance abuse, teenage pregnancy, truancy, high school dropout, poverty, social problems, poor physical health and sometimes premature death. Animasahun and Animasahun ( 2016 ) asserted that untreated depressive symptomatology among adolescents increases the probability of suicidal behaviour and self-harm. However, many studies have been conducted to ascertain the prevalence and predictors of DS; these have consistently found high prevalence rates of DS (Obi-Nwosu et al, 2016 ; Mujeeb and Zubair, 2015 ). Despite this risk, the effectiveness of psychotherapies on DS has not been well studied; it was against this background that REBT and CCT which are evidence-based psychotherapies were considered in the management of DS in this study. Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) is a form of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and directional counselling therapy propounded by Albert Ellis in 1950s (Corey, 2017 ). Ellis ( 1957 ) argued that individuals contribute largely to their own emotional distress and dysfunctional behaviour. The REBT is founded on the views of Epictetus, a Roman philosopher, who claimed that ‘humans are disturbed not by things but by their views of things’ (Dryden and Neenan, 2004 ). The Ellis’s theory assumed that majority of mental health issues spring up from basic irrational thoughts and illogical beliefs which are absolutely groundless in reality. The goal of REBT is to help individuals achieve emotional well-being and personal growth by changing the way they think, feel and behave in response to life events. This can be achieved by application of REBT model, illustrated in the form ABCDE framework to aid the clients overcome their emotional and behavioural disturbances through identifying irrational beliefs, challenging and questioning beliefs, replacing irrational beliefs with rational beliefs, promoting emotional regulation, improving coping skills and enhancing self-acceptance and self-efficacy (Corey, 2017 ). On the other hand, Client-Centred Therapy (CCT) is a form of non-directive and supportive form of psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers in 1940s and 1950s (Sommers-Flanagan and Sommers-Flanagan, 2015 ). CCT is grounded in humanistic psychology which has positive views towards human nature. Rogers ( 1942 ) assumed that people are essentially good, trustworthy and have vast potential for understanding themselves and resolves their own issues mental issues without necessarily direct intervention when the therapeutic atmosphere is favourable. He stressed that counselling sessions to be effective; the following six conditions should be present: the unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence, warmth, genuine acceptance and care. According to Rogers ( 1957 ), people have desire, capacity and resources for personal growth and change. The goal of CCT is to facilitate personal growth and self-actualization in individuals by providing a supportive and empathetic therapeutic environment. Specifically, CCT emphasizes on facilitating self-exploration, promoting self-acceptance, encouraging personal responsibility, fostering growth and actualization and building therapeutic alliance for the overall improvement of clients’ mental condition. Many studies have shown that REBT and CCT were effective in the reduction of depressive symptomatology in different population (Weston, 2007 ; Ajidahun, 2014 ; Ebrahim, Majid, Afsaneh, Shokoofeh and Farzaneh, 2014 ; Yoosefi, Fatehzade, Etmadi, Ahmadi and Isanazhad, 2016 ). Despite this, effectiveness of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology has yet to be robustly researched especially among adolescents in North-East, Nigeria. It is against this backdrop that the study investigated the effect of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps in Borno State, Nigeria. Purpose of the Study Broadly, the purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) and client-centered therapy (CCT) on depressive symptomatology among adolescents in internally displaced persons (IDPs’) camps in Borno State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examines the: Main effect of treatments on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps, Borno State. Interaction effect of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps, Borno State. Interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps, Borno State. Hypotheses The following seven null hypotheses raised in the study were tested at 0.05 level of significance: Ho 1 : There is no significant main effect of treatments on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps, Borno State. Ho 2 : There is no significant interaction effect of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps, Borno State. Ho 3 : There is no significant interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps, Borno State. Conceptual Framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework The conceptual model for this study was designed to determine the differential effectiveness of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps, Borno State, Nigeria. The model is comprised of three (3) variables namely: the independent, intervening and dependent variables. REBT and CCT (i.e. independent variables) were used as the intervention packages in this study. The REBT and CCT were manipulated by the researcher to ascertain their effects on depressive symptomatology (dependent variable). The moderating variables are factors that may intervene the efficacy of independent (REBT and CCT) on dependent (depressive symptomatology) variables. The intervening variables are categorised into two namely: organismic (internal) and environmental (external) variables. The organismic are variables which are consociated intrinsically with the organisms (i.e. participants) in the study. The internal variables include: gender, health self-efficacy, age, self-esteem, resilience and stress. The environmental variables include: socio-economic status, cultural and religious affiliation. For the purpose of this study and based on literatures reviewed, mediation effects of gender and health self-efficacy were ascertained. Therefore, the conceptual model for this research work is presented in the figure 1. S - Stimulus (Independent variables) O - Organism (Intervening variables) R - Response (Dependent variable) Methodology The study was anchored to Health Belief Model, while pretest posttest control group quasi-experimental design with 3×2×3 factorial matrix was adopted. The population for the study comprised of all the adolescents with depressive symptomatology at TLCs in IDPs’ camps in Borno State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was adopted for this study to select ninety (90) adolescents with depressive symptomatology from three (3) IDPs’ camps in Borno State. Firstly, 3 IDPs’ camps with TLCs were randomly selected from Borno State. In the second stage, the adolescents in IDPs’ camps were screened with Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) and participants who had a cut-off score between twenty eight (28) and sixty-six (66) on MFQ were selected. In the third stage, 90 participants who met the inclusion criteria were assigned into REBT (n = 31), CCT (n = 30) and control (n = 29) groups. Three research instruments were used: Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents (QIDS-A) and Health Self-Efficacy Scale (HSES). MFQ was adopted to screen out the participants of this study. MFQ was developed by Angold, Costello, Messer, Pickles, Winder and Silver (1987). The MFQ was primarily designed to measure and monitor depressive symptomatology among individuals. Specifically, MFQ is developed to be administered on children and adolescents only. The 33 items on MFQ were rated using “Not True” (0), “Sometimes True” (1) and “True” (2) with total scores ranging from 0 to 66. The MFQ was interpreted thus; a total score from 0 to 27 indicates no or minimal presence of depressive symptomatology, whereas a cut-off scores between 28 and 66 is an indicative of depressive symptomatology. For the MFQ, the total score ranges between 0 and 66, with a higher score indicating more intense depressive symptomatology. The participants of this study were selected on the basis of their eligibility i.e. by scoring between 28 and 66 on MFQ which is one of the inclusion criteria. The MFQ is also revalidated among fifty (50) adolescents in IDPs camps. The result of the Cronbach Alpha analysis have shown that MFQ is highly reliable with internal consistency (α = .81). The QIDS-A was developed by Bernstein, Rush, Trivedi, Hughes, Macleod, Witte and Emslie (2010) and was adopted. QIDS-A is designed specifically to assess the extent of depressive symptomology among adolescents population. The QIDS-A consists of two sections i.e. ‘A’ and ‘B’. Section ‘A’ elicited information on socio-demographic characteristics (such as gender, age range and religion) of the participants while, Section ‘B’ contains seventeen (17) items in a form of statements which ascertained the presence and severity of depressive symptomatology among in-school internally displaced adolescents in IDPs’ camps. The response mode for QIDS-A are in the form of statement depending on the items. All the 17 items were rated from zero (0) to three (3). Moreover, in scoring, the highest score on any 1 of the 4 sleep items (1–4) were entered, Also, the highest score on either the mood sad or mood irritable item (5 or 6) were inserted. The highest score on any 1 appetite/weight item (7–10) were entered. Additionally, all scores from item 11 to 15 were considered. Finally, the highest score on either of the 2 psychomotor items (16 or 17) were entered. Therefore, the total score on QIDS-A ranged from 0 to 27. Furthermore, QIDS-A was interpreted as follows; a total score from 0 to 5 is an indicative of normal or absence of depressive symptomatology, whereas a cut-off score between 6–27 was considered as presence of depressive symptomatology. In order to ascertain the severity of the depressive symptomatology, the ranges of scores from 6–10, 11–15, 16–20 and 21–27 were rated as mild, moderate, severe and very severe depressive symptomatology respectively in this study. The QIDS-A is revalidated the study area, and internal consistency of (α = .79) was found. Also, HSES was used in this study to measure the level of health self-efficacy of the participants. HSES was developed by Gandoy-Crego, Clemente, Gómez-Cantorna, González-Rodríguez and Reig-Botella ( 2016 ). HSES is an instrument designed to measure coping health self-efficacy as manifested by people experiencing health challenges. The HSES consists of ten (10) items in a form of statements to ascertain the level of health self-efficacy. The 10 items are rated on four likert scale (Totally Disagree = 1, Disagree = 2, Agree = 3 and Totally Agree = 4). Also, the total scores ranges between 10 and 40, with a higher score indicates high health self-efficacy. However, the ranged scores of HSES between 10–20, 21–30 and 31–40 were considered as low, moderate and high health self-efficacy respectively in this study. The HSES was pilot tested among fifty (50) adolescents in IDPs camps and reliability index of .77 (α = .77) was obtained. Participants and Procedure The researcher initiated contact with the Head of the Department of Counselling and Human Development Studies at the University of Ibadan, who provided an introductory letter addressed to the Director General of the Borno State Emergency Management Agency (BOSEMA). Subsequently, approval was secured from BOSEMA for access to the IDPs’ camps, which was then communicated to the camp managers. Following authorization from the Director General of BOSEMA, the researcher personally visited three selected IDPs’ camps in Borno State. Two research assistants aided the researcher in various tasks such as sampling respondents, screening participants and organizing counseling venues at the IDPs’ camps. Further, the researcher sought ethical clearance for the study by submitting a request to the University of Ibadan Social Science and Human Research Ethics Committee (UI/SSHREC) within the Faculty of Social Sciences, which was successfully granted. At pre-treatment phase, participants were selected based on the inclusion criteria, participants’ flowchart and multistage sampling technique. Prior to that, an informed accent and consent form were administered on the participants and their parents/guardians respectively. At treatment phase, the standard ethical procedures by University of Ibadan, Social Science and Human Research Ethics Committee (UI / SSHREC) was strictly adhered to in the psychotherapeutic process. The group one was treated using REBT, while the group two treated using CCT. The treatment phase was organised to last for ten (10) sessions corresponding to ten weeks i.e. meeting on weekly basis simultaneously for one and half (1hr 30 minutes) hour each. On the contrary, the control group was given placebo on political thuggery for two sessions. At the post treatment phase, the therapeutic sessions were summarised post-test data were collected. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Analysis of Covariance and Duncan Post Hoc test. The three hypotheses were tested and the results of this study were considered at p < 0.05 as significance level. Results Table 1 presents the pre-test and post-test mean scores and standard deviations of depressive symptomatology for participants in the REBT, CCT and control groups. As shown in Table 1 , there was a significant main effect of treatment on depressive symptomatology among adolescents in IDPs’ camps in Borno State, F(2, 76) = 297.997, p. < .05, η² = .89. Consequently, hypothesis one, which posited no significant main effect of treatments on depressive symptomatology, was rejected. The findings indicate that both REBT and CCT produced statistically significant reductions in depressive symptomatology among adolescents at Temporary Learning Centres (TLCs) in IDPs’ camps in Borno State. Further post hoc analyses using the Duncan multiple range test revealed that post-treatment mean scores were significantly lower for participants in the REBT group (M = 6.87) compared to those in the CCT group (M = 8.43) and the control group (M = 19.30). This confirms a statistically significant differential effect between the two treatment approaches (p. < .001), with REBT demonstrating greater effectiveness than CCT in reducing depressive symptomatology. Table 1 Effect of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology for adolescent in IDP camps in Borno State (n = 90) Time Measure Group N Mean (SD) F p. η 2 Pre-test QIDS-A REBT 31 20.40 (2.98) 2.120 .150 .027 CCT 30 19.87 (3.10) Control 29 20.73 (2.63) Post-test QIDS-A REBT 31 6.87 (2.61) 297.99 .001 .887 CCT 30 8.43 (3.00) Control 29 19.30 (3.12) Note : QIDS-A = Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents; REBT = Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy; CCT = Client-Centred Therapy; N = Frequency; M = Mean; SD = Standard Deviation; df = 2; η 2 = effect size; * p < 0.05 The interaction effect of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology among the participants was also examined. The interaction effects of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology are presented in Table 2 . As indicated in Table 2 , a significant interaction effect was observed between treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps in Borno State, F(1, 76) = 78.236, p. < .05, η² = .270. Accordingly, hypothesis two was rejected. The results show that, at post-treatment, female participants recorded lower mean depressive symptomatology scores compared to their male counterparts across all groups: REBT (Male = 7.36; Female = 5.53), CCT (Male = 8.67; Female = 6.20) and Control (Male = 19.20; Female = 16.57). This suggests that female participants derived greater benefit from the interventions than male participants. Table 2 Interaction effect of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology for adolescent in IDP camps in Borno State (n = 90) Time Measure Group Gender N Mean (SD) F p. η 2 Pre-test QIDS-A REBT Male 14 22.00 (2.29) 2.120 .150 .027 Female 17 18.94 (2.77) CCT Male 15 19.87 (3.10) Female 15 19.73 (3.24) Control Male 15 20.33 (2.53) Female 14 21.36 (2.71) Post-test QIDS-A REBT Male 14 7.36 (2.68) 78.236 .003 .270 Female 17 5.53 (2..50) CCT Male 15 8.67 (3.42) Female 15 6.20 (2.62) Control Male 15 19.20 (3.10) Female 14 16.57 (3.30) Note : QIDS-A = Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents; REBT = Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy; CCT = Client-Centred Therapy; N = Frequency; M = Mean; SD = Standard Deviation; df = 1; η 2 = effect size; * p < 0.05 The interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology was further examined. Table 3 shows the interaction effects of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among participants. As shown in Table 3 , there was a statistically significant interaction effect between treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps in Borno State, F(3, 76) = 74.237, p. < .05, η² = .431. Consequently, Hypothesis three, which posited no significant interaction effect of treatment and health self-efficacy, was rejected. The findings reveal that participants with high health self-efficacy in the REBT group benefited most (M = 6.73), followed by those with high health self-efficacy in the CCT group (M = 6.80). Participants with moderate health self-efficacy in the REBT (M = 6.83) and CCT (M = 7.30) groups also showed notable improvement. In contrast, participants in the control group recorded substantially higher depressive symptomatology scores across all levels of health self-efficacy. Overall, the results indicate that the effectiveness of the treatments varied according to participants’ levels of health self-efficacy. Table 3 Interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology for adolescent in IDP camps in Borno State (n = 90) Time Measure Group HSE N Mean (SD) F p. η 2 Pre-test QIDS-A REBT Low 8 22.25 (1.83) 2.120 .150 .027 Moderate 12 20.92 (2.75) High 11 18.27 (2.76) CCT Low 10 6.90 (2.23) Moderate 10 13.90 (5.41) High 10 21.10 (2.81) Control Low 11 20.45 (2.84) Moderate 10 21.30 (2.83) High 8 20.75 (2.25) Post-test QIDS-A REBT Low 8 8.25 (1.98) 74.24 .002 .431 Moderate 12 6.83 (2.92) High 11 6.73 (2.76) CCT Low 10 9.20 (2.82) Moderate 10 7.30 (2.36) High 10 6.80 (3.46) Control Low 11 18.09 (2.51) Moderate 10 19.50 (2.68) High 8 18.75 (4.10) Note : QIDS-A = Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents; REBT = Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy; CCT = Client-Centred Therapy; HSE: Health Self-Efficacy; N = Frequency; M = Mean; SD = Standard Deviation; df = 3; η 2 = effect size; * p < 0.05 Discussion The study aimed to explore the effect of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and Client-Centred Therapy (CCT) on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at Temporary Learning Centers (TLCs) in Internally Displaced Persons’ (IDPs) camps in Borno State, Nigeria. Results indicated that both REBT and CCT significantly reduced depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs' camps, refuting the hypothesis that there would be no significant main effect of treatments. Furthermore, both interventions demonstrated superiority over the control group, with a significant differential effect observed between REBT and CCT. This suggests that the cognitive-behavioral techniques utilized in REBT may be particularly well-suited for addressing depressive symptoms in this population, compared to the more supportive approach of CCT. Moreover, these findings corroborate with the theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model (HBM) proposed by Becker et al. (1974). According to HBM, individuals are more likely to change their behavior if they perceive themselves as susceptible to a negative health condition, believe the condition is severe, possess the necessary resources to prevent or mitigate it, and perceive the benefits of behavior change to outweigh the costs. The study's results validate these postulations, indicating that participants were more inclined to take preventive actions following intervention when they perceived themselves as personally vulnerable to depression. Additionally, participants recognized their ability to alleviate depressive symptoms and perceived the benefits of behavior change as outweighing the associated costs, such as time and effort. Likewise, this research sheds light on the theoretical underpinnings of Ellis ( 1962 ) and Rogers (1951). Ellis posited that humans possess both rational and irrational thought tendencies, with the latter often leading to unhelpful, self-defeating, and socially defeating behaviors. However, Ellis asserted that through Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) techniques such as problem-solving, cognitive restructuring, and coping strategies, individuals can identify and challenge erroneous beliefs, replacing them with more functional ones. Similarly, Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness in fostering healthy self-concepts among individuals. He believed that supportive therapist-client relationships facilitate personal growth, alleviate mental distress, and enhance self-understanding. The findings of this study align with both theories, as they demonstrate a reduction in depressive symptomatology among participants, suggesting that interventions based on REBT and client-centered principles can effectively address maladaptive thought patterns and foster psychological well-being. Moreover, the findings of this study underscored the effectiveness of REBT in managing depressive symptomatology, aligning with previous research by Nik ( 2013 ), Zhaleh, Zarbakhsh, and Faramarzi ( 2014 ), Mangayarkarasi and Sellakumar ( 2017 ) and Onuigbo, Eseadi, Ebifa, Ugwu, Onyishi, and Oyeoku ( 2019 ). These studies consistently reported reductions in depressive symptoms among diverse participant populations following REBT interventions. Similarly, the study revealed the effectiveness of CCT in alleviating depressive symptomatology among adolescents in IDPs' camps in Borno State. These findings concur with research conducted by Sa’ad, Yusooff, Nen, and Subhi ( 2014 ), McLean, Su, Carpenter, and Foa ( 2015 ), Goldman, Brettle, and McAndrew ( 2016 ), Jung, Park, and Kim ( 2018 ) and Chenoweth, Stein-Parbury, Lapkin, Wang, Liu, and Williams ( 2019 ). The efficacy of CCT in addressing depressive symptoms may be attributed to the supportive therapeutic relationship fostered between therapist and client, consistent with the principles espoused by Carl Rogers. Additionally, the results revealed that REBT was more effective compared to CCT. In other words, adolescents who received REBT experienced greater reductions in depressive symptoms than those who received CCT. This implies that the cognitive-behavioral techniques and strategies employed in REBT may have been particularly well-suited for addressing depressive symptomatology in adolescents at TLC in IDPs camps. The REBT typically focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs, restructuring cognitive distortions and teaching coping mechanisms to manage negative emotions. These techniques may have directly targeted the underlying cognitive and emotional processes contributing to depressive symptomatology, leading to more significant improvements compared to the more client-centered and supportive approach of CCT. Understanding these findings is essential as it provides valuable insights into the comparative effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches for addressing depressive symptomatology. It suggests that interventions like REBT may be preferred or prioritized when designing treatment plans for individuals experiencing depressive symptomatology, based on their demonstrated efficacy in this study. This result conforms to the findings of a study conducted by Yoosefi, Fatehzade, Etmadi, Ahmadi and Isanazhad ( 2016 ). The aforementioned study compared the effectiveness of REBT and PCT on depressive symptoms among students in Saghez city, Iran, it was found that REBT was effective than PCT in the reduction depressive symptoms. It could be logically assumed that the directional nature of REBT over CCT may be responsible for this outcome among students. In an effort to enhance the analysis and deepen our understanding of how gender influences the effects of treatments on depressive symptomatology in this study, the second hypothesis posited that there would be no significant interaction effect of treatments and gender among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State. However, the study uncovered a significant interaction between treatments and gender concerning depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State, thereby rejecting the second hypothesis. This implies that the effects of treatments on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State are contingent upon gender. Gender has indeed influenced the relationship between treatments and depressive symptomatology in this research. Furthermore, it is evident that male and female participants respond differently to the interventions. This discrepancy indicates that females benefited more than their male counterparts from the treatments, suggesting a significant two-way interaction effect. In other words, the main effect of treatments on depressive symptomatology depends on gender in this study. Additionally, the findings suggest that the main effect of treatments varied between males and females, indicating that the effects of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology were not entirely independent of gender. Moreover, the results of the study align with the earlier findings of Eifediyi, Ojugo, and Aluede ( 2017 ), which reported a significant interaction effect of REBT and gender in reducing depressive symptoms and examination anxiety. These findings underscore the significance of gender in influencing the effectiveness of REBT and CCT. It could be inferred that the techniques of both REBT and CCT can be influenced by factors such as gender and gender-related variables. While gender is commonly associated with depressive symptomatology, the effectiveness of many psychotherapeutic interventions like REBT and CCT is moderated by gender. Additionally, these results are consistent with the claims made by Aneke et al. ( 2023 ), who found that gender acted as a moderator variable in influencing the effectiveness of interventions among depressive school children with atypical behaviors in Enugu State. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of considering gender differences when designing and implementing interventions for depressive symptomatology among adolescents. The third hypothesis proposed that there would be no significant interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State. However, the research findings contradicted this hypothesis by revealing a notable interaction effect between treatments and health self-efficacy regarding depressive symptomatology among adolescents in Borno State, thereby rejecting the initial hypothesis. In simpler terms, this suggests that the impact of treatments on depressive symptoms varied depending on the adolescents' levels of health self-efficacy. To explain further, individuals with differing levels of health self-efficacy responded differently to the treatments provided. For instance, adolescents with higher levels of health self-efficacy experienced more significant reductions in depressive symptomatology compared to those with moderate and lower levels of health self-efficacy. Understanding this interaction effect is crucial as it emphasizes the influential role of health self-efficacy in shaping the effectiveness of treatments for depressive symptomatology. This finding aligns with previous studies such as Kim, Kim, and Kim ( 2015 ) and Trumpeter ( 2015 ), which also highlighted the moderating influence of health self-efficacy on the effects of interventions for depressive symptomatology in adolescents. Health self-efficacy can be seen as a psychological resource that serves as a protective factor against depressive symptoms. In contrast to the findings of this study, Possel, Baldus, Horn, Groen, and Hautzinger ( 2005 ) reported no significant interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptoms. Their study indicated that participants with low health self-efficacy experienced similar benefits to those with moderate and high levels in terms of reducing depressive symptoms. Conclusion In conclusion, the findings of this research study provide valuable insights into the efficacy of REBT and CCT in reducing depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs' camps. Firstly, the results indicate that both REBT and CCT were effective in reducing depressive symptoms among the studied population, underscoring the importance of psychological interventions in addressing mental health challenges in vulnerable settings. Moreover, the study revealed that REBT demonstrated superior efficacy compared to CCT in reducing depressive symptoms. This highlights the significance of cognitive-behavioral techniques, such as those employed in REBT, in effectively targeting and alleviating depressive symptomatology among adolescents in IDP camps. Furthermore, the research identified significant interaction effects between treatments and both gender and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology. These findings emphasize the importance of considering individual differences, such as gender and perceived self-efficacy, when designing and implementing interventions for depression in adolescents. Tailoring interventions to address specific needs and characteristics of the target population, such as gender-specific considerations and enhancing health self-efficacy can optimize treatment outcomes and contribute to more effective mental health care delivery. Overall, these findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on effective interventions for depressive symptomatology among adolescents in challenging environments like IDPs’ camps. They underscore the importance of implementing evidence-based approaches and considering individual factors in mental health interventions to better meet the diverse needs of vulnerable populations. Future research could further explore the mechanisms underlying the differential efficacy of REBT and CCT, as well as the specific pathways through which gender and health self-efficacy influence treatment outcomes, to inform more targeted and comprehensive interventions for depressive symptoms in similar contexts. While both therapies demonstrated effectiveness in reducing depressive symptomatology among the adolescents, it is important to acknowledge several limitations of the study. Firstly, the generalizability of the findings is constrained by the small sample size utilized, limiting the ability to extrapolate the results to broader populations. Additionally, the study exclusively focused on adolescents, further restricting the applicability of the findings to other demographic groups within IDP settings. Moreover, the presence of unaccounted confounding variables introduces potential bias and complicates the interpretation of results. These variables, beyond the researcher's control and the scope of the study, may have influenced the outcomes. Despite these limitations, it is noteworthy that the study effectively addressed its purpose and thesis statement, lending validity and reliability to the results. Future research endeavours should aim to overcome these limitations by employing larger and more diverse samples, considering a broader range of variables and employing robust methodologies to enhance the generalizability and rigour of findings. Recommendations Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made: The REBT and CCT utilized in this study significantly reduced depressive symptomatology thus recommended for use to reduce depressive symptomatology of adolescents by counselling and clinical psychologists and other mental health experts, given priority to REBT for enhanced efficacy. The Education in Emergencies Working Group in Nigeria (EiEWGN) in collaboration with Federal Government of Nigeria should consider designing, developing and implementing gender-specific mental health programmes that address the unique needs and challenges faced by male and female adolescents in IDPs’ camps. The Borno State Government, Civil Society Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Counselling Association of Nigeria should collaborate to enhance the health self-efficacy of vulnerable adolescents in IDPs’ camps through context-specific psychoeducation sessions and skill-building exercises aimed at fostering a sense of empowerment and confidence in managing one’s mental health. Donors, United Nations Agencies, International NGOs, National NGOs and Ministries Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Nigeria are urged to conduct comprehensive needs assessment and analysis; this collaborative effort should inform strategic planning, resource mobilization and allocation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of mental health programmes in Northeast, Nigeria. Declarations Funding The research work received no financial support from any funding agencies. Ethical approval and consent to participate This study received ethical approval from the University of Ibadan, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Ethics Committee (SSHREC) with approval number: UI/ SSHREC /2023/00106. All participants fill in and provided informed consent was obtained from participants and assent from adolescents, with permission from camp authorities. Data availability statement The data that support the findings of this study are available with corresponding author on request. Conflict of interest The authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest. References Ajidahun B. Effects of rational emotive behavior therapy and client centered on age and self-concept of adolescents. J Psychol Behav Sci. 2014;2(2):147–61. Amalu NS. Impact of Boko Haram insurgency on human security in Nigeria. Global J Social Sci. 2015;14:35–42. Aneke AO, Ede MO, Agbigwe IB, Obumse NA, Nnamani O, Ngwoke AN, Okenyi EC, Ezema VS, Ejiofor JN, Njoku OC, Ifelunni CO, Ebizie EN, Okpala E, Oneli JO. Examining the impact of randomized control intervention on depressive symptoms in school children with atypical behaviors. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102:7:e32964. 10.1097/MD.0000000000032964 . Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, Pickles A, Winder F, Silver D. The development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 1995;5:237–49. Animasahun RA, Animasahun VO. Psychosocial predictors of suicide mission among Nigerian youths. Afr J Psychol Study Social Issues. 2016;19(1):79–102. Aremu OA. (2022). Commodification of Kidnapping and School Insecurity in Nigeria: Appraisals and National Challenge. Understanding and Preventive Community Violence: Global Criminological and Sociological Perspectives. Contemporary psychotherapies for a diverse world. J. F. 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Effectiveness of rational emotive behaviour therapy in the reduction of examination anxiety among secondary school students in Edo State, Nigeria. Asia Pac J Counselling Psychother. 2017;9(1):61–76. Ellis A. Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Stuart; 1962. Ellis A. Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. J Individual Psychol. 1957;13:38–44. Gandoy-Crego M, Clemente M, Gómez-Cantorna C, González-Rodríguez R, Reig-Botella A. Self-efficacy and Health: The SEH Scale. Am J Health Behav. 2016;40(3):389–95. Goldman S, Brettle A, McAndrew S. A client focused perspective of the effectiveness of Counselling for Depression (CfD). Counselling Psychother Res. 2016;16(4):288–97. Hoare E, Millar L, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Skouteris H, Nichols M, Malakellis M, Swinburn B, Allender S. Depressive symptomatology, weight status and obesogenic risk among Australian adolescents: A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2016;6:3: e010072. 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010072 . Jung J, Park S, Kim J. The effects of a client-centered leisure activity program on satisfaction, self-esteem, and depression in elderly residents of a long-term care facility. J Phys Therapy Sci. 2018;30:73–6. Kim MA, Kim J, Kim EJ. Effects of rational emotive behavior therapy for senior nursing students on coping strategies and self-efficacy. Nurse Educ Today. 2015;35(3):456–60. 10.1016/j.nedt.2014.11.013 . Kong R. Depression: The importance of etiology and the involvement of dopaminergic reward system. J Depress Anxiety. 2019;8(4):347–52. Mangayarkarasi K, Sellakumar GK. Efficacy of rational emotive therapy in the management of depression in HIV infected women. Int J Educ Psychol Community. 2017;7(12):41–64. McLean CP, Su YJ, Carpenter JK, Foa EB. Changes in PTSD and depression during prolonged exposure and client-centered therapy for PTSD in adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;46(4):500–10. Mujeeb A, Zubair A. Resilience, stress, anxiety and depression among internally displaced persons affected by armed conflict. Pakistan J Social Clin Psychol. 2015;10(2):20–6. Nik MM. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) for depression and smoking cessation in infertile women. J Addict Res Therapy. 2013;4(4):113–4. Obi-Nwosu H, Charles A, Chinenyenwa I, Kingsley N. An assessment of symptoms distress among Internally Displaced Persons. Global J Interdisciplinary Social Sci. 2016;5(4):72–81. Onuigbo LN, Eseadi C, Ebifa S, Ugwu UC, Onyishi CN, Oyeoku EK. Effect of rational emotive behavior therapy program on depressive symptoms among University students with blindness in Nigeria. J Rational-Emot Cognitive-Behav Ther. 2019;37:17–38. Possel P, Baldus C, Horn AB, Groen G, Hautzinger M. Influence of general self-efficacy on the effects of a school-based universal primary prevention program of depressive symptoms in adolescents: a randomized and controlled follow-up study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46(9):982–94. Rogers CR. Counselling and Psychotherapy : Newer concepts in practice . Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1942. Rogers CR. The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1957;21:95–103. Sa’ad FM, Yusooff F, Nen S, Subhi N. The effectiveness of person-centered therapy and cognitive psychology Ad-Din group counseling on self-concept, depression and resilience of pregnant out-of-wedlock teenagers. Social Behav Sci. 2014;114:927–32. Sheikh LA, Abdulaziz M, Agunbiade S, Joseph I, Ebiti B, Adekeye O. Correlates of depression among internally displaced persons after post-election violence in Kaduna, North Western Nigeria. J Affect Disord. 2015;170:46–51. Sommers-Flanagan J, Sommers-Flanagan R. Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice: Skills, strategies, and techniques. 2nd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2015. Trumpeter NN. (2015). The role of self-efficacy in mediating the effect of physical activity on adolescent depression. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3610 Weston T. (2007). The clinical effectiveness of the person-centred psychotherapies: The impact of the therapeutic relationship. PhD thesis, School of Lifelong Learning, University of East Anglia. Yoosefi N, Fatehzade MA, Etmadi O, Ahmadi SA, Isanazhad O. Comparing the effectiveness of two counseling approaches (R.E.B.T and P.C.T) in the symptom improvement of aggression, depression and anxiety among students of Saghez City. J Educ Saghez. 2016;39:86–101. Zhaleh N, Zarbakhsh M, Faramarzi M. Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy on the level of depression among female adolescents. J Appl Environ Biol Sci. 2014;4(4):102–7. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":146381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConceptual Framework\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8295751/v1/dce4ad53cc749d5aeb4f0065.png"},{"id":100379891,"identity":"bd7e2111-0fce-423d-beb8-4fefa33c36cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 09:52:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":889873,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8295751/v1/c41c5dbe-d952-47e9-b807-54a6d61479a9.pdf"},{"id":99341137,"identity":"94b443fc-d31f-4726-bdb7-5647b7b605be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-01 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However, prominent among these security threats is \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eBoko Haram\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; which means \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ewestern education is forbidden\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; insurgency and its ceaseless terroristic activities for more than a decade. Boko Haram insurgency has become a significant threat to Nigerian state and its neighbouring countries like Cameroun, Chad and Niger Republic. Unfortunately, Borno being the only state in Nigeria that shares borders with Cameroun, Chad and Niger Republic, have become the epicentre of Boko Haram Terrorists (BHT) activities. The emergence of Boko Haram as a group is conflictual in the literatures; however, Aremu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) asserts that Boko Haram frantic activities can be traced to 2009, when the pioneer leader of the group \u0026ldquo;Mohammed Yusuf\u0026rdquo; was outreaching several places in the North-East, Nigeria and also launched attack on government forces. Many school of thoughts believed that the Boko Haram which is also known as Jamāʿat Ahl al-Sunnah li-l-Daʿawah wa al-Jihād (often translated as \u0026ldquo;Association of the People of the Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;People Committed to the Prophet\u0026rsquo;s Teaching for Propagation and Jihad) terror acts were particularly their forceful attempt to impose a religious ideology on a constitutionally recognized secular state (Nigeria). Although, in the long many elements like criminal and political entities may have colluded in the terroristic adventure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rise of BHT activities has been accompanied by a sharp increase in the prevalence of mental health issues in Borno State and its surrounding. It could be logically assumed that the linkage between the BHT activities and prevalence rates of mental health issues in Borno State are positively correlated. Likewise, Coventry, Meader, Melton, Temple, Dale and Wright (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) confirms that exposure to complex traumatic situations like armed conflict and violence, forcible displacement, sexual abuse and domestic violence which is associated with physical and psychological trauma increases the risk of depressive symptomatology and other mental health issues among the survivors. According to Amalu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), the spate of violent attacks by BHT in recent times which has been characterised by the killing, abduction and displacement of people, destruction of public and private residences, schools, health care centres, media houses, churches, mosques and farms has plunged the Nigerian state into a chronic state of insecurity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikewise, it has been observed by the researchers that many adolescents receiving instructions at Temporary Learning Centres (TLCs) in Internally Displaced Persons\u0026rsquo; (IDPs) camps in Borno State suffers from noticeable depressive symptomatology (DS), unfortunately, as they journey through adolescence stage of development which is naturally stressful and stormy, it was further compounded by acute humanitarian crises, protracted displacement, physical trauma, psychological trauma and emergencies situations. According to Hoare, Millar, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Skouteris, Nichols, Malakellis, Swinburn and Allender (2016), DS is the grouping of symptoms that classify depressive disorders. The depressive symptomatology may include low mood, loss of pleasure or interest in hobbies and everyday activities that an individual may experience. DS can be described as the presence of depressive symptoms in an individual whose presentation has never met diagnostic criteria for any depression, yet associated with a lot of unfavourable socioeconomic consequences. It could be surmised that DS is an early sign or mental health condition that may potentially develops into full blown depression if not properly managed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Kong (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), the aetiology of DS is not known, but many studies alludes that it is caused by multi-factors such as genetic and environmental factors. DS is associated with childhood trauma, female gender, low socio-economic status, loss of blood relatives, older age, not employed and being single, separated and divorced (Dawood et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Beck and Brad (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) reported that the prevalence of depressive symptomatology among adolescents ranges from 13% to 33% in community settings. Also, Davis-Berman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e) stated that DS is more common in community-based investigations while, depressive disorders tend to be more in clinical population. DS is found to be linked with numerous unfavourable personal, social, academic and vocational consequences. It affects the psychosocial functioning and wellbeing of its sufferers negatively (Sheikh et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State have become a source for concern to the government at all levels, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Education in Emergencies Working Group Nigeria (EiEWGN), critical education stakeholders, counselling psychologists and other mental health professionals in Borno State. If this trend is left unchecked, unmanaged or untreated, the negative impacts of DS on adolescents, their families, communities and society may be costly. These consequences may range from low academic performance, predisposition to depression and other mental health disorders, increase in substance abuse, teenage pregnancy, truancy, high school dropout, poverty, social problems, poor physical health and sometimes premature death. Animasahun and Animasahun (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) asserted that untreated depressive symptomatology among adolescents increases the probability of suicidal behaviour and self-harm. However, many studies have been conducted to ascertain the prevalence and predictors of DS; these have consistently found high prevalence rates of DS (Obi-Nwosu et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Mujeeb and Zubair, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Despite this risk, the effectiveness of psychotherapies on DS has not been well studied; it was against this background that REBT and CCT which are evidence-based psychotherapies were considered in the management of DS in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) is a form of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and directional counselling therapy propounded by Albert Ellis in 1950s (Corey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Ellis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e) argued that individuals contribute largely to their own emotional distress and dysfunctional behaviour. The REBT is founded on the views of Epictetus, a Roman philosopher, who claimed that \u0026lsquo;humans are disturbed not by things but by their views of things\u0026rsquo; (Dryden and Neenan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The Ellis\u0026rsquo;s theory assumed that majority of mental health issues spring up from basic irrational thoughts and illogical beliefs which are absolutely groundless in reality. The goal of REBT is to help individuals achieve emotional well-being and personal growth by changing the way they think, feel and behave in response to life events. This can be achieved by application of REBT model, illustrated in the form ABCDE framework to aid the clients overcome their emotional and behavioural disturbances through identifying irrational beliefs, challenging and questioning beliefs, replacing irrational beliefs with rational beliefs, promoting emotional regulation, improving coping skills and enhancing self-acceptance and self-efficacy (Corey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, Client-Centred Therapy (CCT) is a form of non-directive and supportive form of psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers in 1940s and 1950s (Sommers-Flanagan and Sommers-Flanagan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). CCT is grounded in humanistic psychology which has positive views towards human nature. Rogers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1942\u003c/span\u003e) assumed that people are essentially good, trustworthy and have vast potential for understanding themselves and resolves their own issues mental issues without necessarily direct intervention when the therapeutic atmosphere is favourable. He stressed that counselling sessions to be effective; the following six conditions should be present: the unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence, warmth, genuine acceptance and care. According to Rogers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e), people have desire, capacity and resources for personal growth and change. The goal of CCT is to facilitate personal growth and self-actualization in individuals by providing a supportive and empathetic therapeutic environment. Specifically, CCT emphasizes on facilitating self-exploration, promoting self-acceptance, encouraging personal responsibility, fostering growth and actualization and building therapeutic alliance for the overall improvement of clients\u0026rsquo; mental condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany studies have shown that REBT and CCT were effective in the reduction of depressive symptomatology in different population (Weston, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Ajidahun, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Ebrahim, Majid, Afsaneh, Shokoofeh and Farzaneh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Yoosefi, Fatehzade, Etmadi, Ahmadi and Isanazhad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Despite this, effectiveness of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology has yet to be robustly researched especially among adolescents in North-East, Nigeria. It is against this backdrop that the study investigated the effect of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps in Borno State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePurpose of the Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBroadly, the purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) and client-centered therapy (CCT) on depressive symptomatology among adolescents in internally displaced persons (IDPs\u0026rsquo;) camps in Borno State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifically, the study examines the:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain effect of treatments on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps, Borno State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction effect of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps, Borno State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps, Borno State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHypotheses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following seven null hypotheses raised in the study were tested at 0.05 level of significance:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHo\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: There is no significant main effect of treatments on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps, Borno State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHo\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: There is no significant interaction effect of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps, Borno State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHo\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: There is no significant interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps, Borno State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eConceptual Framework\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptual Framework\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe conceptual model for this study was designed to determine the differential effectiveness of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs’ camps, Borno State, Nigeria. The model is comprised of three (3) variables namely: the independent, intervening and dependent variables. REBT and CCT (i.e. independent variables) were used as the intervention packages in this study. The REBT and CCT were manipulated by the researcher to ascertain their effects on depressive symptomatology (dependent variable).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe moderating variables are factors that may intervene the efficacy of independent (REBT and CCT) on dependent (depressive symptomatology) variables. The intervening variables are categorised into two namely: organismic (internal) and environmental (external) variables. The organismic are variables which are consociated intrinsically with the organisms (i.e. participants) in the study. The internal variables include: gender, health self-efficacy, age, self-esteem, resilience and stress. The environmental variables include: socio-economic status, cultural and religious affiliation. For the purpose of this study and based on literatures reviewed, mediation effects of gender and health self-efficacy were ascertained. Therefore, the conceptual model for this research work is presented in the figure 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS - Stimulus (Independent variables)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO - Organism (Intervening variables)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR - Response (Dependent variable)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was anchored to Health Belief Model, while pretest posttest control group quasi-experimental design with 3\u0026times;2\u0026times;3 factorial matrix was adopted. The population for the study comprised of all the adolescents with depressive symptomatology at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps in Borno State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was adopted for this study to select ninety (90) adolescents with depressive symptomatology from three (3) IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps in Borno State. Firstly, 3 IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps with TLCs were randomly selected from Borno State. In the second stage, the adolescents in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps were screened with Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) and participants who had a cut-off score between twenty eight (28) and sixty-six (66) on MFQ were selected. In the third stage, 90 participants who met the inclusion criteria were assigned into REBT (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31), CCT (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30) and control (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29) groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree research instruments were used: Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents (QIDS-A) and Health Self-Efficacy Scale (HSES). MFQ was adopted to screen out the participants of this study. MFQ was developed by Angold, Costello, Messer, Pickles, Winder and Silver (1987). The MFQ was primarily designed to measure and monitor depressive symptomatology among individuals. Specifically, MFQ is developed to be administered on children and adolescents only. The 33 items on MFQ were rated using \u0026ldquo;Not True\u0026rdquo; (0), \u0026ldquo;Sometimes True\u0026rdquo; (1) and \u0026ldquo;True\u0026rdquo; (2) with total scores ranging from 0 to 66. The MFQ was interpreted thus; a total score from 0 to 27 indicates no or minimal presence of depressive symptomatology, whereas a cut-off scores between 28 and 66 is an indicative of depressive symptomatology. For the MFQ, the total score ranges between 0 and 66, with a higher score indicating more intense depressive symptomatology. The participants of this study were selected on the basis of their eligibility i.e. by scoring between 28 and 66 on MFQ which is one of the inclusion criteria. The MFQ is also revalidated among fifty (50) adolescents in IDPs camps. The result of the Cronbach Alpha analysis have shown that MFQ is highly reliable with internal consistency (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.81).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe QIDS-A was developed by Bernstein, Rush, Trivedi, Hughes, Macleod, Witte and Emslie (2010) and was adopted. QIDS-A is designed specifically to assess the extent of depressive symptomology among adolescents population. The QIDS-A consists of two sections i.e. \u0026lsquo;A\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;B\u0026rsquo;. Section \u0026lsquo;A\u0026rsquo; elicited information on socio-demographic characteristics (such as gender, age range and religion) of the participants while, Section \u0026lsquo;B\u0026rsquo; contains seventeen (17) items in a form of statements which ascertained the presence and severity of depressive symptomatology among in-school internally displaced adolescents in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps. The response mode for QIDS-A are in the form of statement depending on the items. All the 17 items were rated from zero (0) to three (3). Moreover, in scoring, the highest score on any 1 of the 4 sleep items (1\u0026ndash;4) were entered, Also, the highest score on either the mood sad or mood irritable item (5 or 6) were inserted. The highest score on any 1 appetite/weight item (7\u0026ndash;10) were entered. Additionally, all scores from item 11 to 15 were considered. Finally, the highest score on either of the 2 psychomotor items (16 or 17) were entered. Therefore, the total score on QIDS-A ranged from 0 to 27. Furthermore, QIDS-A was interpreted as follows; a total score from 0 to 5 is an indicative of normal or absence of depressive symptomatology, whereas a cut-off score between 6\u0026ndash;27 was considered as presence of depressive symptomatology. In order to ascertain the severity of the depressive symptomatology, the ranges of scores from 6\u0026ndash;10, 11\u0026ndash;15, 16\u0026ndash;20 and 21\u0026ndash;27 were rated as mild, moderate, severe and very severe depressive symptomatology respectively in this study. The QIDS-A is revalidated the study area, and internal consistency of (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.79) was found.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, HSES was used in this study to measure the level of health self-efficacy of the participants. HSES was developed by Gandoy-Crego, Clemente, G\u0026oacute;mez-Cantorna, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez and Reig-Botella (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). HSES is an instrument designed to measure coping health self-efficacy as manifested by people experiencing health challenges. The HSES consists of ten (10) items in a form of statements to ascertain the level of health self-efficacy. The 10 items are rated on four likert scale (Totally Disagree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, Disagree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, Agree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 and Totally Agree\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4). Also, the total scores ranges between 10 and 40, with a higher score indicates high health self-efficacy. However, the ranged scores of HSES between 10\u0026ndash;20, 21\u0026ndash;30 and 31\u0026ndash;40 were considered as low, moderate and high health self-efficacy respectively in this study. The HSES was pilot tested among fifty (50) adolescents in IDPs camps and reliability index of .77 (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.77) was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipants and Procedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researcher initiated contact with the Head of the Department of Counselling and Human Development Studies at the University of Ibadan, who provided an introductory letter addressed to the Director General of the Borno State Emergency Management Agency (BOSEMA). Subsequently, approval was secured from BOSEMA for access to the IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps, which was then communicated to the camp managers. Following authorization from the Director General of BOSEMA, the researcher personally visited three selected IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps in Borno State. Two research assistants aided the researcher in various tasks such as sampling respondents, screening participants and organizing counseling venues at the IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps. Further, the researcher sought ethical clearance for the study by submitting a request to the University of Ibadan Social Science and Human Research Ethics Committee (UI/SSHREC) within the Faculty of Social Sciences, which was successfully granted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt pre-treatment phase, participants were selected based on the inclusion criteria, participants\u0026rsquo; flowchart and multistage sampling technique. Prior to that, an informed accent and consent form were administered on the participants and their parents/guardians respectively. At treatment phase, the standard ethical procedures by University of Ibadan, Social Science and Human Research Ethics Committee (UI\u003cb\u003e/\u003c/b\u003eSSHREC) was strictly adhered to in the psychotherapeutic process. The group one was treated using REBT, while the group two treated using CCT. The treatment phase was organised to last for ten (10) sessions corresponding to ten weeks i.e. meeting on weekly basis simultaneously for one and half (1hr 30 minutes) hour each. On the contrary, the control group was given placebo on political thuggery for two sessions. At the post treatment phase, the therapeutic sessions were summarised post-test data were collected. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Analysis of Covariance and Duncan Post Hoc test. The three hypotheses were tested and the results of this study were considered at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 as significance level.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the pre-test and post-test mean scores and standard deviations of depressive symptomatology for participants in the REBT, CCT and control groups. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, there was a significant main effect of treatment on depressive symptomatology among adolescents in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps in Borno State, F(2, 76)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;297.997, p. \u0026lt; .05, η\u0026sup2; = .89. Consequently, hypothesis one, which posited no significant main effect of treatments on depressive symptomatology, was rejected. The findings indicate that both REBT and CCT produced statistically significant reductions in depressive symptomatology among adolescents at Temporary Learning Centres (TLCs) in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps in Borno State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther post hoc analyses using the Duncan multiple range test revealed that post-treatment mean scores were significantly lower for participants in the REBT group (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.87) compared to those in the CCT group (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.43) and the control group (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.30). This confirms a statistically significant differential effect between the two treatment approaches (p. \u0026lt; .001), with REBT demonstrating greater effectiveness than CCT in reducing depressive symptomatology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology for adolescent in IDP camps in Borno State (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eη\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQIDS-A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eREBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.40 (2.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.87 (3.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.73 (2.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQIDS-A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eREBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.87 (2.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.43 (3.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.30 (3.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: QIDS-A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents; REBT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy; CCT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Client-Centred Therapy; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Frequency; M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation; df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;effect size; * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interaction effect of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology among the participants was also examined. The interaction effects of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. As indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, a significant interaction effect was observed between treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps in Borno State, F(1, 76)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;78.236, p. \u0026lt; .05, η\u0026sup2; = .270. Accordingly, hypothesis two was rejected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results show that, at post-treatment, female participants recorded lower mean depressive symptomatology scores compared to their male counterparts across all groups: REBT (Male\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.36; Female\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.53), CCT (Male\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.67; Female\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.20) and Control (Male\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.20; Female\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.57). This suggests that female participants derived greater benefit from the interventions than male participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction effect of treatments and gender on depressive symptomatology for adolescent in IDP camps in Borno State (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eη\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQIDS-A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eREBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00 (2.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.94 (2.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.87 (3.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.73 (3.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.33 (2.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.36 (2.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQIDS-A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eREBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.36 (2.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.53 (2..50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.67 (3.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20 (2.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.20 (3.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.57 (3.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: QIDS-A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents; REBT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy; CCT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Client-Centred Therapy; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Frequency; M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation; df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1; η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;effect size; * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology was further examined. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the interaction effects of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among participants. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, there was a statistically significant interaction effect between treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps in Borno State, F(3, 76)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74.237, p. \u0026lt; .05, η\u0026sup2; = .431. Consequently, Hypothesis three, which posited no significant interaction effect of treatment and health self-efficacy, was rejected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings reveal that participants with high health self-efficacy in the REBT group benefited most (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.73), followed by those with high health self-efficacy in the CCT group (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.80). Participants with moderate health self-efficacy in the REBT (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.83) and CCT (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.30) groups also showed notable improvement. In contrast, participants in the control group recorded substantially higher depressive symptomatology scores across all levels of health self-efficacy. Overall, the results indicate that the effectiveness of the treatments varied according to participants\u0026rsquo; levels of health self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology for adolescent in IDP camps in Borno State (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eη\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQIDS-A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eREBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.25 (1.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.92 (2.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.27 (2.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.90 (2.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.90 (5.41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.10 (2.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.45 (2.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.30 (2.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.75 (2.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQIDS-A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eREBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.25 (1.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.83 (2.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.73 (2.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.20 (2.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30 (2.36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80 (3.46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.09 (2.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.50 (2.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.75 (4.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: QIDS-A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents; REBT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy; CCT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Client-Centred Therapy; HSE: Health Self-Efficacy; N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Frequency; M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean; SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation; df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3; η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;effect size; * \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to explore the effect of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and Client-Centred Therapy (CCT) on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at Temporary Learning Centers (TLCs) in Internally Displaced Persons\u0026rsquo; (IDPs) camps in Borno State, Nigeria. Results indicated that both REBT and CCT significantly reduced depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs' camps, refuting the hypothesis that there would be no significant main effect of treatments. Furthermore, both interventions demonstrated superiority over the control group, with a significant differential effect observed between REBT and CCT. This suggests that the cognitive-behavioral techniques utilized in REBT may be particularly well-suited for addressing depressive symptoms in this population, compared to the more supportive approach of CCT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, these findings corroborate with the theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model (HBM) proposed by Becker et al. (1974). According to HBM, individuals are more likely to change their behavior if they perceive themselves as susceptible to a negative health condition, believe the condition is severe, possess the necessary resources to prevent or mitigate it, and perceive the benefits of behavior change to outweigh the costs. The study's results validate these postulations, indicating that participants were more inclined to take preventive actions following intervention when they perceived themselves as personally vulnerable to depression. Additionally, participants recognized their ability to alleviate depressive symptoms and perceived the benefits of behavior change as outweighing the associated costs, such as time and effort.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLikewise, this research sheds light on the theoretical underpinnings of Ellis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e) and Rogers (1951). Ellis posited that humans possess both rational and irrational thought tendencies, with the latter often leading to unhelpful, self-defeating, and socially defeating behaviors. However, Ellis asserted that through Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) techniques such as problem-solving, cognitive restructuring, and coping strategies, individuals can identify and challenge erroneous beliefs, replacing them with more functional ones. Similarly, Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness in fostering healthy self-concepts among individuals. He believed that supportive therapist-client relationships facilitate personal growth, alleviate mental distress, and enhance self-understanding. The findings of this study align with both theories, as they demonstrate a reduction in depressive symptomatology among participants, suggesting that interventions based on REBT and client-centered principles can effectively address maladaptive thought patterns and foster psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the findings of this study underscored the effectiveness of REBT in managing depressive symptomatology, aligning with previous research by Nik (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), Zhaleh, Zarbakhsh, and Faramarzi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), Mangayarkarasi and Sellakumar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and Onuigbo, Eseadi, Ebifa, Ugwu, Onyishi, and Oyeoku (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These studies consistently reported reductions in depressive symptoms among diverse participant populations following REBT interventions. Similarly, the study revealed the effectiveness of CCT in alleviating depressive symptomatology among adolescents in IDPs' camps in Borno State. These findings concur with research conducted by Sa\u0026rsquo;ad, Yusooff, Nen, and Subhi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), McLean, Su, Carpenter, and Foa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), Goldman, Brettle, and McAndrew (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), Jung, Park, and Kim (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and Chenoweth, Stein-Parbury, Lapkin, Wang, Liu, and Williams (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The efficacy of CCT in addressing depressive symptoms may be attributed to the supportive therapeutic relationship fostered between therapist and client, consistent with the principles espoused by Carl Rogers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the results revealed that REBT was more effective compared to CCT. In other words, adolescents who received REBT experienced greater reductions in depressive symptoms than those who received CCT. This implies that the cognitive-behavioral techniques and strategies employed in REBT may have been particularly well-suited for addressing depressive symptomatology in adolescents at TLC in IDPs camps. The REBT typically focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs, restructuring cognitive distortions and teaching coping mechanisms to manage negative emotions. These techniques may have directly targeted the underlying cognitive and emotional processes contributing to depressive symptomatology, leading to more significant improvements compared to the more client-centered and supportive approach of CCT. Understanding these findings is essential as it provides valuable insights into the comparative effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches for addressing depressive symptomatology. It suggests that interventions like REBT may be preferred or prioritized when designing treatment plans for individuals experiencing depressive symptomatology, based on their demonstrated efficacy in this study. This result conforms to the findings of a study conducted by Yoosefi, Fatehzade, Etmadi, Ahmadi and Isanazhad (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The aforementioned study compared the effectiveness of REBT and PCT on depressive symptoms among students in Saghez city, Iran, it was found that REBT was effective than PCT in the reduction depressive symptoms. It could be logically assumed that the directional nature of REBT over CCT may be responsible for this outcome among students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn an effort to enhance the analysis and deepen our understanding of how gender influences the effects of treatments on depressive symptomatology in this study, the second hypothesis posited that there would be no significant interaction effect of treatments and gender among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State. However, the study uncovered a significant interaction between treatments and gender concerning depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State, thereby rejecting the second hypothesis. This implies that the effects of treatments on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State are contingent upon gender. Gender has indeed influenced the relationship between treatments and depressive symptomatology in this research. Furthermore, it is evident that male and female participants respond differently to the interventions. This discrepancy indicates that females benefited more than their male counterparts from the treatments, suggesting a significant two-way interaction effect. In other words, the main effect of treatments on depressive symptomatology depends on gender in this study. Additionally, the findings suggest that the main effect of treatments varied between males and females, indicating that the effects of REBT and CCT on depressive symptomatology were not entirely independent of gender.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the results of the study align with the earlier findings of Eifediyi, Ojugo, and Aluede (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), which reported a significant interaction effect of REBT and gender in reducing depressive symptoms and examination anxiety. These findings underscore the significance of gender in influencing the effectiveness of REBT and CCT. It could be inferred that the techniques of both REBT and CCT can be influenced by factors such as gender and gender-related variables. While gender is commonly associated with depressive symptomatology, the effectiveness of many psychotherapeutic interventions like REBT and CCT is moderated by gender. Additionally, these results are consistent with the claims made by Aneke et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), who found that gender acted as a moderator variable in influencing the effectiveness of interventions among depressive school children with atypical behaviors in Enugu State. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of considering gender differences when designing and implementing interventions for depressive symptomatology among adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe third hypothesis proposed that there would be no significant interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in Borno State. However, the research findings contradicted this hypothesis by revealing a notable interaction effect between treatments and health self-efficacy regarding depressive symptomatology among adolescents in Borno State, thereby rejecting the initial hypothesis. In simpler terms, this suggests that the impact of treatments on depressive symptoms varied depending on the adolescents' levels of health self-efficacy. To explain further, individuals with differing levels of health self-efficacy responded differently to the treatments provided. For instance, adolescents with higher levels of health self-efficacy experienced more significant reductions in depressive symptomatology compared to those with moderate and lower levels of health self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding this interaction effect is crucial as it emphasizes the influential role of health self-efficacy in shaping the effectiveness of treatments for depressive symptomatology. This finding aligns with previous studies such as Kim, Kim, and Kim (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and Trumpeter (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), which also highlighted the moderating influence of health self-efficacy on the effects of interventions for depressive symptomatology in adolescents. Health self-efficacy can be seen as a psychological resource that serves as a protective factor against depressive symptoms. In contrast to the findings of this study, Possel, Baldus, Horn, Groen, and Hautzinger (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) reported no significant interaction effect of treatments and health self-efficacy on depressive symptoms. Their study indicated that participants with low health self-efficacy experienced similar benefits to those with moderate and high levels in terms of reducing depressive symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the findings of this research study provide valuable insights into the efficacy of REBT and CCT in reducing depressive symptomatology among adolescents at TLCs in IDPs' camps. Firstly, the results indicate that both REBT and CCT were effective in reducing depressive symptoms among the studied population, underscoring the importance of psychological interventions in addressing mental health challenges in vulnerable settings. Moreover, the study revealed that REBT demonstrated superior efficacy compared to CCT in reducing depressive symptoms. This highlights the significance of cognitive-behavioral techniques, such as those employed in REBT, in effectively targeting and alleviating depressive symptomatology among adolescents in IDP camps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the research identified significant interaction effects between treatments and both gender and health self-efficacy on depressive symptomatology. These findings emphasize the importance of considering individual differences, such as gender and perceived self-efficacy, when designing and implementing interventions for depression in adolescents. Tailoring interventions to address specific needs and characteristics of the target population, such as gender-specific considerations and enhancing health self-efficacy can optimize treatment outcomes and contribute to more effective mental health care delivery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, these findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on effective interventions for depressive symptomatology among adolescents in challenging environments like IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps. They underscore the importance of implementing evidence-based approaches and considering individual factors in mental health interventions to better meet the diverse needs of vulnerable populations. Future research could further explore the mechanisms underlying the differential efficacy of REBT and CCT, as well as the specific pathways through which gender and health self-efficacy influence treatment outcomes, to inform more targeted and comprehensive interventions for depressive symptoms in similar contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile both therapies demonstrated effectiveness in reducing depressive symptomatology among the adolescents, it is important to acknowledge several limitations of the study. Firstly, the generalizability of the findings is constrained by the small sample size utilized, limiting the ability to extrapolate the results to broader populations. Additionally, the study exclusively focused on adolescents, further restricting the applicability of the findings to other demographic groups within IDP settings. Moreover, the presence of unaccounted confounding variables introduces potential bias and complicates the interpretation of results. These variables, beyond the researcher's control and the scope of the study, may have influenced the outcomes. Despite these limitations, it is noteworthy that the study effectively addressed its purpose and thesis statement, lending validity and reliability to the results. Future research endeavours should aim to overcome these limitations by employing larger and more diverse samples, considering a broader range of variables and employing robust methodologies to enhance the generalizability and rigour of findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe REBT and CCT utilized in this study significantly reduced depressive symptomatology thus recommended for use to reduce depressive symptomatology of adolescents by counselling and clinical psychologists and other mental health experts, given priority to REBT for enhanced efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Education in Emergencies Working Group in Nigeria (EiEWGN) in collaboration with Federal Government of Nigeria should consider designing, developing and implementing gender-specific mental health programmes that address the unique needs and challenges faced by male and female adolescents in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Borno State Government, Civil Society Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Counselling Association of Nigeria should collaborate to enhance the health self-efficacy of vulnerable adolescents in IDPs\u0026rsquo; camps through context-specific psychoeducation sessions and skill-building exercises aimed at fostering a sense of empowerment and confidence in managing one\u0026rsquo;s mental health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDonors, United Nations Agencies, International NGOs, National NGOs and Ministries Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Nigeria are urged to conduct comprehensive needs assessment and analysis; this collaborative effort should inform strategic planning, resource mobilization and allocation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of mental health programmes in Northeast, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research work received no financial support from any funding agencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study received ethical approval from the University of Ibadan, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Ethics Committee (SSHREC) with approval number: UI/ SSHREC /2023/00106. All participants fill in and provided informed consent was obtained from participants and assent from adolescents, with permission from camp authorities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available with corresponding author on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAjidahun B. Effects of rational emotive behavior therapy and client centered on age and self-concept of adolescents. J Psychol Behav Sci. 2014;2(2):147\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmalu NS. Impact of Boko Haram insurgency on human security in Nigeria. 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J Appl Environ Biol Sci. 2014;4(4):102\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"child-and-adolescent-psychiatry-and-mental-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"caph","sideBox":"Learn more about [Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health](http://capmh.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"13034","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13034/3","title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","twitterHandle":"@IACAPAP","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Rational emotive behaviour therapy, client-centred therapy, depressive symptomatology, adolescents, internally displaced persons","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8295751/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8295751/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDepressive symptomatology (DS) is the presence of depressive symptoms in individuals whose presentation has not met diagnostic criteria for any depression but is associated with many unfavourable socioeconomicconsequences. This study investigated the effects of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) and Client-Centred Therapy (CCT) on DS among adolescents in IDP camps in Borno State. The moderating effects of gender and health self-efficacy (HSE) were also examined. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with a 3×2×3 factorial matrix. Ninety adolescents participated in the study. The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for Adolescents and the HSE Scale were used. The data were analysed via ANCOVA. The results were considered significant at the \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05 level. The participants’ average age was 14.04 ± 4.46 years; 51% were female, and 49% were male. There were significant main effects of treatments (REBT and CCT) on the reduction in DS. REBT was found to be more effective than CCT. The moderating effects of gender and the HSE were significant. It was concluded that REBT and CCT were effective in reducing DS. Counselling psychologists should incorporate both therapies in the treatment of DSs among adolescents in IDPs’ camps with due consideration to sex and the HSE, given priority to REBT.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Depressive Symptomatology among Adolescents in Internally Displaced Persons’ Camps in Borno State, Nigeria: Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behaviour and Client-Centred Therapies","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-01 06:18:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8295751/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-03T03:49:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-02T09:00:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"78742174291309733649128076265232437539","date":"2026-02-15T17:00:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-16T18:17:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"225942480506882224213441247088253800174","date":"2026-01-09T06:40:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"210684871865260310324734617426983691230","date":"2026-01-09T03:58:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-30T09:35:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-18T20:21:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T06:19:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","date":"2025-12-06T15:40:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"child-and-adolescent-psychiatry-and-mental-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"caph","sideBox":"Learn more about [Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health](http://capmh.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"13034","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13034/3","title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health","twitterHandle":"@IACAPAP","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0659b800-5ef7-4319-95bd-361b57cbae4b","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 1st, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T01:53:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-01 06:18:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8295751","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8295751","identity":"rs-8295751","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}