Olea europea (Olive Leaf) Extract as a Sustainable Material for Enhancing Some Appearance and Performance Properties of Polyamide 6 Fabric

Olea europea (Olive Leaf) Extract as a Sustainable Material for Enhancing Some Appearance and Performance Properties of Polyamide 6 Fabric | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Olea europea (Olive Leaf) Extract as a Sustainable Material for Enhancing Some Appearance and Performance Properties of Polyamide 6 Fabric Haneen Hassan, Salwa Mowafi, Moustafa Bakry, Hosam El-Sayed This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249121/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Due to the environmental legislations worldwide, utilization of natural materials and colorants in textile dyeing and finishing of textiles has become mandatory and is in the frontline of production lines. Herein, polyamide 6 (PA) fabric was dyed with natural colorant extracted from olive leaves as an alternative to the synthetic dyes and harsh chemicals used conventionally for this purpose. A systematic study was carried out to assign the optimum dyeing conditions for PA fabrics utilizing olive leaf extract (OLE). The color intensity and colorimetric data of the dyed fabrics along with their fastness properties were evaluated. The effect of two metal salt mordants, namely copper II sulfate anhydrous and aluminum sulfate, together with two bio-mordants, namely tannic acid and sodium alginate, on the dye ability of PA fabrics with OLE was examined. Results of this investigation proved that the OLE is a suitable candidate for dyeing of PA fabrics with a high K/S and excellent colorfastness to washing, perspiration, and crocking, along with medium colorfastness to light. The used dye bath as well as the residual solid powder of the extraction process we used for dyeing of PA fabrics for up to six and five times, respectively, with acceptable K/S values for the dyed samples. The antimicrobial efficiency of the dyed PA fabrics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as Candida albicans was remarkably improved. The alterations in the structure of the dyed fabrics were studied using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The effects of dyeing PA fabrics with OLE in the presence and absence of mordant on their resistance to the deteriorative action of UV rays as well as the tensile strength and elongation at break were investigated. Eco-friendly Polyamide Fabric Dyeing Olive Leaf antimicrobial UV Protection Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Textile wet processing involves many pretreatment, dyeing, and finishing steps to improve the performance, appearance, and comfort attributes of the final product to meet the customer demand [ 1 – 3 ]. Coloration of textiles, either by dyeing or printing highly improves their appearance characteristics and makes them fashionable [ 4 ]. Textile fibers are usually dyed and printed using synthetic dyestuffs and pigments [ 5 ]. Acid, reactive, vat, direct, and disperse dyes are the most commonly used dye classes in the textile sector [ 6 ]. The discharge of residual dyes into the effluents after the dyeing operations pollutes the aquatic environment [ 7 ]. As environmental awareness increases, the textile industry increasingly seeks eco-friendly and sustainable reagents in order to replace synthetic chemicals for textile treatment. The bioactive extracts derived from plants and their wastes would be ideal alternatives by virtue of their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and eco-friendly nature [ 8 ]. Since ancient times, these extracts have been mainly used as natural colorants that provide naturally dyed textiles that meet with the customer demand [ 9 ]. These natural colorants could also enhance the performance properties of the dyed textiles. An important function that could be imparted to textiles, especially natural fibers, using plant extracts is the antimicrobial property [ 10 ]. Various plant extracts have also been used to develop wound-healing textiles [ 11 ]. The aforementioned applications of bioactive extracts in the textile field represent a small fraction of their potential, as ongoing research keeps uncovering the potential of these extracts in textile processing [ 12 ]. The Olea europaea L. tree, which is also known as the olive tree, plays an important role in the economy, culture, and history of many countries [ 13 ]. Egypt is one of the top 10 countries in olive production globally, with a total cultivation area of 100,000 hectares, producing ca. 332,321 tons annually [ 14 ]. The olive production leads to a huge amount of by-products that may have a negative impact on the environment if they were not treated properly. One of the most abundant major by-products of olive production is olive leaves, which are produced while olive trees are being harvested and pruned [ 15 ]. Olive leaves (OLs) are rich in bioactive compounds, such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, tyrosol, luteolin, vanillic acid, and caffeic acid [ 16 ]. They are also rich in flavonoids, including apigenin and quercetin [ 17 ]. It has been proved that dyeing textiles using olive leaf extract (OLE) imparts antimicrobial activity [ 18 ]. The antimicrobial bioactivity of OLs is attributed to the phenolic components, as they are able to inhibit or prevent microorganisms’ growth [ 19 ]. Among these phenolic compounds, oleuropein has successfully proved its potential against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi Mycoplasma [ 20 ]. Polyamide fabrics, commercially known as nylons, are polymers that consist of several repeated amide groups as a part of their polymer main chain [ 21 ]. Nylon 6 and nylon 66 are the most commonly used polyamides in engineering materials and fabrics. They are widely used in cloth and carpet manufacturing due to their outstanding properties, including high strength ability, resilience, and abrasion resistance [ 22 ]. Anionic dyes, which are also known as acid dyes, are widely used in dyeing polyamides [ 23 ]. However, wastewater of acidic dyes greatly impacts the environment negatively. Due to the hydrophilic ionic nature of acid dyes, they dissolve easily in water and have high chemical stability, making them very hard to biodegrade. Moreover, they are heat and light resistant, making them stay in the water for a long time. They are extremely hazardous to the aquatic life and impact its biological activity by reducing sunlight penetration, inhibiting photosynthesis, and suppressing oxygen content. These dyes can be considered highly toxic to human health [ 24 ]. Another common method for polyamide dyeing is reactive dyes in acid medium [ 25 ]. Reactive dyes are one of the water-soluble dyes, consisting of reactive groups and a dye matrix. Although reactive dyes showed potential advantages, such as strong applicability and high colorfastness, they also have their limitations [ 26 ]. Reactive dyes often have only moderate activity, leading to excessive usage of electrolytes. Accordingly, wastewater from the dyeing process has a large amount of salts, increasing river salinity and therefore impacting the delicate aquatic life biochemistry [ 27 ]. There are other conventional methods for polyamide dyeing, including cationic, chrome, and disperse dyes, even so, they all have their limitations regarding either their environmental impact, functionality, or even both [ 28 ]. Due to the environmental issues resulting from using synthetic dyes in the coloration of textile fabrics, including polyamides, the interest in natural dyes is increasing, as they are biodegradable, functional, and the wastewater produced by them does not pollute the environment [ 29 ]. Regarding polyamide fibers, few research works have been reported on the utilization of plant extracts to dye polyamide fibers. Plum tree leaves ( Prunus domestica ), mulberry leaves ( Morus alba ), marigold flowers ( Terminalia chebula ), catechu heartwood ( Acacia catechu ), madder root ( Rubia cardifolia ), and pomegranate peel ( Punica granatum ) [ 30 ]. Up to the best of our knowledge, no research work has been reported regarding utilization of OLE in dyeing of polyamide fabrics. Herein, the colorants in OLs has been extracted and utilized in the dyeing of polyamide 6 fabrics. The aim of this work was extended to examine the potential of using OLE in enhancing some performance attributes of polyamide fabrics, namely antimicrobial and resistance to ultraviolet radiation. This study would provide an eco-friendly method of dyeing polyamide fabrics using a renewable cheap and available plant waste from one of the most abundant olive production by-products. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials Olive leaves (OLs) were collected from a local botanical garden in the spring season. Plain weave polyamide 6 (PA) fabrics (150 g/m 2 ) were purchased from Misr Company for Spinning and Weaving, El-Mehalla El-Kobra, Egypt. Absolute ethanol was supplied by Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. Tannic acid, sodium alginate, aluminium sulfate hexadecahydrate, and sodium bicarbonate were provided by El Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals Company, Cairo, Egypt. Copper II sulfate anhydrous was supplied by PanReac AppliChem, Barcelona, Spain. 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. Extraction of Colorant OLs were washed using tap water with continuous agitation for 10 min. Excess water was then discarded, and the process was repeated once for 10 min and another time for 5 min [ 31 ]. The leaves were dried in an oven (Binder, Tuttlingen, Germany) at 105° until completely dry. The dry leaves were ground into powder using a domestic grinding machine (Starget, Cairo, Egypt). In a stoppered conical flask, the colored substance was extracted from ground and dried olive leaves using ethanol/distilled water mixture (70:30, v/v) with a material-to-liquor ratio (MLR) of 1:10 [ 32 ]. The flask was shaken (90 rpm) overnight using a 2-D shaker (Heidolph, Schwabach, Germany). The extracted colorant was filtered through polyester fabrics to remove the solid residues. For storage, the extract was stored in a dark place at 4°C until use. 2.2.2. Dyeing of Polyamide Before dyeing, polyamide (PA) fabric was scoured in an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (1 g/L) in a thermostatic water bath (Memmert GmbH, Schwabach, Germany) at 60°C for 30 min. The MLR was 1:20 [ 33 ]. The scoured PA fabric (1 g) was dyed using different colorant concentrations (3, 5, 7, and 10% w/v), and the MLR was 1:40. The pH of the dyeing bath was adjusted to 4, 5.8, 7, and 9 using acetic acid or sodium carbonate solution. The dyeing temperatures were ranged between 45 and 90°C for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min with continuous shaking at 140 rpm. The dyed samples were rinsed thoroughly with tap water and left to dry overnight at ambient conditions. 2.2.3. Dyeing in the Presence of a Mordant Dyeing of PA fabrics with OLE was conducted in the presence of two bio-mordants (tannic acid and sodium alginate), and two chemical mordants (aluminum sulfate, and copper II sulfate) using pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting methodology. 2.2.3.1. Pre-mordanting PA fabric was pre-mordanted by soaking in a bath containing 2% on weight of fabric (o.w.f.) tannic acid, sodium alginate, aluminum sulfate, and hydrated copper II sulfate for 30 min at 90ºC. The samples were then removed from the mordanting bath and dried at ambient temperature. The pre-mordanted fabric was dyed with the OLE at 90ºC for 45 min; the MLR was 1:40. The dyed samples were left to dry overnight at room temperature. 2.2.3.2. Meta-mordanting The dyeing and mordanting processes were simultaneously conducted at the optimum dyeing conditions with continuous shaking in the presence of 2% (o.w.f.) of the aforementioned mordants. The fabrics were removed from the bath, thoroughly washed with tap water, and left to dry before evaluation. 2.2.3.3. Post-mordanting In this case, PA fabrics were dyed with the OLE at the optimum dyeing conditions assigned previously ( c.f. Section 2.2.2). The dyed samples were then post-treated with the said four mordanting solutions at 90°C for 30 min. 2.2.4. Re-use of Coloring Material After extracting the colorant from the ground OLs the first time, followed by filtration, the solid residue was air-dried and put in a flask. The solid residue was subjected to the same procedures mentioned in section 2.2.1, and the extracted solution was used for dyeing of PA fabrics at the optimum dyeing conditions. Alternatively, after the dyeing operation, the residual solution was reused in dyeing PA fabrics at the optimum dyeing conditions. 2.3. Analysis and Testing 2.3.1. Color Strength The color intensity (K/S) of the dyed PA fabrics was measured spectrophotometrically at a λ max 385 nm using a PERKIN–ELMER Lambda 3B UV/V spectrophotometer. The Kubelka Munk equation was applied to calculate the K/S of the dyed samples, as shown in Eq. 1 [ 34 ]. $$\:\varvec{C}\varvec{o}\varvec{l}\varvec{o}\varvec{r}\:\varvec{i}\varvec{n}\varvec{t}\varvec{e}\varvec{n}\varvec{s}\varvec{i}\varvec{t}\varvec{y}\:\left(\varvec{K}/\varvec{S}\right)=\frac{{\left(1-\varvec{R}\right)}^{2}}{2\varvec{R}}-\frac{{\left(1-{\varvec{R}}^{^\circ\:}\right)}^{2}}{2{\varvec{R}}^{^\circ\:}}\:\left(\varvec{E}\varvec{q}\varvec{u}\varvec{a}\varvec{t}\varvec{i}\varvec{o}\varvec{n}\:1\right)$$ Where “K” and “S” are the absorption and scattering coefficients, respectively; while “R” and “R°” are the decimal fractions of the reflectance of the dyed and undyed PA samples, respectively. 2.3.2. Colorimetric Data The colorimetric traits of dyed PA fabrics were measured within the framework of the CIELAB color spaces using a Hunter-Lab spectrophotometer (model: Hunter Lab DP-9000). The L* , a*, b* , and h values determine the extent of lightness, redness, yellowness, and hue of the dyed PA fabrics, respectively. The color saturation of the dyed samples (the metric chroma C* ) was calculated using Eq. 2 : $$\:{\varvec{C}}^{\varvec{*}}={[{\left({\varvec{a}}^{\varvec{*}}\right)}^{2}+\:{\left({\varvec{b}}^{\varvec{*}}\right)}^{2}]}^{1/2}\:\:\:\left(\varvec{E}\varvec{q}\varvec{u}\varvec{a}\varvec{t}\varvec{i}\varvec{o}\varvec{n}\:2\right)$$ 2.3.3. Fastness Properties The ability of the dyed PA fabric to withstand the effects of light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration was evaluated. The colorfastness against washing was evaluated according to the standard test method ISO 105-C06 (2010). The standard method ISO 105-B02 (2014) was adopted to evaluate the colorfastness of the dyed samples to light. The colorfastness against crocking (dry and wet) was assessed using the AATCC Technical Manual, Method 8 (1989), 68, 23, (1993). The AATCC test method (Technical Manual, Method 15, 1989) was followed to assign the color fastness of the dyed PA fabrics to perspiration. 2.3.4. Antimicrobial Properties The resistance of dyed as well as undyed PA fabrics to microbial attack was evaluated using the colony-forming technique (CFU). The test was carried out against Gram + ve ( Staphylococcus aureus , ATCC 6538-P ) , Gram–ve ( Escherichia coli , ATCC 25933) bacteria, and the fungus Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). A 100 µL bacterial stock with a CFU value of 10 8 was injected into 20 mL of liquid nutrient broth made with 5 g/L peptone and 3 g/L of beef extract. The pH of the medium was adjusted to pH 6.8, and incubation with the test specimens was continued for 24 h at 37 o C. Afterwards, a serial dilution (10 − 1 –10 − 4 ) from each sample-containing culture and the control has been carried out. The microbial inhibition was determined by the colony forming units (CFU) by inoculating petri dishes containing solidified nutrient agar medium with 100 µL from each dilution and calculating the reduction growth rate (R) for dyed samples in relation to the undyed one according to Eq. 3 , where “A” and “B” are the CFU/mL of the dyed as well as undyed samples, respectively, after 16 h incubation. The absorbance of the incubated liquid culture medium was determined at 600 nm. The higher the extent of microorganism growth, the greater will be the turbidity, and thus the absorbance was directly proportional to the number of microorganisms that grew in the medium [ 35 ]. $$\:\text{R}\:\left(\text{%}\right)=\:\:\:\frac{B-A}{B}\times\:100\:\left(\varvec{E}\varvec{q}\varvec{u}\varvec{a}\varvec{t}\varvec{i}\varvec{o}\varvec{n}\:3\right)$$ Where A & B are the numbers of colonies of the dyed and culture control samples, respectively. 2.3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy The fibers’ morphology for the dyed and undyed PA samples was examined using a ZEISS LEO 1530 Gemini Optics Lens SEM of 30 KV scanning voltages. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements were recorded at an accelerating voltage of 20 KV and a working distance 18 mm. 2.3.6. Physico-mechanical Properties The ultraviolet protection factors (UPF) of the untreated as well as dyed PA fabrics were measured using a UV spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 3101 Spectrophotometer, Kyoto, Japan) in accordance with the AATCC standard test method 183:2010-UVA Transmittance. The tensile strength and elongation at the break were assessed using the Instron Textile Tester (USA) according to the ASTM D 76 standard method. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Color Strength and Colorimetric Data Polyamide 6 (PA) fabrics were dyed with olive leaf extract (OLE) under different dyeing conditions of pH, dye concentration, dyeing temperature, and duration. The effects of variation in these parameters on the color strength (K/S) and colorimetric data were monitored, and the results were summarized in Tables 1 – 4 . The data in Table 1 clarified that the maximum K/S value (24.01) of the dyed fabrics was attained at pH 5.8, which is the same as that of the OLE. In general, PA fabrics dyed with OLE in acidic and neutral media have higher K/S than those samples dyed in alkaline medium. Oleuropein, the most abundant constituent in the OLs, is a phenolic terpenoid having both aliphatic and phenolic hydroxyl groups that can act as a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor [ 36 ]. Hydrogen bonding between the secondary amino groups along PA macromolecules and the hydroxyl groups in most of the OLs ingredients would account for the dye affinity of PA fabrics at pH ≤ 7. In an alkaline medium, the hydroxyl groups in the OLs polyphenolics are deprotonated, and thus the hydrogen bond formation would be impossible. Dyeing of PA fabrics with OLE may also be attributed to hydrophobic interaction between the nonpolar parts in the molecular structure of both PA and OLs ingredients [ 37 ]. In terms of chromaticity, the a* values transitioned from negative to positive, showing a shift from greenish hues to reddish hues from acidic to alkaline media, respectively. The positive b* values, representing yellowness, increased slightly at higher pH values. The highest Chroma was observed at pH 9 along with the lowest hue angle, indicating a yellowish brighter tone. Table 2 represents the K/S and colorimetric data of PA dyeing at different temperatures. The K/S value was at its maximum of 20.01 at 90°C, indicating the maximum dye uptake at the maximum temperature attempted. On the other hand, there was an abrupt decline in the K/S value of the dyed sample when the temperature was decreased from 90 to 75°C. Both L* and b* values increased with decreasing temperature, which reflects a shift towards significantly lighter, less saturated shades of the dyed fabric and decreased yellow color intensity. Even though the a* values were all very slightly negative, indicating greenness, they varied, with C* and hue confirming that lower temperatures gave less saturated shades. The higher dye uptake at higher temperatures might be attributed to the semi-crystalline PA structure [ 38 ]. This means that the PA fiber needs a higher temperature in order to be more flexible to allow higher dye penetration. It has been reported that the dye uptake of PA fabric is enhanced once the dyeing temperature exceeds the glass transition temperature of PA (> 49°C) [ 39 ]. Table 1 Effect of dyeing pH on the color strength (K/S), Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE (Dyeing conditions: Temperature 90°C, dye concentration 10%, time 60 min, and MLR 1:40) Dyeing pH K/S L* a* b* C* h 4.0 17.62 49.84 -2.03 32.60 32.66 93.56 5.8 20.09 48.67 -0.80 36.04 36.05 91.27 7.0 13.77 47.87 2.06 36.14 36.20 93.26 9.0 8.17 53.22 3.49 37.61 37.77 84.70 Table 2 Effect of dyeing temperature on the color strength (K/S), Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE. (Dyeing conditions: pH 5.8, dye concentration 10%, time 60 min, and MLR 1:40) Dyeing Temperature (°C) K/S L* a* b* C* h 90°C 20.09 48.62 -0.90 39.19 39.20 91.31 75°C 5.28 59.72 -3.61 30.14 30.36 96.82 60°C 2.52 69.70 -1.37 23.42 23.46 93.35 45°C 1.63 75.51 -3.64 21.80 22.10 99.49 Table 3 Effect of dyeing concentration on the color strength, Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE. (Dyeing conditions: pH 5.8, temperature 90°C, time 60 min, and MLR 1:40) Dyeing Concentration (% w/v) K/S L* a* b* C* h 10% 20.09 45.25 -0.80 37.60 37.61 91.22 7% 17.31 50.43 -0.37 41.37 41.37 90.51 5% 8.59 56.69 0.15 43.15 43.15 89.80 3% 5.25 63.89 -1.05 44.87 44.88 88.47 Table 4 Effect of dyeing concentration on the color strength, Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE. (Dyeing conditions: pH 5.8, temperature 90°C, dye concentration 10%, and MLR 1:40) Dyeing Time (min) K/S L* a* b* C* h 60 20.09 48.95 -0.74 40.48 40.49 91.04 45 18.60 48.24 -1.50 39.88 39.91 92.15 30 16.61 48.95 -1.92 39.21 39.26 92.80 15 9.32 54.60 -3.00 40.76 40.87 94.20 The concentration of the dye significantly impacted the color strength as presented in Table 3 . It was clear how decreasing the dye concentration significantly decreases the color strength. Increasing the dye concentration enhanced the color strength, indicating higher dye absorption [ 40 ]. As shown in Table 4 , there is a direct relationship between dyeing time and the K/S value of the dyed PA fabrics. It has been agreed that, in order to obtain the optimum color strength, longer fixation time is needed. Figure 1 shows the visual appearance of the dyed PA fabric under different conditions. It is clear how the dyeing temperature and dye concentration impact the color strength and hue of the dyed PA fabrics. As shown in the row representing the dyeing under different temperatures, higher dyeing temperatures significantly enhance color depth and brilliance, and are therefore essential for effective dyeing with the separated natural colorant on PA. The dye concentration showed a similar trend as the dyeing temperature. On the other hand, there is a notable increase in the dye uptake as the time increases. However, according to both appearance and K/S values, the difference between 45 and 60 min is not very noticeable. Therefore, 45 min was chosen as the optimum dyeing time to reduce energy consumption. 3.2. Dyeing in the Presence of Mordants The color strength and coordinates of the dyed PA fabrics are affected by mordants. It has been agreed that different mordants may cause natural dyes to exhibit different spectral absorption properties, which may alter the color coordinates [ 41 , 42 ]. Pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting were followed using two bio-mordants (tannic acid and sodium alginate) as well as two metal slats (CuSO 4 and Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ). Table 5 shows the colorimetric data of PA fabrics dyed with OLE at the optimum conditions along with a mordant using different methods, which are pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting. Regarding the K/S, dyeing of polyamide fabrics in the presence of mordant has limited effect on the color strength of the dyed samples. The data of this table also clarified that the degree of lightness of the dyed fabrics using copper II sulfate gives the darkest shades, while sodium alginate results in lighter shades. All “a*” values are negative, indicating a shift towards green, but copper II sulfate gives the most significant green even by native eyes. According to b*, C*, and h values, CuSO 4 leads to high saturation and distinctive color hue more than the other mordants. This might be rationalized in terms of the superior ability of Cu + 2 ions form coordination complexes with the dye molecules [ 43 ]. Figure 2 shows the appearance of different polyamide fabrics dyed using four mordants using three mordanting methods. As shown in this figure, it is clear how the application method and mordant affect the colorimetric data of the dyed polyamide fabrics. 3.3. Reusability In our attempt to attain sustainable and cost-effective process, the residual solid material obtained after extraction of olive leaves was filtered thoroughly and dried before reuse. The dried material was then used in extraction of the colorant followed by dyeing of PA fabrics. The color intensity and colorimetric data of PA fabrics dyed with OLE until the fifth extraction cycle were presented in Table 6 . The data in this table revealed that there is a gradual decrease in color intensity of the dyed PA fabrics as the number of extraction cycles increased. However, the overall change in the color’s properties is relatively moderate, indicating how the olive leaves powder exhibited adequate re-usability in the dyeing of PA fabrics. After dyeing various textile substrates, the dyeing bath typically holds significant quantities of the colorant [ 44 ]. After the dyeing process, it would be of great benefit to reuse the dyeing bath that contains considerable quantity of dyes. The K/S and colorimetric data of PA fabrics dyed in a bath containing reused OLE till six times were summarized in Table 7 . It is clear from this table that the dyeing bath of PA fabric with OLE can be twice with a limited decrease in the color strength of the dyed PA sample after the second use (K/S 17.11), compared to the first use (K/S 18.60). As the number of dyebath reuse cycles increased, the color intensity decreased until 5.44 after reusing the dyebath for six times. Table 6 Effect on the color strength, Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE from re-used olive leaves powder (Dyeing conditions: temperature 90°C, concentration 10%, time 45 min, and MLR 1:40) Number of OLs powder reuse K/S L* a* b* C* h 1st time 18.60 48.24 -1.50 39.88 39.91 92.15 2nd time 13.38 60.39 -4.45 30.97 31.28 98.19 3rd time 11.79 61.30 -6.69 29.48 30.22 102.78 4th time 11.70 61.53 -7.34 25.91 26.02 102.16 5th time 9.52 68.53 -7.46 21.15 22.94 102.22 Table 7 Effect on the color strength, Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE re-used solution (Dyeing conditions: Temperature 90°C, concentration 10%, time 45 min, and MLR 1:40) Number of dyebath reuse cycles K/S L* a* b* C* h 1st use 18.60 48.24 -1.50 39.88 39.91 92.15 2nd Re-use 17.11 56.16 -2.84 35.25 36.12 95.72 3rd Re-use 15.75 59.92 -3.76 32.07 34.74 97.22 4th Re-use 12.34 62.67 -4.93 29.33 30.32 99.80 5th Re-use 9.87 65.30 -6.86 22.55 25.47 103.30 6th Re-use 5.44 67.44 -7.10 16.98 20.10 105.44 The findings of Tables 6 and 7 confirmed that the OLE can be used in dyeing of PA fabrics in an eco-friendly cost-effective sustainable method. Repeated used of the dye bath until 6 cycles as well as the consecutive use of the residual the solid olive leaves until 4 extraction cycles would diminish the overall cost of the process. Saving water and ethanol used in the extraction of colorant is also another advantage of recycling olive leaves powder and reuse of the dyeing bath. 3.4. Fastness Properties Dyeing of textile fabrics with natural dyes brings textile colourists always to examining the fastness properties of the dyed fabrics [ 45 ]. Table 8 represents fastness properties (washing, perspiration, crocking and light) of PA samples dyed with OLE in the presence and absence of a mordanted. All dyed samples exhibited excellent color fastness against washing, indicating adequate strength of the bond between OLE and PA, even in the absence of a mordant. Regarding perspiration, all the samples also scored 5 (excellent), both against acidic and basic sweats, indicating outstanding resistance to sweat. Similar results were obtained in the case of color fastness against crocking in both dry and wet states. However the dyed samples had inadequate fastness against light. Un-mordanted and CuSO₄ mordanted dyed PA fabrics showed better light resistance (good) than the other samples (fair to inadequate). A result which limits the use of the dyed PA fabrics in manufacture of products exposed to sunlight for a long time, such as curtains. Table 8 Fastness properties of different PA fabrics dyed with OLE and along with different mordants Sample Washing Perspiration Crocking Light Alt St Acidic Alkaline Dry Wet C W PE Alt St Alt St C W PE C W PE PA dyed with OLE 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4–5 5 PA dyed with OLE in the presence of sodium alginate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4–5 3 PA dyed with OLE in the presence of tannic acid 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 PA dyed with OLE in the presence of aluminium sulfate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4–5 3 PA dyed with OLE in the presence of copper sulfate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4–5 5 Alt: alteration St: staining C: cotton fabric W: wool fabric PE: polyester fabric 3.5 Anti-microbial Properties Microbial-resistant textile products are obligatory due to presence of huge number of microorganisms that human being lives with. Finishing of textile fabrics to render them antimicrobial has been the title of vast number of research papers within the last decades [ 46 , 47 ]. There has been a challenge to produce intrinsically durable highly efficient antimicrobial PA fabrics [ 48 ]. Table 9 shows the anti-microbial properties of unmodified as well as modified PA samples against Gram + ve ( Staphylococcus aureus; S. aureus ) and Gram –ve ( Escherichia coli; E. coli ) bacteria along with the fungus Candid albicans ( C. albicans ). Table 8 Effect of dyeing PA fabric with OLE in the presence and absence of mordant on its antimicrobial properties against different organisms Sample Colony Forming Units (CFU) (x10 3 ) Number of Colonies Reduction (R %) Against 150 S. aureus Colonies Untreated PA 135 10.00 PA dyed with OLE 53 64.67 PA dyed with OLE and mordanted with CuSO₄ 33 78.00 Against 269 E. coli Colonies Untreated PA 383 0.00 PA dyed with OLE 124 53.90 PA dyed with OLE and mordanted with CuSO₄ 76 71.75 Against 423 C. albicans Colonies Untreated PA 404 4.49 PA dyed with OLE 173 59.10 PA dyed with OLE and mordanted with CuSO₄ 8 98.10 It is clear from this table that the untreated samples had no resistance against E. coli , and a very limited resistance to S. aureus , and C. albicans. PA fabrics dyed with OLE showed remarkable increase in their antimicrobial properties against the three species of microorganisms in the following order S. aureus > C. albicans > E. coli with a reduction percentages 64.67, 59.10, and 53.90, respectively. It has been reported that there are some phenolic compounds, such as eleuropein , in the OLE which have antimicrobial resistance [ 49 ]. Further enhancement in the antimicrobial properties was encountered up on dyeing in the presence of copper II sulfate (CuSO 4 ) as a mordant. PA dyed with OLE and mordanted with copper II sulfate exhibited the best anti-microbial activity among the tested samples against C. albicans , with reduction exceeding 98%. This may be attributed to the significant known anti-microbial property of CuSO₄ against different bacterial strains, both Gram positive and negative [ 50 ]. Copper II sulfate works against microorganisms by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to irreversible damage for the membranes of these organisms [ 51 ]. It has been demonstrated how the CuSO₄ concentration used affect the anti-fungal activity of CuSO 4 [ 52 ]. 3.6. Morphology The surface morphology of the undyed as well as dyed PA fabrics in the presence of mordant was investigated using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (Fig. 6a–f) . The scanning electron micrograph of undyed PA 6 fabric (Fig. 6a) showed its typical smooth longitudinal fibril topography. The dyed sample has an almost identical surface morphology to that of the undyed fabrics, indicating the benign effect of OLE on PA fabric. The micrographs of the dyed PA fabrics in the presence of a mordant (Fig. 6c–f) demonstrated the existence of residues of the used mordant on the fiber's surface. No deterioration in the dyed fibers' surface was observed. The EDX spectrum of undyed fabric (Fig. 7 a) showed three peaks for carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, which are the main characteristic elements of polyamide fabrics. Figure 7 b elucidated the presence of various elements in the dyed sample, such as K, Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, and S, besides C, O, and N. It has been reported that in the chemical composition of olive leaves, the aforementioned elements exist as mean elements. Traces of other elements have been identified in the olive leaves, such as V, Cr, Ni, Co, and Sr [ 53 ]. The EDX spectrum of the dyed PA fabrics in the presence of CuSO 4 exhibited a similar pattern to that of the dyed sample, along with the presence of copper ( Fig. 7 c ) . 3.7. Physico-mechanical Properties The effect of dyeing of PA fabrics with OLE in the presence and absence of mordant on their ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), tensile strength, and elongation at break were monitored and the results were presented in Table 10 . The data in this table elucidated that the untreated PA has almost no resistance to the UV rays. Dyeing PA fabric with OLE whether it is mordanted or not improved its UPF to a very good-excellent level. The induced UPF can be explained in terms of the green color of the dyed fabrics which hindered the harmful UV rays from penetrating PA fabric. The data in Table 10 clarified also that dyeing of PA fabric with OLE in the presence and absence of a mordant had a very limited effect on the tensile strength and elongation at break of the dyed samples. Table 9. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), tensile strength, and elongation at break of dyed and undyed PA fabrics PA Sample UPF Tensile strength (kgf) Elongation at break (%) Untreated 2.2 179.1 89.5 PA dyed with OLE 45.0 177.5 91.3 PA dyed with OLE and mordanted by sodium alginate 41.0 177.4 90.8 PA dyed with OLE and mordanted by tannic acid 43.1 175.2 90.9 PA dyed with OLE and mordanted by aluminum sulfate 40.7 176.6 91.7 PA dyed with OLE and mordanted by copper II sulfate 37.5 173.9 90.5 4. Conclusion Based on the findings of this investigation, it is concluded that olive leaf extract (OLE) showed excellent substantivity towards polyamide 6 (PA) fabrics in a wide range of pH, temperature, concentration, and duration. The color strength (K/S) of PA dyed with OLE depends on the process conditions. The maximum dye ability was attained at pH 5.8 using 10% (w/v) OLE at 90°C for 45 min. The K/S of the dyed sample was not highly affected upon dyeing of PA fabric in the presence of four mordants, namely copper II sulphate, aluminum sulfate hexadecahydrate, sodium alginate, and tannic acid. The dyed samples exhibited excellent fastness against washing, perspiration, and crocking. The color fastness against light was good to very good, which was even enhanced to very good in the presence of copper II sulfate pentahydrate as a mordant. The antimicrobial activity of the dyed PA fabrics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi was remarkably improved, albeit not to the desired level. Using CuSO 4 as a mordant enhanced the antimicrobial activity remarkably, especially against C. albicans (reduction: 98%). The UPF of the dyed sample increased from a poor level to a very good-excellent degree. The dyed PA fabric is an appropriate candidate for the production of fashionable textile products as well as those requiring an excellent resistance to fungal attack with adequate protection against UV rays. A major advantage of this work is that the used OLE, as well as its powder form, can be reused effectively in dyeing PA fabrics for up to 5 times. The proposed methodology properly utilized plant waste material in a sustainable eco-friendly cost-effective method to enhance the appearance and performance attributes of PA fabrics without deterioration in the fibers’ strength. Further studies are conducted in our laboratories to enhance the bacterial resistance of the dyed fabrics. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Author Contribution Prof. Hosam El-sayed contributed to the study conception and design and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 31 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7249121","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499886294,"identity":"958eaa3e-8377-4b88-8bde-5a6f94a2c8fa","order_by":0,"name":"Haneen Hassan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MSA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haneen","middleName":"","lastName":"Hassan","suffix":""},{"id":499886295,"identity":"f30d86b1-9807-45e6-a65a-1e44ae830efb","order_by":1,"name":"Salwa Mowafi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Salwa","middleName":"","lastName":"Mowafi","suffix":""},{"id":499886296,"identity":"8092c56c-ae77-47a1-a710-a28dfd5a21ee","order_by":2,"name":"Moustafa Bakry","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MSA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moustafa","middleName":"","lastName":"Bakry","suffix":""},{"id":499886297,"identity":"0bc4b7c9-6003-4c7b-9fbb-88d9e91cee0e","order_by":3,"name":"Hosam El-Sayed","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwhlASalf1TYACnGxgNEaJGAaGE4kwbS0kCCFsa2w2AGXi3m7O0PP92okLDnn5F88HbBmfN2a9sPA22psYnGpcWy54yxdM4ZicQZN9KSrWdU3E7ediYRqOVYWm4DLofdyGGQzm2TSGC4kWMmwXPmdrLZAaAWxobDeLSkP/6d+0/CXv5G/jcJ3rZzyWbnHxLSkmAmndsgwbjhRg6bNG/bATuzG4RsOXPGzDrnmETixjPPjC1nnElOMLsBtCUBn1+Otz++nVNjYy93PPnhjQ8VdvZm59MfPvhQY4NTCwIIJICpRLDKBILKQYD/AJiyJ0rxKBgFo2AUjCgAAIL8aZAWDkQZAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hosam","middleName":"","lastName":"El-Sayed","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-30 06:23:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249121/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249121/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89096257,"identity":"1632b57c-5cab-4278-92c9-56528afa9d32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:28:44","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":248293,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotographs of PA fabric dyed with OLE at different pH, dyeing temperatures, dye concentrations, and dyeing time\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249121/v1/e89507965918f547cdb5ce5f.png"},{"id":89096709,"identity":"4d862761-c9e4-4d4c-a599-91c259d6efee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:36:44","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":195383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLight photographs of PA after dyeing with OLE under the assigned optimum conditions along with four different mordants with three mordanting methods\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249121/v1/01456b465d66808cd54140b0.png"},{"id":89096255,"identity":"0d2ee102-8d69-4c35-b9aa-29558149fd02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:28:44","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":509498,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activity of PA fabrics against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e organism. A: control, B: untreated PA fabric, C: PA dyed with OLE, and D: PA fabric dyed with OLE and mordanted with CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249121/v1/875aa2f47339b0d64fb1f349.png"},{"id":89097612,"identity":"3205106f-5841-4816-8a9f-6cd6f35c0206","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:44:44","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":568029,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activity of PA against \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e. A: control, B: untreated PA fabric, C: PA dyed with OLE, and D: PA fabric dyed with OLE and mordanted with CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249121/v1/2c239d81fced187709bec990.png"},{"id":89097613,"identity":"33b334e7-55d1-4d9c-96de-83b8a6d34162","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:44:44","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":547452,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntifungal activity of PA against \u003cem\u003eC. albicans\u003c/em\u003e. A: control, B: untreated PA fabric, C: PA dyed with OLE, and D: PA fabric dyed with OLE using CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e as a mordant\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249121/v1/cc1f63556295cc6c6e29f5a7.png"},{"id":89099352,"identity":"8a4a7e68-7367-4166-b726-18d4b50a6c97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 16:00:44","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":844558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMorphological structure of PA fabrics: \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003eBlank, \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e dyed with OLE, \u003cstrong\u003e(c)\u003c/strong\u003e dyed in the presence of aluminum sulfate, \u003cstrong\u003e(d)\u003c/strong\u003e dyed in the presence of copper II sulfate, \u003cstrong\u003e(e)\u003c/strong\u003e dyed in the presence of sodium alginate, and \u003cstrong\u003e(f)\u003c/strong\u003e dyed in the presence of tannic acid\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249121/v1/c68fd775e0963845950f9a4d.png"},{"id":89097616,"identity":"8633b6bc-86ed-446a-92b1-066ff633c321","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:44:44","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDX spectra of PA fabrics:\u003cstrong\u003e (a)\u003c/strong\u003e undyed,\u003cstrong\u003e(b) \u003c/strong\u003edyed, and\u003cstrong\u003e (c)\u003c/strong\u003e dyed in the presence of copper II sulfate\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249121/v1/3efa21a7d2c4fc1ddcc25e5b.png"},{"id":89099392,"identity":"1884d0bc-637f-4979-9430-5b042a94ab65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 16:00:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4969986,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249121/v1/ec7b6bcb-4118-400a-b2c9-41df7a60754d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Olea europea (Olive Leaf) Extract as a Sustainable Material for Enhancing Some Appearance and Performance Properties of Polyamide 6 Fabric","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTextile wet processing involves many pretreatment, dyeing, and finishing steps to improve the performance, appearance, and comfort attributes of the final product to meet the customer demand [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Coloration of textiles, either by dyeing or printing highly improves their appearance characteristics and makes them fashionable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Textile fibers are usually dyed and printed using synthetic dyestuffs and pigments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Acid, reactive, vat, direct, and disperse dyes are the most commonly used dye classes in the textile sector [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The discharge of residual dyes into the effluents after the dyeing operations pollutes the aquatic environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs environmental awareness increases, the textile industry increasingly seeks eco-friendly and sustainable reagents in order to replace synthetic chemicals for textile treatment. The bioactive extracts derived from plants and their wastes would be ideal alternatives by virtue of their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and eco-friendly nature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Since ancient times, these extracts have been mainly used as natural colorants that provide naturally dyed textiles that meet with the customer demand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. These natural colorants could also enhance the performance properties of the dyed textiles. An important function that could be imparted to textiles, especially natural fibers, using plant extracts is the antimicrobial property [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Various plant extracts have also been used to develop wound-healing textiles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The aforementioned applications of bioactive extracts in the textile field represent a small fraction of their potential, as ongoing research keeps uncovering the potential of these extracts in textile processing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e L. tree, which is also known as the olive tree, plays an important role in the economy, culture, and history of many countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Egypt is one of the top 10 countries in olive production globally, with a total cultivation area of 100,000 hectares, producing \u003cem\u003eca.\u003c/em\u003e 332,321 tons annually [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The olive production leads to a huge amount of by-products that may have a negative impact on the environment if they were not treated properly. One of the most abundant major by-products of olive production is olive leaves, which are produced while olive trees are being harvested and pruned [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Olive leaves (OLs) are rich in bioactive compounds, such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, tyrosol, luteolin, vanillic acid, and caffeic acid [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. They are also rich in flavonoids, including apigenin and quercetin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been proved that dyeing textiles using olive leaf extract (OLE) imparts antimicrobial activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. The antimicrobial bioactivity of OLs is attributed to the phenolic components, as they are able to inhibit or prevent microorganisms\u0026rsquo; growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Among these phenolic compounds, oleuropein has successfully proved its potential against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi Mycoplasma [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolyamide fabrics, commercially known as nylons, are polymers that consist of several repeated amide groups as a part of their polymer main chain [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Nylon 6 and nylon 66 are the most commonly used polyamides in engineering materials and fabrics. They are widely used in cloth and carpet manufacturing due to their outstanding properties, including high strength ability, resilience, and abrasion resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Anionic dyes, which are also known as acid dyes, are widely used in dyeing polyamides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. However, wastewater of acidic dyes greatly impacts the environment negatively. Due to the hydrophilic ionic nature of acid dyes, they dissolve easily in water and have high chemical stability, making them very hard to biodegrade. Moreover, they are heat and light resistant, making them stay in the water for a long time. They are extremely hazardous to the aquatic life and impact its biological activity by reducing sunlight penetration, inhibiting photosynthesis, and suppressing oxygen content. These dyes can be considered highly toxic to human health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Another common method for polyamide dyeing is reactive dyes in acid medium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Reactive dyes are one of the water-soluble dyes, consisting of reactive groups and a dye matrix. Although reactive dyes showed potential advantages, such as strong applicability and high colorfastness, they also have their limitations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Reactive dyes often have only moderate activity, leading to excessive usage of electrolytes. Accordingly, wastewater from the dyeing process has a large amount of salts, increasing river salinity and therefore impacting the delicate aquatic life biochemistry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. There are other conventional methods for polyamide dyeing, including cationic, chrome, and disperse dyes, even so, they all have their limitations regarding either their environmental impact, functionality, or even both [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to the environmental issues resulting from using synthetic dyes in the coloration of textile fabrics, including polyamides, the interest in natural dyes is increasing, as they are biodegradable, functional, and the wastewater produced by them does not pollute the environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Regarding polyamide fibers, few research works have been reported on the utilization of plant extracts to dye polyamide fibers. Plum tree leaves (\u003cem\u003ePrunus domestica\u003c/em\u003e), mulberry leaves (\u003cem\u003eMorus alba\u003c/em\u003e), marigold flowers (\u003cem\u003eTerminalia chebula\u003c/em\u003e), catechu heartwood (\u003cem\u003eAcacia catechu\u003c/em\u003e), madder root (\u003cem\u003eRubia cardifolia\u003c/em\u003e), and pomegranate peel (\u003cem\u003ePunica granatum\u003c/em\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUp to the best of our knowledge, no research work has been reported regarding utilization of OLE in dyeing of polyamide fabrics. Herein, the colorants in OLs has been extracted and utilized in the dyeing of polyamide 6 fabrics. The aim of this work was extended to examine the potential of using OLE in enhancing some performance attributes of polyamide fabrics, namely antimicrobial and resistance to ultraviolet radiation. This study would provide an eco-friendly method of dyeing polyamide fabrics using a renewable cheap and available plant waste from one of the most abundant olive production by-products.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOlive leaves (OLs) were collected from a local botanical garden in the spring season. Plain weave polyamide 6 (PA) fabrics (150 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) were purchased from Misr Company for Spinning and Weaving, El-Mehalla El-Kobra, Egypt. Absolute ethanol was supplied by Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. Tannic acid, sodium alginate, aluminium sulfate hexadecahydrate, and sodium bicarbonate were provided by El Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals Company, Cairo, Egypt. Copper II sulfate anhydrous was supplied by PanReac AppliChem, Barcelona, Spain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Extraction of Colorant\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOLs were washed using tap water with continuous agitation for 10 min. Excess water was then discarded, and the process was repeated once for 10 min and another time for 5 min [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. The leaves were dried in an oven (Binder, Tuttlingen, Germany) at 105\u0026deg; until completely dry. The dry leaves were ground into powder using a domestic grinding machine (Starget, Cairo, Egypt).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn a stoppered conical flask, the colored substance was extracted from ground and dried olive leaves using ethanol/distilled water mixture (70:30, v/v) with a material-to-liquor ratio (MLR) of 1:10 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. The flask was shaken (90 rpm) overnight using a 2-D shaker (Heidolph, Schwabach, Germany). The extracted colorant was filtered through polyester fabrics to remove the solid residues. For storage, the extract was stored in a dark place at 4\u0026deg;C until use.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Dyeing of Polyamide\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore dyeing, polyamide (PA) fabric was scoured in an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (1 g/L) in a thermostatic water bath (Memmert GmbH, Schwabach, Germany) at 60\u0026deg;C for 30 min. The MLR was 1:20 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The scoured PA fabric (1 g) was dyed using different colorant concentrations (3, 5, 7, and 10% w/v), and the MLR was 1:40. The pH of the dyeing bath was adjusted to 4, 5.8, 7, and 9 using acetic acid or sodium carbonate solution. The dyeing temperatures were ranged between 45 and 90\u0026deg;C for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min with continuous shaking at 140 rpm. The dyed samples were rinsed thoroughly with tap water and left to dry overnight at ambient conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.3. Dyeing in the Presence of a Mordant\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyeing of PA fabrics with OLE was conducted in the presence of two bio-mordants (tannic acid and sodium alginate), and two chemical mordants (aluminum sulfate, and copper II sulfate) using pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting methodology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.3.1. Pre-mordanting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA fabric was pre-mordanted by soaking in a bath containing 2% on weight of fabric (o.w.f.) tannic acid, sodium alginate, aluminum sulfate, and hydrated copper II sulfate for 30 min at 90\u0026ordm;C. The samples were then removed from the mordanting bath and dried at ambient temperature. The pre-mordanted fabric was dyed with the OLE at 90\u0026ordm;C for 45 min; the MLR was 1:40. The dyed samples were left to dry overnight at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.3.2. Meta-mordanting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dyeing and mordanting processes were simultaneously conducted at the optimum dyeing conditions with continuous shaking in the presence of 2% (o.w.f.) of the aforementioned mordants. The fabrics were removed from the bath, thoroughly washed with tap water, and left to dry before evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.3.3. Post-mordanting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this case, PA fabrics were dyed with the OLE at the optimum dyeing conditions assigned previously (\u003cem\u003ec.f.\u003c/em\u003e Section 2.2.2). The dyed samples were then post-treated with the said four mordanting solutions at 90\u0026deg;C for 30 min.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.4. Re-use of Coloring Material\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter extracting the colorant from the ground OLs the first time, followed by filtration, the solid residue was air-dried and put in a flask. The solid residue was subjected to the same procedures mentioned in section 2.2.1, and the extracted solution was used for dyeing of PA fabrics at the optimum dyeing conditions. Alternatively, after the dyeing operation, the residual solution was reused in dyeing PA fabrics at the optimum dyeing conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Analysis and Testing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. Color Strength\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe color intensity (K/S) of the dyed PA fabrics was measured spectrophotometrically at a λ\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e 385 nm using a PERKIN\u0026ndash;ELMER Lambda 3B UV/V spectrophotometer. The \u003cem\u003eKubelka Munk\u003c/em\u003e equation was applied to calculate the K/S of the dyed samples, as shown in \u003cb\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{C}\\varvec{o}\\varvec{l}\\varvec{o}\\varvec{r}\\:\\varvec{i}\\varvec{n}\\varvec{t}\\varvec{e}\\varvec{n}\\varvec{s}\\varvec{i}\\varvec{t}\\varvec{y}\\:\\left(\\varvec{K}/\\varvec{S}\\right)=\\frac{{\\left(1-\\varvec{R}\\right)}^{2}}{2\\varvec{R}}-\\frac{{\\left(1-{\\varvec{R}}^{^\\circ\\:}\\right)}^{2}}{2{\\varvec{R}}^{^\\circ\\:}}\\:\\left(\\varvec{E}\\varvec{q}\\varvec{u}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{t}\\varvec{i}\\varvec{o}\\varvec{n}\\:1\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere \u0026ldquo;K\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;S\u0026rdquo; are the absorption and scattering coefficients, respectively; while \u0026ldquo;R\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;R\u0026deg;\u0026rdquo; are the decimal fractions of the reflectance of the dyed and undyed PA samples, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.2. Colorimetric Data\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe colorimetric traits of dyed PA fabrics were measured within the framework of the CIELAB color spaces using a Hunter-Lab spectrophotometer (model: Hunter Lab DP-9000). The \u003cem\u003eL*\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ea*, b*\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e values determine the extent of lightness, redness, yellowness, and hue of the dyed PA fabrics, respectively. The color saturation of the dyed samples (the metric \u003cem\u003echroma C*\u003c/em\u003e) was calculated using \u003cb\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/b\u003e:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{\\varvec{C}}^{\\varvec{*}}={[{\\left({\\varvec{a}}^{\\varvec{*}}\\right)}^{2}+\\:{\\left({\\varvec{b}}^{\\varvec{*}}\\right)}^{2}]}^{1/2}\\:\\:\\:\\left(\\varvec{E}\\varvec{q}\\varvec{u}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{t}\\varvec{i}\\varvec{o}\\varvec{n}\\:2\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.3. Fastness Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ability of the dyed PA fabric to withstand the effects of light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration was evaluated. The colorfastness against washing was evaluated according to the standard test method ISO 105-C06 (2010). The standard method ISO 105-B02 (2014) was adopted to evaluate the colorfastness of the dyed samples to light. The colorfastness against crocking (dry and wet) was assessed using the AATCC Technical Manual, Method 8 (1989), 68, 23, (1993). The AATCC test method (Technical Manual, Method 15, 1989) was followed to assign the color fastness of the dyed PA fabrics to perspiration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.4. Antimicrobial Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe resistance of dyed as well as undyed PA fabrics to microbial attack was evaluated using the colony-forming technique (CFU). The test was carried out against Gram\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ve (\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, ATCC 6538-P\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e, Gram\u0026ndash;ve (\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, ATCC 25933) bacteria, and the fungus \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 10231). A 100 \u0026micro;L bacterial stock with a CFU value of 10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e was injected into 20 mL of liquid nutrient broth made with 5 g/L peptone and 3 g/L of beef extract. The pH of the medium was adjusted to pH 6.8, and incubation with the test specimens was continued for 24 h at 37\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. Afterwards, a serial dilution (10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026ndash;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e) from each sample-containing culture and the control has been carried out. The microbial inhibition was determined by the colony forming units (CFU) by inoculating petri dishes containing solidified nutrient agar medium with 100 \u0026micro;L from each dilution and calculating the reduction growth rate (R) for dyed samples in relation to the undyed one according to \u003cb\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/b\u003e, where \u0026ldquo;A\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;B\u0026rdquo; are the CFU/mL of the dyed as well as undyed samples, respectively, after 16 h incubation. The absorbance of the incubated liquid culture medium was determined at 600 nm. The higher the extent of microorganism growth, the greater will be the turbidity, and thus the absorbance was directly proportional to the number of microorganisms that grew in the medium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{R}\\:\\left(\\text{%}\\right)=\\:\\:\\:\\frac{B-A}{B}\\times\\:100\\:\\left(\\varvec{E}\\varvec{q}\\varvec{u}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{t}\\varvec{i}\\varvec{o}\\varvec{n}\\:3\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere A \u0026amp; B are the numbers of colonies of the dyed and culture control samples, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fibers\u0026rsquo; morphology for the dyed and undyed PA samples was examined using a ZEISS LEO 1530 Gemini Optics Lens SEM of 30 KV scanning voltages. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements were recorded at an accelerating voltage of 20 KV and a working distance 18 mm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.6. Physico-mechanical Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ultraviolet protection factors (UPF) of the untreated as well as dyed PA fabrics were measured using a UV spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 3101 Spectrophotometer, Kyoto, Japan) in accordance with the AATCC standard test method 183:2010-UVA Transmittance. The tensile strength and elongation at the break were assessed using the Instron Textile Tester (USA) according to the ASTM D 76 standard method.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Color Strength and Colorimetric Data\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolyamide 6 (PA) fabrics were dyed with olive leaf extract (OLE) under different dyeing conditions of pH, dye concentration, dyeing temperature, and duration. The effects of variation in these parameters on the color strength (K/S) and colorimetric data were monitored, and the results were summarized in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The data in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e clarified that the maximum K/S value (24.01) of the dyed fabrics was attained at pH 5.8, which is the same as that of the OLE. In general, PA fabrics dyed with OLE in acidic and neutral media have higher K/S than those samples dyed in alkaline medium. Oleuropein, the most abundant constituent in the OLs, is a phenolic terpenoid having both aliphatic and phenolic hydroxyl groups that can act as a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Hydrogen bonding between the secondary amino groups along PA macromolecules and the hydroxyl groups in most of the OLs ingredients would account for the dye affinity of PA fabrics at pH\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;7. In an alkaline medium, the hydroxyl groups in the OLs polyphenolics are deprotonated, and thus the hydrogen bond formation would be impossible. Dyeing of PA fabrics with OLE may also be attributed to hydrophobic interaction between the nonpolar parts in the molecular structure of both PA and OLs ingredients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of chromaticity, the a* values transitioned from negative to positive, showing a shift from greenish hues to reddish hues from acidic to alkaline media, respectively. The positive b* values, representing yellowness, increased slightly at higher pH values. The highest Chroma was observed at pH 9 along with the lowest hue angle, indicating a yellowish brighter tone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e represents the K/S and colorimetric data of PA dyeing at different temperatures. The K/S value was at its maximum of 20.01 at 90\u0026deg;C, indicating the maximum dye uptake at the maximum temperature attempted. On the other hand, there was an abrupt decline in the K/S value of the dyed sample when the temperature was decreased from 90 to 75\u0026deg;C. Both L* and b* values increased with decreasing temperature, which reflects a shift towards significantly lighter, less saturated shades of the dyed fabric and decreased yellow color intensity. Even though the a* values were all very slightly negative, indicating greenness, they varied, with C* and hue confirming that lower temperatures gave less saturated shades. The higher dye uptake at higher temperatures might be attributed to the semi-crystalline PA structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. This means that the PA fiber needs a higher temperature in order to be more flexible to allow higher dye penetration. It has been reported that the dye uptake of PA fabric is enhanced once the dyeing temperature exceeds the glass transition temperature of PA (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;49\u0026deg;C) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of dyeing pH on the color strength (K/S), Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE (Dyeing conditions: Temperature 90\u0026deg;C, dye concentration 10%, time 60 min, and MLR 1:40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyeing pH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK/S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of dyeing temperature on the color strength (K/S), Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE. (Dyeing conditions: pH 5.8, dye concentration 10%, time 60 min, and MLR 1:40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyeing Temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK/S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u0026deg;C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75\u0026deg;C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u0026deg;C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e45\u0026deg;C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of dyeing concentration on the color strength, Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE. (Dyeing conditions: pH 5.8, temperature 90\u0026deg;C, time 60 min, and MLR 1:40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyeing Concentration (% w/v)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK/S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of dyeing concentration on the color strength, Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE. (Dyeing conditions: pH 5.8, temperature 90\u0026deg;C, dye concentration 10%, and MLR 1:40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyeing Time (min)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK/S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe concentration of the dye significantly impacted the color strength as presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. It was clear how decreasing the dye concentration significantly decreases the color strength. Increasing the dye concentration enhanced the color strength, indicating higher dye absorption [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, there is a direct relationship between dyeing time and the K/S value of the dyed PA fabrics. It has been agreed that, in order to obtain the optimum color strength, longer fixation time is needed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFigure 1\u003c/b\u003e shows the visual appearance of the dyed PA fabric under different conditions. It is clear how the dyeing temperature and dye concentration impact the color strength and hue of the dyed PA fabrics. As shown in the row representing the dyeing under different temperatures, higher dyeing temperatures significantly enhance color depth and brilliance, and are therefore essential for effective dyeing with the separated natural colorant on PA. The dye concentration showed a similar trend as the dyeing temperature. On the other hand, there is a notable increase in the dye uptake as the time increases. However, according to both appearance and K/S values, the difference between 45 and 60 min is not very noticeable. Therefore, 45 min was chosen as the optimum dyeing time to reduce energy consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Dyeing in the Presence of Mordants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe color strength and coordinates of the dyed PA fabrics are affected by mordants. It has been agreed that different mordants may cause natural dyes to exhibit different spectral absorption properties, which may alter the color coordinates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting were followed using two bio-mordants (tannic acid and sodium alginate) as well as two metal slats (CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e(SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the colorimetric data of PA fabrics dyed with OLE at the optimum conditions along with a mordant using different methods, which are pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting. Regarding the K/S, dyeing of polyamide fabrics in the presence of mordant has limited effect on the color strength of the dyed samples. The data of this table also clarified that the degree of lightness of the dyed fabrics using copper II sulfate gives the darkest shades, while sodium alginate results in lighter shades. All \u0026ldquo;a*\u0026rdquo; values are negative, indicating a shift towards green, but copper II sulfate gives the most significant green even by native eyes. According to b*, C*, and h values, CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e leads to high saturation and distinctive color hue more than the other mordants. This might be rationalized in terms of the superior ability of Cu\u003csup\u003e+\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e ions form coordination complexes with the dye molecules [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the appearance of different polyamide fabrics dyed using four mordants using three mordanting methods. As shown in this figure, it is clear how the application method and mordant affect the colorimetric data of the dyed polyamide fabrics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Reusability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our attempt to attain sustainable and cost-effective process, the residual solid material obtained after extraction of olive leaves was filtered thoroughly and dried before reuse. The dried material was then used in extraction of the colorant followed by dyeing of PA fabrics. The color intensity and colorimetric data of PA fabrics dyed with OLE until the fifth extraction cycle were presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The data in this table revealed that there is a gradual decrease in color intensity of the dyed PA fabrics as the number of extraction cycles increased. However, the overall change in the color\u0026rsquo;s properties is relatively moderate, indicating how the olive leaves powder exhibited adequate re-usability in the dyeing of PA fabrics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter dyeing various textile substrates, the dyeing bath typically holds significant quantities of the colorant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. After the dyeing process, it would be of great benefit to reuse the dyeing bath that contains considerable quantity of dyes. The K/S and colorimetric data of PA fabrics dyed in a bath containing reused OLE till six times were summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. It is clear from this table that the dyeing bath of PA fabric with OLE can be twice with a limited decrease in the color strength of the dyed PA sample after the second use (K/S 17.11), compared to the first use (K/S 18.60). As the number of dyebath reuse cycles increased, the color intensity decreased until 5.44 after reusing the dyebath for six times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect on the color strength, Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE from re-used olive leaves powder (Dyeing conditions: temperature 90\u0026deg;C, concentration 10%, time 45 min, and MLR 1:40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of OLs powder reuse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK/S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1st time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2nd time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3rd time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4th time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-7.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5th time\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-7.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect on the color strength, Lightness (L*), Redness-Greenness (a*), Yellowness-Blueness (b*), saturation (C*), and hue (h) of polyamide fabrics dyed with OLE re-used solution (Dyeing conditions: Temperature 90\u0026deg;C, concentration 10%, time 45 min, and MLR 1:40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of dyebath reuse cycles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK/S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1st use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2nd Re-use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3rd Re-use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4th Re-use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5th Re-use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6th Re-use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-7.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings of Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e confirmed that the OLE can be used in dyeing of PA fabrics in an eco-friendly cost-effective sustainable method. Repeated used of the dye bath until 6 cycles as well as the consecutive use of the residual the solid olive leaves until 4 extraction cycles would diminish the overall cost of the process. Saving water and ethanol used in the extraction of colorant is also another advantage of recycling olive leaves powder and reuse of the dyeing bath.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4. Fastness Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDyeing of textile fabrics with natural dyes brings textile colourists always to examining the fastness properties of the dyed fabrics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e represents fastness properties (washing, perspiration, crocking and light) of PA samples dyed with OLE in the presence and absence of a mordanted. All dyed samples exhibited excellent color fastness against washing, indicating adequate strength of the bond between OLE and PA, even in the absence of a mordant. Regarding perspiration, all the samples also scored 5 (excellent), both against acidic and basic sweats, indicating outstanding resistance to sweat. Similar results were obtained in the case of color fastness against crocking in both dry and wet states. However the dyed samples had inadequate fastness against light. Un-mordanted and CuSO₄ mordanted dyed PA fabrics showed better light resistance (good) than the other samples (fair to inadequate). A result which limits the use of the dyed PA fabrics in manufacture of products exposed to sunlight for a long time, such as curtains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFastness properties of different PA fabrics dyed with OLE and along with different mordants\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"16\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWashing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerspiration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrocking\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcidic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlkaline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eW\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eW\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE in the presence of sodium alginate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE in the presence of tannic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE in the presence of aluminium sulfate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE in the presence of copper sulfate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlt: alteration St: staining C: cotton fabric W: wool fabric PE: polyester fabric\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.5 Anti-microbial Properties\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrobial-resistant textile products are obligatory due to presence of huge number of microorganisms that human being lives with. Finishing of textile fabrics to render them antimicrobial has been the title of vast number of research papers within the last decades [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. There has been a challenge to produce intrinsically durable highly efficient antimicrobial PA fabrics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;9\u003c/b\u003e shows the anti-microbial properties of unmodified as well as modified PA samples against Gram\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ve (\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus; S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e) and Gram \u0026ndash;ve (\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli; E. coli\u003c/em\u003e) bacteria along with the fungus \u003cem\u003eCandid albicans\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eC. albicans\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of dyeing PA fabric with OLE in the presence and absence of mordant on its antimicrobial properties against different organisms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColony Forming Units (CFU) (x10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of Colonies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReduction (R %)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgainst 150 \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e Colonies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUntreated PA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE and mordanted with CuSO₄\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgainst 269\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eE. coli\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eColonies\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUntreated PA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e383\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE and mordanted with CuSO₄\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgainst 423\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eC. albicans\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eColonies\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUntreated PA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE and mordanted with CuSO₄\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is clear from this table that the untreated samples had no resistance against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, and a very limited resistance to \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eand C. albicans.\u003c/em\u003e PA fabrics dyed with OLE showed remarkable increase in their antimicrobial properties against the three species of microorganisms in the following order \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;C. albicans\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;E. coli\u003c/em\u003e with a reduction percentages 64.67, 59.10, and 53.90, respectively. It has been reported that there are some phenolic compounds, such as \u003cem\u003eeleuropein\u003c/em\u003e, in the OLE which have antimicrobial resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Further enhancement in the antimicrobial properties was encountered up on dyeing in the presence of copper II sulfate (CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) as a mordant. PA dyed with OLE and mordanted with copper II sulfate exhibited the best anti-microbial activity among the tested samples against \u003cem\u003eC. albicans\u003c/em\u003e, with reduction exceeding 98%. This may be attributed to the significant known anti-microbial property of CuSO₄ against different bacterial strains, both Gram positive and negative [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Copper II sulfate works against microorganisms by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to irreversible damage for the membranes of these organisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been demonstrated how the CuSO₄ concentration used affect the anti-fungal activity of CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6. Morphology\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe surface morphology of the undyed as well as dyed PA fabrics in the presence of mordant was investigated using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope \u003cb\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;6a\u0026ndash;f)\u003c/b\u003e. The scanning electron micrograph of undyed PA 6 fabric \u003cb\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;6a)\u003c/b\u003e showed its typical smooth longitudinal fibril topography. The dyed sample has an almost identical surface morphology to that of the undyed fabrics, indicating the benign effect of OLE on PA fabric. The micrographs of the dyed PA fabrics in the presence of a mordant (Fig.\u0026nbsp;6c\u0026ndash;f) demonstrated the existence of residues of the used mordant on the fiber's surface. No deterioration in the dyed fibers' surface was observed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe EDX spectrum of undyed fabric (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea) showed three peaks for carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, which are the main characteristic elements of polyamide fabrics. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eb elucidated the presence of various elements in the dyed sample, such as K, Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, and S, besides C, O, and N. It has been reported that in the chemical composition of olive leaves, the aforementioned elements exist as mean elements. Traces of other elements have been identified in the olive leaves, such as V, Cr, Ni, Co, and Sr [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. The EDX spectrum of the dyed PA fabrics in the presence of CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited a similar pattern to that of the dyed sample, along with the presence of copper \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ec\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.7. Physico-mechanical Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effect of dyeing of PA fabrics with OLE in the presence and absence of mordant on their ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), tensile strength, and elongation at break were monitored and the results were presented in \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;10\u003c/b\u003e. The data in this table elucidated that the untreated PA has almost no resistance to the UV rays. Dyeing PA fabric with OLE whether it is mordanted or not improved its UPF to a very good-excellent level. The induced UPF can be explained in terms of the green color of the dyed fabrics which hindered the harmful UV rays from penetrating PA fabric. The data in Table\u0026nbsp;10 clarified also that dyeing of PA fabric with OLE in the presence and absence of a mordant had a very limited effect on the tensile strength and elongation at break of the dyed samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;9.\u003c/b\u003e Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), tensile strength, and elongation at break of dyed and undyed PA fabrics\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA Sample\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUPF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTensile strength (kgf)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElongation at break (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE and mordanted by sodium alginate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE and mordanted by tannic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE and mordanted by aluminum sulfate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePA dyed with OLE and mordanted by copper II sulfate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the findings of this investigation, it is concluded that olive leaf extract (OLE) showed excellent substantivity towards polyamide 6 (PA) fabrics in a wide range of pH, temperature, concentration, and duration. The color strength (K/S) of PA dyed with OLE depends on the process conditions. The maximum dye ability was attained at pH 5.8 using 10% (w/v) OLE at 90\u0026deg;C for 45 min. The K/S of the dyed sample was not highly affected upon dyeing of PA fabric in the presence of four mordants, namely copper II sulphate, aluminum sulfate hexadecahydrate, sodium alginate, and tannic acid. The dyed samples exhibited excellent fastness against washing, perspiration, and crocking. The color fastness against light was good to very good, which was even enhanced to very good in the presence of copper II sulfate pentahydrate as a mordant. The antimicrobial activity of the dyed PA fabrics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi was remarkably improved, albeit not to the desired level. Using CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e as a mordant enhanced the antimicrobial activity remarkably, especially against \u003cem\u003eC. albicans\u003c/em\u003e (reduction: 98%). The UPF of the dyed sample increased from a poor level to a very good-excellent degree. The dyed PA fabric is an appropriate candidate for the production of fashionable textile products as well as those requiring an excellent resistance to fungal attack with adequate protection against UV rays. A major advantage of this work is that the used OLE, as well as its powder form, can be reused effectively in dyeing PA fabrics for up to 5 times. The proposed methodology properly utilized plant waste material in a sustainable eco-friendly cost-effective method to enhance the appearance and performance attributes of PA fabrics without deterioration in the fibers\u0026rsquo; strength. Further studies are conducted in our laboratories to enhance the bacterial resistance of the dyed fabrics.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interest to declare.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eProf. Hosam El-sayed contributed to the study conception and design and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Material preparation, data collection, methodology, and analysis were performed by Salwa Mowafi and Haneen Hassan. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePanda, S. K. B. C., Sen, K., \u0026amp; Mukhopadhyay, S. (2021). Sustainable pretreatments in textile wet processing. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Cleaner Production\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e329\u003c/em\u003e, 129725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129725\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKantouch, A., El-Sayed, H., \u0026amp; El-Sayed, A. (2007). Improvement of the felting and shrinking resistance of wool using environmentally acceptable treatments. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Textile Institute\u003c/em\u003e, 98(1), 65\u0026ndash;71. https://doi.org/10.1533/joti.2005.0249 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKantouch, A., Kantouch, F., \u0026amp; El-Sayed, H. (2006). 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(2014). Major and trace elements contents of olive leaves. \u003cem\u003eOLIVAE\u003c/em\u003e, 119, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3712.5766 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polymer-bulletin","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)","snPcode":"289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3","title":"Polymer Bulletin","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Eco-friendly, Polyamide, Fabric, Dyeing, Olive Leaf, antimicrobial, UV Protection","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249121/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249121/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDue to the environmental legislations worldwide, utilization of natural materials and colorants in textile dyeing and finishing of textiles has become mandatory and is in the frontline of production lines. Herein, polyamide 6 (PA) fabric was dyed with natural colorant extracted from olive leaves as an alternative to the synthetic dyes and harsh chemicals used conventionally for this purpose. A systematic study was carried out to assign the optimum dyeing conditions for PA fabrics utilizing olive leaf extract (OLE). The color intensity and colorimetric data of the dyed fabrics along with their fastness properties were evaluated. The effect of two metal salt mordants, namely copper II sulfate anhydrous and aluminum sulfate, together with two bio-mordants, namely tannic acid and sodium alginate, on the dye ability of PA fabrics with OLE was examined. Results of this investigation proved that the OLE is a suitable candidate for dyeing of PA fabrics with a high K/S and excellent colorfastness to washing, perspiration, and crocking, along with medium colorfastness to light. The used dye bath as well as the residual solid powder of the extraction process we used for dyeing of PA fabrics for up to six and five times, respectively, with acceptable K/S values for the dyed samples. The antimicrobial efficiency of the dyed PA fabrics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e was remarkably improved. The alterations in the structure of the dyed fabrics were studied using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The effects of dyeing PA fabrics with OLE in the presence and absence of mordant on their resistance to the deteriorative action of UV rays as well as the tensile strength and elongation at break were investigated.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Olea europea (Olive Leaf) Extract as a Sustainable Material for Enhancing Some Appearance and Performance Properties of Polyamide 6 Fabric","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-14 15:28:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249121/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-12T02:12:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-09T07:41:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"239316363244732932815479163975376640833","date":"2025-09-08T08:22:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"272545243567744508677861855770135221071","date":"2025-08-13T09:56:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-10T05:30:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-10T05:30:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-31T14:22:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Polymer Bulletin","date":"2025-07-30T06:19:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polymer-bulletin","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)","snPcode":"289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3","title":"Polymer Bulletin","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e0cf1e58-588c-40af-a9ae-7e20fb6c46dd","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-12T02:23:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-14 15:28:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7249121","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7249121","identity":"rs-7249121","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}