Knowledge of Cholera, Hand Wash Practice and Its Associated Factors in Hayayaabe IDP Camp, Borama, Somaliland: A Community-Based Study

Knowledge of Cholera, Hand Wash Practice and Its Associated Factors in Hayayaabe IDP Camp, Borama, Somaliland: A Community-Based Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge of Cholera, Hand Wash Practice and Its Associated Factors in Hayayaabe IDP Camp, Borama, Somaliland: A Community-Based Study Mohamed Said Hassan, Mohamoud Abdulahi, Abdirahman Ibrahim said, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6344939/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Cholera, a severe diarrheal disease transmitted through contaminated water and food, poses a significant public health threat, particularly in vulnerable populations. This study aimed to assess cholera knowledge and handwashing practices among residents of the Hayayaabe Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in Borama, Somaliland. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hayayaabe IDP camp (500 households) between April and June 2024. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression in SPSS 26 and Stata 16 to identify factors associated with cholera knowledge and handwashing practices. Results Only 25% of respondents demonstrated good knowledge of cholera, and 26.3% reported good handwashing practices. Multivariable analysis revealed that older age (AOR 0.007, 95% CI: 0.005–0.943), source of information (AOR 0.042, 95% CI: 0.003–0.556), and higher education (AOR 9.129, 95% CI: 0.999–84.29) were significantly associated with cholera knowledge. Factors significantly influencing handwashing practices included older age (AOR: 0.026, 95% CI: 0.002–0.418), sex (AOR: 0.072, 95% CI: 0.014–0.363), family income (AOR: 71.604, 95% CI: 18.787-272.945), and higher education (AOR: 34.97, 95% CI: 20.06-59.039). Conclusion Cholera knowledge and handwashing practices are suboptimal within the Hayayaabe IDP camp. Targeted interventions by the Ministry of Health and local government, focusing on health education and promotion of handwashing, are crucial to improve disease prevention in this vulnerable community. Cholera IDP Hayayaabe handwashing Borama Somaliland Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Cholera is a serious health concern worldwide. It is an illness that causes severe diarrhea by drinking or eating contaminated water or food infected with the Vibrio cholerae bacterium[ 1 ]. Despite advances in healthcare and hygiene, cholera outbreaks remain a persistent danger, especially in areas that lack clean water and proper sanitation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cholera is prevalent in more than 50 countries worldwide, with an estimated 1.3–4.0 million cases and 21,000–143,000 deaths each year [1b]. It has been discovered that around 1.3 billion individuals in endemic countries are at risk of contracting cholera. Annually, an estimated 2.86 million cholera cases (with an uncertainty range of 1.3 million to 4.0 million) occur in these countries. Of these, approximately 95,000 deaths (with an uncertainty range of 21,000–143,000) have been reported[ 2 ]. The entire African continent has reported a total of 179,835 cholera cases and 3,220 deaths. The case fatality rate varied between 0% and 6.8%. Zambia had a case fatality rate of 3.8%, whereas Angola and Chad reported rates of 5.2% and 6.8%, respectively[ 3 ]. Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding Djibouti and Eritrea) has reported an average of 141,918 cholera cases per year. Within this region, 4.0% of the districts had a high incidence of cholera, affecting a population of 87.2 million. By prioritizing interventions in these high-incidence districts, we eliminated 50% of the region's cholera cases, reaching a population of 35.3 million (credible interval: 26.3 million to 62.0 million). This represents less than 4% of the total population[ 4 ]. According to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), cholera, known as Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD), is spreading in Somalia. From January 1st to March 18, 2024, 4,380 reported cases and 54 associated deaths were across 32 districts. Among these deaths, 62% occurred in children under the age of 5 years. Somalia has witnessed several cholera outbreaks in recent years, with over 18,300 cases and 46 deaths reported in 2023. In that year, more than half of the victims were children under the age of Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD), which is 5 [ 5 ]. Since December 2023, there has been an increasing number of cholera outbreak cases in Somaliland, as indicated by regular updates on Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD) investigations provided by the Ministry of Health and Development. From December 6, 2023, to January 18, 2024, the Ministry of Health and Development reported 14 cases tested using RDT and Culture [ 6 ]. Social awareness, preparedness, and practices of its inhabitants play a crucial role in controlling the spread of the disease. Factors such as community knowledge about cholera transmission, availability and use of toilets and sanitation facilities, and effectiveness of local health responses are pivotal in managing outbreaks. Understanding these factors can provide valuable insights into improving the region's cholera prevention and control strategies [ 7 ]. Hand hygiene and proper sanitation are of utmost importance to reduce the spread of the disease [ 8 ]. Hayaayabe, an internally displaced person (IDP) in Borama, Somaliland, is particularly at risk of cholera outbreaks, with some confirmed cholera cases by local health officers. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of cholera and handwashing practices of IDPs in the Hayayaabe camp and to identify the associated risk factors of a cholera outbreak. Methods and Materials Study Setting and Population This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hayayaabe Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in Borama, Somaliland, between April and June 2024. The Hayayaabe IDP camp is officially registered with local authorities in Borama and comprises approximately 500 households residing in close proximity. Study Design A cross-sectional survey research design was employed to assess cholera knowledge and handwashing practices among residents of the Hayayaabe IDP camp. Target Population The target population for this study consisted of all adults (15 years and older) residing in the Hayayaabe IDP camp during the study period. Sample Size Calculation A sample size of 251 individuals was determined using Cochran's formula for a finite population. With an estimated population size of 500 households, assuming a 50% prevalence of adequate cholera knowledge, a 5% margin of error, and a 95% confidence level, the calculated sample size was 218. Accounting for a potential non-response rate of 15%, the final target sample size was increased to 251 individuals. Methods and Materials Study Setting and Population This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hayayaabe Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in Borama, Somaliland, between April and June 2024. The Hayayaabe IDP camp is officially registered with local authorities in Borama and comprises approximately 500 households residing in close proximity. Study Design A cross-sectional survey research design was employed to assess cholera knowledge and handwashing practices among residents of the Hayayaabe IDP camp. Target Population The target population for this study consisted of all adults (15 years and older) residing in the Hayayaabe IDP camp during the study period. Sample Size Calculation A sample size of 251 individuals was determined using Cochran's formula for a finite population. With an estimated population size of 500 households, assuming a 50% prevalence of adequate cholera knowledge, a 5% margin of error, and a 95% confidence level, the calculated sample size was 218. Accounting for a potential non-response rate of 15%, the final target sample size was increased to 251 individuals. The formula used was: Where: n = sample size Z = Z-score corresponding to the desired confidence level (1.96 for 95% confidence) p = estimated prevalence of adequate cholera knowledge (0.5) E = desired margin of error (0.05) N = population size (500 households) Sampling Technique: A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select participants. Stage 1: Cluster Formation : The Hayayaabe IDP camp was divided into clusters based on pre-existing administrative units within the camp. Stage 2: Household Selection : Within each cluster, households were selected using systematic random sampling. A sampling interval (K) was calculated by dividing the total number of households in the cluster by the desired number of households to be sampled from that cluster (K = Total Households / Households to Sample). A random starting point between 1 and K was selected, and every Kth household was then included in the sample. For example every third house was selected in each row. Stage 3: Participant Selection : From each selected household, one adult member (15 years or older) was randomly selected to participate in the study. If multiple eligible adults were present, a lottery method (e.g., drawing names from a hat) was used to ensure random selection. Inclusion Criteria: Adults (15 years and older) residing in the Hayayaabe IDP camp during the study period (April–June 2024). Individuals who provided informed consent to participate in the survey. Only one individual was selected per household to ensure household-level representation. Exclusion Criteria: Individuals under the age of 15 years. Visitors or temporary residents not permanently residing in the Hayayaabe IDP camp. Individuals unable or unwilling to provide informed consent. Households that could not be reached after at least three attempts during the data collection period. Data Collection Instruments and Procedures: Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered by trained data collectors. The questionnaire was translated into Somali (the local language) and back-translated into English to ensure accuracy. Data collectors received training on informed consent procedures, questionnaire administration, and data quality control. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. The questionnaire included sections on: Socio-demographic characteristics : Age, gender, education level, household size, family income, etc. Cholera Knowledge : Assessed using four questions to assess their knowledge levels. Handwashing Practices : Assessed using direct observation and/or self-reported behavior with a single question or scale. Variable Definitions: Independent Variables (Explanatory Variables): Age (Categorical: e.g., 15–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45+) Gender (Male/Female) Household Size (Number of individuals living in the household) Education Level (e.g., None, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) Source of Hygiene Information (e.g., Radio, TV, Healthcare Worker, Community Leader, Other) Family Income (Specify currency and categories, e.g., $ 100 USD per month) Dependent Variables (Outcome Variables): Cholera Knowledge : Categorized as "Good" or "Poor" based on the number of correct answers to the four knowledge questions. "Good" knowledge was defined as answering three or more questions correctly; "Poor" knowledge was defined as answering less than three questions correctly. Handwashing Practice : Categorized as "Good" or "Poor" and how it was assesed. Data Analysis: Data were entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26, Stata 16, and Microsoft Excel. Descriptive Statistics: Frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations were used to summarize the characteristics of the study sample and the prevalence of cholera knowledge and handwashing practices. Bivariate Analysis: Chi-square tests were used to examine the associations between categorical independent variables (e.g., gender, education level) and the dependent variables (cholera knowledge and handwashing practices). Multivariable Logistic Regression: Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictors of cholera knowledge and handwashing practices. Variables with a p-value < 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable models. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to quantify the strength of association. A significance level of p < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Results Knowledge of cholera among Hayayaabe IDP camp Figure 1 presents the distribution of cholera knowledge within the Hayayaabe IDP community. The data reveal that a significant majority (75%) exhibit poor knowledge of cholera, while only 25% demonstrate adequate understanding. This disparity underscores critical gaps in education, information access, and effective knowledge dissemination. Targeted interventions are urgently needed to address these deficiencies through enhanced outreach, community-based training, and culturally sensitive educational materials. The minority possessing good knowledge represents a valuable resource for peer education and community-led initiatives to improve overall awareness (Figure 1). Handwashing practice among Hayayaabe IDP camp Figure 2 illustrates the handwashing practices observed within the Hayayaabe IDP community. The data show that a substantial proportion (73.7%) exhibit poor handwashing practices, while only 26.3% demonstrate good practices. This significant disparity suggests inadequate hygiene awareness, limited access to clean water and sanitation, or both. Such poor practices likely increase the community's vulnerability to hygiene-related illnesses and disease outbreaks. While a minority display good handwashing practices, representing a foundation for positive change, urgent and multifaceted interventions are needed. These should include targeted hygiene education campaigns, improved access to handwashing facilities with soap and water, and sustained community engagement to promote healthier hygiene behaviors (Figure 2). Frequency and the percentage of the study variables Almost half of the participants (49.4%) scored above 45, indicating that the study focused on household heads to gather reliable information. The majority (63.3%) were female, suggesting that males were at work during the data collection period. A significant portion (75.3%) of the participants came from low- and very-low-income families earning less than $150 per month, which can indicate poverty within the community. Furthermore, the participants' education level could have been much higher, with the majority (69.3%) having no formal educational background. Additionally, many households in the Hayayaabe community were extensive families, with 164 (65.3%) having between 7 and 10 members (Table 1). Factors influencing Knowledge of cholera with cross tabs, chi-square, and Multiple logistic regression The age of the participants showed differences in knowledge, where members above 45 indicated poor knowledge (61.4%) of cholera, while those younger than 35 years showed good knowledge (59.7%) of cholera. According to the participants' gender, females had poorer knowledge (70.9%) than males (29.1%). On the other hand, family income showed that low-and very low-income families had poor knowledge compared to those with higher incomes. In addition, the study used the chi-square test, which showed that all the variables in Table 2 had a significant association with the knowledge level of the community. Furthermore, the study used binary and logistic regression to provide evidence of the relationship between the independent variables and the level of knowledge. Age was significantly associated with the level of knowledge (AOR 0.007, 95% CI: 0.005, 0.943), specifically showing low knowledge with older ages above 45. The study also identified that the source of information was significantly related to the level of knowledge (AOR 0.042, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.556), which proves that orientation from students had a lower impact than notification provided by the Ministry of Health’s regional office using cars with a microphone. Finally, the study presented a strong relationship between level of education and knowledge of cholera (AOR, 9.129; 95% CI, 0.999–8.429), which showed that a higher level of education was positively associated with knowledge of cholera (Table 2). Factors influencing practicing hand washing before eating and after the toilet. According to the age of the participants, those older than 45 had poorer handwashing practices (63.4%) than those aged between 15 and 35 years (22.7%). Males were better at hand washing practices than females. On the other hand, families with middle and high incomes showed good handwashing practices, unlike those with low incomes. In terms of education, those with a university level had higher handwashing practices than those with no or only a primary level education. Additionally, the study indicated that age, gender, family income, and educational level significantly affected handwashing practices in the chi-square, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. As shown in Table 3, the multivariate results revealed that age had a significant relationship with handwashing practices (AOR: 0.026, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.418), indicating that older age was associated with poorer handwashing practices than younger age groups. It also demonstrated that gender had a significant relationship with handwashing practices (AOR: 0.072, 95% CI: 0.014, 0.363), proving that females had poorer handwashing practices than males. Additionally, family income was significantly associated (AOR: 71.604, 95% CI: 18.787, 27.945), indicating that higher-income families had higher handwashing practices than low-income families. Furthermore, education level was significantly associated with hand washing practices (AOR: 34.97, 95% CI: 20.06, 59.039), indicating that higher education levels were associated with higher hand washing practices before eating and after using the toilet (table 3). Discussion The study revealed that only 25% of the population living in the Hayayaabe IDP had an excellent knowledge of cholera. This finding contradicts a study conducted in Kenya, which reported that over half of the respondents had a high knowledge score on cholera, including its causes, modes of transmission, and prevention [ 9 ]. The study also disagreed with a study conducted in Tanzania, which stated that 85% of the respondents had good knowledge of cholera [ 10 ]. On the other hand, the study supported a study conducted in Bangladesh that found only 23% of the participants could identify cholera as acute watery diarrhea, and approximately 54% had poor knowledge about cholera-related issues [ 11 ]. Additionally, the study found that only 26.3% of the participants washed their hands before and after using the toilet. This contrasts with a study conducted in Indonesia, which reported a higher handwashing practice rate of 71.8% [ 12 ]. Another study conducted in Ethiopia during a cholera outbreak concluded that handwashing practice was poor, with only 51.3% of participants practicing proper handwashing, which is higher than the results of this study [ 13 ]. The study also found that factors such as age, source of information, and educational level significantly affected cholera knowledge within the Hayayaabe community. This supports a study conducted in Wadata-A, a suburban slum in Makurdi, Benue State, North Central Nigeria, which concluded that age and education influence cholera knowledge [ 14 ]. Similarly, a study in Diwaniya Province, Iraq, revealed that higher educational levels were correlated with better understanding, highlighting the strong influence of education on cholera knowledge [ 15 ]. Additionally, a study in Lebanon produced similar results, demonstrating a significant effect of education on cholera knowledge [ 16 ]. This study also found that age, gender, education, and family income influenced handwashing practices in the Hayaayabe community. This finding aligns with a survey conducted in the DRC, which concluded that household income level impacted community handwashing practices [ 17 ]. Similarly, a study in Northwest Ethiopia highlighted the significant influence of formal education on handwashing practices [ 18 ]. A study conducted in India concluded that higher family income levels are associated with better handwashing practices[ 19 ]. Conclusion The study concluded that knowledge of cholera and handwashing practices was poor among the Hayayaabe IDP communities. The study also identified that age, gender, educational level, family income, and source of orientation influenced knowledge of cholera and handwashing practices. The study recommended that the Somaliland Ministry of Health and the local government improve the knowledge of the community and handwashing practices through orientation. They should create mobile teams from the Ministry of Health offices and other trained health personnel to visit community households continually. These teams will increase the knowledge of cholera, educate household heads on proper handwashing, and promote their awareness of the harmful effects of the outbreak. Mobile teams can also mobilize community heads, scholars, and religious leaders to spread their messages to all community members. Declarations Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the participants for their information and consent. Funding The author(s) will pay self-funding Availability of data materials The corresponding author can provide the primary data to support the study's findings upon request. Ethics apapproval and consent to participate Participants were informed of study goals, confidentiality, and consent before surveying. No human body samples were used in this investigation, and no personally identifiable information was gathered. Nonetheless, the highest ethical standards were upheld throughout the investigation. The Amoud University School of Medicine has ethically approved the study with the reference 0295-AU-REC-2024 . Competing interests The authors have stated that there are no conflicting interests. Authors Contribution MSH conceptualized and initiated the study. MSH, FAO, AHK and MI analyzed the data. AIS, HSAE, MA, and HMD verified and validated the findings. MSH, FAO, MAO, and HSAE created the figures and tables. MSH and MA drafted the manuscript. AHK and HSAE supervised the study and provided critical revisions for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References aChowdhury F, Ross AG, Islam MT, McMillan NA, Qadri F. Diagnosis, management, and future control of cholera. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2022;35(3):e00211-21; bWHO. Cholera 2023 [updated 11/12/2023; cited 05/07/2024]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera Ali M, Nelson AR, Lopez AL, Sack DA. Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(6):e0003832. Deen J, Mengel MA, Clemens JD. Epidemiology of cholera. Vaccine. 2020;38:A31–40. Lessler J, Moore SM, Luquero FJ, McKay HS, Grais R, Henkens M, et al. Mapping the burden of cholera in sub-Saharan Africa and implications for control: an analysis of data across geographical scales. Lancet. 2018;391(10133):1908–15. (OCHA) OftCoHA. SOMALIA: 2024 AWD/Cholera Outbreak. https://wwwunochaorg/. 2024. IFRC. Somalia Cholera Response: DREF Operation MDRSO017. 2024. !!!. INVALID CITATION !!!. aVambe S, Zulu W, Rwizi S, Hough E, Luvhimbi M, Bronkhorst E. Cholera outbreak–an overview of management and prevention. 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Belitung Nurs J. 2016;2(4):58–64. Challa JM, Getachew T, Debella A, Merid M, Atnafe G, Eyeberu A, et al. Inadequate hand washing, lack of clean drinking water and latrines as major determinants of cholera outbreak in Somali region, Ethiopia in 2019. Front public health. 2022;10:845057. Ogbeyi O, Bito T, Anefu G, Igwe G. Determinants of knowledge, attitude and preventive practices relating to cholera in Wadata-a sub-urban slum of Makurdi, Benue state, north Central Nigeria. Int Res J Public Environ Health. 2017. Alkhaledi FA. Knowledge, attitude and Practice on cholera epidemic in AL-Diwaniya Province. Al-Qadisiyah Med J. 2016;12(22):98–105. Akel M, Sakr F, Haddad C, Hajj A, Sacre H, Zeenny RM, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of the general population toward the old-new outbreak of cholera in a developing country. Trop Med Infect Disease. 2023;8(4):236. White S, Mutula AC, Buroko MM, Heath T, Mazimwe FK, Blanchet K, et al. How does handwashing behaviour change in response to a cholera outbreak? A qualitative case study in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(4):e0266849. Gizaw Z, Demissie NG, Gebrehiwot M, Destaw B, Nigusie A. Hand hygiene practice and associated factors among rural communities in northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):4287. Dobe M, Mandal RN, Jha A. Social determinants of good hand-washing practice (GHP) among adolescents in a rural Indian community. Fam Community Health. 2013;36(2):172–7. Tables Table 1. Frequency and the percentage of the study variables Characteristics Frequency Per cent Characteristics Frequency Per cent Age Do you wash your hands before/after the toilet? 15 - 25 16 6.4 Always 27 10.8 26 - 35 48 19.1 Sometimes 39 15.5 36 - 45 63 25.1 Rarely 171 68.1 45 + 124 49.4 Not at all 14 5.6 Gender How you clean drinking water Male 92 36.7 Cooking 26 10.4 Female 159 63.3 Adding chlorine 39 15.5 Drink as they are 186 74.1 Education level Using toilets No education 174 69.3 Yes 235 93.6 Primary 38 15.1 No 16 6.4 Secondary 33 13.1 Home remedies University 6 2.4 Salt/sugar home prepared 27 10.8 Family income (dollars) Lemon 39 15.5 Very low(50 -100) 77 30.7 I don't know 185 73.7 Low (100 – 150) 112 44.6 Accessibility to ORS Middle (150 –300) 45 17.9 Yes 65 25.9 High (300 +) 17 6.8 No 186 74.1 Number of households Community health workers trained. 1 – 3 24 9.6 Yes 40 15.9 4 – 6 63 25.1 No 211 84.1 7 – 9 63 25.1 Prevention of cholera 10+ 101 40.2 Proper sanitation and safe drinking water 104 41.4 What causes cholera Taking drugs 147 58.6 Bacterial 39 15.5 Source of information about cholera Viral 69 27.5 Notification from MOH 27 10.8 I don’t know 143 57 Student Orientation 224 89.2 Transmission route of cholera Airborne 170 67.7 Food/water-borne 81 32.3 Symptoms of cholera Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration 178 70.9 Coughing, fever, sweating 73 29.1 Table1. presents the demographic characteristics, hygiene practices, health behaviors, and cholera-related knowledge of the study participants. It includes data on age groups, gender distribution, education levels (ranging from no education to university), family income (stratified from very low to high), and household size. Hygiene practices encompass handwashing habits (always, sometimes, rarely, or not at all) and methods of cleaning drinking water (cooking, adding chlorine, or consuming untreated). Health-related behaviors comprise toilet usage, use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS), and reliance on home remedies such as salt/sugar solutions or lemon. Knowledge aspects address the causes and transmission routes of cholera (e.g., bacterial, viral, airborne, or food/waterborne), symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration versus coughing, fever, and sweating), preventive measures (proper sanitation and drug use), and sources of information, such as Ministry of Health notifications or student orientations. This table provides a comprehensive overview of the variables relevant to the study. Table 2. Factors influencing Knowledge of cholera with cross tabs, chi-square, and Multiple logistic regression Variables Good knowledge n(%) Poor knowledge n(%) X 2 Adjusted Odds ratio p-value [95% Conf Interval] Sig Age base 15 - 25 16(25.8) 7(3.7) 0.000 1 . . . 36 - 35 21(33.9) 38(20.1) .11 .153 .005 2.266 36 - 45 18(29) 28(14.8) .287 .262 .032 2.546 45+ 7(11.3) 116 (61.4) .07 .045 .005 .943 ** Gender 0.000 base Male 37(59.7) 55(29.1) 1 . . . Female 25(40.3) 134(70.9) .38 .173 .094 1.529 Family income Very low(50 -100) 8(12.9) 101(53.4) 0.000 1 . . . Low (100 – 150) 14(22.6) 66(34.9) .367 .176 .086 1.568 Middle (150 –300) 27(43.5) 18(9.5) .223 .142 .03 1.655 High (300 +) 13(21) 4(2.1) .798 .831 .1 6.38 number of households base 1-3 1(1.6) 23(12.2) 0.003 1 . . . 4 - 6 2(6.5) 59(31.2) .927 .957 .06 14.359 7 - 9 25(40.3) 38(20.1) .936 .973 .02 43.831 10 + 32(51.6) 69(36.5) 1.418 .785 .115 17.543 Source of information base: Notice from MOH 22(35.5) 5(2.6) 0.001 1 . . . Student Orientation 40(64.5) 184(97.4) .042 .016 .003 .556 ** Education level base no education 7(11.3) 13(69.3) 0.001 1 . . . Primary 11(17.7) 4(21.7) 4.535 .162 .545 3.712 Secondary 22(35.5) 7(3.7) 4.735 .174 .545 7.712 University 22(35.5) 10(5.3) 9.129 .03 .999 8.429 ** *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1 Table 2 examines factors influencing knowledge of cholera utilizing cross-tabulations, chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses. The table incorporates variables such as age, gender, family income, household size, education level, and source of information about cholera. Knowledge levels are categorized as "Good" or "Poor," with respective counts and percentages presented for each variable. Chi-square values and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) are provided to indicate the magnitude and significance of associations. Salient findings elucidate significant predictors, including advanced age (e.g., 45+), gender (female), higher family income, larger household sizes, education level (university-educated), and information source (e.g., student orientation or Ministry of Health notifications). Table 3: Factors influencing practicing hand washing before eating and after toilet with Cross tabs, chi-square, and Multivariate logistic regression Practice Good practice n(%) Poor practice n(%) Chi-square Adjusted Odds ratio p-value [95% Conf Interval] Sig Age base 15 - 25 18(27.3) 5(2.7) 0.000 1 . . . 36 - 35 22(33.3) 37(20) .111 .08 .009 1.3 * 36 - 45 22(33.3) 24(13) .389 .454 .033 4.61 45+ 4(6.1) 119(64.3) .026 .01 .002 .418 *** Gender base Male 41(62.1) 51(27.6) 0.000 1 . . . Female 25(37.9) 134(72.4) .072 .001 .014 .363 *** Family income base: meager income 4(6.1) 105(56.8) 0.001 1 . . . Low income 12(18.2) 68(36.8) 15.965 .023 1.466 173.822 ** Middle income 34(51.5) 11(5.9) 83.764 0 7.048 995.542 *** High income 16(24.2) 1(0.5) 71.604 0 18.787 27.945 *** Number of households base: 1- 3 1(1.5) 23(12.4) 0.003 1 . . . 4 - 6 4(6.1) 59(31.9) .458 .688 .01 20.646 7 - 9 26(39.4) 37(20) 1.571 .799 .048 50.961 10 + 35(53) 66(35.7) .361 .537 .014 9.18 Education base: no education 5(7.6) 133(71.9) 0.000 1 . . . Primary 11(16.7) 41(22.2) 1.865 .612 .168 20.651 Secondary 22(33.3) 7(3.8) 20.102 .009 2.147 88.234 *** University 28(42.4) 4(2.2) 34.97 0 20.06 59.039 *** *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1 Table 3 examines the factors influencing handwashing practices before meals and after toilet use through cross-tabulations, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The practices are classified as "Good" or "Poor," with corresponding frequencies and percentages presented for each variable, including age, gender, family income, household size, and education level. Chi-square values and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) indicate the magnitude and significance of associations. Salient findings reveal significant predictors, such as older age groups (e.g., 36–45 years), gender (male participants demonstrating superior practice), higher family income, larger household sizes, and education level (particularly university-educated individuals). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6344939","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":437051747,"identity":"a8dbb400-2a1e-430f-a5a3-2cb472fab321","order_by":0,"name":"Mohamed Said Hassan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAziLvQFEMgNxArFaeA6QrEUigUgt5uzHH3/4uYMhWn7m46cbPrZZM/Cz5xgw/qjArcWyJ8dMsvcMQ+6G22lmN2e2pTNI9rwxYOY5g8dhB3LYGHjbgFqkE8xu87YdZjC4kWPAzNiGR8v5548//gVqmT/z+DewFnugFsaf+LTcSDCQBtnScIMHaotEjgHIXjxa3phJy7ZJ5G44k1N2c8a5dB6JM88KDuP1y/n0xx/fttnkzm8/vu3GhzJrOf725I0P8YUYFEjAWTwg4gBBDaNgFIyCUTAK8AIAA9FTsc+r7D8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Amoud University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Said","lastName":"Hassan","suffix":""},{"id":437051748,"identity":"61ccaeb3-c93d-4830-9c4f-9665a6014659","order_by":1,"name":"Mohamoud Abdulahi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amoud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamoud","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdulahi","suffix":""},{"id":437051749,"identity":"1106a7d6-61b6-44c5-b656-38d636b57184","order_by":2,"name":"Abdirahman Ibrahim said","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amoud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdirahman","middleName":"Ibrahim","lastName":"said","suffix":""},{"id":437051750,"identity":"90d8cd8a-c36c-4eee-bcbe-8e42cc75438e","order_by":3,"name":"Farhan Abdisamad Osman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abdinafaqo Polyclinic Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Farhan","middleName":"Abdisamad","lastName":"Osman","suffix":""},{"id":437051751,"identity":"b18fb08f-6bbf-4f56-90e3-4c8d885c407e","order_by":4,"name":"Hassan Sh Abdirahman Elmi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amoud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hassan","middleName":"Sh Abdirahman","lastName":"Elmi","suffix":""},{"id":437051752,"identity":"76ea3db3-d6ab-45cd-aec4-b7a20617f45d","order_by":5,"name":"Ayan Husein Korse","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amoud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayan","middleName":"Husein","lastName":"Korse","suffix":""},{"id":437051753,"identity":"c4ac797d-b84a-4127-bb9d-26f28427c1d1","order_by":6,"name":"Hana Mahdi Dahir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amoud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hana","middleName":"Mahdi","lastName":"Dahir","suffix":""},{"id":437051754,"identity":"e13a43a5-dbd1-4806-be8b-1e66ca145f16","order_by":7,"name":"Muhyadin Ismail","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amoud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhyadin","middleName":"","lastName":"Ismail","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-31 12:53:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6344939/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6344939/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80038644,"identity":"2322a707-3ff9-4409-9281-2015171b1dd2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-07 08:52:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4873,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure\u003c/em\u003e illustrates the distribution of knowledge levels within the Hayayaabe IDP community, revealing that 75% of the population exhibits poor knowledge while only 25% demonstrates good knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6344939/v1/654d0632fdc04ca91ee943cf.png"},{"id":80039628,"identity":"d506c4c7-2c81-441a-9097-795fd25d0bc8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-07 09:00:49","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHandwashing practice\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure \u003c/em\u003ehighlights the handwashing practices among the Hayayaabe IDP community, revealing that 73.7% of individuals exhibit poor practices, while only 26.3% demonstrate good handwashing practices.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6344939/v1/c7f8f1d8f5070b643da06d7e.png"},{"id":80168573,"identity":"eaa604a6-341f-42e1-8419-9644c91b9db4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-08 16:53:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1762831,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6344939/v1/995bbf07-efc7-4671-9806-7f934205d7fa.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Knowledge of Cholera, Hand Wash Practice and Its Associated Factors in Hayayaabe IDP Camp, Borama, Somaliland: A Community-Based Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCholera is a serious health concern worldwide. It is an illness that causes severe diarrhea by drinking or eating contaminated water or food infected with the \u003cem\u003eVibrio cholerae\u003c/em\u003e bacterium[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite advances in healthcare and hygiene, cholera outbreaks remain a persistent danger, especially in areas that lack clean water and proper sanitation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cholera is prevalent in more than 50 countries worldwide, with an estimated 1.3\u0026ndash;4.0\u0026nbsp;million cases and 21,000\u0026ndash;143,000 deaths each year [1b]. It has been discovered that around 1.3\u0026nbsp;billion individuals in endemic countries are at risk of contracting cholera. Annually, an estimated 2.86\u0026nbsp;million cholera cases (with an uncertainty range of 1.3\u0026nbsp;million to 4.0\u0026nbsp;million) occur in these countries. Of these, approximately 95,000 deaths (with an uncertainty range of 21,000\u0026ndash;143,000) have been reported[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe entire African continent has reported a total of 179,835 cholera cases and 3,220 deaths. The case fatality rate varied between 0% and 6.8%. Zambia had a case fatality rate of 3.8%, whereas Angola and Chad reported rates of 5.2% and 6.8%, respectively[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding Djibouti and Eritrea) has reported an average of 141,918 cholera cases per year. Within this region, 4.0% of the districts had a high incidence of cholera, affecting a population of 87.2\u0026nbsp;million. By prioritizing interventions in these high-incidence districts, we eliminated 50% of the region's cholera cases, reaching a population of 35.3\u0026nbsp;million (credible interval: 26.3\u0026nbsp;million to 62.0\u0026nbsp;million). This represents less than 4% of the total population[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), cholera, known as Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD), is spreading in Somalia. From January 1st to March 18, 2024, 4,380 reported cases and 54 associated deaths were across 32 districts. Among these deaths, 62% occurred in children under the age of 5 years. Somalia has witnessed several cholera outbreaks in recent years, with over 18,300 cases and 46 deaths reported in 2023. In that year, more than half of the victims were children under the age of Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD), which is 5 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Since December 2023, there has been an increasing number of cholera outbreak cases in Somaliland, as indicated by regular updates on Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD) investigations provided by the Ministry of Health and Development. From December 6, 2023, to January 18, 2024, the Ministry of Health and Development reported 14 cases tested using RDT and Culture [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial awareness, preparedness, and practices of its inhabitants play a crucial role in controlling the spread of the disease. Factors such as community knowledge about cholera transmission, availability and use of toilets and sanitation facilities, and effectiveness of local health responses are pivotal in managing outbreaks. Understanding these factors can provide valuable insights into improving the region's cholera prevention and control strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Hand hygiene and proper sanitation are of utmost importance to reduce the spread of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Hayaayabe, an internally displaced person (IDP) in Borama, Somaliland, is particularly at risk of cholera outbreaks, with some confirmed cholera cases by local health officers. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of cholera and handwashing practices of IDPs in the Hayayaabe camp and to identify the associated risk factors of a cholera outbreak.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and Materials","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Setting and Population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hayayaabe Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in Borama, Somaliland, between April and June 2024. The Hayayaabe IDP camp is officially registered with local authorities in Borama and comprises approximately 500 households residing in close proximity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey research design was employed to assess cholera knowledge and handwashing practices among residents of the Hayayaabe IDP camp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTarget Population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe target population for this study consisted of all adults (15 years and older) residing in the Hayayaabe IDP camp during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size Calculation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA sample size of 251 individuals was determined using Cochran's formula for a finite population. With an estimated population size of 500 households, assuming a 50% prevalence of adequate cholera knowledge, a 5% margin of error, and a 95% confidence level, the calculated sample size was 218. Accounting for a potential non-response rate of 15%, the final target sample size was increased to 251 individuals. \u003cb\u003eMethods and Materials\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Setting and Population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hayayaabe Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in Borama, Somaliland, between April and June 2024. The Hayayaabe IDP camp is officially registered with local authorities in Borama and comprises approximately 500 households residing in close proximity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey research design was employed to assess cholera knowledge and handwashing practices among residents of the Hayayaabe IDP camp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTarget Population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe target population for this study consisted of all adults (15 years and older) residing in the Hayayaabe IDP camp during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size Calculation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA sample size of 251 individuals was determined using Cochran's formula for a finite population. With an estimated population size of 500 households, assuming a 50% prevalence of adequate cholera knowledge, a 5% margin of error, and a 95% confidence level, the calculated sample size was 218. Accounting for a potential non-response rate of 15%, the final target sample size was increased to 251 individuals. The formula used was:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Z-score corresponding to the desired confidence level (1.96 for 95% confidence)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;estimated prevalence of adequate cholera knowledge (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;desired margin of error (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;population size (500 households)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling Technique:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStage 1: Cluster Formation\u003c/b\u003e: The Hayayaabe IDP camp was divided into clusters based on pre-existing administrative units within the camp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStage 2: Household Selection\u003c/b\u003e: Within each cluster, households were selected using systematic random sampling. A sampling interval (K) was calculated by dividing the total number of households in the cluster by the desired number of households to be sampled from that cluster (K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total Households / Households to Sample). A random starting point between 1 and K was selected, and every Kth household was then included in the sample. For example every third house was selected in each row.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStage 3: Participant Selection\u003c/b\u003e: From each selected household, one adult member (15 years or older) was randomly selected to participate in the study. If multiple eligible adults were present, a lottery method (e.g., drawing names from a hat) was used to ensure random selection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInclusion Criteria:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdults (15 years and older) residing in the Hayayaabe IDP camp during the study period (April\u0026ndash;June 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals who provided informed consent to participate in the survey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly one individual was selected per household to ensure household-level representation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExclusion Criteria:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals under the age of 15 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisitors or temporary residents not permanently residing in the Hayayaabe IDP camp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals unable or unwilling to provide informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds that could not be reached after at least three attempts during the data collection period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Collection Instruments and Procedures:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected using structured questionnaires administered by trained data collectors. The questionnaire was translated into Somali (the local language) and back-translated into English to ensure accuracy. Data collectors received training on informed consent procedures, questionnaire administration, and data quality control. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire included sections on:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/b\u003e: Age, gender, education level, household size, family income, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCholera Knowledge\u003c/b\u003e: Assessed using four questions to assess their knowledge levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHandwashing Practices\u003c/b\u003e: Assessed using direct observation and/or self-reported behavior with a single question or scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariable Definitions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndependent Variables (Explanatory Variables):\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (Categorical: e.g., 15\u0026ndash;24, 25\u0026ndash;34, 35\u0026ndash;44, 45+)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender (Male/Female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold Size (Number of individuals living in the household)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation Level (e.g., None, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of Hygiene Information (e.g., Radio, TV, Healthcare Worker, Community Leader, Other)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily Income (Specify currency and categories, e.g., \u0026lt; \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e50 USD per month,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 USD per month, \u0026gt; \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e100 USD per month)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDependent Variables (Outcome Variables):\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCholera Knowledge\u003c/b\u003e: Categorized as \"Good\" or \"Poor\" based on the number of correct answers to the four knowledge questions. \"Good\" knowledge was defined as answering three or more questions correctly; \"Poor\" knowledge was defined as answering less than three questions correctly. \u003cb\u003eHandwashing Practice\u003c/b\u003e: Categorized as \"Good\" or \"Poor\" and how it was assesed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26, Stata 16, and Microsoft Excel. Descriptive Statistics: Frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations were used to summarize the characteristics of the study sample and the prevalence of cholera knowledge and handwashing practices. Bivariate Analysis: Chi-square tests were used to examine the associations between categorical independent variables (e.g., gender, education level) and the dependent variables (cholera knowledge and handwashing practices). Multivariable Logistic Regression: Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictors of cholera knowledge and handwashing practices. Variables with a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable models. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to quantify the strength of association. A significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of cholera among Hayayaabe IDP camp\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 presents the distribution of cholera knowledge within the Hayayaabe IDP community. The data reveal that a significant majority (75%) exhibit poor knowledge of cholera, while only 25% demonstrate adequate understanding. This disparity underscores critical gaps in education, information access, and effective knowledge dissemination. Targeted interventions are urgently needed to address these deficiencies through enhanced outreach, community-based training, and culturally sensitive educational materials. The minority possessing good knowledge represents a valuable resource for peer education and community-led initiatives to improve overall awareness\u0026nbsp;(Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHandwashing practice among Hayayaabe IDP camp\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 illustrates the handwashing practices observed within the Hayayaabe IDP community. The data show that a substantial proportion (73.7%) exhibit poor handwashing practices, while only 26.3% demonstrate good practices. This significant disparity suggests inadequate hygiene awareness, limited access to clean water and sanitation, or both. Such poor practices likely increase the community\u0026apos;s vulnerability to hygiene-related illnesses and disease outbreaks. While a minority display good handwashing practices, representing a foundation for positive change, urgent and multifaceted interventions are needed. These should include targeted hygiene education campaigns, improved access to handwashing facilities with soap and water, and sustained community engagement to promote healthier hygiene behaviors\u0026nbsp;(Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency and the percentage of the study variables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlmost half of the participants (49.4%) scored above 45, indicating that the study focused on household heads to gather reliable information. The majority (63.3%) were female, suggesting that males were at work during the data collection period. A significant portion (75.3%) of the participants came from low- and very-low-income families earning less than $150 per month, which can indicate poverty within the community. Furthermore, the participants\u0026apos; education level could have been much higher, with the majority (69.3%) having no formal educational background. Additionally, many households in the Hayayaabe community were extensive families, with 164 (65.3%) having between 7 and 10 members (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors influencing Knowledge of cholera with cross tabs, chi-square, and Multiple logistic regression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe age of the participants showed differences in knowledge, where members above 45 indicated poor knowledge (61.4%) of cholera, while those younger than 35 years showed good knowledge (59.7%) of cholera. According to the participants\u0026apos; gender, females had poorer knowledge (70.9%) than males (29.1%). On the other hand, family income showed that low-and very low-income families had poor knowledge compared to those with higher incomes. In addition, the study used the chi-square test, which showed that all the variables in Table 2 had a significant association with the knowledge level of the community. Furthermore, the study used binary and logistic regression to provide evidence of the relationship between the independent variables and the level of knowledge. Age was significantly associated with the level of knowledge (AOR 0.007, 95% CI: 0.005, 0.943), specifically showing low knowledge with older ages above 45. The study also identified that the source of information was significantly related to the level of knowledge (AOR 0.042, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.556), which proves that orientation from students had a lower impact than notification provided by the Ministry of Health\u0026rsquo;s regional office using cars with a microphone. Finally, the study presented a strong relationship between level of education and knowledge of cholera (AOR, 9.129; 95% CI, 0.999\u0026ndash;8.429), which showed that a higher level of education was positively associated with knowledge of cholera (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors influencing practicing hand washing before eating and after the toilet.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the age of the participants, those older than 45 had poorer handwashing practices (63.4%) than those aged between 15 and 35 years (22.7%). Males were better at hand washing practices than females. On the other hand, families with middle and high incomes showed good handwashing practices, unlike those with low incomes. In terms of education, those with a university level had higher handwashing practices than those with no or only a primary level education. Additionally, the study indicated that age, gender, family income, and educational level significantly affected handwashing practices in the chi-square, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. As shown in Table 3, the multivariate results revealed that age had a significant relationship with handwashing practices (AOR: 0.026, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.418), indicating that older age was associated with poorer handwashing practices than younger age groups. It also demonstrated that gender had a significant relationship with handwashing practices (AOR: 0.072, 95% CI: 0.014, 0.363), proving that females had poorer handwashing practices than males. Additionally, family income was significantly associated (AOR: 71.604, 95% CI: 18.787, 27.945), indicating that higher-income families had higher handwashing practices than low-income families. Furthermore, education level was significantly associated with hand washing practices (AOR: 34.97, 95% CI: 20.06, 59.039), indicating that higher education levels were associated with higher hand washing practices before eating and after using the toilet (table 3).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that only 25% of the population living in the Hayayaabe IDP had an excellent knowledge of cholera. This finding contradicts a study conducted in Kenya, which reported that over half of the respondents had a high knowledge score on cholera, including its causes, modes of transmission, and prevention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The study also disagreed with a study conducted in Tanzania, which stated that 85% of the respondents had good knowledge of cholera [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, the study supported a study conducted in Bangladesh that found only 23% of the participants could identify cholera as acute watery diarrhea, and approximately 54% had poor knowledge about cholera-related issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the study found that only 26.3% of the participants washed their hands before and after using the toilet. This contrasts with a study conducted in Indonesia, which reported a higher handwashing practice rate of 71.8% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study conducted in Ethiopia during a cholera outbreak concluded that handwashing practice was poor, with only 51.3% of participants practicing proper handwashing, which is higher than the results of this study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also found that factors such as age, source of information, and educational level significantly affected cholera knowledge within the Hayayaabe community. This supports a study conducted in Wadata-A, a suburban slum in Makurdi, Benue State, North Central Nigeria, which concluded that age and education influence cholera knowledge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, a study in Diwaniya Province, Iraq, revealed that higher educational levels were correlated with better understanding, highlighting the strong influence of education on cholera knowledge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, a study in Lebanon produced similar results, demonstrating a significant effect of education on cholera knowledge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study also found that age, gender, education, and family income influenced handwashing practices in the Hayaayabe community. This finding aligns with a survey conducted in the DRC, which concluded that household income level impacted community handwashing practices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, a study in Northwest Ethiopia highlighted the significant influence of formal education on handwashing practices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. A study conducted in India concluded that higher family income levels are associated with better handwashing practices[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study concluded that knowledge of cholera and handwashing practices was poor among the Hayayaabe IDP communities. The study also identified that age, gender, educational level, family income, and source of orientation influenced knowledge of cholera and handwashing practices. The study recommended that the Somaliland Ministry of Health and the local government improve the knowledge of the community and handwashing practices through orientation. They should create mobile teams from the Ministry of Health offices and other trained health personnel to visit community households continually. These teams will increase the knowledge of cholera, educate household heads on proper handwashing, and promote their awareness of the harmful effects of the outbreak. Mobile teams can also mobilize community heads, scholars, and religious leaders to spread their messages to all community members.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the participants for their information and consent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) will pay self-funding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe corresponding author can provide the primary data to support the study\u0026apos;s findings upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics apapproval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were informed of study goals, confidentiality, and consent before surveying. No human body samples were used in this investigation, and no personally identifiable information was gathered. Nonetheless, the highest ethical standards were upheld throughout the investigation. The Amoud University School of Medicine has ethically approved the study with the reference\u0026nbsp;0295-AU-REC-2024\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have stated that there are no conflicting interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMSH conceptualized and initiated the study. MSH, FAO, AHK and MI analyzed the data. AIS, HSAE, MA, and HMD verified and validated the findings. MSH, FAO, MAO, and HSAE created the figures and tables. MSH and MA drafted the manuscript. AHK and HSAE supervised the study and provided critical revisions for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eaChowdhury F, Ross AG, Islam MT, McMillan NA, Qadri F. Diagnosis, management, and future control of cholera. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2022;35(3):e00211-21; bWHO. Cholera 2023 [updated 11/12/2023; cited 05/07/2024]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAli M, Nelson AR, Lopez AL, Sack DA. Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(6):e0003832.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeen J, Mengel MA, Clemens JD. Epidemiology of cholera. Vaccine. 2020;38:A31\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLessler J, Moore SM, Luquero FJ, McKay HS, Grais R, Henkens M, et al. Mapping the burden of cholera in sub-Saharan Africa and implications for control: an analysis of data across geographical scales. Lancet. 2018;391(10133):1908\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(OCHA) OftCoHA. SOMALIA: 2024 AWD/Cholera Outbreak. https://wwwunochaorg/. 2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIFRC. Somalia Cholera Response: DREF Operation MDRSO017. 2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!!!. INVALID CITATION !!!.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eaVambe S, Zulu W, Rwizi S, Hough E, Luvhimbi M, Bronkhorst E. Cholera outbreak\u0026ndash;an overview of management and prevention. SA Pharmaceutical Journal., bMiggo M, Harawa G, Kangwerema A, Knovicks S, Mfune C, Safari J et al. Fight against cholera outbreak, efforts and challenges in Malawi. Health Science Reports. 2023;6(10):e1594.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrimbo EO, Oyugi E, Dulacha D, Obonyo M, Hussein A, Githuku J, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices on cholera in an arid county, Kenya, 2018: A mixed-methods approach. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(2):e0229437.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMpazi VM, Mnyika KS. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regrading cholera outbreaks in ilala municipality of Dar Es Salaam Region, Tanznia. 2005.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWahed T, Kaukab SST, Saha NC, Khan IA, Khanam F, Chowdhury F, et al. Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and preventive practices relating to cholera and oral cholera vaccine among urban high-risk groups: findings of a cross-sectional study in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNazliansyah N, Wichaikull S, Wetasin K. Factors affecting hand washing practice among elementary schools students in Indonesia. Belitung Nurs J. 2016;2(4):58\u0026ndash;64.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChalla JM, Getachew T, Debella A, Merid M, Atnafe G, Eyeberu A, et al. Inadequate hand washing, lack of clean drinking water and latrines as major determinants of cholera outbreak in Somali region, Ethiopia in 2019. Front public health. 2022;10:845057.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOgbeyi O, Bito T, Anefu G, Igwe G. Determinants of knowledge, attitude and preventive practices relating to cholera in Wadata-a sub-urban slum of Makurdi, Benue state, north Central Nigeria. Int Res J Public Environ Health. 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlkhaledi FA. Knowledge, attitude and Practice on cholera epidemic in AL-Diwaniya Province. Al-Qadisiyah Med J. 2016;12(22):98\u0026ndash;105.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkel M, Sakr F, Haddad C, Hajj A, Sacre H, Zeenny RM, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of the general population toward the old-new outbreak of cholera in a developing country. Trop Med Infect Disease. 2023;8(4):236.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWhite S, Mutula AC, Buroko MM, Heath T, Mazimwe FK, Blanchet K, et al. How does handwashing behaviour change in response to a cholera outbreak? A qualitative case study in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(4):e0266849.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGizaw Z, Demissie NG, Gebrehiwot M, Destaw B, Nigusie A. Hand hygiene practice and associated factors among rural communities in northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):4287.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDobe M, Mandal RN, Jha A. Social determinants of good hand-washing practice (GHP) among adolescents in a rural Indian community. Fam Community Health. 2013;36(2):172\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Frequency and the percentage of the study variables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"629\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePer cent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePer cent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 347px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you wash your hands before/after the toilet?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 - 25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlways\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 - 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 - 45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRarely\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 +\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow you clean drinking water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooking\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdding chlorine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrink as they are\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 347px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsing toilets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHome remedies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalt/sugar home prepared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily income (dollars)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLemon\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery low(50 -100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026apos;t know\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow (100 \u0026ndash; 150)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccessibility to ORS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle (150 \u0026ndash;300)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh (300 +)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 282px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of households\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunity health workers trained.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 \u0026ndash; 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 \u0026ndash; 6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 \u0026ndash; 9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevention of cholera\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProper sanitation and safe drinking water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat causes cholera\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaking drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBacterial\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 267px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource of information about \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; cholera\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViral\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotification from MOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent Orientation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 282px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTransmission route of cholera\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAirborne\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 347px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood/water-borne\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSymptoms of cholera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea, vomiting, dehydration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 347px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoughing, fever, sweating\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003epresents the demographic characteristics, hygiene practices, health behaviors, and cholera-related knowledge of the study participants. It includes data on age groups, gender distribution, education levels (ranging from no education to university), family income (stratified from very low to high), and household size. Hygiene practices encompass handwashing habits (always, sometimes, rarely, or not at all) and methods of cleaning drinking water (cooking, adding chlorine, or consuming untreated). Health-related behaviors comprise toilet usage, use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS), and reliance on home remedies such as salt/sugar solutions or lemon. Knowledge aspects address the causes and transmission routes of cholera (e.g., bacterial, viral, airborne, or food/waterborne), symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration versus coughing, fever, and sweating), preventive measures (proper sanitation and drug use), and sources of information, such as Ministry of Health notifications or student orientations. This table provides a comprehensive overview of the variables relevant to the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Factors influencing Knowledge of cholera with cross tabs, chi-square, and Multiple logistic regression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"625\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood knowledge n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor knowledge n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdjusted Odds ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;p-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;[95% Conf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Interval]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sig\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase 15 - 25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(25.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 - 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(33.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(20.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 - 45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (61.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(59.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(29.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134(70.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery low(50 -100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101(53.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow (100 \u0026ndash; 150)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(34.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle (150 \u0026ndash;300)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh (300 +)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003enumber of households\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase 1-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 - 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(31.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.927\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 - 9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(20.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.936\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.973\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(51.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.543\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource of information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase: Notice from MOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent Orientation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(64.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184(97.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase no education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(69.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.535\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 491px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*** p\u0026lt;.01, ** p\u0026lt;.05, * p\u0026lt;.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 examines factors influencing knowledge of cholera utilizing cross-tabulations, chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses. The table incorporates variables such as age, gender, family income, household size, education level, and source of information about cholera. Knowledge levels are categorized as \u0026quot;Good\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;Poor,\u0026quot; with respective counts and percentages presented for each variable. Chi-square values and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) are provided to indicate the magnitude and significance of associations. Salient findings elucidate significant predictors, including advanced age (e.g., 45+), gender (female), higher family income, larger household sizes, education level (university-educated), and information source (e.g., student orientation or Ministry of Health notifications).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Factors influencing practicing hand washing before eating and after toilet with Cross tabs, chi-square, and Multivariate \u0026nbsp; logistic regression\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"615\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePractice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood practice n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor practice n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-square\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdjusted Odds ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;p-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;[95% Conf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Interval]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sig\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase 15 - 25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 - 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 - 45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119(64.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(62.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51(27.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(37.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134(72.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase: meager income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105(56.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173.822\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e995.542\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.787\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of households\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase: 1- 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(12.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 - 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.646\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 - 9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(39.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 +\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebase: no education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133(71.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(42.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 428px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*** p\u0026lt;.01, ** p\u0026lt;.05, * p\u0026lt;.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 examines the factors influencing handwashing practices before meals and after toilet use through cross-tabulations, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The practices are classified as \u0026quot;Good\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;Poor,\u0026quot; with corresponding frequencies and percentages presented for each variable, including age, gender, family income, household size, and education level. Chi-square values and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) indicate the magnitude and significance of associations. Salient findings reveal significant predictors, such as older age groups (e.g., 36\u0026ndash;45 years), gender (male participants demonstrating superior practice), higher family income, larger household sizes, and education level (particularly university-educated individuals).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cholera, IDP, Hayayaabe, handwashing, Borama, Somaliland","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6344939/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6344939/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCholera, a severe diarrheal disease transmitted through contaminated water and food, poses a significant public health threat, particularly in vulnerable populations. This study aimed to assess cholera knowledge and handwashing practices among residents of the Hayayaabe Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in Borama, Somaliland.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hayayaabe IDP camp (500 households) between April and June 2024. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression in SPSS 26 and Stata 16 to identify factors associated with cholera knowledge and handwashing practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly 25% of respondents demonstrated good knowledge of cholera, and 26.3% reported good handwashing practices. Multivariable analysis revealed that older age (AOR 0.007, 95% CI: 0.005\u0026ndash;0.943), source of information (AOR 0.042, 95% CI: 0.003\u0026ndash;0.556), and higher education (AOR 9.129, 95% CI: 0.999\u0026ndash;84.29) were significantly associated with cholera knowledge. Factors significantly influencing handwashing practices included older age (AOR: 0.026, 95% CI: 0.002\u0026ndash;0.418), sex (AOR: 0.072, 95% CI: 0.014\u0026ndash;0.363), family income (AOR: 71.604, 95% CI: 18.787-272.945), and higher education (AOR: 34.97, 95% CI: 20.06-59.039).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCholera knowledge and handwashing practices are suboptimal within the Hayayaabe IDP camp. Targeted interventions by the Ministry of Health and local government, focusing on health education and promotion of handwashing, are crucial to improve disease prevention in this vulnerable community.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge of Cholera, Hand Wash Practice and Its Associated Factors in Hayayaabe IDP Camp, Borama, Somaliland: A Community-Based Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-07 08:52:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6344939/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"25d168ab-1df8-4dc3-bb95-1839424da512","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-08T13:08:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-07 08:52:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6344939","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6344939","identity":"rs-6344939","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}