Prevalences and Evaluation of Liver Loss Due to Fasciolisis in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered on the Gao Slaughtering Area in Mali

Prevalences and Evaluation of Liver Loss Due to Fasciolisis in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered on the Gao Slaughtering Area in Mali | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalences and Evaluation of Liver Loss Due to Fasciolisis in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered on the Gao Slaughtering Area in Mali Ibrahima MARIKO, Alpha Seydou YARO, Saidou TEMBELY This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7836703/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to update data on fasciolosis in sheep and goats by determining its prevalence and assessing liver losses caused by this disease in the Gao slaughter area in Mali. The samples were taken from 644 fecal samples and 8826 liver samples. Two techniques for direct diagnosis of the parasite were used: the sedimentation technique, which involves successive washes to search for parasite eggs and sanitary inspection of the livers of slaughtered animals to search for the parasite. The estimation of financial losses due to fasciolosis was made by counting all livers seized for fasciolosis during the three months of study. The total obtained per animal species was multiplied by the sale price of the organ on the Gao markets (3500 FCFA). Coprological prevalence and liver infestation rates revealed that sheep were more parasitized (10% for feces and 11.4% for livers) than goats were (6.5% for feces and 6.2% for livers), p = 0.15. Among the n = 2966 livers inspected in sheep, 340 were seized in sheep, representing an infestation rate of 11.4%. Among the 5860 goats whose livers were inspected, 366 were seized, representing an infestation rate of 6.2%. The market value of the seizures of sheep and goats amounts to 2,471,000 FCFA (two million four hundred and seventy-one thousand CFA francs) ; this amount represents the value of the losses suffered by the slaughter butchers over a period of 03 months in the Gao slaughter area. Parasitology fasciolosis sheep goat slaughter area Gao Mali Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Mali's economy is essentially agroforestry-pastoral. Livestock farming is the main source of subsistence for more than 30% of the Malian population and contributes 15% to GDP, 24% to rural sector production, approximately 80% to rural income and almost 20% to export earnings (NDVS, 2022). The national livestock population is ranked first in the WAEMU area and second in the ECOWAS area. In 2022, it was estimated that 12,848,696 cattle, 21,149,809 sheep, 29,201,079 goats, 1,291,233 camels, 607,786 horses, 1,190,567 donkeys, 88,262 pigs and 54,703,373 poultry (NDVS, 2022). Despite the efforts made by the State and its partners, the livestock subsector faces many difficulties, including those linked to animal diseases, especially parasitosis. Fasciolosis is a helminthosis of the liver, caused by trematodes of the genus Fasciola with two species known worldwide: Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica . It is a disease that occurs enzootically in several West African countries (Benin, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, etc.), and its prevalence by region or season is very little known (Youssao and Assogba, 2002 ). The economic importance of fasciolosis is very high considering the losses of milk and seizures of parasitized livers in slaughterhouses in endemic areas. Several studies have been conducted throughout the world to determine the importance of hepatic infestation by Fasciolas sp : in Nigeria (Adediran and al ., 2014), Ivory Coast (Kouadio and al ., 2020), Ethiopia (Hirpa and al ., 2014 ; Taye and al ., 2016) and Sudan (Koko and al ., 2003); on the estimation of the monetary value of losses caused by seizures of livers, they amount per year in a study conducted in Ethiopia to 3700 US dollars in sheep versus 245 US dollars in goats (Panel and al ., 2022); 27100.85 US dollars over 15 years in a study conducted in Kenya in cattle, sheep and goats (Mungube and al ., 2006); 552,448 US dollars in Nigeria in sheep and goats (Odeniran and al ., 2021) and still in Nigeria, 1882.50 US dollars of overall economic loss observed in one year in cattle, sheep and goats (James and al ., 2017). In Mali, fasciolosis is endemic in the Niger River basin, especially in water retention areas such as lakes and rivers, which at certain time of the year constitute real concentration points for animals. Few studies have been carried out on this problem in small ruminants and they date back more than thirty years. They have made it possible to count between 20 and 639 adult and immature Fasciola on sentinel calves that died of subacute fasciolosis after autopsy (Tembely and al ., 1988) ; and have shown a more significant infestation of sheep than goats (Traoré, 1988 ). This study aims to update data on fasciolosis in sheep and goats by determining its prevalence and assessing liver losses caused by this disease in the Gao slaughter area in Mali. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study site The study took place at the Gao slaughterhouse in Mali (Fig. 1 ). The Gao region has been the seventh administrative region of Mali since June 7, 1960. Located in the east of the country, it covers 94,484 km2 and its capital is the city of Gao In 2011, when new regions were established, it increased from an area of 40,020 km2 to its current area benefiting the regions of Menaka. 2.1.1. Geography The Gao region borders three Malian regions and limited to the East by Menaka region, North by Kidal region, and West by Timbuktu region. The Gao region has 4 classified forests covering an area of 4,020 ha. In the region, Ansongo Ménaka partial wildlife reserve and two areas of interest hunting are located (Tidermène-Alata and Inékar). 2.1.2. Hydrography The region is located in the watershed of the river Niger and crosses Niger River. 2.1.3. Demographics and population The region had 544,120 inhabitants in 2009. The population has increased by almost 1.4 times since 1998, representing an average annual growth rate of 3.0% between 1998 and 2009.Ansongo circleexperienced the highest population increase (+ 58%), followed by those of Gao and Bourem (+ 40% and + 35% respectively). Women represent 49.8% of the population. The Gao region has become, over the course of migratory movements, multiethnic, composed of: Songhais, Bozos, Tuaregs, Bambaras, Arabs (Kounta, Lamhar, Tajakant) and Fulani (Gabéro, Sidibé, Wani, Baazi, Fafa, etc.). The choice of the Gao region for this study is explained as follows : Large numbers of small ruminants (1st region of the country) : 3,080,175 heads (20.34%) for sheep and 4,076,100 heads (19.33%) for goats (DNPIA, 2015); The presence of the Niger River and numerous watercourses; To understand know the situation of the disease in the northern part of the country ; The geographical coordinates of the Gao slaughterhouse are as follows : Latitude: 16°15'38.6'' N Longitude: 0°03'25.4'' W 2.2. Material 2.2.1. Animal material It consists of sheep and goats. These animals were of different weights, sexes and ages. 2.2.2. Biological material It consisted of feces and livers taken from slaughtered sheep and goats. 2.2.2.1. Inclusion criteria All sheep and goats slaughtered in the slaughter area during the sampling periods; Consent and agreement of managers (administrative and technical) and slaughterhouse butchers to participate in the study. 2.2.2.2. Non inclusion criteria Sheep and goats slaughtered elsewhere than in the Gao slaughter area; Refusal of managers and slaughterhouse butchers to participate in the study. 2.3. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gao slaughterhouse during the months of August, September and October 2022. 2.3.1. Sample size and collection Feces It was determined via the formula of SCHWARTZ $$\:\varvec{n}=\frac{\varvec{Z}²\times\:\varvec{p}(1-\varvec{p})}{\varvec{m}²}$$ n = sample size z = confidence level according to the reduced centered normal distribution (for a 95% confidence level, z = 1.96) p = expected or estimated at 30% m = permissible margin of error (5%) The calculation yielded 322 feces to be collected from sheep and 322 feces to be collected from goats during the three (03) months of the study (August, September and October 2022). Fecal samples were taken from slaughtered sheep and goats at random. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum of the animals (recto), placed in plastic bags and then transported in a cooler to the veterinary laboratory in Gao for analysis. The livers The examination covered all the livers of the sheep and goats slaughtered during the study period. In sheep : 2966 livers were examined In goats : 5860 livers samples were collected and inspected. 2.3.2. Laboratory analysis of feces The successive wash sedimentation method was used to search for and identify Fasciola gigantica eggs. A quantity of 5 g of feces was collected via a spatula. This quantity was disintegrated and then triturated in a beaker and 10 times its volume of plain water. The mixture was filtered into another beaker via a tea strainer (approximately 0.5 mm in diameter). The resulting filtrate was left to stand for 45 minutes, after which 2/3 of the supernatant was poured. Then, the same quantity of plain water was added, and the mixture was left to stand for the same amount of time. This operation was repeated three (03) times in a row. Finally, the supernatant was discarded, and the sediment was blended with a small remainder of the supernatant to homogenize it well. Using a ball pipette, a drop of the mixture was placed on a slide, covered with a coverslip and examined under a binocular microscope with a 10x objective. Examination of livers for adult flukes Livers taken from slaughtered sheep and goats were examined on the slaughter floor for the parasite ( Fasciola gigantica ). The procedure began with an examination of the general appearance of the liver, and then, the hepatic parenchyma was incised using a knife. Manual pressure was applied to the parenchyma to extract the large flukes ( Fasciola gigantica ) lodged in the bile ducts. Thus, all livers containing at least one parasite were considered positive. The rate of liver infestation was estimated on the basis of the number of parasitized livers × 100 divided by the total number of livers examined during the study period (August, September and October 2022). 2.3.3. Data analysis The data resulting from the analysis of feces by sedimentation (coprology) and those obtained from the examination of the livers of slaughtered sheep and goats were subjected to descriptive analysis via the Excel Stata spreadsheet version 12 and R4.3.1 to determine the prevalence rates of hepatic infestation and the levels of significance between the different variables (animal species and sex). The significance threshold considered is α = 5%. 3. Results 3.1. Number of sheep and goats taken from the Gao slaughter area The situation of the samples of feces and livers examined in sheep and goats in the Gao slaughter area is given in Table 1 . Table 1 Number of livers examined in sheep and goats in the Gao slaughter area. Animal species Nature of samples Number of feces examined Number of livers examined Sheep 322 2966 Goats 322 5860 Total 644 8826 3.2. Prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in the feces of sheep and goats according to sex The results of the analysis of feces collected from the two species according to sex are presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Coprological prevalence according to sex in sheep and goats. Genders Sheep Goats Number of fecal samples examined Positive feces count Prevalence in % Number of fecal samples examined Positive feces count Prevalence in % Males 23 4 17.4 40 2 5 Females 299 28 9.4 282 19 6.7 Total 322 32 10 322 21 6.5 An analysis of the data in Table 2 revealed that the number of females examined was greater (n = 581) than that of males (n = 63). In terms of infestation, male sheep were more likely to be parasitized than females (17.4% vs. 9.4%) were; however, in goats, females were more likely to be parasitized (6.7% vs. 5%). The highest prevalence rates were observed in sheep. 3.3. Prevalence in feces according to animal species We have presented in Table 3 the prevalences, we present the prevalence rates obtained byvia the analysis of feces byvia the successive washing sedimentation method. Table 3 Average coprological prevalence according to animal species in the Gao slaughter area. Animal species Number of feces collected Positives Prevalence in % P = 0.15 Sheep 322 32 10 Goats 322 21 6.5 Total 644 53 8.2 The analysis of 644 fecal samples collected from the two animal species revealed that sheep were more parasitized (10%) than goats were (6.5%) ; however, the statistical analysis revealed that this difference was not significant (p = 0.15). The average coprological prevalence of the two species was 8.2%. 3.4. Infestation rate of inspected livers according to animal species The results of the health and safety inspection of the sheep and goat livers are presented in Table 4 . Table 4 Comparison of liver infestation rates in sheep and goats. Animal species Livers inspected Seared livers Infestation rate in % Sheep 2966 340 11.4 Goats 5860 366 6.2 Total 8826 706 7.9 Among a total of 8826 livers inspected in the 02 species, the average infestation rate was 7.9%; considering the animal species variable, the highest rate was observed in sheep (11.4% with n = 2966) and goats with a significant number of livers inspected (n = 5860), were less infested (6.2%). This difference between the 02 species was significant with a value of P < 2.2e-16. 3.5. Monetary values of livers seized by animal species over 3 months To determine the financial losses due to liver seizures during the collection period in the two animal species, the quantity obtained was multiplied by the price per kg of liver in the Gao markets (Table 5 ). Table 5 Estimated value of livers seized in the Gao slaughterhouse for the two species. Species Number of heads slaughtered Number of livers seized Quantities seized in kg Values in FCFA Sheep 2966 340 340 1,190,000 Goats 5860 366 366 1,281,000 Total 8826 706 706 2,471,000 An analysis of the data in Table 5 revealed that the numbers of livers collected from the two species were similar despite the large difference between the numbers slaughtered. The total number of livers seized was 706 out of 8,826 sheep goats slaughtered and examined, i.e., an average infestation rate of 7.9%. The value of seizures due to fasciolosis amounted to 2,471,000 FCFA (two million four hundred and seventy-one thousand CFA francs); this amount represents the value of losses suffered by slaughtering butchers over a period of 03 months in the Gao slaughter area. 4. Discussion The results of this study are close to those obtained in Nigeria, for a coprological prevalence of 12% in sheep compared with 9.1% in goats (Adediran and al .,2014) ; in Mali, prevalence of 10% in sheep and 3.1% in goats were observed in the rainy season (Traoré, 1988 ) ; and they are much lower than those obtained in sheep in Ethiopia, which were 35.95%, 48.21% and 48.4%, respectively (Hirpa and al ., 2014 ; Taye and al ., 2016 ; Jarso and al ., 2016). In goats in Sudan, the coprological prevalence is 12.5% (Koko and al ., 2003). In terms of the level of liver infestation, sheep were more parasitized than goats were, with a statistically significant difference between species (P < 2.2e-16). The same observations have been made in studies conducted in Kenya : 6.6% in sheep versus 5.2% in goats (Mungube and al ., 2006). Studies conducted in 2018 on the Ivory Coast in sheep reported liver infestation rates ranging from 8.3% to 12.2% (Kouadio and al ., 2020). For the level of liver damage, 340 livers were seized from sheep, representing an infestation rate of 11.4% (n = 2966 livers inspected), and 366 livers were seized from goats, representing an infestation rate of 6.2% (n = 5860 livers inspected). Considering the epidemiology of this disease, many studies have demonstrated that the animal species is a risk factor. The animals most susceptible to parasitic infestation are sheep and goats, followed by cattle and other herbivorous animal species. The difference in the level of contamination between sheep and goats is certainly due to their feeding method: sheep may feed on grassy pastures, whereas goats, if they have the possibility, prefer aerial fodder; therefore, there is less risk of contamination by the infesting forms of parasites. The estimated liver loss recorded during the three months (August, September and October) was 706 kg (340 kg in sheep and 366 kg in goats). The monetary value of this loss was 2,471,000 FCFA (two million four hundred and seventy-one thousand CFA francs) or 4,404.87 US dollars. Our meat losses due to liver seizures are significantly greater than those obtained in sheep (117 kg) and goats (108 kg) in Nigeria over a period of one year and for an estimated financial loss of 562.5 US dollars (James and al. , 2017) ; the difference may be due to better health monitoring of animals in this country. In any case, these sums represent a loss of earnings for those involved in the livestock-meat sector. Declarations “The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.” Conflicts of Interest “The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.” Author Contributions “All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Ibrahima MARIKO] and [Alpha Seydou YARO]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Ibrahima MARIKO] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.” Data Availability “The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to [The study was conducted in a slaughterhouse and the data analyzed in a laboratory] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.].” Ethical considerations This work was not carried out on live animals, so it could not cause mistreatment or stress in the animals because it was carried out on animals slaughtered at the abattoir and the samples were taken from the livers and feces contained either in the rectum or in the large intestine of the slaughtered animals. However, at the beginning of the study, we obtained free and informed consent from the veterinary agents and the slaughtering butchers. Acknowledgments At the end of this study, we would like to thank the general management of the Central Veterinary Laboratory of Bamako (LCV) for its financial support and for providing a framework for this work, and the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) for their collaboration. References Adediran OA, Adebiyi AI, Uwalaka EC. Prevalence of Fasciola species in ruminants under extensive management system in Ibadan southwestern Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2014 Dec;43 Suppl:137-41. Hirpa Eyob, Faye Getachew, Morka Amante and Dabela Abdata. Ovine Fasciolosis Prevalence in Hidebu Abote Woreda, North Shoa, Ethiopia. Am-Euras. J.Sci. Res. 2014; 9 (4): 82-86 JamesWabba Liba, Naphtali Nayamanda Atsanda and Markus Isa Francis. Economic loss from liver condemnation due to Fasciolosis in slaughtered ruminants in Maiduguri abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria. J.Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 4(1): 65-70, March 2017. ISSN 2311-7710 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d192 Jarso D, Alemayehu F, Teka G and Tesfaye A. Study on Prevalence of Ovine Fasciolosis in and Around Debre Berhan Sheep Breeding and Forage Multiplication Center. J Vet Sci Res. 2016; 1(3): 000116 p. Koko SW, Abdalla SH and Galal M. Caprine Fascioliasis in the Gezira State, Central Sudan. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2003; 2 (7): 396-399 Kouadio N Jules, Jennifer Giovanoli Evack, Louise Y. Achi, Dominik Fritsche, Mamadou Ouattara, Kigbafori D. Silué, Bassirou Bonfoh, Jan Hattendorf, Jürg Utzinger, Jakob Zinsstag, Oliver Balmer and Eliézer K. N'Goran. Prevalence and distribution of livestock schistosomiasis and fascioliasis in Côte d'Ivoire: results from a cross-sectional survey. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020; 16:446 Mungube EO, Bauni SM, Tenhagen BA, Wamae LW, Nginyi JM, Mugambi J M. The prevalence and economic significance of Fasciola gigantica and Stilesia hepatica in slaughtered animals in the semi-arid coastal Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2006; 38 (6): 475-83. National Directorate of Veterinary Services of Mali. Annual Report 2022 Odeniran OP, Omolabi FK, Ademola IO. Economic impact assessment of small ruminant fasciolosis in Nigeria using pooled prevalence obtained from the literature and field epidemiological data. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2021 Apr :24:100548. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100548.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100548Get rights and content Panel WO, Bizunesh M, Gudina M, Getachew K, Edilu J. Fasciolosis in sheep and goats slaughtered at slaughterhouses in Central Ethiopia and associated financial losses. Food and Waterborne Parasitology. Volume 28, September 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00173Get rights and content Taye Melaku, Teshome Jagema, Asefa Tadese, Endalu Mulatu, Kumela Lelisa and Delesa Damena. Study of Ruminant Fasciolosis in Selected Districts in Upper Awash River Basin, South Western Shoa, Ethiopia. Taye et al., J Vet Sci Technol. 2016; 7:5 Tembely S., Galvin T., Craig T., Traoré S. Infestation by liver flukes in Mali. Slaughterhouse observation of their prevalence and distribution. Tropical Animal Health and Production., 1988, 20(2):117-121 Traoré A. Incidence of fasciolosis in ruminants of the agropastoral subsystem associated with irrigated rice cultivation in the Niono area. International Livestock Center for Africa. Bamako, Mali. 1988. Youssao AKI, Assogba MN Prevalence of cattle fasciolosis in the Niger River valley of Benin. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Country Too. 2002. 55(2):105-108. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":78272,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the Gao region with the geographical position of its slaughter area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Gao region has been the seventh \u003ca href=\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gions_du_Mali\" title=\"Régions du Mali\"\u003eadministrative region\u003c/a\u003e of Mali since June 7, 1960. Located in the east of the country, it covers 94,484 km2 and its capital is the city of \u003ca href=\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_(Mali)\" title=\"Gao (Mali)\"\u003eGao\u003c/a\u003e In 2011, when new regions were established, it increased from an area of 40,020 km2 to its current area benefiting the regions of \u003ca href=\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_de_M%C3%A9naka\" title=\"Région de Ménaka\"\u003eMenaka\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7836703/v1/42a2fe679cdee1f456021daa.png"},{"id":93467944,"identity":"84d1b93c-17d1-4d87-86eb-8c1c363a7de5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 07:47:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1003740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7836703/v1/497853a4-156a-47ee-b2ab-9508cf7e3e3a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalences and Evaluation of Liver Loss Due to Fasciolisis in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered on the Gao Slaughtering Area in Mali\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMali's economy is essentially agroforestry-pastoral. Livestock farming is the main source of subsistence for more than 30% of the Malian population and contributes 15% to GDP, 24% to rural sector production, approximately 80% to rural income and almost 20% to export earnings (NDVS, 2022). The national livestock population is ranked first in the WAEMU area and second in the ECOWAS area. In 2022, it was estimated that 12,848,696 cattle, 21,149,809 sheep, 29,201,079 goats, 1,291,233 camels, 607,786 horses, 1,190,567 donkeys, 88,262 pigs and 54,703,373 poultry (NDVS, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the efforts made by the State and its partners, the livestock subsector faces many difficulties, including those linked to animal diseases, especially parasitosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFasciolosis is a helminthosis of the liver, caused by trematodes of the genus \u003cem\u003eFasciola\u003c/em\u003e with two species known worldwide: \u003cem\u003eFasciola hepatica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFasciola gigantica\u003c/em\u003e. It is a disease that occurs enzootically in several West African countries (Benin, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, etc.), and its prevalence by region or season is very little known (Youssao and Assogba, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe economic importance of fasciolosis is very high considering the losses of milk and seizures of parasitized livers in slaughterhouses in endemic areas. Several studies have been conducted throughout the world to determine the importance of hepatic infestation by \u003cem\u003eFasciolas sp\u003c/em\u003e: in Nigeria (Adediran and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2014), Ivory Coast (Kouadio and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2020), Ethiopia (Hirpa and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2014 ; Taye and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2016) and Sudan (Koko and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2003); on the estimation of the monetary value of losses caused by seizures of livers, they amount per year in a study conducted in Ethiopia to 3700 US dollars in sheep versus 245 US dollars in goats (Panel and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2022); 27100.85 US dollars over 15 years in a study conducted in Kenya in cattle, sheep and goats (Mungube and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2006); 552,448 US dollars in Nigeria in sheep and goats (Odeniran and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2021) and still in Nigeria, 1882.50 US dollars of overall economic loss observed in one year in cattle, sheep and goats (James and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Mali, fasciolosis is endemic in the Niger River basin, especially in water retention areas such as lakes and rivers, which at certain time of the year constitute real concentration points for animals. Few studies have been carried out on this problem in small ruminants and they date back more than thirty years. They have made it possible to count between 20 and 639 adult and immature Fasciola on sentinel calves that died of subacute fasciolosis after autopsy (Tembely and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 1988) ; and have shown a more significant infestation of sheep than goats (Traor\u0026eacute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to update data on fasciolosis in sheep and goats by determining its prevalence and assessing liver losses caused by this disease in the Gao slaughter area in Mali.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Study site\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study took place at the Gao slaughterhouse in Mali (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Gao region has been the seventh administrative region of Mali since June 7, 1960. Located in the east of the country, it covers 94,484 km2 and its capital is the city of Gao In 2011, when new regions were established, it increased from an area of 40,020 km2 to its current area benefiting the regions of Menaka.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1.1. Geography\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Gao region borders three Malian regions and limited to the East by Menaka region, North by Kidal region, and West by Timbuktu region.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Gao region has 4 classified forests covering an area of 4,020 ha.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the region, Ansongo M\u0026eacute;naka partial wildlife reserve and two areas of interest hunting are located (Tiderm\u0026egrave;ne-Alata and In\u0026eacute;kar).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1.2. Hydrography\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe region is located in the watershed of the river Niger and crosses Niger River.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1.3. Demographics and population\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe region had 544,120 inhabitants in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe population has increased by almost 1.4 times since 1998, representing an average annual growth rate of 3.0% between 1998 and 2009.Ansongo circleexperienced the highest population increase (+\u0026thinsp;58%), followed by those of Gao and Bourem (+\u0026thinsp;40% and +\u0026thinsp;35% respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen represent 49.8% of the population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Gao region has become, over the course of migratory movements, multiethnic, composed of: Songhais, Bozos, Tuaregs, Bambaras, Arabs (Kounta, Lamhar, Tajakant) and Fulani (Gab\u0026eacute;ro, Sidib\u0026eacute;, Wani, Baazi, Fafa, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe choice of the Gao region for this study is explained as follows :\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLarge numbers of small ruminants (1st region of the country) : 3,080,175 heads (20.34%) for sheep and 4,076,100 heads (19.33%) for goats (DNPIA, 2015);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe presence of the Niger River and numerous watercourses;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo understand know the situation of the disease in the northern part of the country ;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe geographical coordinates of the Gao slaughterhouse are as follows :\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLatitude: 16\u0026deg;15'38.6'' N\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLongitude: 0\u0026deg;03'25.4'' W\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Material\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Animal material\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt consists of sheep and goats. These animals were of different weights, sexes and ages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Biological material\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt consisted of feces and livers taken from slaughtered sheep and goats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.2.1. Inclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll sheep and goats slaughtered in the slaughter area during the sampling periods;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsent and agreement of managers (administrative and technical) and slaughterhouse butchers to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.2.2. Non inclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSheep and goats slaughtered elsewhere than in the Gao slaughter area;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRefusal of managers and slaughterhouse butchers to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gao slaughterhouse during the months of August, September and October 2022.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. Sample size and collection\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeces\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was determined via the formula of SCHWARTZ\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{n}=\\frac{\\varvec{Z}\u0026sup2;\\times\\:\\varvec{p}(1-\\varvec{p})}{\\varvec{m}\u0026sup2;}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sample size\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence level according to the reduced centered normal distribution (for a 95% confidence level, z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;expected or estimated at 30%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003em\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;permissible margin of error (5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe calculation yielded 322 feces to be collected from sheep and 322 feces to be collected from goats during the three (03) months of the study (August, September and October 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFecal samples were taken from slaughtered sheep and goats at random. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum of the animals (recto), placed in plastic bags and then transported in a cooler to the veterinary laboratory in Gao for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe livers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe examination covered all the livers of the sheep and goats slaughtered during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn sheep : 2966 livers were examined\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn goats : 5860 livers samples were collected and inspected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.2. Laboratory analysis of feces\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe successive wash sedimentation method was used to search for and identify \u003cem\u003eFasciola gigantica\u003c/em\u003e eggs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA quantity of 5 g of feces was collected via a spatula. This quantity was disintegrated and then triturated in a beaker and 10 times its volume of plain water. The mixture was filtered into another beaker via a tea strainer (approximately 0.5 mm in diameter). The resulting filtrate was left to stand for 45 minutes, after which 2/3 of the supernatant was poured. Then, the same quantity of plain water was added, and the mixture was left to stand for the same amount of time. This operation was repeated three (03) times in a row. Finally, the supernatant was discarded, and the sediment was blended with a small remainder of the supernatant to homogenize it well. Using a ball pipette, a drop of the mixture was placed on a slide, covered with a coverslip and examined under a binocular microscope with a 10x objective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExamination of livers for adult flukes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLivers taken from slaughtered sheep and goats were examined on the slaughter floor for the parasite (\u003cem\u003eFasciola gigantica\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe procedure began with an examination of the general appearance of the liver, and then, the hepatic parenchyma was incised using a knife. Manual pressure was applied to the parenchyma to extract the large flukes (\u003cem\u003eFasciola gigantica\u003c/em\u003e) lodged in the bile ducts. Thus, all livers containing at least one parasite were considered positive. The rate of liver infestation was estimated on the basis of the number of parasitized livers \u0026times; 100 divided by the total number of livers examined during the study period (August, September and October 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.3. Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data resulting from the analysis of feces by sedimentation (coprology) and those obtained from the examination of the livers of slaughtered sheep and goats were subjected to descriptive analysis via the Excel Stata spreadsheet version 12 and R4.3.1 to determine the prevalence rates of hepatic infestation and the levels of significance between the different variables (animal species and sex). The significance threshold considered is α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" style=\"width: 464px; height: 101.026px;\" width=\"464\" height=\"101.026\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Number of sheep and goats taken from the Gao slaughter area\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe situation of the samples of feces and livers examined in sheep and goats in the Gao slaughter area is given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of livers examined in sheep and goats in the Gao slaughter area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimal species\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNature of samples\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of feces examined\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of livers examined\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSheep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5860\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e644\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8826\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in the feces of sheep and goats according to sex\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the analysis of feces collected from the two species according to sex are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoprological prevalence according to sex in sheep and goats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenders\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSheep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of fecal samples examined\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive feces count\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevalence in %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of fecal samples examined\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive feces count\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevalence in %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn analysis of the data in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e revealed that the number of females examined was greater (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;581) than that of males (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63). In terms of infestation, male sheep were more likely to be parasitized than females (17.4% vs. 9.4%) were; however, in goats, females were more likely to be parasitized (6.7% vs. 5%). The highest prevalence rates were observed in sheep.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Prevalence in feces according to animal species\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe have presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e the prevalences, we present the prevalence rates obtained byvia the analysis of feces byvia the successive washing sedimentation method.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage coprological prevalence according to animal species in the Gao slaughter area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimal species\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of feces collected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevalence in %\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSheep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e644\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of 644 fecal samples collected from the two animal species revealed that sheep were more parasitized (10%) than goats were (6.5%) ; however, the statistical analysis revealed that this difference was not significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15). The average coprological prevalence of the two species was 8.2%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4. Infestation rate of inspected livers according to animal species\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the health and safety inspection of the sheep and goat livers are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of liver infestation rates in sheep and goats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnimal species\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLivers inspected\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeared livers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfestation rate in %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSheep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5860\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8826\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e706\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong a total of 8826 livers inspected in the 02 species, the average infestation rate was 7.9%; considering the animal species variable, the highest rate was observed in sheep (11.4% with n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2966) and goats with a significant number of livers inspected (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5860), were less infested (6.2%). This difference between the 02 species was significant with a value of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2.2e-16.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5. Monetary values of livers seized by animal species over 3 months\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine the financial losses due to liver seizures during the collection period in the two animal species, the quantity obtained was multiplied by the price per kg of liver in the Gao markets (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimated value of livers seized in the Gao slaughterhouse for the two species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of heads slaughtered\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of livers seized\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuantities seized in kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValues in FCFA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSheep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,190,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5860\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,281,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8826\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e706\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e706\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,471,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn analysis of the data in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e revealed that the numbers of livers collected from the two species were similar despite the large difference between the numbers slaughtered. The total number of livers seized was 706 out of 8,826 sheep goats slaughtered and examined, i.e., an average infestation rate of 7.9%. The value of seizures due to fasciolosis amounted to 2,471,000 FCFA (two million four hundred and seventy-one thousand CFA francs); this amount represents the value of losses suffered by slaughtering butchers over a period of 03 months in the Gao slaughter area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study are close to those obtained in Nigeria, for a coprological prevalence of 12% in sheep compared with 9.1% in goats (Adediran and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e.,2014) ; in Mali, prevalence of 10% in sheep and 3.1% in goats were observed in the rainy season (Traor\u0026eacute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e) ; and they are much lower than those obtained in sheep in Ethiopia, which were 35.95%, 48.21% and 48.4%, respectively (Hirpa and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2014 ; Taye and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2016 ; Jarso and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2016). In goats in Sudan, the coprological prevalence is 12.5% (Koko and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2003).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of the level of liver infestation, sheep were more parasitized than goats were, with a statistically significant difference between species (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2.2e-16). The same observations have been made in studies conducted in Kenya : 6.6% in sheep versus 5.2% in goats (Mungube and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2006). Studies conducted in 2018 on the Ivory Coast in sheep reported liver infestation rates ranging from 8.3% to 12.2% (Kouadio and \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the level of liver damage, 340 livers were seized from sheep, representing an infestation rate of 11.4% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2966 livers inspected), and 366 livers were seized from goats, representing an infestation rate of 6.2% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5860 livers inspected).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsidering the epidemiology of this disease, many studies have demonstrated that the animal species is a risk factor. The animals most susceptible to parasitic infestation are sheep and goats, followed by cattle and other herbivorous animal species. The difference in the level of contamination between sheep and goats is certainly due to their feeding method: sheep may feed on grassy pastures, whereas goats, if they have the possibility, prefer aerial fodder; therefore, there is less risk of contamination by the infesting forms of parasites.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe estimated liver loss recorded during the three months (August, September and October) was 706 kg (340 kg in sheep and 366 kg in goats).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe monetary value of this loss was 2,471,000 FCFA (two million four hundred and seventy-one thousand CFA francs) or 4,404.87 US dollars. Our meat losses due to liver seizures are significantly greater than those obtained in sheep (117 kg) and goats (108 kg) in Nigeria over a period of one year and for an estimated financial loss of 562.5 US dollars (James and \u003cem\u003eal.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017) ; the difference may be due to better health monitoring of animals in this country. In any case, these sums represent a loss of earnings for those involved in the livestock-meat sector.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Ibrahima MARIKO] and [Alpha Seydou YARO]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Ibrahima MARIKO] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to [The study was conducted in a slaughterhouse and the data analyzed in a laboratory] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.].\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis work was not carried out on live animals, so it could not cause mistreatment or stress in the animals because it was carried out on animals slaughtered at the abattoir and the samples were taken from the livers and feces contained either in the rectum or in the large intestine of the slaughtered animals. However, at the beginning of the study, we obtained free and informed consent from the veterinary agents and the slaughtering butchers.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the end of this study, we would like to thank the general management of the Central Veterinary Laboratory of Bamako (LCV) for its financial support and for providing a framework for this work, and the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) for their collaboration.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdediran OA, Adebiyi AI, Uwalaka EC. Prevalence of \u003cem\u003eFasciola\u003c/em\u003e species in ruminants under extensive management system in Ibadan southwestern Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2014 Dec;43 Suppl:137-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHirpa Eyob, Faye Getachew, Morka Amante and Dabela Abdata. Ovine Fasciolosis Prevalence in Hidebu Abote Woreda, North Shoa, Ethiopia. Am-Euras. J.Sci. Res. 2014; 9 (4): 82-86\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJamesWabba Liba, Naphtali Nayamanda Atsanda and Markus Isa Francis. Economic loss from liver condemnation due to Fasciolosis in slaughtered ruminants in Maiduguri abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria. J.Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 4(1): 65-70, March 2017. ISSN 2311-7710 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d192\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJarso D, Alemayehu F, Teka G and Tesfaye A. Study on Prevalence of Ovine Fasciolosis in and Around Debre Berhan Sheep Breeding and Forage Multiplication Center. J Vet Sci Res. 2016; 1(3): 000116 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoko SW, Abdalla SH and Galal M. Caprine Fascioliasis in the Gezira State, Central Sudan. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2003; 2 (7): 396-399\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKouadio N Jules, Jennifer Giovanoli Evack, Louise Y. Achi, Dominik Fritsche, Mamadou Ouattara, Kigbafori D. Silu\u0026eacute;, Bassirou Bonfoh, Jan Hattendorf, J\u0026uuml;rg Utzinger, Jakob Zinsstag, Oliver Balmer and Eli\u0026eacute;zer K. N\u0026apos;Goran. Prevalence and distribution of livestock schistosomiasis and fascioliasis in C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026apos;Ivoire: results from a cross-sectional survey. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020; 16:446\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMungube EO, Bauni SM, Tenhagen BA, Wamae LW, Nginyi JM, Mugambi J M. The prevalence and economic significance of \u003cem\u003eFasciola gigantica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eStilesia hepatica\u003c/em\u003e in slaughtered animals in the semi-arid coastal Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2006; 38 (6): 475-83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Directorate of Veterinary Services of Mali. Annual Report 2022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOdeniran OP, Omolabi FK, Ademola IO. Economic impact assessment of small ruminant fasciolosis in Nigeria using pooled prevalence obtained from the literature and field epidemiological data. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2021 Apr :24:100548. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100548.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100548Get rights and content\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePanel WO, Bizunesh M, Gudina M, Getachew K, Edilu J. Fasciolosis in sheep and goats slaughtered at slaughterhouses in Central Ethiopia and associated financial losses. Food and Waterborne Parasitology. Volume 28, September 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00173Get rights and content\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaye Melaku, Teshome Jagema, Asefa Tadese, Endalu Mulatu, Kumela Lelisa and Delesa Damena. Study of Ruminant Fasciolosis in Selected Districts in Upper Awash River Basin, South Western Shoa, Ethiopia. Taye et al., J Vet Sci Technol. 2016; 7:5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTembely S., Galvin T., Craig T., Traor\u0026eacute; S. Infestation by liver flukes in Mali. Slaughterhouse observation of their prevalence and distribution. Tropical Animal Health and Production., 1988, 20(2):117-121\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTraor\u0026eacute; A. Incidence of fasciolosis in ruminants of the agropastoral subsystem associated with irrigated rice cultivation in the Niono area. International Livestock Center for Africa. Bamako, Mali. 1988.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoussao AKI, Assogba MN Prevalence of cattle fasciolosis in the Niger River valley of Benin. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Country Too. 2002. 55(2):105-108. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"fasciolosis, sheep, goat, slaughter area, Gao, Mali","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7836703/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7836703/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to update data on fasciolosis in sheep and goats by determining its prevalence and assessing liver losses caused by this disease in the Gao slaughter area in Mali. The samples were taken from 644 fecal samples and 8826 liver samples. Two techniques for direct diagnosis of the parasite were used: the sedimentation technique, which involves successive washes to search for parasite eggs and sanitary inspection of the livers of slaughtered animals to search for the parasite. The estimation of financial losses due to fasciolosis was made by counting all livers seized for fasciolosis during the three months of study. The total obtained per animal species was multiplied by the sale price of the organ on the Gao markets (3500 FCFA). Coprological prevalence and liver infestation rates revealed that sheep were more parasitized (10% for feces and 11.4% for livers) than goats were (6.5% for feces and 6.2% for livers), p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15. Among the n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2966 livers inspected in sheep, 340 were seized in sheep, representing an infestation rate of 11.4%. Among the 5860 goats whose livers were inspected, 366 were seized, representing an infestation rate of 6.2%. The market value of the seizures of sheep and goats amounts to 2,471,000 FCFA (two million four hundred and seventy-one thousand CFA francs) ; this amount represents the value of the losses suffered by the slaughter butchers over a period of 03 months in the Gao slaughter area.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalences and Evaluation of Liver Loss Due to Fasciolisis in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered on the Gao Slaughtering Area in Mali","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-14 07:39:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7836703/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"67f9c4c0-6bce-4b18-88fd-9cd373b4bc59","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":56255002,"name":"Parasitology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-14T07:39:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-14 07:39:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7836703","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7836703","identity":"rs-7836703","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}