Implementation of Net-Zero Energy Building in Indian Army

Implementation of Net-Zero Energy Building in Indian Army | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Implementation of Net-Zero Energy Building in Indian Army Ashit Kumar Rana, Prabhat Chandra Ghosh, C S Baswana This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006033/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Net zero energy is a conceit of energy self-sufficiency that is based on minimal demand of thermal power supply and more usage of local renewable energy resources. A net zero energy military installation is defined as: ― A military installation that produces as much energy on-site from renewable energy generation or through the on-site use of renewable fuels, as it consumes in its buildings, facilities, and fleet vehicles. This study entails the green energy audit of the buildings of Indian Army aiming to identify opportunities for improving the energy efficiency of the campus and to facilitate the nation building with sustainable development. The reduction of the energy consumption while maintaining the human safety, health and comfort are of the primary importance. There is now a universal recognition of the fact that new technologies and much greater use of some that already exist provide the most hopeful prospects for the future. The opportunities lie in the use of existing renewable energy technologies, greater efforts at energy efficiency and the dissemination of these technologies and options. Achieving energy efficiency leads to net zero emission of carbon i.e., reducing the carbon footprint in the buildings and invariably reduces dependency on electricity produced by fossil fuels. Net-zero greenhouse gas net-zero energy building carbon footprint Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. INTRODUCTION Nowadays research which is being done should be environmentally sustainable due to various climate crisis and global economic impact of Covid 19. To achieve this investment should be made in clean innovation and sustainable infrastructure so as to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emission. This will help in improving productivity, living standards and individual prospects. In [ 1 ], theoretical and empirical evidences on the opportunities, drivers and policies for innovation led to sustainable growth are developed. The importance’s of a coordinated set of long-term policies, institutions and private sector which can invest in clean innovation so as to quickly increase the scale of industrial production are highlighted. For doing so Chris Freeman’s work on the system-wide drivers of innovation and his early vision of achieving environmentally sustainable growth is referred. There is lot of global economic and social development taking place due to availability of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, due to which human beings are able to lead a comfortable life. The technological advancements have led to new industrial era where fossil fuels are burned in abundance. This has led to the release of greenhouse gas emission in environment [ 2 ] leading to environmental changes. Greenhouse gas has the tendency to trap more heat in atmosphere which in turn negatively impacts the climate such as global warming. More the production of greenhouse gas, more will be the degree of earth warming leading to forest fire, flooding, heatwaves, storms etc. One of the major factors of greenhouse gas is anthropogenic CO 2 which is responsible for post-industrial temperature rise [ 3 ]. The global demand for energy is going to increase significantly due to industrial revolution. However, at the same time it is necessary to stabilize the environmental temperature by reducing the emission of greenhouse gas to zero from various human activities, which include industrial production, land use and agriculture [ 4 ]. The energy demand for developed industrialized countries remains high to sustain their development, but at the same time the energy demand for developing countries is also growing significantly due to their growing population and increasing standards of human living [ 5 ]. It is necessary to address global warming issue by reducing the carbon emission to zero. Globally reducing the net carbon emission to zero will help in addressing the various challenges faced due to changing climate [ 6 ]. It has been projected that even a 2 o C rise in global temperature will affect the production of wheat and maize in African countries. A mean temperature rise of 2 o C in environment will lead to 10 cm rise in sea level. A net zero carbon emission can boost industrial productivity thus severely reducing the impact on climate change. By developing institutional framework and policy environmentally sustainable growth can take place [ 7 ]. More investment is required to develop innovation leading to clean safe and green growth. Recently, due to development of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) innovations can be done to develop environmentally friendly products as compared to previous mass production based on exploitation of cheap oil [ 8 ]. 2. NET ZERO BUILDING DEFINITION A Zero-Energy Building (ZEB), also known as a Net Zero-Energy (NZE) building, is a building having net zero energy consumption that means that the total amount of energy consumed by the building on an annual basis is equal to the proportion of renewable energy created on the site location or in other interpretation by renewable energy sources offsite, using technologies such as heat pumps, highly efficient windows and insulation, and solar PV panels [9]. Based on the ZEB definition narrated above, each definition has its own advantages and disadvantages, which are discussed below. (a) Net Zero Site Energy Building [9] A site ZEB produces as much energy as it consumes, when adjudged for at the site. Generation of energy includes roof-mounted PV panels or solar hot water collectors. Other site-specific on-site energy production options include small-scale wind power, parking lot-mounted PV systems, and low-impact hydro. (b) Net Zero Source Energy Building A source ZEB generates energy based in its usage as measured at the source. In order to calculate a building’s total source of energy, both imported and exported energy are multiplied by the appropriate site-to-source energy factors. And these factors are basically, power generation and transmission. This definition could definitely encourage the use of gas in as many ends uses as possible (i.e., boilers, domestic hot water, dryers, desiccant dehumidifiers) to take advantage of this fuel switching and source accounting to reach the required goal of zero energy building. For example, the higher the percent of total energy used at a site that is gas, the smaller the PV system required to be a source ZEB [9]. (c) Net Zero Energy Cost Building A cost ZEB is awarded with as much financial credit for energy exported as it is charged through utility bills. The credit conferred for exported electricity (often referred to net energy generation) will have to offset energy, distribution, peak demand, taxes, and metering charges for electricity and gas use. [9] A cost ZEB provides a relatively even comparison of fuel types used at the site as well as a surrogate for infrastructure. Therefore, the energy availability specific to the site and the competing fuel costs would determine the optimal solutions. However, as utility rates can vary widely, a building with consistent energy performance could meet the cost ZEB goal one year and not the next. (d) Net Zero Energy Emissions Building An emissions-based ZEB produces at minimum emissions-free renewable energy as it consumes from emissions-producing energy sources. If an all-electric building obtains all its electricity from an off-site zero emissions source (that may include hydro, nuclear, or large-scale wind farms), it is already considered as zero emissions and need not have to generate any further on-site renewable energy to offset the emissions. However, if the same building consumes natural gas for heating, then it will be in need to generate and export adequate amount of emissions-free renewable energy to offset the emissions from the natural gas use [9]. 3. STRATEGIES FOR A NET-ZERO ENERGY BUILDING It entails achieving energy efficiency by use of various energy efficient equipment and systems. And further utilizing the renewable energy sources. Several energy-efficient equipment options are available for offices to reduce energy consumption and promote sustainability. Here are some examples: (a) Energy-Efficient Lighting LED lighting consumes less energy than traditional bulbs and lasts longer. Motion sensors and smart lighting systems can further optimize energy usage. (b) Energy Star Certified Electronics Choose computers, printers, and other electronic devices that carry the Energy Star label, indicating they meet energy efficiency guidelines. (c) Occupancy Sensors Install sensors that can detect when a room is unoccupied, automatically adjusting lighting and HVAC systems to conserve energy. (d) Programmable Thermostats Enable precise control over heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems with programmable thermostats to match the office’s occupancy schedule. (e) Energy-Efficient HVAC Systems Upgrade to high-efficiency heating and cooling systems, and regularly maintain them for optimal performance. (f) Smart Power Strips Use smart power strips to prevent energy waste by cutting off power to devices when they are not in use or during non-working hours. (g) Laptops Over Desktops Laptops generally consume less energy than desktop computers. Encourage the use of laptops, which are often more energy-efficient. (h) Solar Panels If feasible, consider installing solar panels to generate renewable energy and reduce dependency on the grid. (j) Energy-Efficient Office Furniture Choose furniture made from sustainable materials and consider ergonomic designs that enhance employee comfort and productivity. (k) Green Building Design If constructing a new office or renovating an existing one, consider green building practices that optimize energy usage and overall environmental impact. 4. METHODOLOGY The methodology adopted for the gathering of information and audit is: - (a) Formulation of a general format for data collection. (b) Visual inspection and data collection. (c) Observation of the general condition of the facility. (d) Identification of the energy consumption and other parameters (e) Segregation of load based on the end use such as lighting and fans, air conditioning, computers and other equipment’s. (f) Calculations, analysis and assumptions to include cost function of utilising and replacing installations [ 10 ]. (g) Potential energy saving options and economic viability with probable payback period. 5. NET-ZERO ANALYSIS OF COLLEGE OF MILITRAY ENGINEERING IN INDIAN ARMY 5.1 COLLEGE OF MILITARY ENGINEERING College of Military Engineering (CME) is a technical and tactical engineering training institution of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers of the Indian Army. Training of Combat Engineers, Military Engineering Service, Border Roads Engineering Services (BRES) and Survey is done here. The college it is situated at Dapodi on NH 4 , adjacent to the Khadki cantonment, a large army base in Pune district, north of the Pune city. Established in 1943, as the 'School of Military Engineering' (SME) at Roorkee, apart from imparting training to Indian army officers and those from friendly countries, the college also plays an advisory role to the Indian Army, and is involved in research projects and experimentation. 5.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT The Military buildings, viz. Large Auditoriums, Administrative Buildings, Academics Departments, Laboratories, etc have been extensively utilising electrical equipment’s of old vintage with low energy ratings resulting in more energy consumptions leading in more CO2 emission being dependent on Grid. The equipment vintage, performance efficiency and operational & maintenance issues contribute to a large extent towards the huge electricity tariffs that the organisation currently pays to State Electricity Depts. 5.2 AIM/ OBJECTIVE To carry out the green audit leading to Net Zero building and efficient utilization of the resources i.e., usage of more energy efficient electrical equipment leading to reduction in carbon footprint and in energy consumption in the selected buildings. 5.3 ENERGY SAVING CALCULATION Energy saving equipment for lighting, fan and AC has been taken into consideration for calculation of energy that will be consumed after replacement of the existing electrical infra. The lighting and fan load constitutes about 48.32% of the total load. This fact is also brought out in the Lighting documents of BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) which says that about 20–40% of the load in a commercial building is lighting load only. It also contributes significantly to the air conditioning load due to generation of heat. Therefore, an efficient design and use of lighting is of utmost importance. An analysis of the data collected reflects that about 43% of the lighting and fan load is due to 40 W fluorescent light fitting. Further, about 12.7% of the lighting and fan load is contributed by the resistance type fan regulators. Thus, significant energy savings can be achieved by changing the normal light fittings by LED light fitting, using BLDC fans, better rating air conditioners and TVs in place of projectors. 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS (a) Data collection and calculation of energy consumption Details of existing electrical loads for the three buildings i.e., CME headquarter building, Faculty of Electrical and Mechanical building, Library and Solar Lab, were collected and there after following calculations were carried out to find out the amount of energy consumed and expenditure occurring based on the energy consumed, further it was calculated and observed that with the usage of energy saving loads like BLDC fan, LED lights, better rating air conditioners and TVs in place of projectors, there is not only reduction in total wattage of energy consumption but also reduction in expenditure. Comparison of each building is done as Existing Infra (EI) and After Replacement (AR) in the table below based on the decision variables [ 10 ] that includes summation of light loads, all type of fan loads, air conditioner loads, personal computers, heaters, projectors i.e., total wattage (W) old as given below: $$W=\sum Light loads+\sum Fan loads+\sum AC loads+\sum PCs+\sum Heaters+\sum Projectors$$ 1 Thereafter adding 15% for the 5A and 15A sockets which are not been utilized presently but can be utilized in future to become part of total loads. So, the total wattage of respective building has been expressed as Total wattage (W15) old with 15% depicted below: $$W15=\sum Light loads+\sum Fan loads+\sum AC loads+\sum PCs+\sum Heaters+\sum Projectors+\sum 5A Socket+\sum 15A Socket$$ 2 Total Kwh is obtained by multiplying Total watt (W) with 8 depicting usage of all the loads for a duration of 8 hours in a day using the expression i.e., Total Kwh (Kwh) as depicted below: $$Kwh=W*8$$ 3 The rate per unit taken into account is Rs. 9 per unit as charged for College of Military Engineering which gives rates expended per day in a year. Further total amount expended per month excluding Sundays and for a year has been calculated. Table below depicts the above-mentioned calculations. Table 1 Calculation of Energy Consumption Parameters Solar Lab CME HQ Building F E&M Building Library EI AR EI AR EI AR EI AR Total Watt (W) 7805 6928 75255 65341 80108 69648 12148 8999 Add 15% for 5 A and 15 A sockets (W) 8975.75 7967.2 86543 75142 92124 80095 13970.2 10348.85 Total kWh for 8 hrs 718 637 692.34 601.13 737 641 111.76 82.8 Rate per unit @ Rs 9.45 per day 678.56 602.32 6543 5681 6,965 6,055 1056.13 782.46 Amount in a month (excluding Sundays) 17,642.7 15,660.33 1,70,109 1,47,699 1,81,079 1,57,435 27,459.38 20,344 Amount in a year 2,11,712.81 1,87,924 20,41,313 17,72,393 21,72,952 18,89,222 3,29,512.56 244128 (b) Calculation of Power Saving, Payback Period and CO2 emission (i) Power Saving . Based on the above calculations using equations ( 1 ), ( 2 ) and (3) of energy consumption, savings in power on daily, yearly basis was calculated. Energy consumptions after replacements with energy efficient equipment has been calculated using Eqs. ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) for each building under consideration. Energy efficient equipment taken into consideration are BLDC fan, LED lights, better rating air conditioners and TVs in place of projectors i.e., total wattage (W’) new as given below: $$W{\prime }=\sum LED light loads+\sum BLDC fan loads+\sum AC loads+\sum PCs+\sum Heaters+\sum Televisions$$ 4 Thereafter adding 15% for the 5A and 15A sockets which are not been utilized presently but can be utilized in future to become part of total loads. So, the total wattage of respective building has been expressed as Total wattage (W’15) old with 15% depicted below: $$W{\prime }15=\sum LED light loads+\sum BLDC fan loads+\sum AC loads+\sum PCs+\sum Heaters+\sum Televisions+\sum 5A Socket+\sum 15A Socket$$ 5 $$Total Power Savings=W15-W{\prime }15$$ 6 Diversity factor of 0.7 is taken into consideration on the total power saving and also savings in electric tariff was calculated. (ii) Payback Period . [ 10 ] Cost function after replacement with energy efficient equipment is taken into account and the cost of replacement is calculated as Cost of Replacement (CR) as reflected below: $$CR=\sum \left(LED lights*cost\right)+\sum \left(BLDC fan*cost\right)+\sum \left(Televisions*cost\right)$$ 7 Thereafter payback period is calculated by dividing total tariff saved and the cost of replacement. (iii) CO2 Emissions . As referred [ 11 ], the average carbon intensity for electricity generation in India was around 0.82 kilograms of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (kgCO2/kWh). However, the referred report is of 2022, therefore with the present conditions a total of 1 kilograms of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (kgCO2/kWh) is taken into account. To calculate the CO2 emissions reduced after utilization of energy efficient equipment for buildings considered inside College of Military Engineering, the formula used is CO2 emissions reduced (kg) = Electricity consumption (kWh) x Carbon intensity (kgCO2/kWh) (8) Table below depicts the above-mentioned calculations. Table 2 Calculation of Power Saving, Payback Period and CO2 Emission Reduction Parameters Solar Lab CME HQ Building F E&M Building Library Power Saving Power Savings (in W) 1008.55 11401 12030 3621.35 Diversity Factor (0.7) (in W) 706 7980.7 8421 2535 Units saved per day (8 hours) 5.648 63.86 67.37 20.3 Units saved in a year (312 days) (in kWh) 1762.17 19924 21019.44 6333.6 Electric Tariff Saved @ Rs. 9.45 16,652.21 1,88,285 1,98,634 59,852.52 Payback Period and CO2 Emission Total Savings 16,652.21 1,88,285 1,98,634 59,852.52 Cost of Replacement 63,000 13,35,950 9,84,077 3,01,500 Payback Period 3 years 8 months 7 years 5 years 5 years CO2 Emission per kWh (in Kg) 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg CO2 Emission reduced per year (Units saved per year*CO2 emission per Kwh) (in Kgs) 1762.17 19924 21019.44 6333.6 7. CONCLUSION This study brought out the fact that old military facilities do not have to be completely demolished in order to create a completely new ZEB. Instead, their life cycle can be extended through low-carbon renovation i.e., utilization of better energy efficient equipment and renewable sources. Once these key carbon footprint items are found, designs that can help to achieve carbon neutrality may then be introduced at the planning stage. [ 12 ] The study provides a useful example of using a carbon inventory to identify methods that create unnecessary carbon footprints and achieving low carbon or even zero carbon targets when transforming and reviving an old military facility In a broader context, the benefits accrued from replacing old vintage equipment’s with more energy efficient equipment’s results in a structured and cost-effective way to enable reduction in energy consumption, energy savings, implementation of better technology options and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving energy efficiency leads to net zero emission of carbon i.e., reducing the carbon footprint in the buildings and invariably reduces dependency on electricity produced by fossil fuels. Declarations Author Contribution CS Baswana wrote the Net Zero DefinitionPC Ghosh wrote the Abstract and IntroductionAshit Rana wrote and carried out complete analysisAll authors reviewed the manuscript References Nicholas Stern, Anna Valero (2021), “Innovation growth and the transition to net-zero emissions”, Research Policy, Volume 50, Issue 9, Elsevier , 1–12. Davis, S. J., Lewis, N. S., Shaner, M., Aggarwal, S., Arent, D., Azevedo, I. L., et al. (2018). “Net-zero emissions energy systems”. Science, Volume 360, Issue 6396 , 1419–1420. Eyre, N., & Killip, G. (2019). “Shifting the focus: Energy demand in a net-zero carbon UK”. Oxford, UK: CREDS . 1-180. Friends of the Earth Limited (2018). “Briefing: A pathway to ‘net zero’ greenhouse gas emissions”. 1st Floor, The Printworks, 139 Clapham Road, SW9 0HP: Friends of the Earth Limited , 1–23. Glynn, J., Gargiulo, M., Chiodi, A., Deane, P., Rogan, F., & Gallachóir, B. Ó. (2019). “Zero carbon energy system pathways for Ireland consistent with the Paris Agreement”. Volume 19, Issue 1 , 30–42. Hope, E., & Kuhn, A. (2018). “Net Zero by 2050: zero emissions pathways to the Europe we want” Climact, 1–35. Acemoglu, D. Aghion P, Barrage L Hemous D (2023), “Climate Change, Directed Innovation and energy Transition: The Long-Run Consequences of the Shale Gas Revolution”. 1–98. Aghion P, B enabou, R Martin, R Roulet, A, (2023) “2021 Environmental Preferences and Technological Choices: is Market Competition clean”. American Economic Review: Insights , American Economic Association, vol. 5 ( 1 ), 1–20. P. Torcellini, S. Pless, and M. Deru, Drury B. Crawly (2006), “Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition” Conference Paper ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Vol 3 , 417–428. Hamed Delavar a, Hadi Sahebi, (2020) “A sustainable mathematical model for design of net zero energy buildings”, Heliyon, Volume 6, Issue 1 , 1–11. Vijay Menghani, K. K. Sharma (2022) “CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector”, GoI, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority , Version 18.0 , 1–36. Hua-Yueh Liu, (2019) “Sustainable Reuse of Military Facilities with a Carbon Inventory: Kinmen, Taiwan”, MDPI , 1–13. Kate Anderson, Sam Booth, Kari Burman, Michael Callahan, (2011) “Net Zero Energy Analysis Approach for Military Installations” Conference: ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability , 1–11. Booth, S., Barnett, J., Burman, K., Hambrick, J., Westby, R. (2010) “Net Zero Energy Military Installations: A Guide to Assessment and Planning”. Technical Report NREL/TP-7A2-48876 , 1–55. Rajan Kumar, Suprava Chakraborty, D. Elangovan, Sanjeevikumar, (2022) “Concept of net zero energy buildings (NZEB) - A literature review, Elsevier, Volume 11 , 1–16. International Energy Agency (2021) “Net Zero by 2050, A roadmap for the Global Energy Sector by International Energy Agency”, 1-224. Len Williams, (2022) “Net-zero buildings: The future of construction?”. IEEE Engineering and Technology, Volume 17, Issue 11 , 60–63. Jonas Huber, Luc Imperiali, David Menzi, Franz Musil, Johann W. Kolar, (2024) “Energy Efficiency is Not Enough!”. IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, Volume 11, Issue 1 , 18–31. Ashok Bindra, (2024) “On a Road to Net Zero Emissions”. IEEE Power Electronics Magazine Volume 11, Issue 1 , 4–8. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4006033","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":276470640,"identity":"e0bd0976-310d-4f69-890c-962afe470c74","order_by":0,"name":"Ashit Kumar Rana","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFADZgbGB0CKh49YDRJALcwGIC1sxGthYGADEQwEtZi3nz344UfFvTr+dt5jlV9z7GTYGJgfPrqBR4vMmbxkyZ4zxRISh/nSbstuSwY6jM3YOAevg3IMpBnbEiQYDvOY3ZbcxgzUwsMmjVcL/xvj34z/EiTkgVqKJbfVE6FFIsdMmrEhQcIAqIXx47bDxGh5Y2bZcyxBcuNhHmNpxm3HediYCfmFP8f4xo+aBH6582cMP/7cVm3Pz9788DE+LSiAmQdMEqscBBh/kKJ6FIyCUTAKRgwAAPGQPK9SIpx1AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashit","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Rana","suffix":""},{"id":276470641,"identity":"e2475470-4feb-4846-9966-0a11a6eaba86","order_by":1,"name":"Prabhat Chandra Ghosh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prabhat","middleName":"Chandra","lastName":"Ghosh","suffix":""},{"id":276470642,"identity":"785c9087-c7b0-42ef-bda0-468cfd747245","order_by":2,"name":"C S Baswana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"C","middleName":"S","lastName":"Baswana","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-02 09:20:38","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006033/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006033/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52119942,"identity":"d076846b-c55b-4abd-9477-9678119403bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 04:22:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4233664,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 4.1 College of Military Engineering\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006033/v1/675fc7a882d3f6d5f02d3ac9.png"},{"id":52119940,"identity":"5e885fea-4bea-4aeb-b470-a33bd8e89e2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 04:22:25","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":175091,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 5.2 CME Headquarter Building\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006033/v1/e9e11e5cfd9869b8d8a3162c.png"},{"id":52119941,"identity":"f437d0ff-053c-4114-a848-858926212020","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 04:22:25","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":195979,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig. 5.3 Faculty of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, CME\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006033/v1/118577f728ae2be77731b535.png"},{"id":55446142,"identity":"1dbdf3f8-32b6-4c7e-a6dc-98b5a909085d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-28 03:24:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2496721,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4006033/v1/f214bb5e-32c0-45c7-b519-597224f84260.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Implementation of Net-Zero Energy Building in Indian Army","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eNowadays research which is being done should be environmentally sustainable due to various climate crisis and global economic impact of Covid 19. To achieve this investment should be made in clean innovation and sustainable infrastructure so as to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emission. This will help in improving productivity, living standards and individual prospects. In [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], theoretical and empirical evidences on the opportunities, drivers and policies for innovation led to sustainable growth are developed. The importance\u0026rsquo;s of a coordinated set of long-term policies, institutions and private sector which can invest in clean innovation so as to quickly increase the scale of industrial production are highlighted. For doing so Chris Freeman\u0026rsquo;s work on the system-wide drivers of innovation and his early vision of achieving environmentally sustainable growth is referred. There is lot of global economic and social development taking place due to availability of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, due to which human beings are able to lead a comfortable life. The technological advancements have led to new industrial era where fossil fuels are burned in abundance. This has led to the release of greenhouse gas emission in environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] leading to environmental changes. Greenhouse gas has the tendency to trap more heat in atmosphere which in turn negatively impacts the climate such as global warming. More the production of greenhouse gas, more will be the degree of earth warming leading to forest fire, flooding, heatwaves, storms etc. One of the major factors of greenhouse gas is anthropogenic CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e which is responsible for post-industrial temperature rise [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The global demand for energy is going to increase significantly due to industrial revolution. However, at the same time it is necessary to stabilize the environmental temperature by reducing the emission of greenhouse gas to zero from various human activities, which include industrial production, land use and agriculture [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The energy demand for developed industrialized countries remains high to sustain their development, but at the same time the energy demand for developing countries is also growing significantly due to their growing population and increasing standards of human living [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. It is necessary to address global warming issue by reducing the carbon emission to zero. Globally reducing the net carbon emission to zero will help in addressing the various challenges faced due to changing climate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been projected that even a 2\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC rise in global temperature will affect the production of wheat and maize in African countries. A mean temperature rise of 2\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in environment will lead to 10 cm rise in sea level. A net zero carbon emission can boost industrial productivity thus severely reducing the impact on climate change. By developing institutional framework and policy environmentally sustainable growth can take place [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. More investment is required to develop innovation leading to clean safe and green growth. Recently, due to development of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) innovations can be done to develop environmentally friendly products as compared to previous mass production based on exploitation of cheap oil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. NET ZERO BUILDING DEFINITION","content":"\u003cp\u003eA Zero-Energy Building (ZEB), also known as a Net Zero-Energy (NZE) building, is a building having net zero energy consumption that means that the total amount of energy consumed by the building on an annual basis is equal to the proportion of renewable energy created on the site location or in other interpretation by renewable energy sources offsite, using technologies such as heat pumps, highly efficient windows and insulation, and solar PV panels [9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the ZEB definition narrated above, each definition has its own advantages and disadvantages, which are discussed below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(a) \u003cstrong\u003eNet Zero Site Energy Building\u003c/strong\u003e [9] A site ZEB produces as much energy as it consumes, when adjudged for at the site. Generation of energy includes roof-mounted PV panels or solar hot water collectors. Other site-specific on-site energy production options include small-scale wind power, parking lot-mounted PV systems, and low-impact hydro.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) \u003cstrong\u003eNet Zero Source Energy Building\u003c/strong\u003e A source ZEB generates energy based in its usage as measured at the source. In order to calculate a building\u0026rsquo;s total source of energy, both imported and exported energy are multiplied by the appropriate site-to-source energy factors. And these factors are basically, power generation and transmission. This definition could definitely encourage the use of gas in as many ends uses as possible (i.e., boilers, domestic hot water, dryers, desiccant dehumidifiers) to take advantage of this fuel switching and source accounting to reach the required goal of zero energy building. For example, the higher the percent of total energy used at a site that is gas, the smaller the PV system required to be a source ZEB [9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(c) \u003cstrong\u003eNet Zero Energy Cost Building\u003c/strong\u003e A cost ZEB is awarded with as much financial credit for energy exported as it is charged through utility bills. The credit conferred for exported electricity (often referred to net energy generation) will have to offset energy, distribution, peak demand, taxes, and metering charges for electricity and gas use. [9] A cost ZEB provides a relatively even comparison of fuel types used at the site as well as a surrogate for infrastructure. Therefore, the energy availability specific to the site and the competing fuel costs would determine the optimal solutions. However, as utility rates can vary widely, a building with consistent energy performance could meet the cost ZEB goal one year and not the next.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(d) \u003cstrong\u003eNet Zero Energy Emissions Building\u003c/strong\u003e An emissions-based ZEB produces at minimum emissions-free renewable energy as it consumes from emissions-producing energy sources. If an all-electric building obtains all its electricity from an off-site zero emissions source (that may include hydro, nuclear, or large-scale wind farms), it is already considered as zero emissions and need not have to generate any further on-site renewable energy to offset the emissions. However, if the same building consumes natural gas for heating, then it will be in need to generate and export adequate amount of emissions-free renewable energy to offset the emissions from the natural gas use [9].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. STRATEGIES FOR A NET-ZERO ENERGY BUILDING","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt entails achieving energy efficiency by use of various energy efficient equipment and systems. And further utilizing the renewable energy sources. Several energy-efficient equipment options are available for offices to reduce energy consumption and promote sustainability. Here are some examples:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(a) \u003cstrong\u003eEnergy-Efficient Lighting\u003c/strong\u003e LED lighting consumes less energy than traditional bulbs and lasts longer. Motion sensors and smart lighting systems can further optimize energy usage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) \u003cstrong\u003eEnergy Star Certified Electronics\u003c/strong\u003e Choose computers, printers, and other electronic devices that carry the Energy Star label, indicating they meet energy efficiency guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(c) \u003cstrong\u003eOccupancy Sensors\u003c/strong\u003e Install sensors that can detect when a room is unoccupied, automatically adjusting lighting and HVAC systems to conserve energy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(d) \u003cstrong\u003eProgrammable Thermostats\u003c/strong\u003e Enable precise control over heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems with programmable thermostats to match the office\u0026rsquo;s occupancy schedule.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(e) \u003cstrong\u003eEnergy-Efficient HVAC Systems\u003c/strong\u003e Upgrade to high-efficiency heating and cooling systems, and regularly maintain them for optimal performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(f) \u003cstrong\u003eSmart Power Strips\u003c/strong\u003e Use smart power strips to prevent energy waste by cutting off power to devices when they are not in use or during non-working hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(g) \u003cstrong\u003eLaptops Over Desktops\u003c/strong\u003e Laptops generally consume less energy than desktop computers. Encourage the use of laptops, which are often more energy-efficient.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(h) \u003cstrong\u003eSolar Panels\u003c/strong\u003e If feasible, consider installing solar panels to generate renewable energy and reduce dependency on the grid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(j) \u003cstrong\u003eEnergy-Efficient Office Furniture\u003c/strong\u003e Choose furniture made from sustainable materials and consider ergonomic designs that enhance employee comfort and productivity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(k) \u003cstrong\u003eGreen Building Design\u003c/strong\u003e If constructing a new office or renovating an existing one, consider green building practices that optimize energy usage and overall environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe methodology adopted for the gathering of information and audit is: -\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(a) Formulation of a general format for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) Visual inspection and data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(c) Observation of the general condition of the facility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(d) Identification of the energy consumption and other parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(e) Segregation of load based on the end use such as lighting and fans, air conditioning, computers and other equipment\u0026rsquo;s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(f) Calculations, analysis and assumptions to include cost function of utilising and replacing installations [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(g) Potential energy saving options and economic viability with probable payback period.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. NET-ZERO ANALYSIS OF COLLEGE OF MILITRAY ENGINEERING IN INDIAN ARMY","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e5.1 COLLEGE OF MILITARY ENGINEERING\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege of Military Engineering (CME) is a technical and tactical engineering training institution of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers of the Indian Army. Training of Combat Engineers, Military Engineering Service, Border Roads Engineering Services (BRES) and Survey is done here.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe college it is situated at Dapodi on \u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eNH 4\u003c/span\u003e, adjacent to the Khadki cantonment, a large army base in Pune district, north of the Pune city. Established in 1943, as the 'School of Military Engineering' (SME) at Roorkee, apart from imparting training to Indian army officers and those from friendly countries, the college also plays an advisory role to the Indian Army, and is involved in research projects and experimentation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e5.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Military buildings, viz. Large Auditoriums, Administrative Buildings, Academics Departments, Laboratories, etc have been extensively utilising electrical equipment\u0026rsquo;s of old vintage with low energy ratings resulting in more energy consumptions leading in more CO2 emission being dependent on Grid. The equipment vintage, performance efficiency and operational \u0026amp; maintenance issues contribute to a large extent towards the huge electricity tariffs that the organisation currently pays to State Electricity Depts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e5.2 AIM/ OBJECTIVE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo carry out the green audit leading to Net Zero building and efficient utilization of the resources i.e., usage of more energy efficient electrical equipment leading to reduction in carbon footprint and in energy consumption in the selected buildings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e5.3 ENERGY SAVING CALCULATION\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy saving equipment for lighting, fan and AC has been taken into consideration for calculation of energy that will be consumed after replacement of the existing electrical infra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lighting and fan load constitutes about 48.32% of the total load. This fact is also brought out in the Lighting documents of BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) which says that about 20\u0026ndash;40% of the load in a commercial building is lighting load only. It also contributes significantly to the air conditioning load due to generation of heat. Therefore, an efficient design and use of lighting is of utmost importance. An analysis of the data collected reflects that about 43% of the lighting and fan load is due to 40 W fluorescent light fitting. Further, about 12.7% of the lighting and fan load is contributed by the resistance type fan regulators. Thus, significant energy savings can be achieved by changing the normal light fittings by LED light fitting, using BLDC fans, better rating air conditioners and TVs in place of projectors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003e(a) \u003cb\u003eData collection and calculation of energy consumption\u003c/b\u003e Details of existing electrical loads for the three buildings i.e., CME headquarter building, Faculty of Electrical and Mechanical building, Library and Solar Lab, were collected and there after following calculations were carried out to find out the amount of energy consumed and expenditure occurring based on the energy consumed, further it was calculated and observed that with the usage of energy saving loads like BLDC fan, LED lights, better rating air conditioners and TVs in place of projectors, there is not only reduction in total wattage of energy consumption but also reduction in expenditure. Comparison of each building is done as Existing Infra (EI) and After Replacement (AR) in the table below based on the decision variables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] that includes summation of light loads, all type of fan loads, air conditioner loads, personal computers, heaters, projectors i.e., total wattage (W) old as given below:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$W=\\sum Light loads+\\sum Fan loads+\\sum AC loads+\\sum PCs+\\sum Heaters+\\sum Projectors$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThereafter adding 15% for the 5A and 15A sockets which are not been utilized presently but can be utilized in future to become part of total loads. So, the total wattage of respective building has been expressed as Total wattage (W15) old with 15% depicted below:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$W15=\\sum Light loads+\\sum Fan loads+\\sum AC loads+\\sum PCs+\\sum Heaters+\\sum Projectors+\\sum 5A Socket+\\sum 15A Socket$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Kwh is obtained by multiplying Total watt (W) with 8 depicting usage of all the loads for a duration of 8 hours in a day using the expression i.e., Total Kwh (Kwh) as depicted below:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$Kwh=W*8$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rate per unit taken into account is Rs. 9 per unit as charged for College of Military Engineering which gives rates expended per day in a year. Further total amount expended per month excluding Sundays and for a year has been calculated. Table below depicts the above-mentioned calculations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of Energy Consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Lab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCME HQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF E\u0026amp;M\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLibrary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Watt (W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdd 15% for 5 A and 15 A sockets (W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8975.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7967.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13970.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10348.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal kWh for 8 hrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e692.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e601.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e737\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate per unit @ Rs 9.45 per day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e678.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e602.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1056.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e782.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount in a month (excluding Sundays)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,642.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,660.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,70,109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,47,699\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,81,079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,57,435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27,459.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount in a year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,11,712.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,87,924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,41,313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,72,393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,72,952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,89,222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,29,512.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b) \u003cb\u003eCalculation of Power Saving, Payback Period and CO2 emission\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e(i) \u003cb\u003ePower Saving\u003c/b\u003e. Based on the above calculations using equations (\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), (\u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and (3) of energy consumption, savings in power on daily, yearly basis was calculated. Energy consumptions after replacements with energy efficient equipment has been calculated using Eqs.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and (\u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) for each building under consideration. Energy efficient equipment taken into consideration are BLDC fan, LED lights, better rating air conditioners and TVs in place of projectors i.e., total wattage (W\u0026rsquo;) new as given below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e \u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$W{\\prime }=\\sum LED light loads+\\sum BLDC fan loads+\\sum AC loads+\\sum PCs+\\sum Heaters+\\sum Televisions$$\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThereafter adding 15% for the 5A and 15A sockets which are not been utilized presently but can be utilized in future to become part of total loads. So, the total wattage of respective building has been expressed as Total wattage (W\u0026rsquo;15) old with 15% depicted below:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$W{\\prime }15=\\sum LED light loads+\\sum BLDC fan loads+\\sum AC loads+\\sum PCs+\\sum Heaters+\\sum Televisions+\\sum 5A Socket+\\sum 15A Socket$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ6\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ6\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$Total Power Savings=W15-W{\\prime }15$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiversity factor of 0.7 is taken into consideration on the total power saving and also savings in electric tariff was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ii) \u003cb\u003ePayback Period\u003c/b\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] Cost function after replacement with energy efficient equipment is taken into account and the cost of replacement is calculated as Cost of Replacement (CR) as reflected below:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ7\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ7\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$CR=\\sum \\left(LED lights*cost\\right)+\\sum \\left(BLDC fan*cost\\right)+\\sum \\left(Televisions*cost\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThereafter payback period is calculated by dividing total tariff saved and the cost of replacement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(iii) \u003cb\u003eCO2 Emissions\u003c/b\u003e. As referred [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], the average carbon intensity for electricity generation in India was around 0.82 kilograms of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (kgCO2/kWh). However, the referred report is of 2022, therefore with the present conditions a total of 1 kilograms of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (kgCO2/kWh) is taken into account. To calculate the CO2 emissions reduced after utilization of energy efficient equipment for buildings considered inside College of Military Engineering, the formula used is\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO2 emissions reduced (kg)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Electricity consumption (kWh) x Carbon intensity (kgCO2/kWh) (8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable below depicts the above-mentioned calculations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of Power Saving, Payback Period and CO2 Emission Reduction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Lab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCME HQ Building\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF E\u0026amp;M Building\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLibrary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower Saving\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower Savings\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(in W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1008.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11401\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3621.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiversity Factor (0.7) (in W)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7980.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnits saved per day (8 hours)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnits saved in a year (312 days) (in kWh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1762.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21019.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6333.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectric Tariff Saved @ Rs. 9.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,652.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,88,285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,98,634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,852.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePayback Period and CO2 Emission\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Savings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,652.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,88,285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,98,634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,852.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of Replacement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,35,950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,84,077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,01,500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePayback Period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 years 8 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO2 Emission per kWh (in Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO2 Emission reduced per year (Units saved per year*CO2 emission per Kwh) (in Kgs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1762.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21019.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6333.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study brought out the fact that old military facilities do not have to be completely demolished in order to create a completely new ZEB. Instead, their life cycle can be extended through low-carbon renovation i.e., utilization of better energy efficient equipment and renewable sources. Once these key carbon footprint items are found, designs that can help to achieve carbon neutrality may then be introduced at the planning stage. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] The study provides a useful example of using a carbon inventory to identify methods that create unnecessary carbon footprints and achieving low carbon or even zero carbon targets when transforming and reviving an old military facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a broader context, the benefits accrued from replacing old vintage equipment\u0026rsquo;s with more energy efficient equipment\u0026rsquo;s results in a structured and cost-effective way to enable reduction in energy consumption, energy savings, implementation of better technology options and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving energy efficiency leads to net zero emission of carbon i.e., reducing the carbon footprint in the buildings and invariably reduces dependency on electricity produced by fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCS Baswana wrote the Net Zero DefinitionPC Ghosh wrote the Abstract and IntroductionAshit Rana wrote and carried out complete analysisAll authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNicholas Stern, Anna Valero (2021), \u0026ldquo;Innovation growth and the transition to net-zero emissions\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eResearch Policy, Volume 50, Issue 9, Elsevier\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDavis, S. J., Lewis, N. S., Shaner, M., Aggarwal, S., Arent, D., Azevedo, I. L., et al. (2018). \u0026ldquo;Net-zero emissions energy systems\u0026rdquo;. Science, \u003cem\u003eVolume 360, Issue 6396\u003c/em\u003e, 1419\u0026ndash;1420.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEyre, N., \u0026amp; Killip, G. (2019). \u0026ldquo;Shifting the focus: Energy demand in a net-zero carbon UK\u0026rdquo;. \u003cem\u003eOxford, UK: CREDS\u003c/em\u003e. 1-180.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFriends of the Earth Limited (2018). \u0026ldquo;Briefing: A pathway to \u0026lsquo;net zero\u0026rsquo; greenhouse gas emissions\u0026rdquo;. \u003cem\u003e1st Floor, The Printworks, 139 Clapham Road, SW9 0HP: Friends of the Earth Limited\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGlynn, J., Gargiulo, M., Chiodi, A., Deane, P., Rogan, F., \u0026amp; Gallach\u0026oacute;ir, B. \u0026Oacute;. (2019). \u0026ldquo;Zero carbon energy system pathways for Ireland consistent with the Paris Agreement\u0026rdquo;. \u003cem\u003eVolume 19, Issue 1\u003c/em\u003e, 30\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHope, E., \u0026amp; Kuhn, A. (2018). \u0026ldquo;Net Zero by 2050: zero emissions pathways to the Europe we want\u0026rdquo; Climact, 1\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAcemoglu, D. Aghion P, Barrage L Hemous D (2023), \u0026ldquo;Climate Change, Directed Innovation and energy Transition: The Long-Run Consequences of the Shale Gas Revolution\u0026rdquo;. 1\u0026ndash;98.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAghion P, B enabou, R Martin, R Roulet, A, (2023) \u0026ldquo;2021 Environmental Preferences and Technological Choices: is Market Competition clean\u0026rdquo;. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Economic Review: Insights\u003c/em\u003e, American Economic Association, \u003cem\u003evol. 5\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e), 1\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eP. Torcellini, S. Pless, and M. Deru, Drury B. Crawly (2006), \u0026ldquo;Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConference Paper ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Vol 3\u003c/em\u003e, 417\u0026ndash;428.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHamed Delavar a, Hadi Sahebi, (2020) \u0026ldquo;A sustainable mathematical model for design of net zero energy buildings\u0026rdquo;, Heliyon, Volume 6, \u003cem\u003eIssue 1\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVijay Menghani, K. K. Sharma (2022) \u0026ldquo;CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eGoI, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eVersion 18.0\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHua-Yueh Liu, (2019) \u0026ldquo;Sustainable Reuse of Military Facilities with a Carbon Inventory: Kinmen, Taiwan\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eMDPI\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKate Anderson, Sam Booth, Kari Burman, Michael Callahan, (2011) \u0026ldquo;Net Zero Energy Analysis Approach for Military Installations\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConference: ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBooth, S., Barnett, J., Burman, K., Hambrick, J., Westby, R. 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IEEE Engineering and Technology, \u003cem\u003eVolume 17, Issue 11\u003c/em\u003e, 60\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJonas Huber, Luc Imperiali, David Menzi, Franz Musil, Johann W. Kolar, (2024) \u0026ldquo;Energy Efficiency is Not Enough!\u0026rdquo;. IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, \u003cem\u003eVolume 11, Issue 1\u003c/em\u003e, 18\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAshok Bindra, (2024) \u0026ldquo;On a Road to Net Zero Emissions\u0026rdquo;. IEEE Power Electronics Magazine Volume \u003cem\u003e11, Issue 1\u003c/em\u003e, 4\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Net-zero, greenhouse gas, net-zero energy building, carbon footprint","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006033/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006033/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNet zero energy is a conceit of energy self-sufficiency that is based on minimal demand of thermal power supply and more usage of local renewable energy resources. A net zero energy military installation is defined as: ― A military installation that produces as much energy on-site from renewable energy generation or through the on-site use of renewable fuels, as it consumes in its buildings, facilities, and fleet vehicles. This study entails the green energy audit of the buildings of Indian Army aiming to identify opportunities for improving the energy efficiency of the campus and to facilitate the nation building with sustainable development. The reduction of the energy consumption while maintaining the human safety, health and comfort are of the primary importance. There is now a universal recognition of the fact that new technologies and much greater use of some that already exist provide the most hopeful prospects for the future. The opportunities lie in the use of existing renewable energy technologies, greater efforts at energy efficiency and the dissemination of these technologies and options. Achieving energy efficiency leads to net zero emission of carbon i.e., reducing the carbon footprint in the buildings and invariably reduces dependency on electricity produced by fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Implementation of Net-Zero Energy Building in Indian Army","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-07 04:22:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4006033/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2e3f3d4d-f93a-488d-b3f4-17f4bfced12d","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-28T03:15:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-07 04:22:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4006033","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4006033","identity":"rs-4006033","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}