Synthesis and ionic conductivity study of new blended solid polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion transport

Synthesis and ionic conductivity study of new blended solid polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion transport | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Synthesis and ionic conductivity study of new blended solid polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion transport Angesh Chandra, Lumeshwari Sahu, Alok Bhatt, Archana Chandra This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923435/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Blended solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are gaining attention as potential materials for advanced energy storage technologies, thanks to their improved ionic conductivity, mechanical integrity, and thermal stability. In this study, a series of new sodium-ion conducting blended solid polymer electrolytes (BSPEs) were prepared using the composition (1 − x)[70PEO:30NaCl] + xPVP, with x varying up to 15 wt.%. The blending strategy was employed to harness the complementary properties of the two polymers—one enhancing mechanical support and the other facilitating ion transport. A recently developed hot-press technique was utilized for the fabrication of these BSPEs. Among the compositions studied, the formulation 98(70PEO:30NaCl) + 2PVP demonstrated the highest ionic conductivity (~ 3.7×10⁻⁵ S·cm⁻¹) and was identified as the optimal conducting composition (OCC). Ion transport behavior was examined using a range of experimental methods and theoretical models, focusing on key parameters such as ionic conductivity (σ), ionic mobility (µ), mobile ion concentration (n), and ionic transference number (t_ion). Temperature-dependent conductivity measurements were conducted to determine the activation energy (Eₐ) of the OCC film. The findings indicate that the optimized polymer blend outperforms single-polymer systems in terms of both conductivity and thermal resilience, making it a promising candidate for use in solid-state battery applications. Ion conducting polymers Blended solid polymer electrolytes Ionic conductivity Ionic transference number Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction Superionic solids, also referred to as solid-state ionic materials, represent a unique class of compounds known for their exceptionally high ionic conductivity, rivalling that of liquid or aqueous electrolytes. These materials commonly termed "superionic conductors," "fast ion conductors," or "solid electrolytes" have attracted considerable interest for their potential application in fully solid-state electrochemical devices such as batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, non-volatile memory devices, and electrochromic displays. Among them, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have emerged as particularly promising for thin-film device applications due to their flexibility and processability. Enhancing ionic conductivity in such systems can be effectively achieved through polymer blending, a widely adopted strategy. Polyethylene oxide (PEO), a commonly used polymer host, can form complexes with various ionic salts, particularly those with large, charge-delocalized anions, which promote complex stability. Numerous studies have explored silver-ion-conducting polymer systems involving salts like AgCF 3 SO 3 , AgNO 3 , AgI, and Ag 2 O in matrices such as PEO and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). While conventional solution casting and sol-gel techniques have traditionally been used to fabricate polymer electrolytes, a recently introduced hot-pressing method has shown significant advantages, including improved film uniformity and mechanical properties. The present study focuses on the synthesis and conductivity evaluation of a novel series of sodium-ion conducting blended solid polymer electrolytes (BSPEs): (1 − x)[70PEO:30NaCl] + xPVP, with x ranging up to 15 wt.%. The observed improvement in conductivity is analyzed through measurements of ionic mobility (µ) and the concentration of mobile charge carriers (n). Additionally, temperature-dependent conductivity studies were carried out to determine the activation energy (Eₐ) associated with ion transport in these blends. 2. Materials and Methods The precursor materials used in the synthesis of the blended solid polymer electrolytes (BSPEs) included polyethylene oxide (PEO) with a molecular weight of 10⁵ (procured from Aldrich, USA), sodium chloride (NaCl, > 98% purity, Merck, India), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, > 98% purity, Merck, India). The BSPEs were formulated using the composition (1 − x)[70PEO:30NaCl] + xPVP, where x ranged from 0 to 15 wt.%. The base composition: (70PEO:30NaCl), previously reported to exhibit an ionic conductivity of 4.6×10⁻⁶ S·cm⁻¹ [17], served as the foundational solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) matrix in this study. To prepare the blends, the dry powders of the host SPE and PVP were weighed in the desired proportions and thoroughly mixed at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes. The resulting mixture was then gently heated to around 70°C near the melting point of PEO while continuing to mix for another 30 minutes to form a soft mass or slurry. This slurry was subsequently compressed between two stainless steel cold blocks under a pressure of about 1.25 ton/cm², forming thin, uniform films with an approximate thickness of 0.017 cm. Ionic conductivity (σ) of the resulting BSPEs was measured at room temperature and higher using an LCR meter (HIOKI 3520-01, Japan), and calculations were performed using the standard equation for conductivity: σ = \(\:\frac{l}{\text{R.A}}\) [Scm − 1 ] ( 1 ) where l is the thickness of the sample, R is the bulk resistance and A is the area of the cross-section. The ionic mobility of BSPEs was determined at room temperature with the help of the following equation: Normal 0 false false false EN-IN X-NONE HI st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } μ = [cm 2 V -1 s -1 ] (2) where d is the thickness of the samples, V is the applied external d.c. potential and τ is the time of flight. The time of flight (τ) was determined directly employing the dc polarization Transient Ionic Current (TIC) technique by using an x-y-t recorder (model: Graphtec WX 2300-1L, Japan) [18]. The mobile ion concentration (n) was evaluated at different temperatures from σ and μ data by using the well-known relation: σ = n. q. μ [cm -3 ] (3) where q is the charge. Ionic transference number (t ion ) has also been evaluated at different temperatures using the dc polarization technique with the help of the following equation: [15] t ion = 1 - (4) where I e is the electronic current and I T is the total current of the cell: [SS // BSPE OCC // SS]. 3. Results and Discussion Figure 1 illustrates the variation of ionic conductivity (σ) at room temperature for salt concentration in hot-pressed solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) composed of PEO and NaCl. A sharp increase in conductivity is observed as the salt content rises, reaching a peak at 30 wt.% NaCl in the PEO matrix. Beyond this concentration, further addition of salt results in a decline in conductivity. The maximum conductivity value recorded was approximately 4.6×10⁻⁶ S·cm⁻¹ for the composition 70PEO:30NaCl [17]. This significant increase at 30 wt.% is likely due to enhanced complexation between NaCl and the polymer, which increases the amorphous content of the material. The rise in amorphous regions facilitates greater ionic mobility, thereby boosting conductivity. However, SPE films containing more than 50 wt.% NaCl exhibited reduced mechanical flexibility and became noticeably brittle. Given its favorable conductivity and physical properties, the composition: (70PEO:30NaCl) was selected as the base matrix for preparing the current series of blended solid polymer electrolytes (BSPEs): (1 − x)[70PEO:30NaCl] + xPVP, with x varying from 0 to 15 wt.%. Figure 2 presents the room-temperature conductivity trend for these BSPEs. The data reveal that as PVP content increases, conductivity improves significantly up to 2 wt.%, after which it begins to decline with further addition of PVP. An approximate tenfold increase in ionic conductivity (σ) was observed in the blended polymer electrolyte with the composition: 98(70PEO:30NaCl) + 2PVP, compared to the unblended host matrix (70PEO:30NaCl). This specific formulation has been designated as the Optimum Conducting Composition (OCC) due to its superior performance. The enhancement in conductivity was attributed to improvements in both ionic mobility (µ) and the concentration of mobile charge carriers (n), as outlined in Section 2 . Figure 3 presents the plots of 'log µ vs. PVP content (x)' and 'log n vs. x' for the series of BSPEs with the general formula (1 − x)[70PEO:30NaCl] + xPVP, where x ranges up to 15 wt.%. These trends closely resemble the conductivity behavior shown in the 'log σ vs. x' graph in Fig. 2 , suggesting that the observed conductivity enhancement results from simultaneous increases in both µ and n. Figure 4 presents the ‘current–time’ curve for the BSPE OCC: 98 (70PEO:30NaCl) + 2 PVP, at ambient temperature, used for estimating the ionic transference number (t ion ). The measured t ion value is approximately 0.95, indicating that ion transport dominates within the polymer electrolyte. Although the specific mobile species have not been definitively identified, it is likely that Na⁺ ions are the primary contributors to ionic conduction due to their smaller size compared to anions, which facilitates easier mobility within the polymer matrix. Table 1 summarizes the values of conductivity (σ), mobility (µ), charge carrier concentration (n), and t ion for both the BSPE OCC and the SPE host, also including the conductivity of pure PEO for comparison. The observed improvement in conductivity in the BSPE OCC can be attributed to the enhancements in both mobility and carrier concentration. Table 1 Some important ionic parameters for pure PEO, SPE host and BSPE OCC. Film σ (S/cm) µ (cm 2 V − 1 s − 1 ) n (cm − 3 ) t ion E a (eV) Pure: PEO 3.2 × 10 − 9 - - - - SPE host: (70PEO:30NaCl) 4.5 × 10 − 6 7.94 × 10 − 3 9.77 × 10 14 0.95 0.37 BSPE OCC: 98(70PEO:30NaCl) + 2 PVP 3.7 × 10 − 5 3.30 × 10 − 2 7.00 × 10 15 0.95 0.21 Systems σ (S.cm − 1 ) µ (cm 2 V − 1 s − 1 ) n (cm − 3 ) E a (eV) Pure: PEO 3.2 × 10 − 9 - - - SPE host: (70PEO: 30NaCl) 4.3 × 10 − 7 2.12 × 10 − 3 1.28 × 10 15 0.35 BSPE OCC: [98 (70PEO:30NaCl) + 2 PVP] 7.9 × 10 − 6 2.2 × 10 − 2 1.2 × 10 16 0.29 Figure 5 illustrates the temperature-dependent conductivity behavior of the SPE host (70PEO:30NaCl) and the BSPE OCC: 98 (70PEO:30NaCl) + 2 PVP. The ‘log σ vs 1/T’ plots show linear characteristics, with a notable increase in slope around 65–70°C, corresponding to the well-established transition of PEO from a semicrystalline to an amorphous phase. The linear segments below this transition temperature follow the Arrhenius relationship and can be accurately fitted using Arrhenius-type equations: SPE host : σ (T) = 3.19×10 − 1 exp (-0.37/ kT) [Scm − 1 ] ( 5 ) BSPE OCC : σ (T) = 2.26×10 − 1 exp (-0.21/ kT) [Scm − 1 ] ( 6 ) The activation energy (E a ) values determined for the SPE host and BSPE OCC are 0.37 eV and 0.21 eV, respectively. The observed reduction in activation energy for the BSPE OCC suggests enhanced ionic mobility, which can be attributed to an increased level of amorphous character in the PEO matrix due to the incorporation of PVP, an effect that has been noted in prior studies [19]. This lower activation energy implies that the BSPE OCC material may be a promising candidate for applications in solid-state electronic devices. 4. Conclusions A novel Na⁺-ion conducting blended solid polymer electrolyte (BSPE): 98 (70PEO:30NaCl) + 2 PVP, has been successfully developed, exhibiting an ionic conductivity of 3.7×10⁻⁵ S·cm⁻¹. Analysis of ionic mobility (μ) and mobile ion concentration (n) reveals that the enhanced conductivity at this composition results from simultaneous increases in both parameters. Transference number measurements confirm that the electrolyte predominantly facilitates Na⁺ ion transport, with minimal involvement from Cl⁻ anions, indicating its ionic nature. Furthermore, temperature-dependent conductivity analysis shows a relatively low activation energy, supporting its potential suitability for use in solid-state electronic devices. Declarations Author Contribution A. C. and L. S. wrote the main manuscript text and A.B. and A.C. prepared all figures. References Van Gool W (1974) Fast ion conduction. Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci. 1974; 4: 311–335 Chandra S (1981) Superionic Solids- Principle and Applications. North Holland Pub., Amsterdam Laskar AL, Chandra S (1989) Superionic Solids and Solid Electrolytes: Recent Trends. Academic Press, Science, New York Chandra A, Chandra A (2014) Superionic solids in energy device applications. In: Tiwari A, Valyukh S (eds) Advanced Energy Materials. Chapter 4. WILEY-Scrivener Pub., USA, pp 167–206 Singh M (2022) Optical characterization of iron and titanium oxide doped titanium oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method. RP Materials: Proc. 1: 1–4 Prasad B, Bali R (2023) Mathematical study of nanocomposites for drug delivery in capillary. RP Materials: Proc. 2: 1–10 Thomas A, Thomas S (2024) Effect of Sb addition on physical and optical properties of ternary Ge-Se-Te glasses. RP Materials: Proc. 3: 17–21 Appetechi GB, Croce F, Persi L, Ronsi F, Scrosati B (2000) Transport and interfacial properties of composite polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 45:1481–1490 Chandra A, Dhundhel RS, Chandra A (2022) Electrical properties of a newly synthesized potassium ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes. Materials Today: Proc. 57: 1473–1476 Chandra A, Agrawal RC, Mahipal YK (2009) Ion transport property studies on PEO-PVP blended solid polymer electrolyte membranes. J Phys D: Appl Phys 42(13):135107 Chandra A (2016) Hot-pressed PEO-PVP blended solid polymer electrolytes: Ion transport and battery application. Polym Bull 73:2707–2718 Paren BA, Nguyen N, Balance V, Hallianan DT, Kennemur JG, Winey KI (2022) Superionic Li-ion transport in a single-ion conducting polymer blend electrolyte. Macromolecules 55:4692–4702 Dam T, Karan NK, Thomas R, Pradhan DK, Katiyar RS (2015) Observation of ionic transport and ion-coordinated segmental motions in composite (polymer-salt-clay) solid polymer electrolyte. Ionics 21:401–410 Ashrafi R, Sahu DK, Kesharwani P, Ganjir M, Agrawal RC (2014) Ag. Synthesis Charact all-solid-battery Stud J Non-Crystalline Solids 391:91–95 Appetecchi GB, Croce F, Hassoun J, Scrosati B, Salomon M, Cassel F (2003) Hot-pressed, dry, composite, PEO-based electrolyte membranes I. Ionic conductivity characterization. J Power Sources 114:105–112 Chandra A, Chandra A, Dhundhel RS, Bhatt A (2022) Sodium ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte: temperature dependent ionic parameters and solid-state polymer battery fabrication. Indian J Phys 96:1069–1074 Chandra A, Chandra A, Dhundhel RS, Bhatt A (2020) Synthesis and ion conduction mechanism of a new sodium ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes. Materials Today: Proc. 33: 5081–5084 Chandra S, Tolpadi SK, Hashmi SA (1988) Transient ionic current measurement of ionic mobilities in a few proton conductors. Solid State Ionics 28–30:651–655 Agrawal RC, Pandey GP (2008) Solid polymer electrolytes: materials designing and all-solid-state battery applications: an overview. J Phys D Appl Phys 41(18):223001 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6923435","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":482851461,"identity":"856cdae7-ea7a-43fb-a91c-4841326bea96","order_by":0,"name":"Angesh Chandra","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSDmATGYmQ+AuDKkaGFLAHF5SNDCwGPAAGfjA/yzm589eLvHzl6+nefzqxs1FjwM7IePbsBryZ1j5oZzniUnbjjMu8065xjQYTxpaTfwaTGQSDCT5jnAnGDAzLvNOIcNqEWCx4yAlvRvQC319vLNPM+Mc/4RpSUHZMthxobDPMyPc9uI0CJxI6dMcs6B40C/sJkx5/ZJ8LAR8gv/jPRtEm8OVNvL9x9+/DnnW50cP/vhY3i1IAM2CTBJrHIQYP5AiupRMApGwSgYOQAAJfRBohpTN2sAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Government Naveen College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Angesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Chandra","suffix":""},{"id":482851462,"identity":"bb62ae00-a09b-4c01-8fa6-731c832cde46","order_by":1,"name":"Lumeshwari Sahu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bharti Vishwavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lumeshwari","middleName":"","lastName":"Sahu","suffix":""},{"id":482851463,"identity":"806065e0-60f2-4b2e-864b-efdfb40e52e5","order_by":2,"name":"Alok Bhatt","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bharti Vishwavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alok","middleName":"","lastName":"Bhatt","suffix":""},{"id":482851464,"identity":"bd0bd72a-1fd5-46b6-8d47-4574e4c4664b","order_by":3,"name":"Archana Chandra","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Government M.M.R. P.G. College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Archana","middleName":"","lastName":"Chandra","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-18 13:23:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923435/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923435/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86549950,"identity":"1ecb5558-891b-49d9-9538-9e2067d26056","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-12 03:16:20","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12614,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e‘Conductivity vs Salt Concentration’ Plot for Hot-pressed SPE host: (PEO:NaCl). [17]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923435/v1/9ae466b5fbae76752e5d0a42.png"},{"id":86549951,"identity":"7fe53857-6e66-435c-a8ec-90db3057c178","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-12 03:16:20","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18111,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e‘Log σ – x’ Plot for Hot-pressed BSPEs: (1-x) (70PEO:30NaCl) + x PVP, where 0\u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003ex\u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003e15 in wt.%.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923435/v1/3e6b415d0eb4d35f05dfb7dd.png"},{"id":86550236,"identity":"199d9890-78bf-44f3-9c0d-b263f3413155","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-12 03:24:20","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e‘Log µ – x’ and ‘log n – x’ Plots for Hot-pressed BSPEs: (1-x) (70PEO:30NaCl) + x PVP, where 0\u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003ex\u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003e15 in wt.%.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923435/v1/9565fd39a19ef7a6817b6110.png"},{"id":86550290,"identity":"4566c65e-d796-466f-b583-08f79c3f4069","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-12 03:32:20","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16446,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e‘Current vs time’ Plot for the BSPE OCC: 98[70PEO:30NaCl] + 2PVP.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923435/v1/6e3e99c8cbce7c17bcd4e034.png"},{"id":86550237,"identity":"df7f2e2f-9c87-4e68-ab3e-34536e6a9001","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-12 03:24:20","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e‘Log σ – 1/T’ Plots for SPE host: (70PEO:30NaCl) (▲) and BSPE OCC: 98[70PEO:30NaCl] + 2PVP (●).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923435/v1/459cc3d1bce9adb73f83c5f7.png"},{"id":88683748,"identity":"6941e523-150e-4168-8fe0-a9ba21efb68a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-09 11:01:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":499153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6923435/v1/63cbc5ce-54e5-465e-9fa0-54190fcfd74a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Synthesis and ionic conductivity study of new blended solid polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion transport","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuperionic solids, also referred to as solid-state ionic materials, represent a unique class of compounds known for their exceptionally high ionic conductivity, rivalling that of liquid or aqueous electrolytes. These materials commonly termed \"superionic conductors,\" \"fast ion conductors,\" or \"solid electrolytes\" have attracted considerable interest for their potential application in fully solid-state electrochemical devices such as batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, non-volatile memory devices, and electrochromic displays. Among them, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have emerged as particularly promising for thin-film device applications due to their flexibility and processability. Enhancing ionic conductivity in such systems can be effectively achieved through polymer blending, a widely adopted strategy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolyethylene oxide (PEO), a commonly used polymer host, can form complexes with various ionic salts, particularly those with large, charge-delocalized anions, which promote complex stability. Numerous studies have explored silver-ion-conducting polymer systems involving salts like AgCF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, AgNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, AgI, and Ag\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO in matrices such as PEO and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). While conventional solution casting and sol-gel techniques have traditionally been used to fabricate polymer electrolytes, a recently introduced hot-pressing method has shown significant advantages, including improved film uniformity and mechanical properties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study focuses on the synthesis and conductivity evaluation of a novel series of sodium-ion conducting blended solid polymer electrolytes (BSPEs): (1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;x)[70PEO:30NaCl]\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;xPVP, with x ranging up to 15 wt.%. The observed improvement in conductivity is analyzed through measurements of ionic mobility (\u0026micro;) and the concentration of mobile charge carriers (n). Additionally, temperature-dependent conductivity studies were carried out to determine the activation energy (Eₐ) associated with ion transport in these blends.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe precursor materials used in the synthesis of the blended solid polymer electrolytes (BSPEs) included polyethylene oxide (PEO) with a molecular weight of 10⁵ (procured from Aldrich, USA), sodium chloride (NaCl, \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;98% purity, Merck, India), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;98% purity, Merck, India). The BSPEs were formulated using the composition (1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;x)[70PEO:30NaCl]\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;xPVP, where x ranged from 0 to 15 wt.%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe base composition: (70PEO:30NaCl), previously reported to exhibit an ionic conductivity of 4.6\u0026times;10⁻⁶ S\u0026middot;cm⁻\u0026sup1; [17], served as the foundational solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) matrix in this study. To prepare the blends, the dry powders of the host SPE and PVP were weighed in the desired proportions and thoroughly mixed at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes. The resulting mixture was then gently heated to around 70\u0026deg;C near the melting point of PEO while continuing to mix for another 30 minutes to form a soft mass or slurry.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis slurry was subsequently compressed between two stainless steel cold blocks under a pressure of about 1.25 ton/cm\u0026sup2;, forming thin, uniform films with an approximate thickness of 0.017 cm. Ionic conductivity (σ) of the resulting BSPEs was measured at room temperature and higher using an LCR meter (HIOKI 3520-01, Japan), and calculations were performed using the standard equation for conductivity:\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eσ =\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{l}{\\text{R.A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e [Scm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e] (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere l is the thickness of the sample, R is the bulk resistance and A is the area of the cross-section. The ionic mobility of BSPEs was determined at room temperature with the help of the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e \u003co:OfficeDocumentSettings\u003e \u003co:AllowPNG/\u003e \u003c/o:OfficeDocumentSettings\u003e\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e \u003cw:WordDocument\u003e \u003cw:View\u003eNormal\u003c/w:View\u003e \u003cw:Zoom\u003e0\u003c/w:Zoom\u003e \u003cw:TrackMoves/\u003e \u003cw:TrackFormatting/\u003e \u003cw:PunctuationKerning/\u003e \u003cw:ValidateAgainstSchemas/\u003e \u003cw:SaveIfXMLInvalid\u003efalse\u003c/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid\u003e \u003cw:IgnoreMixedContent\u003efalse\u003c/w:IgnoreMixedContent\u003e \u003cw:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText\u003efalse\u003c/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText\u003e \u003cw:DoNotPromoteQF/\u003e \u003cw:LidThemeOther\u003eEN-IN\u003c/w:LidThemeOther\u003e \u003cw:LidThemeAsian\u003eX-NONE\u003c/w:LidThemeAsian\u003e 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@7 21600 pixelHeight\"/\u003e \u003cv:f eqn=\"sum @10 21600 0\"/\u003e \u003c/v:formulas\u003e \u003cv:path o:extrusionok=\"f\" gradientshapeok=\"t\" o:connecttype=\"rect\"/\u003e \u003co:lock v:ext=\"edit\" aspectratio=\"t\"/\u003e\u003c/v:shapetype\u003e\u003cv:shape id=\"_x0000_i1025\" type=\"#_x0000_t75\" style='width:22.5pt; height:33pt' o:ole=\"\"\u003e \u003cv:imagedata src=\"file:///C:/Users/maha15/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.wmz\" o:title=\"\"/\u003e\u003c/v:shape\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if !vml]--\u003e\u003cimg width=\"30\" height=\"44\" src=\"data:image/wmf;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c!--[endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e \u003co:OLEObject Type=\"Embed\" ProgID=\"Equation.3\" ShapeID=\"_x0000_i1025\" DrawAspect=\"Content\" ObjectID=\"_1813814491\"\u003e \u003c/o:OLEObject\u003e\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eV\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003es\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-IN\"\u003ewhere d is the thickness of the samples, V is the applied external d.c. potential and \u0026tau; is the time of flight. The time of flight (\u0026tau;) was determined directly employing the dc polarization Transient Ionic Current (TIC) technique by using an x-y-t recorder (model: Graphtec WX 2300-1L, Japan) [18]. The mobile ion concentration (n) was evaluated at different temperatures from \u0026sigma; and \u0026mu; data by using the well-known relation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-IN\"\u003e\u0026sigma; \u0026nbsp; = \u0026nbsp; n. q. \u0026mu;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-IN\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;[cm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e]\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-IN\"\u003ewhere q is the charge.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-IN\"\u003eIonic transference number (t\u003csub\u003eion\u003c/sub\u003e) has also been evaluated at different temperatures using the dc polarization technique with the help of the following equation: [15]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-IN\"\u003et\u003csub\u003eion\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp; = 1 - \u003c!--[if gte vml 1]\u003e\u003cv:shape id=\"_x0000_i1026\" type=\"#_x0000_t75\" style='width:17.25pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole=\"\"\u003e \u003cv:imagedata src=\"file:///C:/Users/maha15/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.wmz\" o:title=\"\"/\u003e\u003c/v:shape\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if !vml]--\u003e\u003cimg width=\"23\" height=\"47\" src=\"data:image/wmf;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c!--[endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e \u003co:OLEObject Type=\"Embed\" ProgID=\"Equation.3\" ShapeID=\"_x0000_i1026\" DrawAspect=\"Content\" ObjectID=\"_1813814492\"\u003e \u003c/o:OLEObject\u003e\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-IN\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-IN\"\u003ewhere I\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e is the electronic current and I\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e is the total current of the cell:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-IN\"\u003e[SS // BSPE OCC // SS].\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--EndFragment--\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the variation of ionic conductivity (σ) at room temperature for salt concentration in hot-pressed solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) composed of PEO and NaCl. A sharp increase in conductivity is observed as the salt content rises, reaching a peak at 30 wt.% NaCl in the PEO matrix. Beyond this concentration, further addition of salt results in a decline in conductivity. The maximum conductivity value recorded was approximately 4.6\u0026times;10⁻⁶ S\u0026middot;cm⁻\u0026sup1; for the composition 70PEO:30NaCl [17]. This significant increase at 30 wt.% is likely due to enhanced complexation between NaCl and the polymer, which increases the amorphous content of the material. The rise in amorphous regions facilitates greater ionic mobility, thereby boosting conductivity. However, SPE films containing more than 50 wt.% NaCl exhibited reduced mechanical flexibility and became noticeably brittle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven its favorable conductivity and physical properties, the composition: (70PEO:30NaCl) was selected as the base matrix for preparing the current series of blended solid polymer electrolytes (BSPEs): (1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;x)[70PEO:30NaCl]\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;xPVP, with x varying from 0 to 15 wt.%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the room-temperature conductivity trend for these BSPEs. The data reveal that as PVP content increases, conductivity improves significantly up to 2 wt.%, after which it begins to decline with further addition of PVP.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn approximate tenfold increase in ionic conductivity (σ) was observed in the blended polymer electrolyte with the composition: 98(70PEO:30NaCl)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2PVP, compared to the unblended host matrix (70PEO:30NaCl). This specific formulation has been designated as the Optimum Conducting Composition (OCC) due to its superior performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe enhancement in conductivity was attributed to improvements in both ionic mobility (\u0026micro;) and the concentration of mobile charge carriers (n), as outlined in Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the plots of 'log \u0026micro; vs. PVP content (x)' and 'log n vs. x' for the series of BSPEs with the general formula (1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;x)[70PEO:30NaCl]\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;xPVP, where x ranges up to 15 wt.%. These trends closely resemble the conductivity behavior shown in the 'log σ vs. x' graph in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, suggesting that the observed conductivity enhancement results from simultaneous increases in both \u0026micro; and n.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the \u0026lsquo;current\u0026ndash;time\u0026rsquo; curve for the BSPE OCC: 98 (70PEO:30NaCl)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 PVP, at ambient temperature, used for estimating the ionic transference number (t\u003csub\u003eion\u003c/sub\u003e). The measured t\u003csub\u003eion\u003c/sub\u003e value is approximately 0.95, indicating that ion transport dominates within the polymer electrolyte. Although the specific mobile species have not been definitively identified, it is likely that Na⁺ ions are the primary contributors to ionic conduction due to their smaller size compared to anions, which facilitates easier mobility within the polymer matrix. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the values of conductivity (σ), mobility (\u0026micro;), charge carrier concentration (n), and t\u003csub\u003eion\u003c/sub\u003e for both the BSPE OCC and the SPE host, also including the conductivity of pure PEO for comparison. The observed improvement in conductivity in the BSPE OCC can be attributed to the enhancements in both mobility and carrier concentration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome important ionic parameters for pure PEO, SPE host and BSPE OCC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFilm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eσ\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(S/cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e V\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003csub\u003eion\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(eV)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePure: PEO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPE host: (70PEO:30NaCl)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.94 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.77 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBSPE OCC: 98(70PEO:30NaCl)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 PVP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.7 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026times;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eσ\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(S.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e V\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(eV)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePure: PEO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026times;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPE host: (70PEO: 30NaCl)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026times;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.12 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBSPE OCC:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[98 (70PEO:30NaCl)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 PVP]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026times;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.9 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the temperature-dependent conductivity behavior of the SPE host (70PEO:30NaCl) and the BSPE OCC: 98 (70PEO:30NaCl)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 PVP. The \u0026lsquo;log σ vs 1/T\u0026rsquo; plots show linear characteristics, with a notable increase in slope around 65\u0026ndash;70\u0026deg;C, corresponding to the well-established transition of PEO from a semicrystalline to an amorphous phase. The linear segments below this transition temperature follow the Arrhenius relationship and can be accurately fitted using Arrhenius-type equations:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPE host : \u003cem\u003eσ (T)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.19\u0026times;10\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eexp (-0.37/ kT)\u003c/em\u003e [Scm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e] (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBSPE OCC : \u003cem\u003eσ (T)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.26\u0026times;10\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eexp (-0.21/ kT)\u003c/em\u003e [Scm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e] (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe activation energy (E\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e) values determined for the SPE host and BSPE OCC are 0.37 eV and 0.21 eV, respectively. The observed reduction in activation energy for the BSPE OCC suggests enhanced ionic mobility, which can be attributed to an increased level of amorphous character in the PEO matrix due to the incorporation of PVP, an effect that has been noted in prior studies [19]. This lower activation energy implies that the BSPE OCC material may be a promising candidate for applications in solid-state electronic devices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eA novel Na⁺-ion conducting blended solid polymer electrolyte (BSPE): 98 (70PEO:30NaCl) + 2 PVP, has been successfully developed, exhibiting an ionic conductivity of 3.7\u0026times;10⁻⁵ S\u0026middot;cm⁻\u0026sup1;. Analysis of ionic mobility (\u0026mu;) and mobile ion concentration (n) reveals that the enhanced conductivity at this composition results from simultaneous increases in both parameters. Transference number measurements confirm that the electrolyte predominantly facilitates Na⁺ ion transport, with minimal involvement from Cl⁻ anions, indicating its ionic nature. Furthermore, temperature-dependent conductivity analysis shows a relatively low activation energy, supporting its potential suitability for use in solid-state electronic devices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA. C. and L. S. wrote the main manuscript text and A.B. and A.C. prepared all figures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Gool W (1974) Fast ion conduction. Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci. 1974; 4: 311\u0026ndash;335\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandra S (1981) Superionic Solids- Principle and Applications. North Holland Pub., Amsterdam\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLaskar AL, Chandra S (1989) Superionic Solids and Solid Electrolytes: Recent Trends. Academic Press, Science, New York\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandra A, Chandra A (2014) Superionic solids in energy device applications. In: Tiwari A, Valyukh S (eds) Advanced Energy Materials. Chapter 4. WILEY-Scrivener Pub., USA, pp 167\u0026ndash;206\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh M (2022) Optical characterization of iron and titanium oxide doped titanium oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method. RP Materials: Proc. 1: 1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrasad B, Bali R (2023) Mathematical study of nanocomposites for drug delivery in capillary. RP Materials: Proc. 2: 1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThomas A, Thomas S (2024) Effect of Sb addition on physical and optical properties of ternary Ge-Se-Te glasses. RP Materials: Proc. 3: 17\u0026ndash;21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAppetechi GB, Croce F, Persi L, Ronsi F, Scrosati B (2000) Transport and interfacial properties of composite polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 45:1481\u0026ndash;1490\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandra A, Dhundhel RS, Chandra A (2022) Electrical properties of a newly synthesized potassium ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes. Materials Today: Proc. 57: 1473\u0026ndash;1476\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandra A, Agrawal RC, Mahipal YK (2009) Ion transport property studies on PEO-PVP blended solid polymer electrolyte membranes. J Phys D: Appl Phys 42(13):135107\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandra A (2016) Hot-pressed PEO-PVP blended solid polymer electrolytes: Ion transport and battery application. Polym Bull 73:2707\u0026ndash;2718\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParen BA, Nguyen N, Balance V, Hallianan DT, Kennemur JG, Winey KI (2022) Superionic Li-ion transport in a single-ion conducting polymer blend electrolyte. Macromolecules 55:4692\u0026ndash;4702\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDam T, Karan NK, Thomas R, Pradhan DK, Katiyar RS (2015) Observation of ionic transport and ion-coordinated segmental motions in composite (polymer-salt-clay) solid polymer electrolyte. Ionics 21:401\u0026ndash;410\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAshrafi R, Sahu DK, Kesharwani P, Ganjir M, Agrawal RC (2014) Ag. Synthesis Charact all-solid-battery Stud J Non-Crystalline Solids 391:91\u0026ndash;95\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAppetecchi GB, Croce F, Hassoun J, Scrosati B, Salomon M, Cassel F (2003) Hot-pressed, dry, composite, PEO-based electrolyte membranes I. Ionic conductivity characterization. J Power Sources 114:105\u0026ndash;112\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandra A, Chandra A, Dhundhel RS, Bhatt A (2022) Sodium ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte: temperature dependent ionic parameters and solid-state polymer battery fabrication. Indian J Phys 96:1069\u0026ndash;1074\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandra A, Chandra A, Dhundhel RS, Bhatt A (2020) Synthesis and ion conduction mechanism of a new sodium ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes. Materials Today: Proc. 33: 5081\u0026ndash;5084\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChandra S, Tolpadi SK, Hashmi SA (1988) Transient ionic current measurement of ionic mobilities in a few proton conductors. Solid State Ionics 28\u0026ndash;30:651\u0026ndash;655\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgrawal RC, Pandey GP (2008) Solid polymer electrolytes: materials designing and all-solid-state battery applications: an overview. J Phys D Appl Phys 41(18):223001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ion conducting polymers, Blended solid polymer electrolytes, Ionic conductivity, Ionic transference number","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923435/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923435/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBlended solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are gaining attention as potential materials for advanced energy storage technologies, thanks to their improved ionic conductivity, mechanical integrity, and thermal stability. In this study, a series of new sodium-ion conducting blended solid polymer electrolytes (BSPEs) were prepared using the composition (1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;x)[70PEO:30NaCl]\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;xPVP, with x varying up to 15 wt.%. The blending strategy was employed to harness the complementary properties of the two polymers\u0026mdash;one enhancing mechanical support and the other facilitating ion transport. A recently developed hot-press technique was utilized for the fabrication of these BSPEs. Among the compositions studied, the formulation 98(70PEO:30NaCl)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2PVP demonstrated the highest ionic conductivity (~\u0026thinsp;3.7\u0026times;10⁻⁵ S\u0026middot;cm⁻\u0026sup1;) and was identified as the optimal conducting composition (OCC). Ion transport behavior was examined using a range of experimental methods and theoretical models, focusing on key parameters such as ionic conductivity (σ), ionic mobility (\u0026micro;), mobile ion concentration (n), and ionic transference number (t_ion). Temperature-dependent conductivity measurements were conducted to determine the activation energy (Eₐ) of the OCC film. The findings indicate that the optimized polymer blend outperforms single-polymer systems in terms of both conductivity and thermal resilience, making it a promising candidate for use in solid-state battery applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synthesis and ionic conductivity study of new blended solid polymer electrolytes for sodium-ion transport","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-12 03:16:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6923435/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b9ea2d05-b5cd-48c0-b9d5-7c8138963ab2","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-09T10:53:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-12 03:16:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6923435","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6923435","identity":"rs-6923435","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}