Dog deworming for control of echinococcosis by smart collar versus manual work: A 24-month field application and efficacy evaluation from a prospective, randomized, double masked, manual deworming-controlled trial

Dog deworming for control of echinococcosis by smart collar versus manual work: A 24-month field application and efficacy evaluation from a prospective, randomized, double masked, manual deworming-controlled trial | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Dog deworming for control of echinococcosis by smart collar versus manual work: A 24-month field application and efficacy evaluation from a prospective, randomized, double masked, manual deworming-controlled trial Shi-Jie Yang, Yuancheng Yang, Xuenian Xu, Chenqing Sun, Xiaojuan Zhang, and 18 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588176/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Echinococcosis is a significant parasitic disease that affects multiple species and poses both public health risks and substantial socio-economic burdens. Regular deworming to dogs is a highly effective control measure advocated by the WHO. In this study we aimed to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness on delivery of praziquantel (PQZ) baits to dogs via smart collar and manpower. Methods We conducted a prospective, randomized, double masked, manual deworming-controlled field trial in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County (Tianzhu County), a cystic echinococcosis endemic area, Gansu Province, China. Cluster random sampling was adopted at the township level to address smart collar deworming group (SCDG) and manual deworming group (MDG). In SCDG the smart collars were used to deliver the praziquantel (PQZ) baits to dogs once a month automatically, and the dogs in MDG were dewormed by manual delivery of PQZ baits in the usual way. The allocation of interventions was concealed from veterinarians between these two groups. The examination and result evaluation of fecal samples were also kept undisclosed to both laboratory personnel and evaluation experts. The positive rates of Echinococcus antigen in dog feces, which was one of the primary endpoints, was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and SPSS 27.0 software was used to process the data, and generalized estimation equation (GEE) were used to evaluate odds ratios versus manual deworming for smart collar deworming to analyze the deworming effect. The field trial was conducted over a 24-month period to gather data on the installation and recycling of smart collars, the frequency of dog deworming, as well as the collection and detection of dog fecal samples. Results Between June 1, 2021, and July 30, 2023, we recruited 1920 domestic dogs and obtained consent orally from their owners to advance our program, of them 800 were assigned to smart deworming schedule and 1120 to manual deworming schedule. Dog deworming Echinococcosis Smart collar Field application Efficacy evaluation Manual deworming-controlled trial Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Echinococcosis is a contagious parasitic disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans 1 . Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis respectively, are the two main forms acknowledged as neglected tropical diseases according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2 . CE imposes a significant disease burden owing to its worldwide dispersion and substantial regional occurrence, while AE demonstrates elevated levels of pathogenicity and fatality rates 3–5 , specifically in the northwestern region of China, where CE has a prevalence in 370 counties across 9 provincial-level administrative divisions, while AE co-exists with it in 115 of these counties 6,7 . Considerable evidence from field epidemiological studies supports that dogs play a central role as the main definitive hosts of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis 8–11 . Numerous research studies have provided compelling evidence that the regular deworming treatment to canines significantly reduces the occurrence of Echinococcus spp 12–15 . In 2006, a monthly deworming program for all dogs was implemented in China using PZQ to control the transmission of canine echinococcosis. Significant advancements have been made, as evidenced by the reduction of the Echinococcus antigen-positive rate in dog feces from 4.25% in 2012 to 0.44% in 2022 7 .On the other hand, achieving and maintaining “manual deworming once a month” for all dogs presents significant challenges because of unavailable veterinary-related manpower, ineffective outreach to access all owned dogs or financially burdensome, particularly in resource-constrained remote rural areas. A survey conducted in Xinjiang in 2015 shown that 36.8% of guardians had not provided the baits to their dogs 16 . The other survey in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, showed that 68.9% of domestic dogs were deworming 6–12 times per year, and the coverage of deworming in each township ranged from 24–84% 17 . Two additional surveys conducted in Gansu Province and Qinghai Province revealed that a mere 21.7% and 47.5% of dog owners, respectively, adhered to a monthly deworming schedule for their dogs 18,19 . Practically, the real data on deworming coverage and frequency in dogs are difficult to obtain. The inadequate deworming frequency and coverage of have led to a relatively high prevalence of Echinococcus spp. among dogs as follows: 0.40% (Sichuan), 1.47% (Yunnan), 0.74% (Tibet Autonomous Region), 0.44% (Gansu), 0.85% (Qinghai), 0.23% (Xinjiang), and 0.36% (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) 7 . In contrast, WHO recommends that one of national elimination criterion for human echinococcosis should be less than 0.01% of permissible occurrence of canine echinococcosis 20 . Since 2016, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has utilized Internet of Things technology to create a remote management system and a smart deworming collar equipped with PZQ baits to enhance coverage and frequency of deworming in targeted areas 21 . A six-month field study conducted in Kangma County, Shigase City, Tibet Autonomous Region, demonstrated a significant increase in deworming coverage from 57.7–85.7%, as well as a rise in monthly deworming rate from 40.3–91.4% 22 . Another randomized controlled trial evaluated the implementation of smart collars on dogs across Hezuo City in Gansu Province and Seni District within Tibet Autonomous Region over a one-year period. The findings revealed that the positive rate for Echinococcus antigen significantly decreased to zero when using smart collars and achieved an automatic delivery rate for PZQ baits at approximately 87.8% 23 . The objective is now set on evaluating the two-year field application and efficacy concerning delivering PQZ baits through both smart collars and manpower via prospective randomized controlled trials. Materials and methods Study design This prospective, randomized, double masked, manual deworming-controlled field trial was conducted between June of 2021 and June of 2023 in 8 from 19 townships in Tianzhu County, China. The efficacy of smart collars in administering PQZ baits to dogs for protection against Echinococcus infection and increase of deworming frequency was assessed compared with conventional manual deworming methods. Sub-studies included a questionnaire survey of dog owners in MDG and an evaluation of the integrity rate of smart collars in SCDG. A new recruitment for target dogs was initiated for backup in case of need because of the fluctuation of lost follow-up. This study will further continue to the third year as most smart collars are intact in performance, but the results are not reported here because follow-up is not yet mature. Ethical approval was obtained from National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) Ethical Review Committee (No.2021019, Appendix 1). The trial profile is in figure 1. Study area Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County (Tianzhu County) is situated in the central part of Gansu Province, China, on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. It has an average annual temperature of 0.3°C and receives an annual precipitation of 397.4 millimeters (Figure 2). By 2022, the detection rate of echinococcosis among residents aged 12 years and above stood at 0.22% 15 . A total number of patients diagnosed reached 1094 and be identified as cystic echinococcosis 15 . The number of domestic dogs was 6462 with1.44% of the positive rate of echinococcus antigen in dog feces 15 . The number of stray dogs was 305 with 1.17% of positive rate 15 . The prevalence of echinococcosis in sheep and cattle was 1.46% and 6%, respectively 15 . Tianzhu County) is situated in the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, spans an elevation range of 2040-4874 meters above sea level with 7149.8 square kilometers (km 2 ) and jurisdiction over 178 villages of 19 town/townships. The population density is about 24 people per square with approximately 200.7 thousand inhabitants and 66,040 households. It is an endemic area of cystic echinococcosis. Randomized group and sample size A randomized, manual deworming-controlled field trial was conducted in 8 from 19 townships in Tianzhu County. Computer-generated random permuted blocks with Statistical Product and Service Solutions27.00 software package (SPSS27.00, SPSS Inc./IBM, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to complete the cluster random sampling method, four of eight townships were assigned to the SCDG, while another four were allocated to the MDG (Figure 1). We estimated the total sample size of dog by Walters normal approximation method according to the two samples (two groups) parallel control design 24 . We used 1.2% of the positive rate of echinococcus antigen in dog feces as the baseline, that was obtained by initial survey in MDG. The value we expect to reach in SCDG at a follow-up of 24 months is about 0.01%, α = 0.05,1-β =0.8, the estimated sample should be greater than 666 (balanced allocation between groups). Considering the total number of dogs and feasibility in the two groups, dogs in the MDG were more likely to be lost to follow-up, we allowed for 20% and 50% loss to follow-up or unevaluable dogs in SDEG and MDG, respectively, the total sample size was thus determined to be 1920 (800:1120). Dogs All dogs registered in the designated townships were included for eligibility, and verbal consent was obtained from dog owners prior to performing this trial. The inclusion criteria of dogs include: (1) Belongs to eight selected townships, (2) Having a clear owner and verbal consent permission, (3) Physical health. The exclusion criteria include: (1) less than one year of age or four kg weight, (2) pregnant, (3) too big to be attached, (4) the owner unwilling to attach, (5) reacted too strongly to be attached, and (6) unhealthy or the elder(more than twelve years old).The characteristics and distributional baseline data of the target dogs are presented in table 1, 2. Table1: Baseline characteristics of the target dogs. N=1920 Number Proportion (%) Sex Male 1267 65.9 Female 650 33.9 No data 3 0.2 Type of dogs Local dog 1674 87.2 Tibetan Mastiff 81 4.2 Husky 54 2.8 Shepherd Dog 37 1.9 Chihuahua 27 1.4 Golden Retriever 10 0.5 Teddy 7 0.4 Labrador Retriever 3 0.2 Doge 1 0.1 no data 26 1.4 Color Black 667 34.7 White 530 27.6 Grey 435 22.7 Black and white 120 6.3 Yellow 57 3.0 Yellow and white 57 3.0 Black and yellow 35 1.8 Brownish red 6 0.3 Blue gray 5 0.3 Tiger spot 1 0.1 no data 7 0.4 Teeth age(years) 4 316 16.5 5 305 15.9 3 301 15.7 6 238 12.4 2 190 9.9 7 135 7.0 1 129 6.7 8 123 6.4 9 78 4.1 10 45 2.3 11 25 1.3 12 16 0.8 no data 19 1.0 Weight（kg） 4-5 207 10.8 6-7 234 12.2 8-9 200 10.4 10-11 280 14.6 12-13 241 12.6 14-15 146 7.6 16-17 135 7.0 18-19 69 3.6 20 4 0.2 no data 404 21.0 Table 2: The baseline distribution of dogs in 82 villages of 8 townships in 2 groups. Group/Town(Township)/Village No.of dogs registered No. of dogs dewormed by smart collars No. of dogs dewormed by manual work A B C D E F G Smart collar deworming group(SCDG) 1462 800 82 184 38 160 51 68 79 Anyuan town 351 205 14 51 5 36 14 12 14 Hedi 49 27 3 13 1 3 0 1 1 Wuqiaoling 44 29 3 7 0 4 1 0 0 Heihetan 51 27 2 8 2 6 1 2 3 Nanniwan 43 24 3 4 0 7 2 2 1 Yehuwan 37 24 2 6 1 2 1 0 1 Liushugou 35 20 1 3 0 4 2 2 3 Lanquan 25 16 0 3 0 1 4 1 0 Daquantou 22 14 0 2 0 3 1 1 1 Jile 27 17 0 3 1 2 0 2 2 Zhigou 18 7 0 2 0 4 2 1 2 Haxi town 622 335 42 82 22 60 18 26 37 Youai 69 30 12 8 3 7 3 2 4 Xitan 71 27 4 11 3 9 5 5 7 Dongtan 60 32 4 7 2 5 3 4 3 Shuiquan 50 31 3 7 3 2 1 2 1 Tuanjie 49 31 4 4 1 3 0 2 4 Chagang 55 39 3 6 0 4 2 0 1 Gucheng 86 43 4 15 4 8 2 4 6 Changling 41 18 2 7 2 5 0 4 3 Shuanglong 35 21 2 4 1 3 0 2 2 Jianshan 25 12 0 3 0 7 1 0 2 Heyan 59 38 4 7 3 5 1 0 1 Qianjin 22 13 0 3 0 2 0 1 3 Shimen town 255 125 12 32 7 34 10 21 14 Huoshaocheng 83 33 5 12 4 7 5 11 6 Mayingpo 37 18 3 4 1 3 2 4 2 Chachawa 41 25 2 5 0 5 1 2 1 Datang 30 17 2 3 1 5 0 1 1 Shimen 18 10 0 2 0 3 1 1 1 Shibanwan 21 9 0 3 1 5 1 0 2 Kuangou 10 6 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 Weijitan 15 7 0 1 0 4 0 2 1 Zhuaxixiulong town 234 135 14 19 4 30 9 9 14 Hongchita 51 28 4 6 1 6 2 3 1 Daiqian 49 33 3 3 0 4 1 1 4 Nannigou 39 20 2 3 0 7 3 2 2 Yongfeng 30 17 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 Tanjiaogou 65 37 3 5 2 9 2 2 5 Manual deworming group(MDG) 1748 0 1120(1436)* 184 42 / / / 86 Songshan town 707 0 422(566) 78 20 / / / 43 Anzishan 194 0 80 (143) 35 6 / / / 10 Dalong 65 0 39 (51) 7 2 / / / 5 Hongshi 37 0 18 (30) 4 1 / / / 2 Zhongdagou 36 0 22 (28) 3 0 / / / 5 Xiangruixin 36 0 23(30) 4 1 / / / 1 Jijitan 40 0 28 (33) 2 2 / / / 3 Songshan 40 0 27(35) 1 0 / / / 4 Dejixin 43 0 35(39) 2 1 / / / 1 Tankou 32 0 24 (26) 3 1 / / / 2 Hemaquanhe 16 0 13(15) 0 0 / / / 1 Shitang 18 0 9(9) 4 2 / / / 3 Daxiu 41 0 27(32) 5 0 / / / 4 Agangwan 48 0 31(40) 4 3 / / / 1 Huajitang 15 0 11(13) 1 0 / / / 1 Zangmin 17 0 12(15) 2 0 / / / 0 Juema 12 0 10(11) 0 1 / / / 0 Lixiang 8 0 6(8) 0 0 / / / 0 Xiujie 9 0 7(8) 1 0 / / / 0 Tiantang town 481 0 320(405) 53 8 / / / / Kela 58 0 34(47) 7 1 / / / 3 Xuelong 44 0 22(37) 4 0 / / / 3 Tiantang community 48 0 24(40) 6 1 / / / 1 Make 38 0 26(31) 3 2 / / / 2 Benkang 40 0 26(34) 4 1 / / / 1 Yetu 41 0 28(35) 4 0 / / / 2 Dawan 38 0 29(32) 5 0 / / / 1 Baogan 42 0 28(37) 3 2 / / / 0 Zhicha 37 0 23(30) 5 1 / / / 1 Tiantang 29 0 22(24) 4 0 / / / 1 Juhua 33 0 29(29) 4 0 / / / 0 Chagan 22 0 20(20) 2 0 / / / 0 Nawei 11 0 9(9) 2 0 / / / 0 Duoshi town 489 0 317(404) 46 12 / / / 27 Longgou 72 0 43(60) 6 2 / / / 4 Hanquangou 67 0 44(56) 6 1 / / / 4 Chashugou 47 0 29(38) 5 1 / / / 3 Hegou 55 0 28(43) 7 2 / / / 3 Nanchong voillage 52 0 36(44) 4 2 / / / 2 Meichang 42 0 27(33) 5 1 / / / 3 Zhicha 47 0 36(39) 3 2 / / / 3 Yaodongwan 44 0 31(37) 4 1 / / / 2 Shigou 30 0 17(25) 4 0 / / / 1 Sizhang 33 0 26(29) 2 0 / / / 2 Dongdatan township 71 0 61(61) 7 2 / / / 1 Hualang 24 0 19(19) 3 1 / / / 1 Quanwan 23 0 21(21) 2 0 / / / 0 Bianpogou 11 0 8(8) 2 1 / / / 0 Xiasi 5 0 5(5) 0 0 / / / 0 Dongdatan 8 0 8(8) 0 0 / / / 0 A: Eligible but not be attached with smart collars because of samples have been enough in SDCG(5.6%) or as a control in MDG(64%), B: Less than one age or four kg in weight(12.9%), C: In pregnancy(2.6%), D: Too big to be attached(10.9%), E: Unwilling to attach(3.5%), F: the dogs' reaction was too strong to attach(4.7%), G: Unhealthy or the elder(5.4%). / No statistics were given for masking, * Of the 1436 eligible dogs, 1120 were designated as target dogs. Double Maskin g Dogs were cluster randomly assigned in SCDG or in MDG. According to the list of dog owners provided by Tianzhu County CDC, technicians and local veterinarian visited them, village by village, door to door, eligible dog owners in both groups were solicited for their opinion to ensure that verbal consent permission was obtained. Final treatment arrangements in each group were not blinded within groups, but were masked between groups. The village veterinarians were responsible for the collection of dog feces samples, with each veterinarian limited to collecting samples only from their respective village. Collaboration between different villages was strictly prohibited in this process. The samples were assigned unique numbers following a standardized protocol and kept masking from both the laboratory personnel conducting the tests on dog feces and those evaluating the test results. Remote management system In June 2021, we installed the remote management system (RMS, Version 3.0.1) 21 in Tianzhu County CDC and entered relevant epidemiological data, especially from the eight townships selected by SCDG and MDG, the mainly data encompasses: (1) static information (2) optional details and (3) real-time updated data 21 . A hierarchical structure comprising six levels of management has been implemented, ranging from national to village administrators. Township and village-level veterinarians affix smart collars to dogs and enter the relevant information. County-level administrators are charge of managing the data and information pertaining to the RMS. Interventions In SCDG. we have implemented a smart integrated solution to automatically control the smart collar to deliver PQZ baits to dogs 22 . The process of installing and operating the RMS, as well as the method of wearing and the underlying principle of the smart collar, were detailed in relevant literature 22,23,25 (figure 3A,B). Eligible dogs were worn with a smart collar containing 12 PQZ baits one by one, based on generated sampling lists. All communication between the RMS and smart collars is associated with command feedback. The smart collar will autonomously deliver PQZ baits for dog based on predetermined schedules, intervals, and dosages. Additionally, the deworming status can be monitored in real-time by personnel at all levels through RMS. For dogs that were not suitable for the smart collar, village veterinarians were designated to distribute the PQZ baits and provide monthly feeding to ensure comprehensive deworming coverage for all dogs in the four townships. In MDG. Manual deworming of the target dogs will be performed as recommended by CKPDCP. Dog owners, township or village veterinarians were asked to give the dogs PQZ baits for deworming once a month. Depending on different situations, the administration of PQZ baits was conducted either through monthly visits by village veterinarians to deworm dogs at each owner's residence or by distributing the baits directly to dog owners on specific designated days. Questionnaire in MDG. In May 2022 and June 2023, two questionnaire surveys were conducted in MDG by technicians of Tianzhu County CDC. The questionnaire mainly included general information, the knowledge of control and the control policies. In particularly, we focused on WHO, HOW and HOW OFTEN the delivery of PQZ baits were carried out to dogs. All questionnaires were identified via unique numerical identification. To ensure cultural appropriateness and to guarantee that each question was fully understood, we designed the questionnaire by group of the authors who have language skills in Chinese and Tibetan language, and pre-tested in a small pilot study. The questionnaire was undertaken with each dog owner by one of the co-authors who was a native speaker of both Chinese and Tibetan language. Common measures in both groups. Both groups carried out health education for dog owners through existing channels. The planned immunization of lambs and the management of stray dogs continued as planned. Retrieval and reaffixing of the smart collar The smart collar is designed with specific limitations on its size and weight, each smart collar can only accommodate up to 12 PQZ baits. After attached to the target dog, the PQZ baits was delivered once a month. 12 months later, in May 2022, the veterinarians in SCDG uniformly recycled the smart collar door to door (figure 3C, D) and mailed them to the smart collar quality inspection center in Shanghai, China. There, the performance and functionality were re-evaluated and various details were recorded such as the damage of baits storage semicircular and leather belt, the residual electricity, the number of residual PQZ baits. The damage reasons were also analyzed, and the improvement measures were proposed. After assessment, the retrieved smart collars were categorized into three sections: (1) those with undamaged performance and functionality, (2) those that can be reused after undergoing repairs, and (3) those that have incurred irreparable damage and cannot be utilized again. After undergoing a thorough quality evaluation, smart collars such as (1) and (2) will be reinstalled with 12 PQZ baits. For the smart collars that were not successfully recycled and those (3) that did not meet the quality standards following maintenance and assessment, manufacturers of smart collars offered an equal number of new smart collars with 12 PQZ baits as replacements. In brief, the smart collar with full function and 12 PQZ baits were returned to the Tianzhu County CDC to reaffix to the designated dogs. The reaffixing task was finalized by June 2022 to guarantee the continuous monthly delivery of PQZ baits for the next 12 times. Then, in May 2023, after the 24th delivery of PQZ baits has been placed, the smart collars were recycled and evaluated again. Collection and examination of fecal samples Village veterinarians were responsible for collecting fecal samples. Throughout the trial period the samples were collected for three times (the first time as baseline) in two groups as indicated in figure1 and table 3. Each individual sample was carefully collected, sealed in a ziplock plastic bag and labeled with the assigned ID. All samples were taken to Tianzhu County CDC laboratory where they were frozen at -80˚C for at least seven days then transferred them to a freezer set at -20 °C until copro-analysis became necessary 26 . All fecal samples underwent testing using a commercial copro-ELISA kit (Batch: 20200801) with a sensitivity of 95.45% and specificity of 96.97%, produced by Shenzhen Combined Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen China. Table 3: Collection and testing of dog feces Baseline 12-month follow-up point 24-month follow-up point Total SCDG Feces of the original dogs Actual numbers collected 800 666 665 2131 Number of tests 792 654 661 2107 Number of positives (%) 6(0.8) 2(0.3) 0 8(0.4) Feces of new recruited dogs Actual numbers collected 134 84 218 Number of tests 132 81 213 Number of positives (%) 0 0 0 MDG Actual numbers collected 1120 924 796 2840 Number of tests 1099 911 789 2799 Number of positives (%) 13(1.2) 7(0.8) 5(0.6) 25(0.9) Outcomes The primary endpoints were odds ratios versus manual deworming for smart collar deworming and the positive rates of Echinococcus antigen in dog feces at 24-month follow-up. Secondary endpoints were the recycling rate and integrity rate of smart collars, the proportion of deworming frequency 6-12 times by smart collar vs manual work in 12 and 24 months. Statistical analysis The database was established utilizing the 2019 edition of Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) and SPSS for Windows version 27 (SPSS Inc./IBM, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was employed statistical analysis. Categorical variables were exhibited as frequency and percentage. Chi-square test was used to probe the difference and changes of the canine fecal antigen, the proportion of deworming frequency, the recycling rate and integrity rate of smart collars in two groups. GEE 27 was then performed to evaluate the odds ratios with 95% CIs versus manual deworming for smart collar deworming on dogs by fitting a logistic model to the repeatedly measured categorical responses due to missing value during the collection and testing of dog feces. Each variable with assignment is shown in Table4. GEE analysis database in the appendix2. Differences were tested with two-tailed tests and statistical significance was set to P < 0.05. Table 4: Variables and the assignments by GEE analysis. Variable Meaning Assignment Variable type ID The ID number of each subject Subject variable Outcome Results of Echinococcus antigen in canine feces 1： positive Response variable 0： negative Method Intervention methods used for deworming 1：smart collar Explanatory variable 0：manual deworming Time Time points at which the fecal samples were collected Within-subject variable Role of the funding source The funder of the field trial had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. All authors, including the corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Results 19 town/townships containing 6542 dogs participated in cluster random sampling, 3210 dogs were invited from eight town/township, of these, 1290 were excluded (as shown in Fig. 1 ). In SCDG, 60.3% (882/1462) met the inclusion criteria, but only 54.7% were included, 5.6% of excluded dogs was eligible but not be attached with smart collars because of samples have been enough, 12.9% was less than one age or four kg in weight, 10.9%was too big to be attached(Table 2 ).In brief, 1920 dogs were cluster randomly assigned to receive either in SCDG (800 dogs) or in MDG (1120 dogs) (Fig. 1 , Table 2 ). The average weight was 10.4 ± 4.1(n = 1516, the max 20kg, the mini 4kg), average teeth age was 4.8 ± 2.4 (n = 1901, the max 12, the mini1), sex ratio was 650:1267 (n = 1917, female vs male) (Fig. 1 . Table 1 ). In SCDG, in June 2021, 800 smart collars were attached to the 800 target dogs (Fig. 1 , 3 A, B), the PQZ baits seemed suitable and dogs liked to swallow them (appendix 3 video). At the median follow-up of 12 months (in May 2022), only 666 collars were recycled, the recycling rate was 83.3%. 495 (74.3%, integrity rate of smart collars) had still complete function, 152 (22.8%) were only slightly damaged, and 19 (2.9%) were seriously damaged and could not be reused. At the 24-month follow-up (in June 2023), there was a significant increase in both recycling and integrity rates of smart collars compared to 2022, reaching 93.6% and 94.1% (P<0.0001), of them, the second recycling rate and integrity rate of 647 smart collars were 99.8%( 646/647) and 96.4%(623/646), respectively (Fig. 1 , Table 5 , 6 ). Table 5 Wearing and recycling of collars. No. (Rate, %) Shimen Anyuan Zhuaxixiulong Haxi Total Attached, 2021 125 205 135 335 800 Recycled, 2022 96(76.8) 190(92.7) 114(84.4) 266(79.4) 666(83.3) Attached, 2022 125 205 135 335 800 Old dogs, old collars 94 184 111 258 647 Old dogs, new collars 2 6 3 8 19 New dogs, new collars 29 15 21 69 134 Recycled, 2023 121(96.8) 190(92.7) 126(93.3) 312(93.1) 749(93.6) New collars 27(87.1) 7(33.3) 15(62.5) 54(70.1) 103(67.3) New dogs, new collars 25(86.2) 1(6.7) 12(57.1) 46(66.7) 84(62.7) Old dogs, new collars 2(100.0) 6(100.0) 3(100.0) 8(100.0) 19(100.0) Old dogs, old collars 94(100.0) 183(99.5) 111(100.0) 258(100.0) 646(99.8) Table 6 Integrity and damage to the recycled collars. Condition of the smart collar recycled 2022.5 2023.6 Number (n = 666, %) Number (749, %) Integrity 495(74.3) 705(94.1) Damaged 171(25.7) 44(5.9) Slightly 152 19 Severely 19 15 Parts and Causes damaged Delivery port Loose fittings 53 6 The bait stuck / 5 Detachment 25 2 Baits storage semicircular Cracking failure 21( 3 )* 5( 2 )* chewed-up 5 3 detachment 20 1 Smart collar shell Cracking failure 36( 12 )* 7( 5 )* Chewed-up 4( 4 )* 8( 8 )* Leather belt Cracking failure 6 7 detachment 1 0 *The number of severely damaged collars were in brackets. The results demonstrate in 2022, the proportion of 12,11,10 deworming frequencies in SCDG (53.7%, 9.2%, 8%) was significantly higher than that in MDG (31.9%, 5.8%, 6.9%) (Table 7 , Fig. 4 A). At 24-month follow up point, the proportion of deworming frequencies of 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, and 7 times per year significantly increased from MDG levels of 27.6%, 5.9%, 6.6%, 7.0%, 5.3%, and 4.8% to SCDG levels of 41.3%, 12.9%, 10.2%, 10.1%,8.5%, and 7.2% (p < 0 .001) (Table 7 , Fig. 4 B). The results depicted in Fig. 4 A and 4 B demonstrate that continuous utilization of the smart collar for a duration of 24 months leads to a sustained increase in the benefits associated with higher deworming frequency. Among the retrieved collars (646) reused in 2023, the proportion of deworming occurring between 6–12 times per year increased to an extent of 96.6%(625/646, \({x}^{2}\) =34.969,P<0.001), overall deworming efficiency remained comparable to that observed in 2022 (Fig. 4 C). In comparison with SCDG, MDG exhibited relatively lower proportions of deworming frequencies exceeding six times per year (Table 7 ; Fig. 4 C), and no significant changes were noted between the years of observation. Table 7: The proportion of deworming frequency Deworming frequency（times/year） Residual PQZ baits The proportion in SCDG The proportion in MDG x 2 p value 2022 2023 Total (n=1312) 2022 2023 Total n=1720 (n=12) （n=666) n=646 n=103 （n=749) （n=924) （n=796) 12 0 358(53.7) 184(28.5) 63(61.2) 247(33) 542(41.3) 295(31.9) 179(22.5) 474(27.6) 63.182* ＜0.001 11 1 61(9.2） 108(16.7) 7(6.8) 115(15.4) 169(12.9) 54(5.8) 47(5.9) 101(5.9) 45.073* ＜0.001 10 2 53（8） 81(12.5) 5(4.9) 86(11.5) 134(10.2) 64(6.9) 49(6.2) 113(6.6) 13.158* ＜0.001 9 3 36（5.4） 97(15） 5(4.9) 102(13.6) 133(10.1) 72(7.8) 48(6) 120(7.0) 9.720* 0.002 8 4 29（4.4） 83(12.8） 4(3.9) 87(11.6) 112(8.5) 40(4.3) 51(6.4) 91(5.3) 12.552* ＜0.001 7 5 27（4.1） 68(10.5) 4(3.9) 72(9.6) 95(7.2) 71(7.7) 11(1.4) 82(4.8) 8.283* 0.004 6 6 13（2） 4(0.6) 2(1.9) 6(0.8) 17(1.3) 104(11.3) 68(8.5) 172(10.0) 96.476* ＜0.001 5 7 12（1.8） 3(0.5) 2(1.9) 5(0.7) 15(1.1) 59(6.4) 88(11.1) 147(8.5) 80.656* ＜0.001 4 8 16(2.4) 4(0.6) 3(2.9) 7(0.9) 20(1.5) 35(3.8) 73(9.2) 108(6.3) 33.807* ＜0.001 3 9 15(2.3) 6(0.9) 4(3.9) 10(1.3) 21(1.6) 34(3.7) 65(8.2) 99(5.8) 32.518* ＜0.001 2 10 8(1.2) 0(0) 1(1.0) 1(0.1) 8(0.6) 40(4.3) 39(4.9) 79(4.6) 47.371* ＜0.001 1 11 9(1.4) 2(0.3) 1(1.0) 3(0.4) 11(0.8) 34(3.7) 38(4.8) 72(4.2) 31.327* ＜0.001 0 12 8(1.2) 3(0.5) 0(0) 3(0.4) 11(0.8) 16(1.7) 35(4.4) 51(3.0) 16.806* ＜0.001 Not accounted 21(3.2) ** 3(0.5)** 2(1.9)** 5(0.7) ** 24(1.8) ** 6(0.6)*** 5(0.6)*** 11(0.6)*** 9.233* 0.002 * The total proportion was compared between the two groups, ** Not be evaluated due to the loss of baits storage semicircular, *** Not be assessed due to obvious logical errors in questionnaires. A total of 5188 dog fecal samples were collected (2348 from SCDG and 2840 from MDG), and 5119 of them were tested (2320 from SCDG and 2799 from MDG). As baseline, no significant differences were observed in Echinococcus antigen-positive rate between the two groups (0.8% in SCDG and 1.2% in MDG) ( \({x}^{2}\) =0.837, P = 0.36). At the 2 follow-up points of 12 and 24 months, the number of positive samples of Echinococcus antigen in the dog feces in SCDG decreased to 2 (0.3) and further to 0, statistical significance was not detected by generalized estimation equation (Wald \({x}^{2}=1.239\) , P=0.266). 213 fecal samples of newly recruited dog dewormed by the smart collar were detected, and all of them were negative. In MDG, the number of positive samples of Echinococcus antigen decreased to 7 (0.8) and further to 5 (0.6) (Fig. 1 , Table 7 ), there was no statistical significance (Wald \({ x}^{2}=\) 1.747, p=0.418). The results of model effect test by GEE indicated that the interaction effect between "group * times" was not statistically significant (χ 2 = 0.253, P = 0.615). Time effect analysis between the groups showed that there was no significant difference in the risk of infection at different time points (Wald \({x}^{2}=5.028\) , P=0.083) but with the increase of time, the risk of infection decreased faster in SCDG. Group effect analysis between the groups showed that there was significant difference (Wald \({x}^{2}\) =4.316, P = 0.038), moreover, the utilization of smart collars demonstrated a protective effect with an odds ratio (OR) value of 0.432 (95% CI: 0.194–0.959). Compared to the manual deworming, employing smart collars reduced the risk of Echinococcus infection by 56.8% in dogs. In other words, using manual deworming may get a higher risk of Echinococcus infection by approximately 2.325 times compared to utilizing smart collars (Table 8 ). Table 8 The effect of smart collars vs manpower Group B SE 95% CI N χ 2 P OR 95% CI MDG = 0 2799 Reference SCDG = 1 -0.844 0.406 -1.639 -0.048 2107 4.316 0.038 0.432 0.194, 0.959 SCDG = 1 2107 Reference MDG = 0 0.844 0.406 0.048 1.639 2799 4.316 0.038 2.325 1.049, 5.152 Discussion Echinococcosis is a preventable disease and is one of the seven neglected zoonotic diseases for which WHO advocates concerted control efforts. The integrated measures including regular dog deworming with praziquantel, culling of aged sheep, clearance of unowned dogs, immunization of lambs, comprehensive health education, and large-scale population screening, are considered substantively contributing to shortening 5–10 years of the control process 12 . Despite the presence of several instances where cystic echinococcosis has been effectively controlled or eradicated, the successful control paradigm has been done in limited geographical areas. The formidable natural environment and the expansive grassland region teeming with potential infectious reservoirs in western China are not entirely comparable, and other countries that have grappled with echinococcosis did not necessarily encounter the same magnitude of disease severity as China is experiencing. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel control tools and techniques such as smart collars in the context of echinococcosis control in China, where an ambitious national plan has been launched to effectively combat this disease in 370 endemic counties by 2030 28 . In China, deworming and management of dogs are mandatory as the core and key control measures. The deworming frequency of once a month (12 times per year) with a coverage rate of 100% has higher requirements than those of 4–8 times per year with a coverage rate of over 90% recommended by the WHO 20 . The principal finding of our study was that even with the use of smart deworming collars, The proportion of deworming frequency of monthly deworming only reaches 41.3% as opposed to 27.6% for the MDG. But at 24-month follow-up, the proportion of deworming frequencies of 6–12 times per year significantly increased from MDG levels of 67.0% to SCDG levels of 91.6% (Table 6 ). The continuous utilization of the smart collar for a duration of 24 months leads to a sustained increase in the benefits associated with higher deworming frequency, the objective of utilizing smart collars to enhance the frequency of deworming is largely accomplished. The percentage of dogs suitable for wearing smart collars in SCDG was only 60.3% (882/1462) due to various factors mentioned in Table 2 , especially including three main factors ( 1 ) dogs aged below one year or weighing less than 4kg (12.9%), ( 2 ) the too large to wear collars (10.9%), ( 3 ) the dogs' reaction was too strong to attach (4.7%). Out of the 800 dogs wearing collars, 134 were lost to follow-up and among the collected 666 collars, 21 (3.2%) could not be evaluated due to loss of bait storage semicirculars. at the 12-month follow-up point, the estimated coverage rate for deworming using smart collars was to be 96.8% (645/666), while at the 24-month follow-up point, a total of 749 out of 800 collars were recycled. Among these, five collars had lost their bait storage semicirculars resulting in an estimated deworming coverage rate as high as 99.3% (744/749). The findings suggest that enhancing the comfort of the smart collar, diversifying its specifications, reducing its weight and volume can further enhance the overall coverage rate in practical applications. 83.3% (666/800) of the recycling rate and 74.3% (495/666) of integrity rate of smart collars at the median follow-up of 12 months is conceivable but falls short of expectations. Of the 134 dogs lost to follow-up, 11(8.2%) were visited three times but neither the dog nor the owner was in yard (settlement), the other 123 (91.8%) were in but the smart collar was lost (Fig. 1 ). We had further strengthened the management of smart collar and optimized its performance, reaffixed 800 collars (647 recycled, 19 and 134 new smart collars replaced for severely damaged and lost to follow-up). The recruitment process in SCDG was restarted for the 134 dogs lost to follow-up, among them, 42 dogs met the eligibility criteria after 12 months of growth, while the remaining 92 had already fulfilled the eligibility criteria 12 months prior in the same village. As a result, there was a significant increase in both recycling and integrity rates of smart collars, reaching 93.6% and 94.1% (P<0.0001) (Fig. 1 , Table 4 , 5 ). The SCDG had a loss to follow-up rate of 16.8% (134/800) at 12 months and slightly lower, 16.8% (135/800), at 24 months, while the MDG had a loss to follow-up rate of 17.5% (196/1120) at 12 months and a higher rate of 28.9% (324/1120) at the end of 24 months (Fig. 1 ). Our analysis of the primary endpoints indicates that the positive rates of Echinococcus antigen in dog feces in SCDG have significantly decreased over time. Specifically, at the 12-month and 24-month follow-up points, the positive rates were found to be only 0.3% (2/654) and eventually dropped to zero (0/661). These findings align with previously reported results 22,23,25 . Notably, in Kangma County, Xizang Autonomous Region, the utilization of smart collar deworming led to a complete elimination of positive cases after six months. Similarly encouraging outcomes were observed in Hezuo City, Gansu Province where no positive cases were detected by the fifth month and Zhiduo County, Qinghai Province where all positive cases disappeared by the tenth month. Correspondingly, in MDG, the positive rates of canine fecal echinococcus antigen exhibited a gradual decline; however, no significant statistical disparity was observed. The GEE analysis confirms the superior efficacy of smart collars in protecting against Echinococcus infection compared to manual deworming. The other primary endpoints of odds ratio value obtained was 0.432 (95% CI: 0.194–0.959), indicating that the utilization of smart collars reduced the risk of infection by 56.8% in dogs, which is consistent with previous literature findings 25 . In Zhiduo County, Qinghai Province, deworming through smart collar demonstrated a stronger protective effect on dogs compared to manual deworming, reducing the risk of infection by 27% (OR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.556–0.959). Similarly, in Hezuo City, Gansu Province, smart collars decreased the infection risk by 64.5% (OR = 0.355,95% CI: 0.178–0.706) 23 . Lastly, in Seni District, Xizang Autonomous Region, the use of smart collars resulted in a remarkable reduction of dog infection risk by81.8% (odds ratio OR = 0.l82;95% CI : 0.049–0.684) 23 . Some limitations in our study should be mentioned. First, due to the performance of the smart collar itself and the limitation of the sample size, the deworming coverage rate of the smart collar in four townships of SCDM is only 54.7% (800/1462), it inevitably interfered with the actual deworming effect. Second, during the whole trial, dog fecal samples were collected only three times, and the time interval of 12 months was quite lengthy, ignoring the seasonal fluctuation factors of echinococcosis transmission. Third, the infection risk factors of the 33 dogs corresponding to the 33 positive samples were not further investigated. Fourth, the loss to follow-up rate of 16.8% and 28.9% in SCDG and MDG at the end of 24 months it caused the impact on the outcome of GEE. Moreover, the evaluation period of 24 months is still relatively short, and the sample size of 800 collars is still not large, a more objective evaluation of the effect still requires long-term and large-scale on-site collar application. Lastly, the inclusion of cost-effectiveness analysis in future agendas is imperative for further assessing the potential application of smart collars in real-world scenarios. In conclusion, automatic deworming with smart collars is feasible in the field application and can increase the frequency of deworming, provides a 56.8% increase in protective effects against infections in both dogs and livestock, thereby minimizing environmental contamination caused by Echinococcus eggs and ultimately reducing the risk of human infection. Declarations Ethical approval Ethical approval was obtained from National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) Ethical Review Committee (No.2021019, Appendix 1). Consent for publication All the authors have written the informed consent and agreed with the publication of this paper. Availability of data and materials All data that underlie the results reported in this Article will be made available upon reasonable request through National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) data repository, after deidentification, beginning following the publication of this Article. Requests should be directed to [email protected] . Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests to declare. Funding This study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFC2300800, 2021YFC2300804). Authors' contributions SJY, XNZ, NX, YF conceived and designed the trial. XNZ, SZL, NXP, XNX provided oversight and guidance for trial management throughout the trial. YF, YHL, FL, CQS were the chief field coordinators for the trial. YCY, XJZ, SH are the current and previous chief investigators respectively. SJY,YF,YHL,CZX,YW,BLZ,CF,GXK,ZLS were responsible for wearing collars and recycling collars. LYW, YW, XW, YCY, CF, ZLS, SH contributed to collection and detection of dog fecal samples. YK, BXL, YCY, CF, SH, SJY, YHL, FL, YF were responsible for questionnaire survey. SJY, JHH, XNX, CQS, XJZ, FL, CF, YCY managed the study and data collection. SJY, JHH, XNZ, YF, YCY, YHL performed statistical analyses. SJY, XNZ, SZL,YF, YHL contributed to data interpretation and manuscript preparation. SJY, NX wrote the first draft of the manuscript. SJY, SH, YF, XNZ, SZL performed GEE analyses. interpreted the results. XNZ revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed all the data, the manuscript and approved submission. Acknowledgements We acknowledge for the field investigation support from Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We thank Shanghai Yier Information Technology Co., Ltd. for providing remote management system, performance and function testing of smart collar, data analysis and technical assistance. References Karesh WB, Dobson A, Lloyd-Smith JO, et al. Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories. Lancet. 2012;380(9857):1936–45. WHO. Working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases - First WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, et al. Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. Adv Parasitol. 2017;95:315–493. Baumann S, Shi R, Liu W, et al. 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Research)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chuizhao","middleName":"","lastName":"Xue","suffix":""},{"id":316747853,"identity":"f5709f73-0a44-4af9-a3f1-65b4cea7f70a","order_by":12,"name":"Xu Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":316747854,"identity":"5adc4095-cd3a-4a89-bfab-a75cbb875e84","order_by":13,"name":"Yan Kui","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yan","middleName":"","lastName":"Kui","suffix":""},{"id":316747855,"identity":"06da8479-a282-498d-827a-d28e70f0002d","order_by":14,"name":"Baixue Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baixue","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":316747856,"identity":"9b026872-8b12-437d-9695-808d8a8f3075","order_by":15,"name":"Chun Fang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chun","middleName":"","lastName":"Fang","suffix":""},{"id":316747857,"identity":"176d3096-b7c4-45cc-83a6-5702b2c2cddf","order_by":16,"name":"Guoxiang Kui","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guoxiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Kui","suffix":""},{"id":316747858,"identity":"d03caf21-14d9-4b1e-b46b-a09fa8205ad4","order_by":17,"name":"Zonglin Shen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zonglin","middleName":"","lastName":"Shen","suffix":""},{"id":316747859,"identity":"3342ef8b-66a7-4ab0-8c1b-d1a78076e019","order_by":18,"name":"Xiaonong Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaonong","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":316747860,"identity":"fce45215-71b8-466b-8ec9-06f8e6379e49","order_by":19,"name":"Yu Feng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yu","middleName":"","lastName":"Feng","suffix":""},{"id":316747861,"identity":"775b3814-f241-46f1-8470-45f13cd82a98","order_by":20,"name":"Shizhu Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shizhu","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":316747862,"identity":"91646826-ee67-4cf9-81cc-15d43a26bb50","order_by":21,"name":"Ning Xiao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ning","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiao","suffix":""},{"id":316747863,"identity":"e29e6eb5-8997-4af2-9cfd-bed733e794a2","order_by":22,"name":"Yuhua Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-16 02:41:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588176/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588176/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59897519,"identity":"ea36a67b-7b84-4a53-82ad-0d1de58a7a59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-09 04:27:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":285113,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrial profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588176/v1/6ade227152e436c80ab437bb.png"},{"id":59897067,"identity":"31ec6e80-4636-47db-9d65-89b98e8d0fa1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-09 04:19:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":396194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups, town/townships, and county in this study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTianzhu County) is situated in the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, spans an elevation range of 2040-4874 meters above sea level with 7149.8 square kilometers (km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and jurisdiction over 178 villages of 19 town/townships. The population density is about 24 people per square with approximately 200.7 thousand inhabitants and 66,040 households. It is an endemic area of cystic echinococcosis.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588176/v1/581edd3b860ee7b7271ebaf8.png"},{"id":59897885,"identity":"1da5fc35-c205-4f56-be9f-db5cc4cefbd9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-09 04:35:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2267264,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttached and recycled smart collars,\u003c/strong\u003e the preset frequency of PQZ baits delivery was 12 times per year. The operation steps mainly include: (1) switched on the smart collar, matched the ID with the corresponding dog's ID, as well as its owner's information, village details, and village administrator's data and then uploaded the information to the RMS, (2) utilized computer or mobile phone technology to set deworming frequency, dosing time, and dosage for deworming purposes, (3) check whether the functions (positioning function, PQZ baits reminder, fault alarm, PQZ baits delivery) and performance (electricity, network, tightness, etc.) of the smart collar are normal, (4) upload various parameter information (location, temperature, electricity consumption, prevalence of echinococcosis in residents, positive rate of echinococcus antigen in dog feces, prevalence of echinococcosis in livestock, etc.) were transferred to the remote management system,(5) affixed the smart collar to the designated dog and a five-minute observation were conducted to assess the dog's response and the initial delivery process of PQZ baits with the smart collar. (A) In settlement, Wuqiaoling village, Anyuan town, on June 20, 2021, smart collar ID: TZ0055; the dog:7 year,18kg weight, male, (B)In summer pasture, Youai village Haxitown, on June 19, 2021, smart collar ID: TZ0218; the dog:5year,12kg weight, male. (C) Fully functional smart collars recycled, (D) Damaged smart collars slightly or severely.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588176/v1/a90670f013110e1b14d1b386.png"},{"id":59897068,"identity":"b9e6dce5-93ba-41ad-9611-cef47b2d2e08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-09 04:19:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":328355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe proportion of deworming frequency of delivery of PQZ baits in two groups. \u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e A12-month contrast and incremental benefits (n=666 vs 924 in 2022), \u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e A 24-month contrast and incremental benefits from attached smart collars (n=1312 vs1720, from 2022 to 2023), \u003cstrong\u003eC:\u003c/strong\u003e The disparity in frequency between12 and 24 months period of deworming by smart collars or manpower (n=666 vs 646 in SCDG and n=924 vs 976 in MDG from 2022 to 2023).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588176/v1/f3d8048873ee279ead452fa0.png"},{"id":60555392,"identity":"7338c6fd-88f8-4957-ab9a-fa7b1e951f7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 06:19:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5422152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588176/v1/da9fe3f8-79f5-4050-a0be-3321e343f23f.pdf"},{"id":59897071,"identity":"f859a226-817c-4150-a108-7d3806840638","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-09 04:19:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1153397,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix1Ethicalapproval.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588176/v1/acbb28010dfa92b4d4e8ecc8.pdf"},{"id":59897072,"identity":"c313ca64-7e88-44fc-aeba-a64e5568ef85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-09 04:19:03","extension":"xlsx","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":222484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix2.GEEanalysisdatabase.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588176/v1/ca78f6e759436129df2851af.xlsx"},{"id":59897074,"identity":"d6735a46-3181-425b-8c90-4f65626c75fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-09 04:19:06","extension":"mp4","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":181169396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix3IngestionofPQZbaitbyacollareddog.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4588176/v1/4c1d075796310e5535ddf753.mp4"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Dog deworming for control of echinococcosis by smart collar versus manual work: A 24-month field application and efficacy evaluation from a prospective, randomized, double masked, manual deworming-controlled trial","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEchinococcosis is a contagious parasitic disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis respectively, are the two main forms acknowledged as neglected tropical diseases according to the World Health Organization (WHO)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. CE imposes a significant disease burden owing to its worldwide dispersion and substantial regional occurrence, while AE demonstrates elevated levels of pathogenicity and fatality rates\u003csup\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/sup\u003e, specifically in the northwestern region of China, where CE has a prevalence in 370 counties across 9 provincial-level administrative divisions, while AE co-exists with it in 115 of these counties\u003csup\u003e6,7\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsiderable evidence from field epidemiological studies supports that dogs play a central role as the main definitive hosts of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis\u003csup\u003e8\u0026ndash;11\u003c/sup\u003e. Numerous research studies have provided compelling evidence that the regular deworming treatment to canines significantly reduces the occurrence of Echinococcus spp\u003csup\u003e12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/sup\u003e. In 2006, a monthly deworming program for all dogs was implemented in China using PZQ to control the transmission of canine echinococcosis. Significant advancements have been made, as evidenced by the reduction of the Echinococcus antigen-positive rate in dog feces from 4.25% in 2012 to 0.44% in 2022\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e.On the other hand, achieving and maintaining \u0026ldquo;manual deworming once a month\u0026rdquo; for all dogs presents significant challenges because of unavailable veterinary-related manpower, ineffective outreach to access all owned dogs or financially burdensome, particularly in resource-constrained remote rural areas. A survey conducted in Xinjiang in 2015 shown that 36.8% of guardians had not provided the baits to their dogs\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e. The other survey in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, showed that 68.9% of domestic dogs were deworming 6\u0026ndash;12 times per year, and the coverage of deworming in each township ranged from 24\u0026ndash;84%\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e. Two additional surveys conducted in Gansu Province and Qinghai Province revealed that a mere 21.7% and 47.5% of dog owners, respectively, adhered to a monthly deworming schedule for their dogs\u003csup\u003e18,19\u003c/sup\u003e. Practically, the real data on deworming coverage and frequency in dogs are difficult to obtain. The inadequate deworming frequency and coverage of have led to a relatively high prevalence of Echinococcus spp. among dogs as follows: 0.40% (Sichuan), 1.47% (Yunnan), 0.74% (Tibet Autonomous Region), 0.44% (Gansu), 0.85% (Qinghai), 0.23% (Xinjiang), and 0.36% (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region)\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e. In contrast, WHO recommends that one of national elimination criterion for human echinococcosis should be less than 0.01% of permissible occurrence of canine echinococcosis\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince 2016, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has utilized Internet of Things technology to create a remote management system and a smart deworming collar equipped with PZQ baits to enhance coverage and frequency of deworming in targeted areas\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e. A six-month field study conducted in Kangma County, Shigase City, Tibet Autonomous Region, demonstrated a significant increase in deworming coverage from 57.7\u0026ndash;85.7%, as well as a rise in monthly deworming rate from 40.3\u0026ndash;91.4%\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e. Another randomized controlled trial evaluated the implementation of smart collars on dogs across Hezuo City in Gansu Province and Seni District within Tibet Autonomous Region over a one-year period. The findings revealed that the positive rate for Echinococcus antigen significantly decreased to zero when using smart collars and achieved an automatic delivery rate for PZQ baits at approximately 87.8%\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e. The objective is now set on evaluating the two-year field application and efficacy concerning delivering PQZ baits through both smart collars and manpower via prospective randomized controlled trials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis prospective, randomized, double masked, manual deworming-controlled field trial was conducted between June of 2021 and June of 2023 in 8 from 19 townships in Tianzhu County, China. The efficacy of smart collars in administering PQZ baits to dogs for protection against Echinococcus infection and increase of deworming frequency was assessed compared with conventional manual deworming methods.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSub-studies included a questionnaire survey of dog owners in MDG and an evaluation of the integrity rate of smart collars in SCDG. A new recruitment for target dogs was initiated for backup in case of need because of the fluctuation of lost follow-up.\u0026nbsp;This study will further continue to the third year as most smart collars are intact in performance, but the results are not reported here because follow-up is not yet mature. Ethical approval was obtained from National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) Ethical Review Committee (No.2021019, Appendix\u0026nbsp;1). The trial profile is in figure 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County (Tianzhu County) is situated in the central part of Gansu Province, China, on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. It has an average annual temperature of 0.3\u0026deg;C and receives an annual precipitation of 397.4 millimeters (Figure 2). By 2022, the detection rate of echinococcosis among residents aged 12 years and above stood at 0.22%\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e. A total number of patients diagnosed reached 1094 and be identified as cystic echinococcosis\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e. The number of domestic dogs was 6462 with1.44% of the\u0026nbsp;positive rate of echinococcus antigen in dog feces\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e. The number of stray dogs was 305 with 1.17% of positive rate\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e. The prevalence of echinococcosis in sheep and cattle was 1.46% and 6%, respectively\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTianzhu County) is situated in the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, spans an elevation range of 2040-4874 meters above sea level with 7149.8 square kilometers (km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and jurisdiction over 178 villages of 19 town/townships. The population density is about 24 people per square with approximately 200.7 thousand inhabitants and 66,040 households. It is an endemic area of cystic echinococcosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRandomized group and sample size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA randomized, manual deworming-controlled field trial was conducted in 8 from 19 townships in Tianzhu County.\u0026nbsp;Computer-generated random permuted blocks with Statistical Product and Service Solutions27.00\u0026nbsp;software package\u0026nbsp;(SPSS27.00, SPSS Inc./IBM, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to complete the cluster random sampling method, four of eight townships were assigned to the SCDG, while another four were allocated to the MDG (Figure 1). We estimated the total sample size of dog by Walters normal approximation method according to the two samples (two groups) parallel control design\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e. We used 1.2% of the positive rate of echinococcus antigen in dog feces as the baseline, that was obtained by initial survey in MDG. The value we expect to reach in SCDG at a follow-up of 24 months is about 0.01%, \u0026alpha; = 0.05,1-\u0026beta; =0.8, the estimated sample should be greater than 666 (balanced allocation between groups). Considering the total number of dogs\u0026nbsp;and feasibility in the two groups, dogs in the MDG were more likely to be lost to follow-up, we allowed for 20% and 50% loss to follow-up or unevaluable dogs in SDEG and MDG, respectively, the total sample size was thus determined to be 1920 (800:1120).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDogs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll dogs registered in the designated townships were included for eligibility, and verbal consent was obtained from dog owners prior to performing this trial. The inclusion criteria of dogs include: (1) Belongs to eight selected townships, (2) Having a clear owner and verbal consent permission, (3) Physical health. The exclusion criteria include: (1) less than one year of age or four kg weight, (2) pregnant, (3) too big to be attached, (4) the owner unwilling to attach, (5) reacted too strongly to be attached, and (6) unhealthy or the elder(more than twelve years old).The characteristics and distributional baseline data of the target dogs are presented in table 1, 2. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable1: Baseline characteristics of the target dogs.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN=1920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProportion (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e650\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of dogs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal dog\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTibetan Mastiff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHusky\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShepherd Dog\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChihuahua\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGolden Retriever\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeddy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLabrador Retriever\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrey\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack and white\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow and white\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack and yellow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrownish red\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlue gray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiger spot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeeth age(years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight（kg）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: The baseline distribution of dogs in 82 villages of 8 townships in 2 groups.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup/Town(Township)/Village\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.of dogs registered\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of dogs dewormed by smart collars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of dogs dewormed by manual work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmart collar deworming group(SCDG)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnyuan town\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHedi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWuqiaoling\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeihetan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanniwan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYehuwan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiushugou\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLanquan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n 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\u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1120(1436)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSongshan town\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e422(566)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003eXiasi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDongdatan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEligible but not be attached with smart collars because of samples have been enough in SDCG(5.6%) or as a control in MDG(64%), \u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Less than one age or four kg in weight(12.9%), \u003cstrong\u003eC:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIn pregnancy(2.6%), \u003cstrong\u003eD:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eToo big to be attached(10.9%), \u003cstrong\u003eE:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eUnwilling to attach(3.5%), \u003cstrong\u003eF:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethe dogs\u0026apos; reaction was too strong to attach(4.7%), \u003cstrong\u003eG:\u003c/strong\u003eUnhealthy or the elder(5.4%).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;/\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo statistics were given for masking, \u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e Of the 1436 eligible dogs, 1120 were designated as target dogs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDouble Maskin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDogs were cluster randomly assigned in SCDG or in MDG. According to the list of dog owners provided by Tianzhu County CDC, technicians and local veterinarian visited them, village by village, door to door, eligible dog owners in both groups were solicited for their opinion to ensure that verbal consent permission was obtained. Final treatment arrangements in each group were not blinded within groups, but were masked between groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe village veterinarians were responsible for the collection of dog feces samples, with each veterinarian limited to collecting samples only from their respective village. Collaboration between different villages was strictly prohibited in this process. The samples were assigned unique numbers following a standardized protocol and kept masking from both the laboratory personnel conducting the tests on dog feces and those evaluating the test results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemote management system\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn June 2021, we installed the remote management system (RMS, Version 3.0.1)\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e in Tianzhu County CDC and entered relevant epidemiological data, especially from the eight townships selected by SCDG and MDG, the mainly data encompasses: (1) static information (2) optional details and (3) real-time updated data\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e. A hierarchical structure comprising six levels of management has been implemented, ranging from national to village administrators. Township and village-level veterinarians affix smart collars to dogs and enter the relevant information. County-level administrators are charge of managing the data and information pertaining to the RMS.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterventions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn SCDG.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewe have implemented a smart integrated solution to automatically control the smart collar to deliver PQZ baits to dogs\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e. The process of installing and operating the RMS, as well as the method of wearing and the underlying principle of the smart collar, were detailed in relevant literature\u003csup\u003e22,23,25\u003c/sup\u003e (figure 3A,B). Eligible dogs were worn with a smart collar containing 12 PQZ baits one by one, based on generated sampling lists. All communication between the RMS and smart collars is associated with command feedback. The smart collar will autonomously deliver PQZ baits for dog based on predetermined schedules, intervals, and dosages. Additionally, the deworming status can be monitored in real-time by personnel at all levels through RMS. For dogs that were not suitable for the smart collar, village veterinarians were designated to distribute the PQZ baits and provide monthly feeding to ensure comprehensive deworming coverage for all dogs in the four townships.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn MDG.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eManual deworming of the target dogs will be performed as recommended by CKPDCP. Dog owners, township or village veterinarians were asked to give the dogs PQZ baits for deworming once a month. Depending on different situations, the administration of PQZ baits was conducted either through monthly visits by village veterinarians to deworm dogs at each owner\u0026apos;s residence or by distributing the baits directly to dog owners on specific designated days. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestionnaire\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;in MDG.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIn May 2022 and June 2023, two questionnaire surveys were conducted in MDG by technicians of Tianzhu County CDC. The questionnaire mainly included general information, the knowledge of control and the control policies. In particularly, we focused on WHO, HOW and HOW OFTEN the delivery of PQZ baits were carried out to dogs. All questionnaires were identified via unique numerical identification. To ensure cultural appropriateness and to guarantee that each question was fully understood, we designed the questionnaire by group of the authors who have language skills in Chinese and Tibetan language, and pre-tested in a small pilot study. The questionnaire was undertaken with each dog owner by one of the co-authors who was a native speaker of both Chinese and Tibetan language.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommon measures in both groups.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBoth groups carried out health education for dog owners through existing channels. The planned immunization of lambs and the management of stray dogs continued as planned.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRetrieval and reaffixing of the smart collar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe smart collar is designed with specific limitations on its size and weight, each smart collar can only accommodate up to 12 PQZ baits. After attached to the target dog, the PQZ baits was delivered once a month. 12 months later, in May 2022, the veterinarians in SCDG uniformly recycled the smart collar door to door (figure 3C, D) and mailed them to the smart collar quality inspection center in Shanghai, China. There, the performance and functionality were re-evaluated and various details were recorded such as the damage of baits storage semicircular and leather belt, the residual electricity, the number of residual PQZ baits. The damage reasons were also analyzed, and the improvement measures were proposed. After assessment, the retrieved smart collars were categorized into three sections: (1) those with undamaged performance and functionality, (2) those that can be reused after undergoing repairs, and (3) those that have incurred irreparable damage and cannot be utilized again. After undergoing a thorough quality evaluation, smart collars such as (1) and (2) will be reinstalled with 12 PQZ baits. For the smart collars that were not successfully recycled and those (3) that did not meet the quality standards following maintenance and assessment, manufacturers of smart collars offered an equal number of new smart collars with 12 PQZ baits as replacements. In brief, the smart collar with full function and 12 PQZ baits were returned to the Tianzhu County CDC to reaffix to the designated dogs. The reaffixing task was finalized by June 2022 to guarantee the continuous monthly delivery of PQZ baits for the next 12 times. Then, in May 2023, after the 24th delivery of PQZ baits has been placed, the smart collars were recycled and evaluated again.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollection and examination of fecal samples\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVillage veterinarians were responsible for collecting fecal samples. Throughout the trial period the samples were collected for three times (the first time as baseline) in two groups as indicated in figure1 and table 3. Each individual sample was carefully collected, sealed in a ziplock plastic bag and labeled with the assigned ID.\u0026nbsp;All samples were taken to Tianzhu County CDC laboratory where they were frozen at -80˚C for at least seven days then transferred them to a freezer set at -20 \u0026deg;C until copro-analysis became necessary\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e. All fecal samples underwent testing using a commercial copro-ELISA kit (Batch: 20200801) with a sensitivity of 95.45% and specificity of 96.97%, produced by Shenzhen Combined Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen China.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: \u0026nbsp;Collection and testing of dog feces\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"left\" width=\"117%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.734693877551024%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaseline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12-month\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efollow-up point\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24-month follow-up point\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.734693877551024%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCDG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.734693877551024%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeces of the original dogs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActual numbers collected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.337078651685392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e792\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.59550561797753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e661\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.606741573033707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.337078651685392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of positives (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.59550561797753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.606741573033707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.734693877551024%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Feces of new recruited dogs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.734693877551024%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActual numbers collected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.337078651685392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of positives (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.59550561797753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.224719101123597%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.606741573033707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.734693877551024%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActual numbers collected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e911\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.835051546391753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of positives (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary endpoints were odds ratios versus manual deworming for smart collar deworming and the positive rates of Echinococcus antigen in dog feces at 24-month follow-up. Secondary endpoints were the recycling rate and integrity rate of smart collars, the proportion of deworming frequency 6-12 times by smart collar vs manual work in 12 and 24 months.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe database was established utilizing the 2019 edition of Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) and SPSS for Windows version 27\u0026nbsp;(SPSS Inc./IBM, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was employed statistical analysis. Categorical variables were exhibited as frequency and percentage. Chi-square test was used to probe the difference and changes of the canine fecal antigen, the proportion of deworming frequency, the recycling rate and integrity rate of smart collars in two groups. GEE\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003ewas then performed to evaluate the odds ratios with 95% CIs versus manual deworming for smart collar deworming on dogs by fitting a logistic model to the repeatedly measured categorical responses due to missing value during the collection and testing of dog feces. Each variable with assignment is shown in Table4. GEE analysis database in the appendix2. Differences were tested with two-tailed tests and statistical significance was set to P \u0026lt; 0.05. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Variables and the assignments by GEE analysis.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.89795918367347%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssignment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.89795918367347%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe ID number of each subject\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubject variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.89795918367347%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResults of Echinococcus antigen in canine feces\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1：\u0026nbsp;positive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResponse variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0：\u0026nbsp;negative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.89795918367347%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntervention methods used for deworming\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1：smart collar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExplanatory variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0：manual deworming\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.89795918367347%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime points at which the fecal samples were collected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.428571428571427%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWithin-subject variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRole of the funding source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe funder of the field trial had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. All authors, including the corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e19 town/townships containing 6542 dogs participated in cluster random sampling, 3210 dogs were invited from eight town/township, of these, 1290 were excluded (as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In SCDG, 60.3% (882/1462) met the inclusion criteria, but only 54.7% were included, 5.6% of excluded dogs was eligible but not be attached with smart collars because of samples have been enough, 12.9% was less than one age or four kg in weight, 10.9%was too big to be attached(Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).In brief, 1920 dogs were cluster randomly assigned to receive either in SCDG (800 dogs) or in MDG (1120 dogs) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The average weight was 10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1516, the max 20kg, the mini 4kg), average teeth age was 4.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1901, the max 12, the mini1), sex ratio was 650:1267 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1917, female vs male) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn SCDG, in June 2021, 800 smart collars were attached to the 800 target dogs (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA, B), the PQZ baits seemed suitable and dogs liked to swallow them (appendix 3 video). At the median follow-up of 12 months (in May 2022), only 666 collars were recycled, the recycling rate was 83.3%. 495 (74.3%, integrity rate of smart collars) had still complete function, 152 (22.8%) were only slightly damaged, and 19 (2.9%) were seriously damaged and could not be reused. At the 24-month follow-up (in June 2023), there was a significant increase in both recycling and integrity rates of smart collars compared to 2022, reaching 93.6% and 94.1% (P\u0026lt;0.0001), of them, the second recycling rate and integrity rate of 647 smart collars were 99.8%( 646/647) and 96.4%(623/646), respectively (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWearing and recycling of collars.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. (Rate, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShimen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnyuan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhuaxixiulong\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttached, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecycled, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96(76.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190(92.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114(84.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266(79.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e666(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttached, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOld dogs, old collars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOld dogs, new collars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew dogs, new collars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecycled, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121(96.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190(92.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(93.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312(93.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e749(93.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew collars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(87.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(62.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(70.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(67.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew dogs, new collars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(86.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84(62.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOld dogs, new collars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOld dogs, old collars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183(99.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258(100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e646(99.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntegrity and damage to the recycled collars.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCondition of the smart collar recycled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;666, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(749, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntegrity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e495(74.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e705(94.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDamaged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171(25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSlightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParts and\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCauses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edamaged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelivery port\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoose fittings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe bait stuck\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetachment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaits storage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esemicircular\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCracking failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003echewed-up\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edetachment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmart collar shell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCracking failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChewed-up\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeather belt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCracking failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edetachment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*The number of severely damaged collars were in brackets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results demonstrate in 2022, the proportion of 12,11,10 deworming frequencies in SCDG (53.7%, 9.2%, 8%) was significantly higher than that in MDG (31.9%, 5.8%, 6.9%) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA). At 24-month follow up point, the proportion of deworming frequencies of 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, and 7 times per year significantly increased from MDG levels of 27.6%, 5.9%, 6.6%, 7.0%, 5.3%, and 4.8% to SCDG levels of 41.3%, 12.9%, 10.2%, 10.1%,8.5%, and 7.2% (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0 .001) (Table\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB). The results depicted in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB demonstrate that continuous utilization of the smart collar for a duration of 24 months leads to a sustained increase in the benefits associated with higher deworming frequency. Among the retrieved collars (646) reused in 2023, the proportion of deworming occurring between 6\u0026ndash;12 times per year increased to an extent of 96.6%(625/646, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({x}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e=34.969,P\u0026lt;0.001), overall deworming efficiency remained comparable to that observed in 2022 (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eC). In comparison with SCDG, MDG exhibited relatively lower proportions of deworming frequencies exceeding six times per year (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eC), and no significant changes were noted between the years of observation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7: The proportion of deworming frequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"716\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeworming frequency（times/year）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual PQZ baits\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe proportion in SCDG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe proportion in MDG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;x\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (n=1312)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal n=1720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=666)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=646\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en=103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=749)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=924)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=796)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e358(53.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184(28.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63(61.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247(33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e542(41.3)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295(31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179(22.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e474(27.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.182*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61(9.2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115(15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169(12.9)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.073*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53（8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134(10.2)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.158*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36（5.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97(15）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102(13.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72(7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120(7.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.720*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29（4.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83(12.8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87(11.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112(8.5)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91(5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.552*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27（4.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72(9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95(7.2)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82(4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.283*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13（2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.476*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12（1.8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(1.1)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.656*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(1.5)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73(9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.807*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(1.6)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99(5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.518*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(0.6)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39(4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79(4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.371*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(0.8)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72(4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.327*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(0.8)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.806*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot accounted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(3.2) **\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.5)**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.9)**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(0.7) **\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(1.8) **\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(0.6)***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(0.6)***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(0.6)***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.233*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* The total proportion was compared between the two groups, ** Not be evaluated due to the loss of baits storage semicircular, *** Not be assessed due to obvious logical errors in questionnaires.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 5188 dog fecal samples were collected (2348 from SCDG and 2840 from MDG), and 5119 of them were tested (2320 from SCDG and 2799 from MDG). As baseline, no significant differences were observed in Echinococcus antigen-positive rate between the two groups (0.8% in SCDG and 1.2% in MDG) (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({x}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e =0.837, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.36). At the 2 follow-up points of 12 and 24 months, the number of positive samples of \u003cem\u003eEchinococcus\u003c/em\u003e antigen in the dog feces in SCDG decreased to 2 (0.3) and further to 0, statistical significance was not detected by generalized estimation equation (Wald \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({x}^{2}=1.239\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, P=0.266). 213 fecal samples of newly recruited dog dewormed by the smart collar were detected, and all of them were negative. In MDG, the number of positive samples of Echinococcus antigen decreased to 7 (0.8) and further to 5 (0.6) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e), there was no statistical significance (Wald\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({ x}^{2}=\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e1.747, p=0.418).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of model effect test by GEE indicated that the interaction effect between \u0026quot;group * times\u0026quot; was not statistically significant (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.253, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.615). Time effect analysis between the groups showed that there was no significant difference in the risk of infection at different time points (Wald \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({x}^{2}=5.028\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, P=0.083) but with the increase of time, the risk of infection decreased faster in SCDG. Group effect analysis between the groups showed that there was significant difference (Wald \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({x}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e=4.316, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038), moreover, the utilization of smart collars demonstrated a protective effect with an odds ratio (OR) value of 0.432 (95% CI: 0.194\u0026ndash;0.959). Compared to the manual deworming, employing smart collars reduced the risk of Echinococcus infection by 56.8% in dogs. In other words, using manual deworming may get a higher risk of Echinococcus infection by approximately 2.325 times compared to utilizing smart collars (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effect of smart collars vs manpower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e95% CI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% \u003cem\u003eCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCDG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.194, 0.959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCDG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.049, 5.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEchinococcosis is a preventable disease and is one of the seven neglected zoonotic diseases for which WHO advocates concerted control efforts. The integrated measures including regular dog deworming with praziquantel, culling of aged sheep, clearance of unowned dogs, immunization of lambs, comprehensive health education, and large-scale population screening, are considered substantively contributing to shortening 5\u0026ndash;10 years of the control process\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. Despite the presence of several instances where cystic echinococcosis has been effectively controlled or eradicated, the successful control paradigm has been done in limited geographical areas. The formidable natural environment and the expansive grassland region teeming with potential infectious reservoirs in western China are not entirely comparable, and other countries that have grappled with echinococcosis did not necessarily encounter the same magnitude of disease severity as China is experiencing. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel control tools and techniques such as smart collars in the context of echinococcosis control in China, where an ambitious national plan has been launched to effectively combat this disease in 370 endemic counties by 2030\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn China, deworming and management of dogs are mandatory as the core and key control measures. The deworming frequency of once a month (12 times per year) with a coverage rate of 100% has higher requirements than those of 4\u0026ndash;8 times per year with a coverage rate of over 90% recommended by the WHO\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e. The principal finding of our study was that even with the use of smart deworming collars, The proportion of deworming frequency of monthly deworming only reaches 41.3% as opposed to 27.6% for the MDG. But at 24-month follow-up, the proportion of deworming frequencies of 6\u0026ndash;12 times per year significantly increased from MDG levels of 67.0% to SCDG levels of 91.6% (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The continuous utilization of the smart collar for a duration of 24 months leads to a sustained increase in the benefits associated with higher deworming frequency, the objective of utilizing smart collars to enhance the frequency of deworming is largely accomplished.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe percentage of dogs suitable for wearing smart collars in SCDG was only 60.3% (882/1462) due to various factors mentioned in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, especially including three main factors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) dogs aged below one year or weighing less than 4kg (12.9%), (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) the too large to wear collars (10.9%), (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) the dogs' reaction was too strong to attach (4.7%). Out of the 800 dogs wearing collars, 134 were lost to follow-up and among the collected 666 collars, 21 (3.2%) could not be evaluated due to loss of bait storage semicirculars. at the 12-month follow-up point, the estimated coverage rate for deworming using smart collars was to be 96.8% (645/666), while at the 24-month follow-up point, a total of 749 out of 800 collars were recycled. Among these, five collars had lost their bait storage semicirculars resulting in an estimated deworming coverage rate as high as 99.3% (744/749). The findings suggest that enhancing the comfort of the smart collar, diversifying its specifications, reducing its weight and volume can further enhance the overall coverage rate in practical applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.3% (666/800) of the recycling rate and 74.3% (495/666) of integrity rate of smart collars at the median follow-up of 12 months is conceivable but falls short of expectations. Of the 134 dogs lost to follow-up, 11(8.2%) were visited three times but neither the dog nor the owner was in yard (settlement), the other 123 (91.8%) were in but the smart collar was lost (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). We had further strengthened the management of smart collar and optimized its performance, reaffixed 800 collars (647 recycled, 19 and 134 new smart collars replaced for severely damaged and lost to follow-up). The recruitment process in SCDG was restarted for the 134 dogs lost to follow-up, among them, 42 dogs met the eligibility criteria after 12 months of growth, while the remaining 92 had already fulfilled the eligibility criteria 12 months prior in the same village. As a result, there was a significant increase in both recycling and integrity rates of smart collars, reaching 93.6% and 94.1% (P\u0026lt;0.0001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The SCDG had a loss to follow-up rate of 16.8% (134/800) at 12 months and slightly lower, 16.8% (135/800), at 24 months, while the MDG had a loss to follow-up rate of 17.5% (196/1120) at 12 months and a higher rate of 28.9% (324/1120) at the end of 24 months (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur analysis of the primary endpoints indicates that the positive rates of Echinococcus antigen in dog feces in SCDG have significantly decreased over time. Specifically, at the 12-month and 24-month follow-up points, the positive rates were found to be only 0.3% (2/654) and eventually dropped to zero (0/661). These findings align with previously reported results\u003csup\u003e22,23,25\u003c/sup\u003e. Notably, in Kangma County, Xizang Autonomous Region, the utilization of smart collar deworming led to a complete elimination of positive cases after six months. Similarly encouraging outcomes were observed in Hezuo City, Gansu Province where no positive cases were detected by the fifth month and Zhiduo County, Qinghai Province where all positive cases disappeared by the tenth month. Correspondingly, in MDG, the positive rates of canine fecal echinococcus antigen exhibited a gradual decline; however, no significant statistical disparity was observed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GEE analysis confirms the superior efficacy of smart collars in protecting against Echinococcus infection compared to manual deworming. The other primary endpoints of odds ratio value obtained was 0.432 (95% CI: 0.194\u0026ndash;0.959), indicating that the utilization of smart collars reduced the risk of infection by 56.8% in dogs, which is consistent with previous literature findings\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e. In Zhiduo County, Qinghai Province, deworming through smart collar demonstrated a stronger protective effect on dogs compared to manual deworming, reducing the risk of infection by 27% (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.73, 95%CI: 0.556\u0026ndash;0.959). Similarly, in Hezuo City, Gansu Province, smart collars decreased the infection risk by 64.5% (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.355,95% CI: 0.178\u0026ndash;0.706)\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e. Lastly, in Seni District, Xizang Autonomous Region, the use of smart collars resulted in a remarkable reduction of dog infection risk by81.8% (odds ratio OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.l82;95% CI : 0.049\u0026ndash;0.684)\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome limitations in our study should be mentioned. First, due to the performance of the smart collar itself and the limitation of the sample size, the deworming coverage rate of the smart collar in four townships of SCDM is only 54.7% (800/1462), it inevitably interfered with the actual deworming effect. Second, during the whole trial, dog fecal samples were collected only three times, and the time interval of 12 months was quite lengthy, ignoring the seasonal fluctuation factors of echinococcosis transmission. Third, the infection risk factors of the 33 dogs corresponding to the 33 positive samples were not further investigated. Fourth, the loss to follow-up rate of 16.8% and 28.9% in SCDG and MDG at the end of 24 months it caused the impact on the outcome of GEE. Moreover, the evaluation period of 24 months is still relatively short, and the sample size of 800 collars is still not large, a more objective evaluation of the effect still requires long-term and large-scale on-site collar application. Lastly, the inclusion of cost-effectiveness analysis in future agendas is imperative for further assessing the potential application of smart collars in real-world scenarios.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, automatic deworming with smart collars is feasible in the field application and can increase the frequency of deworming, provides a 56.8% increase in protective effects against infections in both dogs and livestock, thereby minimizing environmental contamination caused by Echinococcus eggs and ultimately reducing the risk of human infection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) Ethical Review Committee (No.2021019, Appendix 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors have written the informed consent and agreed with the publication of this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data that underlie the results reported in this Article will be made available upon reasonable request through National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) data repository, after deidentification, beginning following the publication of this Article. Requests should be directed to [email protected].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests to declare.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFC2300800, 2021YFC2300804).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSJY, XNZ, NX, YF conceived and designed the trial. XNZ, SZL, NXP, XNX provided oversight and guidance for trial management throughout the trial. YF, YHL, FL, CQS were the chief field coordinators for the trial. YCY, XJZ, SH are the current and previous chief investigators respectively. SJY,YF,YHL,CZX,YW,BLZ,CF,GXK,ZLS\u0026nbsp;were responsible for\u0026nbsp;wearing collars and recycling collars. LYW, YW, XW, YCY, CF, ZLS, SH\u0026nbsp;contributed to collection and detection of dog fecal samples. YK, BXL, YCY, CF, SH, SJY, YHL, FL, YF\u0026nbsp;were responsible for\u0026nbsp;questionnaire survey. SJY, JHH, XNX, CQS, XJZ, FL, CF, YCY\u0026nbsp;managed the study and data collection. SJY, JHH, XNZ, YF, YCY, YHL\u0026nbsp;performed statistical analyses. SJY, XNZ, SZL,YF, YHL\u0026nbsp;contributed to data interpretation and manuscript preparation. SJY, NX\u0026nbsp;wrote the first draft of the manuscript. SJY, SH, YF, XNZ, SZL performed GEE analyses. interpreted the\u0026nbsp;results. XNZ revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed all the data, the manuscript and approved submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe acknowledge for the field investigation support from Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We thank Shanghai Yier Information Technology Co., Ltd. for providing remote management system, performance and function testing of smart collar, data analysis and technical assistance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKaresh WB, Dobson A, Lloyd-Smith JO, et al. Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories. Lancet. 2012;380(9857):1936\u0026ndash;45.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWHO. Working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases - First WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, et al. Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. Adv Parasitol. 2017;95:315\u0026ndash;493.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaumann S, Shi R, Liu W, et al. 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[accessed 19 May, 2024]. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2016/content_5133024.htm\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2016/content_5133024.htm\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Dog deworming, Echinococcosis, Smart collar, Field application, Efficacy evaluation, Manual deworming-controlled trial","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588176/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588176/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEchinococcosis is a significant parasitic disease that affects multiple species and poses both public health risks and substantial socio-economic burdens. Regular deworming to dogs is a highly effective control measure advocated by the WHO. In this study we aimed to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness on delivery of praziquantel (PQZ) baits to dogs via smart collar and manpower.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a prospective, randomized, double masked, manual deworming-controlled field trial in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County (Tianzhu County), a cystic echinococcosis endemic area, Gansu Province, China. Cluster random sampling was adopted at the township level to address smart collar deworming group (SCDG) and manual deworming group (MDG). In SCDG the smart collars were used to deliver the praziquantel (PQZ) baits to dogs once a month automatically, and the dogs in MDG were dewormed by manual delivery of PQZ baits in the usual way. The allocation of interventions was concealed from veterinarians between these two groups. The examination and result evaluation of fecal samples were also kept undisclosed to both laboratory personnel and evaluation experts. The positive rates of \u003cem\u003eEchinococcus\u003c/em\u003e antigen in dog feces, which was one of the primary endpoints, was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and SPSS 27.0 software was used to process the data, and generalized estimation equation (GEE) were used to evaluate odds ratios versus manual deworming for smart collar deworming to analyze the deworming effect. The field trial was conducted over a 24-month period to gather data on the installation and recycling of smart collars, the frequency of dog deworming, as well as the collection and detection of dog fecal samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetween June 1, 2021, and July 30, 2023, we recruited 1920 domestic dogs and obtained consent orally from their owners to advance our program, of them 800 were assigned to smart deworming schedule and 1120 to manual deworming schedule.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Dog deworming for control of echinococcosis by smart collar versus manual work: A 24-month field application and efficacy evaluation from a prospective, randomized, double masked, manual deworming-controlled trial","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-09 04:18:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4588176/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"09659dcc-10d8-4091-a3e4-a6f23f861f7c","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-18T06:10:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-09 04:18:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4588176","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4588176","identity":"rs-4588176","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}