Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Decreasing Blood Collection for Voluntary Blood Donation after the COVID-19 Pandemic (with Global Implications)

Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Decreasing Blood Collection for Voluntary Blood Donation after the COVID-19 Pandemic (with Global Implications) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Decreasing Blood Collection for Voluntary Blood Donation after the COVID-19 Pandemic (with Global Implications) Lang Wang, Chenglin Wu*, Lin Cheng, Zaixiang Tan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8468414/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Data and Methods : This study takes the blood information data of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center in China from 2019 to 2025 as the core basis, and combines multiple rounds of interviews to systematically analyze the characteristics of changes in the supply and demand of voluntary blood donation before and after the epidemic from both quantitative and non-quantitative dimensions. Result : The collection volume of whole blood showed a significant fluctuation trend of "steady increase at first and then sudden drop", reaching a peak in 2021 and then continuously declining. By 2025, it had decreased by nearly 30% compared with 2021. Discussion : Through in-depth exploration, it was found that four core factors, namely, cognitive biases regarding personal health conditions, the sharp increase in life pressure after the epidemic, the obstruction in the implementation of incentive policies, and the misleading negative public opinion, jointly restrict the development of voluntary blood donation. Countermeasures : This study specifically proposes three major directions: "Construction of a gradient incentive policy system", "improvement of public opinion guidance mechanism", and "legalized blood donation guarantee system", and elaborates on the specific implementation paths, after the COVID-19 pandemic Provide scientific decision-making references for establishing a long-term mechanism for voluntary blood donation globally and ensuring the safety of blood use for public health. Voluntary blood donation After the COVID-19 pandemic Supply-demand structure Incentive policies Public opinion guidance Legal system improvement Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Voluntary blood donation, as the "lifeline" of clinical blood use safety, is an important livelihood project for maintaining public health security and social stability.Since the promulgation and implementation of the Blood Donation Law of the People's Republic of China in 1998, China's voluntary blood donation cause has gradually entered a track of standardized and regular development. The number of blood donors and the volume of blood collected have continued to increase, and it has basically achieved that 100% of clinical blood use comes from voluntary blood donation.However, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019 and its subsequent outbreak have caused multi-dimensional impacts on voluntary blood donation, posing a severe challenge to the balance between supply and demand.Jiangsu Province, as a populous province and a strong economic province in China, is also a region with dense medical resources. The changes in the supply and demand of voluntary blood donation in Jiangsu Province are typical and representative. Jiangsu Province has a permanent resident population of over 85 million. Its annual surgical volume and inpatient visits both rank among the top in the country. The demand for clinical blood is huge and stable.Therefore, taking Jiangsu Province as the research sample, conducting an in-depth analysis of the current situation of voluntary blood donation after the epidemic, exploring the influencing factors, and proposing targeted countermeasures can not only provide guidance for the recovery of voluntary blood donation in Jiangsu Province, but also offer references for improving the voluntary blood donation mechanism in other regions of China and similar regions around the world. Data and Methods 1.1 Data source The core data of this study is derived from the official public information of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center（https://www.jsblood.com.cn/portal/list/index/id/62.html?fuid=35），It covers blood collection and clinical blood use data from January 2019 to September 2025 (see Table 1). Table 1: Monthly Voluntary Blood Donation Information Statistics of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from 2019 to 2025 Date Blood collection Clinical blood usage Whole blood Platelet Red blood cell Platelet Plasma Coagulation factor 201901 8709.5 2263 12429 2314 10107.75 4651.25 201902 7685.25 2000 10395.5 2089 7785.25 3486 201903 13779 2144 12323 2209 10043.75 4873.25 201904 14000.75 2272 13817 2305 11058.25 5304.75 201905 14099 2279 12652 2243 10218 4111.25 201906 13636.75 2338 13876.5 2392 10911.75 4806 201907 10730.75 2438 14423.5 2532 11443.75 4638.75 201908 10829.25 2649 12279 2671 9548.25 4556.5 201909 12342.25 2562 13074.5 2656 10429.25 4242.5 201910 13814 2557 13396 2566 9352.25 3903.5 201911 14123.5 2511 14055 2540 10625.5 4575.75 201912 14491.75 2490 14451.5 2505 11554.75 4948.25 202001 8508.25 2432 12004.5 2533 9903 4789.5 202002 2523.5 1770 5837 1800 4227.5 3061.25 202003 14837.25 1991 9585.5 1914 6415.5 3354 202004 13373.25 2662 13168 2460 8981 3990.25 202005 11566.75 2581 12637.5 2544 8612.5 4064.5 202006 12185.75 2730 13067.5 2707 11278.75 4599.75 202007 11670.25 2664 12593.5 2666 10056.75 4200.5 202008 10110.5 2868 12182 2893 9763.75 4200.5 202009 12252 2798 12347.5 2897 9162.5 5266.25 202010 13505.25 2550 11795 2551 8291.5 4884.25 202011 16425.75 2788 15155 2828 11215 7230.75 202012 17097 2817 14881.5 2836 11395.25 6008.5 202101 11394.5 2909 14630 3002 9977.5 5997.5 202102 9010.5 2664 11996.5 2665 8551 5023.25 202103 13895.5 2636 12996.5 2688 9861.5 5445.5 202104 17573.5 2894 14722 2901 9767.5 5377.5 202105 17193 2722 14544.5 2747 1173.75 5371.5 202106 15353.5 3034 16547 3061 12320.5 6482.5 202107 13032.25 2911 14573 2846 9803.25 5223.25 202108 9637 2541 10719.5 2435 7630.5 3777 202109 12545.75 3027 12896 2955 9068.25 4564.5 202110 15019.75 2960 14011 2959 10411.25 4725.25 202111 18578.75 3031 16178.5 3041 12970.25 5329.75 202112 21374.25 2969 14616.5 2884 11061.5 4967.25 202201 12880 2959 14832.5 3022 11626.75 4994.25 202202 7661.25 2690 13810 2674 8364.5 4014.5 202203 13501.25 2312 13676.5 2341 10012.75 4812.25 202204 15109 2858 13295 2547 8776.75 4463.5 202205 22216.25 2697 14845 2563 11650.75 4383.25 202206 17182.5 3085 15713 2682 12494.75 5269.25 202207 14833 2961 16301 2748 10475.75 6661.5 202208 11440.5 2940 14693 2805 10971.5 4766.75 202209 16488.75 3200 14849.5 2952 11224 4252.75 202210 14813 2748 15144 2578 10791 5351.25 202211 15870 2824 15148 2710 11532 4857.25 202212 7434 2450 11021 2438 7689.5 3733.5 202301 8718.25 2202 9751 2145 5749.75 2721.25 202302 16241.5 2746 14079.5 2686 7977 4548.75 202303 17804.5 2741 14424.5 2702.5 9729.5 4902 202304 16316.75 3054 15973 3075 11472 4819 202305 13688 2838 15183.5 2862 10128.75 5009 202306 16375 3331 15750 3328 11000 4929 202307 12938.25 2992 14077.5 3115 11114.75 4818 202308 12382.25 3065 13691 3128.5 9489 4931 202309 15138.5 3095 13805 3090 9943.25 5301.25 202310 17350.5 2803 14810.5 2820 11012.75 4679 202311 16306.75 3071 16832.5 3064.5 11772.75 5405 202312 12548 2969 14418 3029 11184.5 6205.75 202401 12874.25 2899 14148.5 2921 10130.5 5375.25 202402 7564 2597 9217 2538 8070.75 4191.25 202403 15106.5 2763 13132 2889 8660 5619 202404 14816.25 3022 15044 3035 9832.5 5624.25 202405 15280.75 2908 15130 2924 10093.75 5335.5 202406 13749.25 3056 14503.5 3047 9994 4839.5 202407 12639.5 3101 13427 3115 9605.75 5639.75 202408 10576.5 3170 11950.5 3179 9257.75 4724 202409 11884.25 3115 12649.5 3091 10005.75 5546.5 202410 13820.25 2856 12673 2881 9703.5 4362.25 202411 12572 3185 13770 3187 10398 4544 202412 9693.85 2949 12122 2970 10837.75 4678 202501 10545.5 2949 10990 2943 10886.5 4935 202502 8772.5 2641 9324 2556 10068.25 3942.5 202503 12318.75 3198 11806 3029 11323.75 5094 202504 11300.5 2962 11687.5 3035 11188.75 5369.75 202505 9930.5 2947 10297 2926 10300.5 4733.25 202506 12047.75 3005 10487.5 2985 9393.75 4339.5 202507 8330 3160 10367 3202 9682 4632.75 202508 10211.52 3236 10179.25 3002 10237.25 4232.25 202509 11381 3140 11115 3146 10408 4747.5 The data types include the collection volumes of two major blood components, namely whole blood and platelets, as well as the usage volumes of four commonly used clinical blood components, namely red blood cells, platelets, plasma and coagulation factors,The data collection frequency is monthly, with a total of 81 months of complete data, providing authoritative and accurate basic information for quantitative analysis of the changes in the supply and demand of voluntary blood donation before and after the epidemic.Meanwhile, to ensure the validity and integrity of the data, the research team preprocessed the original data: Excluding records with abnormal data, through communication with the data management department of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center, the authenticity of the data during special periods such as February 2020 and December 2022 was confirmed (for example, in February 2020, due to the most severe period of the epidemic, a large number of blood donation points were shut down, and the amount of whole blood collected was only 2,523.5 units, It is the lowest value during the study period.) 1.2 Research methods This study adopts a hybrid research approach of "quantitative analysis + qualitative research", which not only reveals the objective laws of changes in the supply and demand of voluntary blood donation through data mining, but also explores the subjective factors behind the phenomenon through interviews, achieving the research goal of "data supporting conclusions and qualitative explanations for reasons". 1.2.1Quantitative analysis Based on the monthly data of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from 2019 to 2025, data processing and visual analysis were conducted using Excel and SPSS software. Descriptive statistical analysis: Calculate the monthly average values (see Table 2), maximum values, minimum values, standard deviations and other indicators of the collection volume of whole blood and platelets in each year, as well as the usage of red blood cells, platelets, plasma and coagulation factors, to clarify the annual variation characteristics of the supply and demand of each blood component. Table 2: Monthly Average Statistics of Voluntary Blood Donation Information of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from 2019 to 2025 Date Blood collection Clinical blood usage Whole blood Platelet Red blood cell Platelet Plasma Coagulation factor 2019 12353 2375 13098 2419 10257 4508 2020 12005 2554 12105 2552 9109 4638 2021 14551 2858 14036 2849 9383 5190 2022 14119 2810 14444 2672 10468 4797 2023 14651 2909 14400 2920 10048 4856 2024 12548 2968 13147 2981 9716 5040 2025 10306 3124 10837 3096 10379 4585 Trend Analysis: Draw the annual line graph of the supply and demand changes of each blood component (see Figure 1) to visually present the changing trends from 2019 to 2025. Figure 1: Monthly average line graph of blood collection information of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from January 2019 to September 2025 After the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, from 2023 to 2025, the volume of whole blood collection entered a "continuous decline" channel: The monthly average for 2023 was 14,651 units, dropped to 12,548 units in 2024 (a decrease of 14.3% compared to 2023), and further declined to 10,306 units from January to September 2025 (a decrease of 17.8% compared to 2024). It has decreased by 29.7% compared with the peak in 2021. Correlation analysis ： Analyze the correlation between the amount of whole blood collected and the amount of red blood cells used, as well as the amount of platelets collected and the amount of platelets used, determine the matching degree of blood collection and supply, and identify the key nodes of imbalance between supply and demand (see Table 3)(see Figure 2). Table 3 Correlation analysis of supply and demand of whole blood - red blood cells/platelets - platelets Indicator Correlation coefficient (r) "P" value Fitting equation Whole blood collection volume and red blood cell usage volume 0.892 <0.001 y=0.87x + 1245.6 Platelet collection volume and platelet usage volume 0.967 <0.001 y=0.98x + 52.3 Figure 2 Correlation between supply and demand of whole blood - red blood cells/platelets - platelets The correlation coefficient between platelet supply and demand (0.967) is significantly higher than that of whole blood - red blood cells (0.892), reflecting the efficient matching mode of "platelet collection on demand". The intercept of the whole blood-red blood cell fitting line is relatively large (1245.6), reflecting that there is a "rigid gap" in the basic clinical demand for red blood cells, which needs to be filled by increasing the collection volume of whole blood. 1.2.2Non-qualitative Research To explore the influencing factors behind the quantitative data, the research team conducted multiple rounds of interviews from May 2025 to October 2025. The interviewees covered four key groups, totaling 82 people (see Table 3). The interviews were conducted in a combination of one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions, with an average interview duration of 30 minutes, to distill core viewpoints and key influencing factors. Through non-qualitative research, it has been found that the four core factors restricting the development of voluntary blood donation after the epidemic are cognitive biases about personal health conditions, increased life pressure, inadequate implementation of incentive policies, and misleading negative public opinions. Table 3: List of Interviewees Category Number Personnel composition Core interview content People who have donated blood but have not done so since the outbreak of the epidemic 32 Enterprise employees, university teachers, freelancers, etc. Age: 22-55 .Previous blood donation frequency: 1 to 10 times 1.The core reason for stopping blood donation 2.Concerns at the level of health cognition 3.The influencing factors of cost 4.Perception of policies related to blood donation Young people without a history of blood donation 20 Aged 18 - 25, including 12 college students and 8 new employees who have just entered the workplace 1.The main concerns of those who have not participated in blood donation 2.Concerns about the safety of blood donation 3.Awareness of blood donation incentive policies 4.The influence of public opinion on its decision-making The head of the blood donor team 15 Five heads of university logistics departments, six chairpersons of trade unions in large enterprises, and four directors of community residents' committees 1.The difficulty of organizing group blood donation activities after the epidemic 2.The changing trend and reasons of the number of participants 3.The main obstacles faced in the organizational process Personnel in medical institutions who manage blood use 15 There are 8 doctors in the blood transfusion department of a tertiary hospital and 7 heads of the medical affairs department of a secondary hospital 1.Changes in clinical blood demand 2.Countermeasures during periods of blood shortage 3.Views and Suggestions on Incentive Policies for Voluntary Blood Donation Results 2.1 The amount of whole blood collected ：It has been decreasing year by year since the outbreak of COVID-19 Whole blood, as a traditional type of blood donation, its collection volume is significantly affected by factors such as epidemic prevention and control policies, blood donors' health awareness, and the coverage of blood collection points.In 2019, the average monthly volume of whole blood collected in Jiangsu Province was 12,353 units. The monthly data remained relatively stable, reflecting the regular development trend of voluntary blood donation before the COVID-19 pandemic.After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the volume of whole blood collection showed a trend of "sharp decline - rapid recovery - gradual stabilization".In 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the impact of epidemic lockdowns, the average monthly blood collection volume of whole blood was 12,005 units. In the second year, with the normalization of prevention and control measures and the strong patriotic spirit of the people in fighting the epidemic, the blood collection volume rebounded to 14,551 units. In the third year, it remained stable above 14,000 units.After the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, from 2023 to 2025, the volume of whole blood collection entered a "continuous decline" channel: The monthly average for 2023 was 14,651 units, dropped to 12,548 units in 2024 (a decrease of 14.3% compared to 2023), and further declined to 10,306 units from January to September 2025 (a decrease of 17.8% compared to 2024). It has decreased by 29.7% compared with the peak in 2021. 2.2 Supply and demand of platelets: The matching degree between supply and demand is relatively high and continues to grow steadily. Platelets are key blood components in clinical emergency rescue. Their collection method is apheresis of platelets, which has a short collection cycle and relatively low requirements for the health of blood donors during the collection process。Blood centers usually adjust the collection plan according to clinical needs, resulting in an extremely high matching degree between platelet collection volume and usage volume. Therefore, the collection volume and usage volume of platelets have shown a continuous growth trend. 2.3 The amount of red blood cells used is limited by the volume of whole blood collected ，the dosage of plasma and coagulation factors fluctuated little. Red blood cells are the most commonly used blood components in clinical practice，Its usage is directly related to the number of hospitalizations and the volume of surgeries.After whole blood collection and separation, red blood cells can be prepared. After the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of surgeries in Jiangsu Province has been increasing year by year, while the usage of red blood cells, like the amount of blood collected, has been decreasing year by year. Therefore, the amount of whole blood collection has limited the usage of red blood cells.Plasma is mainly used for patients with burns, shock, coagulation disorders, etc., while coagulation factors are mainly used for patients with hereditary coagulation diseases such as hemophilia. The changes in the usage of these two types of blood components reflect the diagnosis and treatment needs of specific diseases. The usage of plasma and coagulation factors fluctuated little before and after the epidemic. Discussion The research team summarized the interview content and drew the figure of The proportion of respondents who are constrained by voluntary blood donation among different groups(see Figure3 ). Figure3 The proportion of respondents who are constrained by voluntary blood donation among different groups（%） Different groups are subject to different constraints in voluntary blood donation. For those who have donated blood before, concerns about their own health and the difficulty in implementing incentive policies are the main reasons that prevent them from continuing to donate blood. For young people who have never donated blood, the time pressure caused by busy work or studies is the main obstacle. Negative public opinion and the implementation of policies are common factors that trouble the work of blood donation organizations and the guarantee of clinical blood supply. It provides crucial data support for the following analysis of the root cause of the problem and the proposal of corresponding countermeasures. 3.1 The bias in an individual's perception of their health condition [1] Excessive perception of health risks: "After the COVID-19 pandemic, my health has deteriorated. Donating blood will increase the burden on my body." Among the 32 respondents who had donated blood but did not do so after the COVID-19 pandemic,Twenty-one people (accounting for 65.6%) said that "During the COVID-19 pandemic, they stayed at home for a long time, reduced their physical activity, and weakened their immunity [2] [3] . They were worried that donating blood might cause discomfort such as dizziness and fatigue, and even trigger other diseases [4] ."The "Post-Pandemic Blood Donation Health Guidelines" released by Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center in 2023 shows that among people who have recovered from COVID-19 and meet the blood donation criteria, the incidence of adverse reactions after blood donation (such as dizziness and fatigue) is not significantly different from that before the pandemic (P>0.05) .However, due to the insufficient publicity of this scientific knowledge by the blood center, most blood donors failed to correctly understand the safety of blood donation after the epidemic, and their willingness to donate blood voluntarily decreased [5] . Improvement of health management awareness [6] : "Paying more attention to one's own health and being reluctant to take on potential risks . " After the COVID-19 pandemic, the public's awareness of health management has generally improved [7] . More and more people have begun to pay attention to their own health conditions [8] , and the concern over whether blood donation affects health has significantly increased [9] .Twelve respondents (accounting for 37.5%) said, "The epidemic has made me realize the importance of health. Now I am more inclined to protect my body and am unwilling to take any potential risks, even if the risk of donating blood is very small." This shift in mindset has led some blood donors to shift from "active participation" to "cautious observation" [10] . 3.2 The pressure of life has soared Time Pressure: “I'm too busy with work to have time to donate blood.” Among the 20 young people without blood donation experience, 14 (accounting for 70%) said that "they are under great work/study pressure and have no time to donate blood at the blood donation site." Among the 32 respondents who have donated blood, 18 (56.2%) said, "After the COVID-19 pandemic, our companies laid off staff, our workload increased, and we also wanted to rest on weekends, so we had no time to donate blood."Time pressure has become the primary factor restricting the enthusiasm for blood donation after the COVID-19 pandemic [11] [12] .The main manifestations are as follows: First, the downward pressure on the economy leads to an extension of working hours and a reduction in discretionary time [13] . Secondly, the service hours of blood donation sites overlap with the public's working and studying hours, and the number of blood donation sites on weekends is relatively small, making it difficult for the public to find a suitable time to donate blood [14] . Economic Pressure: "Unable to take care of oneself and having no energy to participate in public welfare." Ten respondents (accounting for 31.2%) said, "After the COVID-19 pandemic, our income has declined, and we are under great pressure from mortgage and car loans. We are constantly struggling to make a living and have no energy to pay attention to public welfare activities like voluntary blood donation."Eight respondents (accounting for 25%) said, "Although donating blood is free of charge, there are hidden costs such as round-trip transportation fees and lost wages. Now that the economy is tight, we are reluctant to bear these costs."The main manifestations are as follows: First, the public's attention has shifted from "public welfare participation" to "survival needs", and the attention paid to voluntary blood donation has decreased [15] . Second, some blood donors believe that the "hidden costs" of blood donation do not match the "benefits" (spiritual satisfaction) [16] . Psychological Stress: "Emotional anxiety, weakened willingness to show love." Nine respondents (accounting for 28.1%) said that "They have been very anxious since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. They are reluctant to go to crowded places, including voluntary donation sites."Seven respondents (accounting for 21.9%) said, "We are under great work pressure and in a bad mood. We have no mood to participate in public welfare activities like blood donation that require dedication."The main manifestations are as follows: First, some members of the public show a tendency of "social avoidance [17] " and reduce social interaction [18] [19] . Second, negative emotions lead to a decrease in the public's "altruistic willingness" [20] , both of which affect the enthusiasm for blood donation. 3.3 Obstacles in the implementation of incentive policies The requirements for enjoying the policy are too high :In 2017, Jiangsu Province issued the "Regulations on Blood Donation of Jiangsu Province", stipulating that "blood donors who have donated more than 4,000 milliliters of blood in the province can enjoy free lifetime visits to government-funded parks, tourist attractions and other places, be exempt from paying ordinary outpatient consultation fees when visiting government-run medical institutions, and ride urban public transportation for free."Twenty-five respondents (accounting for 78.1%) said, "A cumulative blood donation volume of 4,000 ml is hard for ordinary people to achieve, and they feel that this policy has nothing to do with them."The main manifestations are as follows:First, the required blood donation volume is too high, and most blood donors find it difficult to persist in the long term [21] . Second, the policy coverage is limited, lacking incentives for first-time blood donors [22] and those who donate small amounts of blood, thus failing to arouse widespread enthusiasm for blood donation [23] . Difficulties in policy implementation: Eighteen respondents (56.2%) said, "Some of my friends who donated blood were refused free blood use by the hospital when their family members needed it, or they had to provide a lot of proof materials, and the process was very complicated."Twelve respondents (accounting for 37.5%) said, "I heard that blood donors need to donate blood on the spot to enjoy discounts. It feels like 'forced blood donation' and is very uncomfortable."The main reasons for the difficulty in implementing policies include: First, there is no information sharing [24] [25] . The blood donation information of blood donors has not been fully connected with the blood usage system of medical institutions, resulting in donors having to provide multiple materials such as household registration books, ID cards, and marriage certificates [26] , which is a cumbersome process. Second, local implementation is inadequate. Some medical institutions, in order to control costs, do not strictly enforce preferential policies on blood use for blood donors [27] . Thirdly, the policy explanations are not clear. In some regions, the publicity of preferential policies for blood use is inadequate, which leads to a misunderstanding of the policy content among blood donors. When the policies fail to meet expectations, the sense of gain of blood donors decreases, which in turn affects their willingness to donate blood in the future [28] . The form of incentives is monotonous: Twenty respondents (accounting for 62.5%) said, "After donating blood, I was only given a box of milk, which didn't seem very attractive. It would be great if there were some practical subsidies."Fifteen respondents (accounting for 46.9%) said, "Although spiritual motivation is important, with the current high pressure of life, we hope for some practical material incentives that can truly alleviate the burden of life."After the COVID-19 pandemic, the priority of the public's material needs has increased, while their attention to spiritual incentives has decreased. A single form of spiritual incentive is difficult to motivate people to donate blood [29] . 3.4 Negative public opinion misleading . The spread of false information :Sixteen respondents (accounting for 50%) said that they had seen videos on short-video platforms such as TikTok claiming that "blood donation is harmful to health." These false information are vivid in form, mostly presented in the form of "personal experiences" or "doctor's Revelations", and have a strong sense of immersion and persuasiveness, making it easy for the public to believe [30] . Moreover, it spreads rapidly. The algorithmic recommendation mechanism of short-video platforms leads to the rapid spread of false information [31] , which gains a large number of likes and shares in a short period of time [32] . The authorities find it difficult to refute the rumors, which leads to the persistent negative impact of false information [33] . Infiltration of erroneous ideology: Ten respondents (accounting for 31.2%) said, "I saw online that some people said, 'Those who donate blood are all ordinary people, while those who use blood are all powerful and influential.' I felt it was very unfair and didn't want to be a 'sucker'." Eight respondents (accounting for 25%) said, "I heard that hospitals sell all their blood. People who donate blood still have to queue up to use it. Donating blood is meaningless."Some self-media, in order to attract traffic, deliberately exaggerate "class opposition", exaggerate or fabricate "identity differences between blood donors and blood users", misleading the public into believing that the voluntary blood donation system is unfair [34] . The spread of such erroneous ideology not only reduces the public's willingness to donate blood but also undermines the social credibility of the voluntary blood donation cause. Insufficient positive publicity: In contrast to the rapid spread of negative public opinion, the positive publicity of voluntary blood donation is insufficient and it is difficult to form an effective counterbalance.Twenty-two respondents (accounting for 68.7%) said, "We rarely see positive publicity about voluntary blood donation. We have only seen posters near blood donation sites and have hardly seen them elsewhere." Eighteen respondents (accounting for 56.2%) said, "I don't know who blood donation can help, nor do I know if my own blood donation is useful. I lack the motivation to participate."The main problems of insufficient positive publicity include: First, the publicity channels are single, and the utilization of emerging channels such as short-video platforms and social media is insufficient, making it difficult to reach the younger generation [35] . Second, the promotional content is empty and mainly consists of slogan-like content such as "Donating blood is glorious" and "offering love", lacking specific cases and blood usage procedures, which is not attractive enough. Thirdly, the dissemination of positive information is insufficient, which fails to effectively counteract the impact of negative public opinion [36] . Suggestions 4.1 Build a gradient incentive policy system. Set multi-level incentive standards : The blood donation volume requirement of Jiangsu Province's incentive policies has been refined from "4000ml" to multiple levels, such as "For every 400ml donated, free public transportation and free public tourist attractions within one year." Cumulative blood donation of 1000ml: The individual and their family members will enjoy a 50% reduction in clinical blood usage fees and have priority in blood use. Cumulative blood donation of 2000ml: The individual and their family members will enjoy full reduction of clinical blood usage fees and priority in blood use. Cumulative blood donation of 3,000 ml: Enjoy an additional 50% subsidy for urban and rural residents' medical insurance and a 50% refund of the personal contribution portion for employee medical insurance. Cumulative blood donation of 4,000 ml: Lifetime exemption from clinical blood use fees, and full subsidies for personal contributions to urban and rural residents' medical insurance or employee medical insurance, etc.Through multi-level standards, blood donors of different blood donation volumes can all enjoy corresponding incentives, expanding the coverage of the policy(see Table4). Table4 Design Plan for Gradient blood Donation Incentive policies Cumulative blood donation volume Short-term incentives medium-term incentives long-term incentives 400ml Free public transportation and scenic spot tickets within one year 1000ml The same as above Clinical blood usage fees for individuals and their families are 50% off plus priority blood usage 2000ml The same as above All clinical blood usage fees for individuals and their families are waived and priority blood usage is available 3000ml The same as above The same as above Annual medical insurance subsidy (50% for Urban and Rural residents' Medical Insurance / 50% for the individual portion of employee medical insurance) 4000ml The same as above The same as above Full annual medical insurance subsidy (Urban and Rural residents' Medical Insurance/Employee medical Insurance) Establish an information exchange platform for "blood donation - blood use" : Led by the Health Commission of Jiangsu Province, the blood donation information system of the blood center and the blood usage system of medical institutions have been integrated to achieve real-time sharing of blood donor information. When blood donors or their family members need to use blood, they only need to provide their ID card or social security card. Medical institutions can then query the blood donation record and automatically reduce related fees without the need to provide paper materials, achieving "no need to visit even once for blood usage reduction". Strengthen supervision over policy implementation: Incorporate the implementation of voluntary blood donation incentive policies into the performance assessment indicators of medical institutions. Medical institutions that fail to implement them properly will be subject to public criticism and required to rectify within a specified period. Strengthen policy promotion and interpretation: Through channels such as the official website of the blood center, Wechat public account, and medical institution brochures, provide detailed explanations of the content, application conditions, and implementation procedures of the incentive policies. Produce "policy interpretation short videos" to answer common questions in plain and understandable language, avoiding policy misunderstandings caused by comprehension deviations. Increase practical material incentives : In line with public demands, provide diversified material incentives, such as "transportation subsidies, dining vouchers, supermarket shopping cards, etc. after each blood donation. When the cumulative blood donation reaches a certain amount, enjoy medical insurance subsidies, etc." Material incentives should focus on practicality to enhance their appeal [37] . Strengthen personalized spiritual incentives: Establish a "Blood Donation honor file" for blood donors, recording the number of blood donations, the amount of blood donated, and the number of patients helped. Publicize their deeds through the media to enhance the sense of honor and social recognition of blood donors. On November 26, 2025, a voluntary blood donation event was organized in Liguo Town, Tongshan District, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China(There are three voluntary blood donation events in this area every yea). The well-known local enterprise, "Xuzhou Iron Mine Group", provided an additional subsidy of 200 yuan to each blood donor. On that day, 117 people successfully collected blood. Compared with the three voluntary blood donations in Liguo Town in 2024, 320 people were successfully collected (with an average of 107 people collected per day). A comparison was made between 144 people who voluntarily donated blood in the first two rounds of 2025 (an average of 72 people per day). This event not only halted the downward trend but also saw a significant increase in the number of participants. 4.2 Improve the mechanism for guiding public opinion Expand publicity channels : On the basis of traditional channels, increase investment in short-video platforms, social media, and new media platforms, produce contents such as "Blood Donation Science Popularization Short Videos", "Documentary Stories of Blood Donors", and "Doctors' Interpretation of Blood Donation Safety", and reach people of different age groups and occupations through algorithmic recommendations, especially young people. Enrich promotional content: The promotional content should shift from "slogan-based" to "story-telling and scientific". For instance, in the field of popular science: Produce videos such as "Comprehensive Analysis of the Blood Donation Process" and "Interpretation of Blood Testing Standards", and use forms like animation and on-site shooting to disseminate scientific knowledge in an easy-to-understand way, eliminating the public's concerns about the safety of blood donation. Story-based: Interview blood donors and recipients, tell true stories, enhance emotional resonance, and convey the positive energy of "donating blood to save lives". Interactive category: Launch a topic challenge titled "# My Blood Donation Story #" on short-video platforms, encourage blood donors to share their experiences, and invite Internet celebrities and stars to participate in public welfare promotion to increase the topic's popularity and reach. Establish a negative public opinion monitoring and rapid response mechanism : Led by the Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center, a professional public opinion monitoring team will be formed to monitor negative information on short-video platforms, social media, forums and other channels in real time, and quickly identify and classify false information such as "blood donation is harmful to health" and "blood donation is unfair". Timely release of authoritative rumor-refuting information: In response to the negative information detected, within 24 hours, an authoritative rumor-refuting statement should be issued through channels such as the blood center's official website, Wechat official account, and short video platforms. Use scientific data and facts to refute false information. The rumor-refuting information should adopt vivid forms such as short videos and a combination of text and images, avoiding pure textual expressions to enhance readability and dissemination power. Linkage platforms to combat false information: Establish cooperation mechanisms with platforms such as TikTok and Wechat. For false information with wide dissemination and significant influence, apply to the platforms for deletion or restriction of its spread. Accounts that deliberately fabricate or spread false information will be summoned for talks or reported, and legal responsibilities will be pursued in accordance with the law to curb the spread of negative public opinion. Customized science popularization activities are carried out for different groups of people : For young people (aged 18-25), "Blood donation science popularization lectures" are held in universities and enterprises, combining games and other forms to explain the safety and significance of blood donation. Publish "College Students' Blood Donation Vlogs" and "Blood Donation Guides for New Employees" on various platforms, closely related to the life scenarios of young people. Middle-aged people (aged 26 to 55) : Through channels such as community lectures, hospital brochures, and Wechat official accounts, focus on explaining "health requirements for blood donation after the epidemic" and "specific contents of incentive policies", to eliminate their concerns about health risks and policy thresholds. Strengthen cooperation with medical institutions: Invite hematologists and emergency doctors from tertiary hospitals to participate in popular science publicity. Through a series of short videos such as "Doctors Talk about Blood Donation" , interpret the safety of blood donation and the demand for clinical blood use from a professional perspective, enhancing the authority and credibility of popular science. Carry out the "Blood Donation Experience Day" event: Organize the public to visit blood centers and blood donation sites, understand the entire process of blood collection, testing and storage on the spot, watch the blood donation process of blood donors, have face-to-face communication with blood donors, eliminate the strangeness and fear of blood donation, and correct cognitive biases. 4.3 Legal system improvement Revise the "Measures for the Implementation of the Blood Donation Law of the People's Republic of China in Jiangsu Province" : Clearly define the specific scope and procedures for "priority blood use" in medical institutions, such as "blood donors and their families shall have priority in obtaining clinical blood use under the same medical conditions", to prevent "priority blood use" from becoming a mere formality. Add a clause on "Implementation of incentive policies", clarify the responsibilities of health and wellness departments, medical institutions, and blood centers in policy fulfillment, and ensure the implementation of policies. Formulate the "Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Incentive Policies for Voluntary Blood Donation in Jiangsu Province" : refine the specific contents, application conditions, implementation procedures, and regulatory measures of the incentive policies, such as "application methods for medical insurance subsidies", "specific scope of blood use reduction and exemption", and "assessment standards for policy implementation", to avoid implementation deviations caused by ambiguous regulations. Clarify the sources of funds for incentive policies, such as allocating special funds from the fiscal budget, to ensure the sustainable implementation of incentive policies. In line with national policy requirements: Incorporate the National Health Commission's requirement of "promoting 'no need to visit for blood fee reduction at all' and facilitating blood donors to handle blood fee reduction in different locations" into local regulations, clarify the construction standards and time nodes of the information exchange platform, ensure the realization of "one-stop online processing" for blood fee reduction for blood donors in different locations within Jiangsu Province, and enhance the convenience and coverage of the policy. Strengthen supervision over the blood collection process : Strictly implement the "Health Check Requirements for Blood Donors" and the "Quality Management Specifications for Blood Stations", conduct regular inspections of the environment, equipment, and personnel qualifications at blood collection sites to ensure the hygiene and safety of the blood collection process and prevent cross-infection. Establish a blood collection quality traceability system to record the entire process of each blood sample, including collection, testing, storage and transportation, to ensure the traceability of blood quality. Strengthen the supervision of blood use distribution: Formulate the "Measures for the Administration of Clinical Blood Use Distribution in Jiangsu Province", clarifying the principles of blood use distribution in medical institutions. Establish a public announcement system for blood usage distribution. Medical institutions should regularly disclose their blood usage situations. Blood users must disclose their information, and blood donors should voluntarily disclose it to accept social supervision and ensure fair blood usage. Strengthen the supervision of the implementation of incentive policies: Led by the Health Commission of Jiangsu Province, in collaboration with the finance and medical insurance departments, regular inspections will be conducted on the implementation of incentive policies by medical institutions and blood centers, with a focus on verifying whether "blood use reduction and exemption measures have been implemented", "medical insurance subsidies have been distributed", and "policy interpretation has been in place". For the problems identified during the inspection, orders shall be made to rectify within a prescribed time limit, and the rectification situation shall be made public to the society for public supervision. Establish a health guarantee mechanism for blood donors : If a blood donor experiences adverse reactions after donating blood, the blood center will provide free medical services. Special health problems caused by blood donation will be included in the medical insurance reimbursement scope to reduce the medical burden on blood donors. Regularly send health tips to blood donors and pay attention to their health conditions. Improve the complaint and rights protection channels for blood donors: Set up a dedicated hotline for blood donor rights protection and an online complaint platform to promptly handle complaints from blood donors regarding policy implementation, blood collection services, and fair blood use. Establish a closed-loop mechanism for complaint handling, investigate and verify the complaint issues, and provide feedback on the handling results within 7 working days to ensure that the reasonable demands of blood donors are resolved. Open and transparent blood collection and supply information: Regularly release blood collection and supply information on the official website and wechat public account of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center, including monthly blood collection volume, blood usage volume, inventory status, blood test pass rate, implementation of incentive policies, etc., to enable the public to understand the operation status of the voluntary blood donation cause. Every year, the "Report on the Development of Voluntary Blood Donation in Jiangsu Province" is released, comprehensively summarizing the achievements of the work, existing problems and improvement measures, to enhance information transparency and social credibility. Conclusion As the "lifeline" to ensure the safety of clinical blood use, the balance between supply and demand of voluntary blood donation not only affects the stable development of public health undertakings, but also reflects the common challenges faced by the voluntary blood donation system after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is worth noting that the trend of "declining blood collection" is not unique to China. In the past three years, similar trends have emerged in many countries and regions around the world. If not intervened in time, it may pose a long-term threat to the safety of global public health blood use. In the face of the development predicament of voluntary blood donation after the epidemic, it is hoped that relevant countries will attach great importance to it, take this research as a reference, optimize policy design based on local conditions, coordinate with multiple parties, promote the steady and long-term development of this project, and provide solid support for safeguarding the life and health of all mankind and maintaining global public health security. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuzhou Medical University, mainly including the use of data from Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center.It covers blood collection and clinical blood use data from January 2019 to September 2025. In addition, we confirmed that all methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent for publication. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication in BMC public health.All interviewees were informed and consented to the use of their interview content for this study. Availability of Data and Materials. The datasets generated and/or analyzed during this study are available in the Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center（https://www.jsblood.com.cn/portal/list/index/id/62.html?fuid=35） Competing Interests. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors’ Contributions. Lang wang:Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft, Validation.Chenglin Wu: Formal Analysis,Visualization,Writing – Review & Editing.Lin Cheng:Data Curation,Investigation.Zaixiang Tan: Resources, Supervision, Project Administration. Acknowledgements. 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13:30:25","extension":"html","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":150676,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8468414/v1/265b6bd3d7f33a5f7517001a.html"},{"id":100420820,"identity":"e372715b-221c-42b5-9307-43d4aa8403db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:29:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":80407,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMonthly average line graph of blood collection information of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from January 2019 to September 2025\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8468414/v1/c623210a518b1342aeb3f8e4.png"},{"id":100420736,"identity":"4f5d749d-13f2-436b-b1b9-266ec6110143","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:29:36","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148981,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation between supply and demand of whole blood - red blood cells/platelets - platelets\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8468414/v1/27b5353dd780d366cef546ac.png"},{"id":100420875,"identity":"5d210371-3f3c-4702-b0c6-6787bb30186b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:30:19","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84705,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe proportion of respondents who are constrained by voluntary blood donation among different groups（%）\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8468414/v1/0a4f08b25973b1e8107b7db9.png"},{"id":103050527,"identity":"890f31af-ce2e-4b85-8558-6f57ad828967","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-20 07:50:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2081768,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8468414/v1/7ea4bb08-8793-4100-80d8-853187b1e974.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eResearch on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Decreasing Blood Collection for Voluntary Blood Donation after the COVID-19 Pandemic (with Global Implications)\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eVoluntary blood donation, as the \"lifeline\" of clinical blood use safety, is an important livelihood project for maintaining public health security and social stability.Since the promulgation and implementation of the Blood Donation Law of the People's Republic of China in 1998, China's voluntary blood donation cause has gradually entered a track of standardized and regular development. The number of blood donors and the volume of blood collected have continued to increase, and it has basically achieved that 100% of clinical blood use comes from voluntary blood donation.However, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019 and its subsequent outbreak have caused multi-dimensional impacts on voluntary blood donation, posing a severe challenge to the balance between supply and demand.Jiangsu Province, as a populous province and a strong economic province in China, is also a region with dense medical resources. The changes in the supply and demand of voluntary blood donation in Jiangsu Province are typical and representative. Jiangsu Province has a permanent resident population of over 85 million. Its annual surgical volume and inpatient visits both rank among the top in the country. The demand for clinical blood is huge and stable.Therefore, taking Jiangsu Province as the research sample, conducting an in-depth analysis of the current situation of voluntary blood donation after the epidemic, exploring the influencing factors, and proposing targeted countermeasures can not only provide guidance for the recovery of voluntary blood donation in Jiangsu Province, but also offer references for improving the voluntary blood donation mechanism in other regions of China and similar regions around the world.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Data and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1 Data source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe core data of this study is derived from the official public information of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center（https://www.jsblood.com.cn/portal/list/index/id/62.html?fuid=35），It covers blood collection and clinical blood use data from January 2019 to September 2025 (see Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Monthly Voluntary Blood Donation Information Statistics of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from 2019 to 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"562\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlood collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 342px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical blood usage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhole blood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRed blood cell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoagulation factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8709.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10107.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4651.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd 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75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3990.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11566.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12637.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n 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84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11670.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12593.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10056.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4200.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10110.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n 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62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13505.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8291.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4884.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16425.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2788\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n 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75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11996.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5023.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13895.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12996.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n 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84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14544.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2747\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1173.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5371.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15353.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n 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62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2541\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10719.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7630.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12545.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n 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75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2969\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14616.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2884\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11061.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4967.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14832.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n 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84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13501.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13676.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10012.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4812.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n 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62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17182.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12494.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5269.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n 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75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10791\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5351.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n 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84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8718.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5749.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2721.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16241.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14079.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n 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62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16316.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15973\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n 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62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2597\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8070.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4191.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15106.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n 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75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14503.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4839.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12639.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n 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84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11884.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12649.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10005.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5546.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13820.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e10990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10886.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8772.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10068.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3942.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12318.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11323.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11300.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11687.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11188.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5369.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9930.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2947\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10300.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4733.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12047.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10487.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9393.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4339.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4632.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10211.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10179.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10237.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4232.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4747.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data types include the collection volumes of two major blood components, namely whole blood and platelets, as well as the usage volumes of four commonly used clinical blood components, namely red blood cells, platelets, plasma and coagulation factors,The data collection frequency is monthly, with a total of 81 months of complete data, providing authoritative and accurate basic information for quantitative analysis of the changes in the supply and demand of voluntary blood donation before and after the epidemic.Meanwhile, to ensure the validity and integrity of the data, the research team preprocessed the original data: Excluding records with abnormal data, through communication with the data management department of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center, the authenticity of the data during special periods such as February 2020 and December 2022 was confirmed (for example, in February 2020, due to the most severe period of the epidemic, a large number of blood donation points were shut down, and the amount of whole blood collected was only 2,523.5 units, It is the lowest value during the study period.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2 Research methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adopts a hybrid research approach of \u0026quot;quantitative analysis + qualitative research\u0026quot;, which not only reveals the objective laws of changes in the supply and demand of voluntary blood donation through data mining, but also explores the subjective factors behind the phenomenon through interviews, achieving the research goal of \u0026quot;data supporting conclusions and qualitative explanations for reasons\u0026quot;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2.1Quantitative analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the monthly data of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from 2019 to 2025, data processing and visual analysis were conducted using Excel and SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive statistical analysis:\u003c/strong\u003eCalculate the monthly average values (see Table 2), maximum values, minimum values, standard deviations and other indicators of the collection volume of whole blood and platelets in each year, as well as the usage of red blood cells, platelets, plasma and coagulation factors, to clarify the annual variation characteristics of the supply and demand of each blood component.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Monthly Average Statistics of Voluntary Blood Donation Information of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from 2019 to 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"568\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlood collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical blood usage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhole blood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRed blood cell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoagulation factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4797\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2909\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrend Analysis:\u003c/strong\u003eDraw the annual line graph of the supply and demand changes of each blood component (see Figure 1) to visually present the changing trends from 2019 to 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1: Monthly average line graph of blood collection information of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from January 2019 to September 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, from 2023 to 2025, the volume of whole blood collection entered a \u0026quot;continuous decline\u0026quot; channel: The monthly average for 2023 was 14,651 units, dropped to 12,548 units in 2024 (a decrease of 14.3% compared to 2023), and further declined to 10,306 units from January to September 2025 (a decrease of 17.8% compared to 2024). It has decreased by 29.7% compared with the peak in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：\u003c/strong\u003eAnalyze the correlation between the amount of whole blood collected and the amount of red blood cells used, as well as the amount of platelets collected and the amount of platelets used, determine the matching degree of blood collection and supply, and identify the key nodes of imbalance between supply and demand (see Table 3)(see Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Correlation analysis of supply and demand of whole blood - red blood cells/platelets - platelets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"519\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndicator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation coefficient (r)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;P\u0026quot; value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.0211%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFitting equation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"21\" style=\"width: 1.1562%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhole blood collection volume and red blood cell usage volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 31.0211%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey=0.87x + 1245.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"21\" style=\"width: 1.1562%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"21\" style=\"width: 1.1562%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003ePlatelet collection volume and platelet usage volume\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 133px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 31.0211%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ey=0.98x + 52.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"21\" style=\"width: 1.1562%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"21\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 \u0026nbsp;Correlation between supply and demand of whole blood - red blood cells/platelets - platelets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between platelet supply and demand (0.967) is significantly higher than that of whole blood - red blood cells (0.892), reflecting the efficient matching mode of \u0026quot;platelet collection on demand\u0026quot;. The intercept of the whole blood-red blood cell fitting line is relatively large (1245.6), reflecting that there is a \u0026quot;rigid gap\u0026quot; in the basic clinical demand for red blood cells, which needs to be filled by increasing the collection volume of whole blood.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2.2Non-qualitative Research\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo explore the influencing factors behind the quantitative data, the research team conducted multiple rounds of interviews from May 2025 to October 2025. The interviewees covered four key groups, totaling 82 people (see Table 3). The interviews were conducted in a combination of one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions, with an average interview duration of 30 minutes, to distill core viewpoints and key influencing factors. Through non-qualitative research, it has been found that the four core factors restricting the development of voluntary blood donation after the epidemic are cognitive biases about personal health conditions, increased life pressure, inadequate implementation of incentive policies, and misleading negative public opinions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: List of Interviewees\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"522\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonnel composition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCore interview content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeople who have donated blood but have not done so since the outbreak of the epidemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnterprise employees, university teachers, freelancers, etc. Age: 22-55 .Previous blood donation frequency: 1 to 10 times\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.The core reason for stopping blood donation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.Concerns at the level of health cognition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.The influencing factors of \u0026nbsp;cost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.Perception of policies related to blood donation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung people without a history of blood donation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAged 18 - 25, including 12 college students and 8 new employees who have just entered the workplace\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.The main concerns of those who have not participated in blood donation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.Concerns about the safety of blood donation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.Awareness of blood donation incentive policies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.The influence of public opinion on its decision-making\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe head of the blood donor team\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFive heads of university logistics departments, six chairpersons of trade unions in large enterprises, and four directors of community residents\u0026apos; committees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.The difficulty of organizing group blood donation activities after the epidemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.The changing trend and reasons of the number of participants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.The main obstacles faced in the organizational process\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonnel in medical institutions who manage blood use\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere are 8 doctors in the blood transfusion department of a tertiary hospital and 7 heads of the medical affairs department of a secondary hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.Changes in clinical blood demand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.Countermeasures during periods of blood shortage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.Views and Suggestions on Incentive Policies for Voluntary Blood Donation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 The amount of whole blood collected\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：It has been decreasing year by year since the outbreak of COVID-19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhole blood, as a traditional type of blood donation, its collection volume is significantly affected by factors such as epidemic prevention and control policies, blood donors' health awareness, and the coverage of blood collection points.In 2019, the average monthly volume of whole blood collected in Jiangsu Province was 12,353 units. The monthly data remained relatively stable, reflecting the regular development trend of voluntary blood donation before the COVID-19 pandemic.After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the volume of whole blood collection showed a trend of \"sharp decline - rapid recovery - gradual stabilization\".In 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the impact of epidemic lockdowns, the average monthly blood collection volume of whole blood was 12,005 units. In the second year, with the normalization of prevention and control measures and the strong patriotic spirit of the people in fighting the epidemic, the blood collection volume rebounded to 14,551 units. In the third year, it remained stable above 14,000 units.After the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, from 2023 to 2025, the volume of whole blood collection entered a \"continuous decline\" channel: The monthly average for 2023 was 14,651 units, dropped to 12,548 units in 2024 (a decrease of 14.3% compared to 2023), and further declined to 10,306 units from January to September 2025 (a decrease of 17.8% compared to 2024). It has decreased by 29.7% compared with the peak in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Supply and demand of platelets: The matching degree between supply and demand is relatively high and continues to grow steadily.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlatelets are key blood components in clinical emergency rescue. Their collection method is apheresis of platelets, which has a short collection cycle and relatively low requirements for the health of blood donors during the collection process。Blood centers usually adjust the collection plan according to clinical needs, resulting in an extremely high matching degree between platelet collection volume and usage volume. Therefore, the collection volume and usage volume of platelets have shown a continuous growth trend.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 The amount of red blood cells used is limited by the volume of whole blood collected\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e，the dosage of plasma and coagulation factors fluctuated little.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRed blood cells are the most commonly used blood components in clinical practice，Its usage is directly related to the number of hospitalizations and the volume of surgeries.After whole blood collection and separation, red blood cells can be prepared. After the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of surgeries in Jiangsu Province has been increasing year by year, while the usage of red blood cells, like the amount of blood collected, has been decreasing year by year. Therefore, the amount of whole blood collection has limited the usage of red blood cells.Plasma is mainly used for patients with burns, shock, coagulation disorders, etc., while coagulation factors are mainly used for patients with hereditary coagulation diseases such as hemophilia. The changes in the usage of these two types of blood components reflect the diagnosis and treatment needs of specific diseases. The usage of plasma and coagulation factors fluctuated little before and after the epidemic.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research team summarized the interview content and drew the figure of The proportion of respondents who are constrained by voluntary blood donation among different groups(see Figure3 ).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure3 \u0026nbsp;The proportion of respondents who are constrained by voluntary blood donation among different groups（%）\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent groups are subject to different constraints in voluntary blood donation. For those who have donated blood before, concerns about their own health and the difficulty in implementing incentive policies are the main reasons that prevent them from continuing to donate blood. For young people who have never donated blood, the time pressure caused by busy work or studies is the main obstacle. Negative public opinion and the implementation of policies are common factors that trouble the work of blood donation organizations and the guarantee of clinical blood supply. It provides crucial data support for the following analysis of the root cause of the problem and the proposal of corresponding countermeasures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 The bias in an individual's perception of their health condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExcessive perception of health risks: \"After the COVID-19 pandemic, my health has deteriorated. Donating blood will increase the burden on my body.\"\u003c/strong\u003eAmong the 32 respondents who had donated blood but did not do so after the COVID-19 pandemic,Twenty-one people (accounting for\u0026nbsp;65.6%) said that \"During the COVID-19 pandemic, they stayed at home for a long time, reduced their physical activity, and weakened their immunity\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e. They were worried that donating blood might cause discomfort such as dizziness and fatigue, and even trigger other diseases\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e.\"The \"Post-Pandemic Blood Donation Health Guidelines\" released by Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center in 2023 shows that among people who have recovered from COVID-19 and meet the blood donation criteria, the incidence of adverse reactions after blood donation (such as dizziness and fatigue) is not significantly different from that before the pandemic (P\u0026gt;0.05) .However, due to the insufficient publicity of this scientific knowledge by the blood center, most blood donors failed to correctly understand the safety of blood donation after the epidemic, and their willingness to donate blood voluntarily decreased\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImprovement of health management awareness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: \"Paying more attention to one's own health and being reluctant to take on potential risks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\"\u003c/strong\u003eAfter the COVID-19 pandemic, the public's awareness of health management has generally improved\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c/sup\u003e. More and more people have begun to pay attention to their own health conditions\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c/sup\u003e, and the concern over whether blood donation affects health has significantly increased\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c/sup\u003e.Twelve respondents (accounting for 37.5%) said, \"The epidemic has made me realize the importance of health. Now I am more inclined to protect my body and am unwilling to take any potential risks, even if the risk of donating blood is very small.\" This shift in mindset has led some blood donors to shift from \"active participation\" to \"cautious observation\"\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 \u0026nbsp;The pressure of life has soared\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime Pressure: “I'm too busy with work to have time to donate blood.”\u003c/strong\u003eAmong the 20 young people without blood donation experience, 14 (accounting for 70%) said that \"they are under great work/study pressure and have no time to donate blood at the blood donation site.\" Among the 32 respondents who have donated blood, 18 (56.2%) said, \"After the COVID-19 pandemic, our companies laid off staff, our workload increased, and we also wanted to rest on weekends, so we had no time to donate blood.\"Time pressure has become the primary factor restricting the enthusiasm for blood donation after the COVID-19 pandemic\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c/sup\u003e.The main manifestations are as follows: First, the downward pressure on the economy leads to an extension of working hours and a reduction in discretionary time\u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c/sup\u003e. Secondly, the service hours of blood donation sites overlap with the public's working and studying hours, and the number of blood donation sites on weekends is relatively small, making it difficult for the public to find a suitable time to donate blood\u003csup\u003e[14]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic Pressure: \"Unable to take care of oneself and having no energy to participate in public welfare.\"\u003c/strong\u003eTen respondents (accounting for 31.2%) said, \"After the COVID-19 pandemic, our income has declined, and we are under great pressure from mortgage and car loans. We are constantly struggling to make a living and have no energy to pay attention to public welfare activities like voluntary blood donation.\"Eight respondents (accounting for 25%) said, \"Although donating blood is free of charge, there are hidden costs such as round-trip transportation fees and lost wages. Now that the economy is tight, we are reluctant to bear these costs.\"The main manifestations are as follows: First, the public's attention has shifted from \"public welfare participation\" to \"survival needs\", and the attention paid to voluntary blood donation has decreased\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e. Second, some blood donors believe that the \"hidden costs\" of blood donation do not match the \"benefits\" (spiritual satisfaction)\u003csup\u003e[16]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePsychological Stress: \"Emotional anxiety, weakened willingness to show love.\"\u003c/strong\u003eNine respondents (accounting for 28.1%) said that \"They have been very anxious since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. They are reluctant to go to crowded places, including voluntary donation sites.\"Seven respondents (accounting for 21.9%) said, \"We are under great work pressure and in a bad mood. We have no mood to participate in public welfare activities like blood donation that require dedication.\"The main manifestations are as follows: First, some members of the public show a tendency of \"social avoidance\u003csup\u003e[17]\u003c/sup\u003e\" and reduce social interaction\u003csup\u003e[18]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[19]\u003c/sup\u003e. Second, negative emotions lead to a decrease in the public's \"altruistic willingness\"\u003csup\u003e[20]\u003c/sup\u003e, both of which affect the enthusiasm for blood donation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 \u0026nbsp;Obstacles in the implementation of incentive policies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe requirements for enjoying the policy are too high\u003c/strong\u003e:In 2017, Jiangsu Province issued the \"Regulations on Blood Donation of Jiangsu Province\", stipulating that \"blood donors who have donated more than 4,000 milliliters of blood in the province can enjoy free lifetime visits to government-funded parks, tourist attractions and other places, be exempt from paying ordinary outpatient consultation fees when visiting government-run medical institutions, and ride urban public transportation for free.\"Twenty-five respondents (accounting for 78.1%) said, \"A cumulative blood donation volume of 4,000 ml is hard for ordinary people to achieve, and they feel that this policy has nothing to do with them.\"The main manifestations are as follows:First, the required blood donation volume is too high, and most blood donors find it difficult to persist in the long term\u003csup\u003e[21]\u003c/sup\u003e. Second, the policy coverage is limited, lacking incentives for first-time blood donors\u003csup\u003e[22]\u003c/sup\u003e and those who donate small amounts of blood, thus failing to arouse widespread enthusiasm for blood donation\u003csup\u003e[23]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulties in policy implementation:\u003c/strong\u003eEighteen respondents (56.2%) said, \"Some of my friends who donated blood were refused free blood use by the hospital when their family members needed it, or they had to provide a lot of proof materials, and the process was very complicated.\"Twelve respondents (accounting for 37.5%) said, \"I heard that blood donors need to donate blood on the spot to enjoy discounts. It feels like 'forced blood donation' and is very uncomfortable.\"The main reasons for the difficulty in implementing policies include: First, there is no information sharing\u003csup\u003e[24]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[25]\u003c/sup\u003e. The blood donation information of blood donors has not been fully connected with the blood usage system of medical institutions, resulting in donors having to provide multiple materials such as household registration books, ID cards, and marriage certificates\u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e, which is a cumbersome process. Second, local implementation is inadequate. Some medical institutions, in order to control costs, do not strictly enforce preferential policies on blood use for blood donors\u003csup\u003e[27]\u003c/sup\u003e. Thirdly, the policy explanations are not clear. In some regions, the publicity of preferential policies for blood use is inadequate, which leads to a misunderstanding of the policy content among blood donors. When the policies fail to meet expectations, the sense of gain of blood donors decreases, which in turn affects their willingness to donate blood in the future\u003csup\u003e[28]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe form of incentives is monotonous:\u003c/strong\u003eTwenty respondents (accounting for 62.5%) said, \"After donating blood, I was only given a box of milk, which didn't seem very attractive. It would be great if there were some practical subsidies.\"Fifteen respondents (accounting for 46.9%) said, \"Although spiritual motivation is important, with the current high pressure of life, we hope for some practical material incentives that can truly alleviate the burden of life.\"After the COVID-19 pandemic, the priority of the public's material needs has increased, while their attention to spiritual incentives has decreased. A single form of spiritual incentive is difficult to motivate people to donate blood\u003csup\u003e[29]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Negative public opinion misleading\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe spread of false information\u003c/strong\u003e:Sixteen respondents (accounting for 50%) said that they had seen videos on short-video platforms such as TikTok claiming that \"blood donation is harmful to health.\" These false information are vivid in form, mostly presented in the form of \"personal experiences\" or \"doctor's Revelations\", and have a strong sense of immersion and persuasiveness, making it easy for the public to believe\u003csup\u003e[30]\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, it spreads rapidly. The algorithmic recommendation mechanism of short-video platforms leads to the rapid spread of false information\u003csup\u003e[31]\u003c/sup\u003e, which gains a large number of likes and shares in a short period of time\u003csup\u003e[32]\u003c/sup\u003e. The authorities find it difficult to refute the rumors, which leads to the persistent negative impact of false information\u003csup\u003e[33]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfiltration of erroneous ideology:\u003c/strong\u003eTen respondents (accounting for 31.2%) said, \"I saw online that some people said, 'Those who donate blood are all ordinary people, while those who use blood are all powerful and influential.' I felt it was very unfair and didn't want to be a 'sucker'.\" Eight respondents (accounting for 25%) said, \"I heard that hospitals sell all their blood. People who donate blood still have to queue up to use it. Donating blood is meaningless.\"Some self-media, in order to attract traffic, deliberately exaggerate \"class opposition\", exaggerate or fabricate \"identity differences between blood donors and blood users\", misleading the public into believing that the voluntary blood donation system is unfair\u003csup\u003e[34]\u003c/sup\u003e. The spread of such erroneous ideology not only reduces the public's willingness to donate blood but also undermines the social credibility of the voluntary blood donation cause.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInsufficient positive publicity:\u003c/strong\u003eIn contrast to the rapid spread of negative public opinion, the positive publicity of voluntary blood donation is insufficient and it is difficult to form an effective counterbalance.Twenty-two respondents (accounting for 68.7%) said, \"We rarely see positive publicity about voluntary blood donation. We have only seen posters near blood donation sites and have hardly seen them elsewhere.\" Eighteen respondents (accounting for 56.2%) said, \"I don't know who blood donation can help, nor do I know if my own blood donation is useful. I lack the motivation to participate.\"The main problems of insufficient positive publicity include: First, the publicity channels are single, and the utilization of emerging channels such as short-video platforms and social media is insufficient, making it difficult to reach the younger generation\u003csup\u003e[35]\u003c/sup\u003e. Second, the promotional content is empty and mainly consists of slogan-like content such as \"Donating blood is glorious\" and \"offering love\", lacking specific cases and blood usage procedures, which is not attractive enough. Thirdly, the dissemination of positive information is insufficient, which fails to effectively counteract the impact of negative public opinion\u003csup\u003e[36]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Suggestions","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1 Build a gradient incentive policy system.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eSet multi-level incentive standards\u003c/strong\u003e: The blood donation volume requirement of Jiangsu Province\u0026apos;s incentive policies has been refined from \u0026quot;4000ml\u0026quot; to multiple levels, such as \u0026quot;For every 400ml donated, free public transportation and free public tourist attractions within one year.\u0026quot; Cumulative blood donation of 1000ml: The individual and their family members will enjoy a 50% reduction in clinical blood usage fees and have priority in blood use. Cumulative blood donation of 2000ml: The individual and their family members will enjoy full reduction of clinical blood usage fees and priority in blood use. Cumulative blood donation of 3,000 ml: Enjoy an additional 50% subsidy for urban and rural residents\u0026apos; medical insurance and a 50% refund of the personal contribution portion for employee medical insurance. Cumulative blood donation of 4,000 ml: Lifetime exemption from clinical blood use fees, and full subsidies for personal contributions to urban and rural residents\u0026apos; medical insurance or employee medical insurance, etc.Through multi-level standards, blood donors of different blood donation volumes can all enjoy corresponding incentives, expanding the coverage of the policy(see Table4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable4 \u0026nbsp;Design Plan for Gradient blood Donation Incentive policies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"461\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative blood donation volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShort-term incentives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium-term incentives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;long-term incentives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"30\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFree public transportation and scenic spot tickets within one year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"48\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe same as above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical blood usage fees for individuals and their families are 50% off plus priority blood usage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"21\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"34\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe same as above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll clinical blood usage fees for individuals and their families are waived and priority blood usage is available\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"21\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"34\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3000ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe same as above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe same as above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnnual medical insurance subsidy (50% for Urban and Rural residents\u0026apos; Medical Insurance / 50% for the individual portion of employee medical insurance)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"21\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"51\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4000ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe same as above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe same as above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull annual medical insurance subsidy (Urban and Rural residents\u0026apos; Medical Insurance/Employee medical Insurance)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"21\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd height=\"35\" style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstablish an information exchange platform for \u0026quot;blood donation - blood use\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e : Led by the Health Commission of Jiangsu Province, the blood donation information system of the blood center and the blood usage system of medical institutions have been integrated to achieve real-time sharing of blood donor information. When blood donors or their family members need to use blood, they only need to provide their ID card or social security card. Medical institutions can then query the blood donation record and automatically reduce related fees without the need to provide paper materials, achieving \u0026quot;no need to visit even once for blood usage reduction\u0026quot;. Strengthen supervision over policy implementation: Incorporate the implementation of voluntary blood donation incentive policies into the performance assessment indicators of medical institutions. Medical institutions that fail to implement them properly will be subject to public criticism and required to rectify within a specified period. Strengthen policy promotion and interpretation: Through channels such as the official website of the blood center, Wechat public account, and medical institution brochures, provide detailed explanations of the content, application conditions, and implementation procedures of the incentive policies. Produce \u0026quot;policy interpretation short videos\u0026quot; to answer common questions in plain and understandable language, avoiding policy misunderstandings caused by comprehension deviations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncrease practical material incentives\u003c/strong\u003e: In line with public demands, provide diversified material incentives, such as \u0026quot;transportation subsidies, dining vouchers, supermarket shopping cards, etc. after each blood donation. When the cumulative blood donation reaches a certain amount, enjoy medical insurance subsidies, etc.\u0026quot; Material incentives should focus on practicality to enhance their appeal\u003csup\u003e[37]\u003c/sup\u003e. Strengthen personalized spiritual incentives: Establish a \u0026quot;Blood Donation honor file\u0026quot; for blood donors, recording the number of blood donations, the amount of blood donated, and the number of patients helped. Publicize their deeds through the media to enhance the sense of honor and social recognition of blood donors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn November 26, 2025, a voluntary blood donation event was organized in Liguo Town, Tongshan District, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China(There are three voluntary blood donation events in this area every yea). The well-known local enterprise, \u0026quot;Xuzhou Iron Mine Group\u0026quot;, provided an additional subsidy of 200 yuan to each blood donor. On that day, 117 people successfully collected blood. Compared with the three voluntary blood donations in Liguo Town in 2024, 320 people were successfully collected (with an average of 107 people collected per day). A comparison was made between 144 people who voluntarily donated blood in the first two rounds of 2025 (an average of 72 people per day). This event not only halted the downward trend but also saw a significant increase in the number of participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 Improve the mechanism for guiding public opinion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpand publicity channels\u003c/strong\u003e: On the basis of traditional channels, increase investment in short-video platforms, social media, and new media platforms, produce contents such as \u0026quot;Blood Donation Science Popularization Short Videos\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Documentary Stories of Blood Donors\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;Doctors\u0026apos; Interpretation of Blood Donation Safety\u0026quot;, and reach people of different age groups and occupations through algorithmic recommendations, especially young people. Enrich promotional content: The promotional content should shift from \u0026quot;slogan-based\u0026quot; to \u0026quot;story-telling and scientific\u0026quot;. For instance, in the field of popular science: Produce videos such as \u0026quot;Comprehensive Analysis of the Blood Donation Process\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;Interpretation of Blood Testing Standards\u0026quot;, and use forms like animation and on-site shooting to disseminate scientific knowledge in an easy-to-understand way, eliminating the public\u0026apos;s concerns about the safety of blood donation. Story-based: Interview blood donors and recipients, tell true stories, enhance emotional resonance, and convey the positive energy of \u0026quot;donating blood to save lives\u0026quot;. Interactive category: Launch a topic challenge titled \u0026quot;# My Blood Donation Story #\u0026quot; on short-video platforms, encourage blood donors to share their experiences, and invite Internet celebrities and stars to participate in public welfare promotion to increase the topic\u0026apos;s popularity and reach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstablish a negative public opinion monitoring and rapid response mechanism\u003c/strong\u003e: Led by the Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center, a professional public opinion monitoring team will be formed to monitor negative information on short-video platforms, social media, forums and other channels in real time, and quickly identify and classify false information such as \u0026quot;blood donation is harmful to health\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;blood donation is unfair\u0026quot;. Timely release of authoritative rumor-refuting information: In response to the negative information detected, within 24 hours, an authoritative rumor-refuting statement should be issued through channels such as the blood center\u0026apos;s official website, Wechat official account, and short video platforms. Use scientific data and facts to refute false information. The rumor-refuting information should adopt vivid forms such as short videos and a combination of text and images, avoiding pure textual expressions to enhance readability and dissemination power. Linkage platforms to combat false information: Establish cooperation mechanisms with platforms such as TikTok and Wechat. For false information with wide dissemination and significant influence, apply to the platforms for deletion or restriction of its spread. Accounts that deliberately fabricate or spread false information will be summoned for talks or reported, and legal responsibilities will be pursued in accordance with the law to curb the spread of negative public opinion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCustomized science popularization activities are carried out for different groups of people\u003c/strong\u003e: For young people (aged 18-25), \u0026quot;Blood donation science popularization lectures\u0026quot; are held in universities and enterprises, combining games and other forms to explain the safety and significance of blood donation. Publish \u0026quot;College Students\u0026apos; Blood Donation Vlogs\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;Blood Donation Guides for New Employees\u0026quot; on various platforms, closely related to the life scenarios of young people. Middle-aged people (aged 26 to 55) : Through channels such as community lectures, hospital brochures, and Wechat official accounts, focus on explaining \u0026quot;health requirements for blood donation after the epidemic\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;specific contents of incentive policies\u0026quot;, to eliminate their concerns about health risks and policy thresholds. Strengthen cooperation with medical institutions: Invite hematologists and emergency doctors from tertiary hospitals to participate in popular science publicity. Through a series of short videos such as \u0026quot;Doctors Talk about Blood Donation\u0026quot; , interpret the safety of blood donation and the demand for clinical blood use from a professional perspective, enhancing the authority and credibility of popular science. Carry out the \u0026quot;Blood Donation Experience Day\u0026quot; event: Organize the public to visit blood centers and blood donation sites, understand the entire process of blood collection, testing and storage on the spot, watch the blood donation process of blood donors, have face-to-face communication with blood donors, eliminate the strangeness and fear of blood donation, and correct cognitive biases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.3 Legal system improvement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRevise the \u0026quot;Measures for the Implementation of the Blood Donation Law of the People\u0026apos;s Republic of China in Jiangsu Province\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e : Clearly define the specific scope and procedures for \u0026quot;priority blood use\u0026quot; in medical institutions, such as \u0026quot;blood donors and their families shall have priority in obtaining clinical blood use under the same medical conditions\u0026quot;, to prevent \u0026quot;priority blood use\u0026quot; from becoming a mere formality. Add a clause on \u0026quot;Implementation of incentive policies\u0026quot;, clarify the responsibilities of health and wellness departments, medical institutions, and blood centers in policy fulfillment, and ensure the implementation of policies. Formulate the \u0026quot;Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Incentive Policies for Voluntary Blood Donation in Jiangsu Province\u0026quot; : refine the specific contents, application conditions, implementation procedures, and regulatory measures of the incentive policies, such as \u0026quot;application methods for medical insurance subsidies\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;specific scope of blood use reduction and exemption\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;assessment standards for policy implementation\u0026quot;, to avoid implementation deviations caused by ambiguous regulations. Clarify the sources of funds for incentive policies, such as allocating special funds from the fiscal budget, to ensure the sustainable implementation of incentive policies. In line with national policy requirements: Incorporate the National Health Commission\u0026apos;s requirement of \u0026quot;promoting \u0026apos;no need to visit for blood fee reduction at all\u0026apos; and facilitating blood donors to handle blood fee reduction in different locations\u0026quot; into local regulations, clarify the construction standards and time nodes of the information exchange platform, ensure the realization of \u0026quot;one-stop online processing\u0026quot; for blood fee reduction for blood donors in different locations within Jiangsu Province, and enhance the convenience and coverage of the policy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrengthen supervision over the blood collection process\u003c/strong\u003e: Strictly implement the \u0026quot;Health Check Requirements for Blood Donors\u0026quot; and the \u0026quot;Quality Management Specifications for Blood Stations\u0026quot;, conduct regular inspections of the environment, equipment, and personnel qualifications at blood collection sites to ensure the hygiene and safety of the blood collection process and prevent cross-infection. Establish a blood collection quality traceability system to record the entire process of each blood sample, including collection, testing, storage and transportation, to ensure the traceability of blood quality. Strengthen the supervision of blood use distribution: Formulate the \u0026quot;Measures for the Administration of Clinical Blood Use Distribution in Jiangsu Province\u0026quot;, clarifying the principles of blood use distribution in medical institutions. Establish a public announcement system for blood usage distribution. Medical institutions should regularly disclose their blood usage situations. Blood users must disclose their information, and blood donors should voluntarily disclose it to accept social supervision and ensure fair blood usage. Strengthen the supervision of the implementation of incentive policies: Led by the Health Commission of Jiangsu Province, in collaboration with the finance and medical insurance departments, regular inspections will be conducted on the implementation of incentive policies by medical institutions and blood centers, with a focus on verifying whether \u0026quot;blood use reduction and exemption measures have been implemented\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;medical insurance subsidies have been distributed\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;policy interpretation has been in place\u0026quot;. For the problems identified during the inspection, orders shall be made to rectify within a prescribed time limit, and the rectification situation shall be made public to the society for public supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstablish a health guarantee mechanism for blood donors\u003c/strong\u003e: If a blood donor experiences adverse reactions after donating blood, the blood center will provide free medical services. Special health problems caused by blood donation will be included in the medical insurance reimbursement scope to reduce the medical burden on blood donors. Regularly send health tips to blood donors and pay attention to their health conditions. Improve the complaint and rights protection channels for blood donors: Set up a dedicated hotline for blood donor rights protection and an online complaint platform to promptly handle complaints from blood donors regarding policy implementation, blood collection services, and fair blood use. Establish a closed-loop mechanism for complaint handling, investigate and verify the complaint issues, and provide feedback on the handling results within 7 working days to ensure that the reasonable demands of blood donors are resolved. Open and transparent blood collection and supply information: Regularly release blood collection and supply information on the official website and wechat public account of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center, including monthly blood collection volume, blood usage volume, inventory status, blood test pass rate, implementation of incentive policies, etc., to enable the public to understand the operation status of the voluntary blood donation cause. Every year, the \u0026quot;Report on the Development of Voluntary Blood Donation in Jiangsu Province\u0026quot; is released, comprehensively summarizing the achievements of the work, existing problems and improvement measures, to enhance information transparency and social credibility.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs the \"lifeline\" to ensure the safety of clinical blood use, the balance between supply and demand of voluntary blood donation not only affects the stable development of public health undertakings, but also reflects the common challenges faced by the voluntary blood donation system after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is worth noting that the trend of \"declining blood collection\" is not unique to China. In the past three years, similar trends have emerged in many countries and regions around the world. If not intervened in time, it may pose a long-term threat to the safety of global public health blood use. In the face of the development predicament of voluntary blood donation after the epidemic, it is hoped that relevant countries will attach great importance to it, take this research as a reference, optimize policy design based on local conditions, coordinate with multiple parties, promote the steady and long-term development of this project, and provide solid support for safeguarding the life and health of all mankind and maintaining global public health security.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuzhou Medical University, mainly including the use of data from Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center.It covers blood collection and clinical blood use data from January 2019 to September 2025. In addition, we confirmed that all methods were performed in accordance with \u0026nbsp;relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication in BMC public health.All interviewees were informed and consented to the use of their interview content for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during this study are available in the Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center（https://www.jsblood.com.cn/portal/list/index/id/62.html?fuid=35）\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests.\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ Contributions.\u003c/strong\u003eLang wang:Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing\u0026nbsp;–\u0026nbsp;Original Draft, Validation.Chenglin Wu: Formal Analysis,Visualization,Writing\u0026nbsp;–\u0026nbsp;Review \u0026amp; Editing.Lin Cheng:Data Curation,Investigation.Zaixiang Tan: Resources, Supervision, Project Administration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements.\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors thank Miss Haichao Rong, Mr Zhifan Zhang, Miss Jiamin Ji for suggestions for writing academic papers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSu, Y., \u0026amp; Zhou, D. 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The Experience of Organizing Blood Donation Camp through Student Initiative. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pharmacy \u0026amp; Bioallied Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(Suppl 2), S1488\u0026ndash;S1495.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Voluntary blood donation, After the COVID-19 pandemic, Supply-demand structure, Incentive policies, Public opinion guidance, Legal system improvement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8468414/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8468414/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData and Methods\u003c/strong\u003e: This study takes the blood information data of Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center in China from 2019 to 2025 as the core basis, and combines multiple rounds of interviews to systematically analyze the characteristics of changes in the supply and demand of voluntary blood donation before and after the epidemic from both quantitative and non-quantitative dimensions. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult\u003c/strong\u003e: The collection volume of whole blood showed a significant fluctuation trend of \"steady increase at first and then sudden drop\", reaching a peak in 2021 and then continuously declining. By 2025, it had decreased by nearly 30% compared with 2021. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion\u003c/strong\u003e: Through in-depth exploration, it was found that four core factors, namely, cognitive biases regarding personal health conditions, the sharp increase in life pressure after the epidemic, the obstruction in the implementation of incentive policies, and the misleading negative public opinion, jointly restrict the development of voluntary blood donation. \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eCountermeasures\u003c/strong\u003e: This study specifically proposes three major directions: \"Construction of a gradient incentive policy system\", \"improvement of public opinion guidance mechanism\", and \"legalized blood donation guarantee system\", and elaborates on the specific implementation paths, after the COVID-19 pandemic Provide scientific decision-making references for establishing a long-term mechanism for voluntary blood donation globally and ensuring the safety of blood use for public health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Decreasing Blood Collection for Voluntary Blood Donation after the COVID-19 Pandemic (with Global Implications)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-16 13:26:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8468414/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"398bbc69-6b5b-4d75-ac4b-adeaf0497f43","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-19T17:40:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-16 13:26:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8468414","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8468414","identity":"rs-8468414","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}