Advancement In Mechanical Properties of Bioplastics Using Brown Algae and Eggshells— A Sustainable Method

Advancement In Mechanical Properties of Bioplastics Using Brown Algae and Eggshells— A Sustainable Method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Method Article Advancement In Mechanical Properties of Bioplastics Using Brown Algae and Eggshells— A Sustainable Method Abdelrahman Musfir Budakhan, Zayed Jamal Almehiri, Uzma Sami This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6539786/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Plastic pollution poses a major threat to ecosystems and human health due to the slow decomposition of conventional plastics. This study aims to develop a sustainable bioplastic with enhanced mechanical properties using sodium alginate extracted from brown algae and calcium carbonate from organic eggshells. The bioplastic was fabricated and tested for tensile strength, water absorbability, and biodegradability. The results revealed that the incorporation of sodium alginate and eggshell powder increased hanging strength by 1800% compared to control samples, while biodegradability improved significantly, with complete degradation achieved within seven days. However, an increase in water absorbability was observed, attributed to the hydrophilic nature of sodium alginate. Future studies will focus on enhancing the hydrophobic properties and thermal strength of the bioplastic. These findings contribute to the growing efforts to develop affordable, high-performance biodegradable plastics, supporting sustainability goals in the United Arab Emirates and beyond. Biomaterials bioplastic brown algae eggshells tensile strength biodegradability sustainable mate-rials calcium carbonate sodium alginate Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction The widespread use of conventional plastics has led to significant environmental challenges, particularly in the form of plastic pollution affecting oceans, soil, and the atmosphere. Global plastic production has surged from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to approximately 390.7 million metric tons by 2021, with an annual growth rate of about 4% [ 1 ]. Alarmingly, an estimated 8 million metric tons of plastic enter marine environments annually, posing a serious threat to ecosystems [ 2 ]. Traditional plastics are derived from non-renewable resources, require high energy consumption during manufacturing, and produce significant greenhouse gas emissions, contributing further to climate change [ 3 ]. In response to these concerns, bioplastics have emerged as a promising alternative. They are derived from renewable resources, are often biodegradable, and offer a potential pathway to reduce environmental damage. Polylactic acid (PLA), one of the most common bioplastics produced from corn starch, exemplifies these challenges; while it is biodegradable, its mechanical properties do not yet match those of traditional plastics [ 4 ]. Recent studies have explored various methods to enhance the mechanical properties of bioplastics, including blending with natural fibers, adding nanoparticles, and chemical modifications. However, debates remain regarding the scalability, cost-effectiveness, and true environmental impact of these improved bioplastics, with some researchers warning that certain bioplastics degrade only under industrial composting conditions [ 5 ]. In this context, the present study aims to develop a sustainable and commercially viable bioplastic with enhanced tensile strength, flexibility, and biodegradability by incorporating naturally sourced calcium carbonate (from eggshells) and renewable materials such as sodium alginate and various starches. Our work was motivated by the alarming level of plastic waste observed on our school campus, where approximately 500–600 plastic bottles were discarded daily. By improving the mechanical properties of PLA-based bioplastics, we seek to provide a practical alternative that addresses both environmental and commercial needs. Our preliminary findings demonstrate that the addition of fine powdered eggshells significantly improves the tensile strength of PLA-based bioplastics, paving the way for broader applications. This paper presents the methods, experimental results, and future directions for advancing bioplastics towards a more sustainable future. 2. Materials and Methods All our experiments were performed at 21 degrees Celsius. The humidity level for each was kept at 60%. 2.1 Materials The following materials were used in the preparation of bioplastics: · Water (100 mL) · Corn starch (5 grams) · Glycerol (7 mL) · Vinegar (4 mL) · Sodium alginate (4 grams) · Calcium carbonate (2.5 grams, extracted from eggshells) 2.2 Bioplastic Preparation Bioplastic was synthesized using the following procedure: 1. Preparation of the Polymer Base: Sodium alginate (4 grams) and corn starch (5 grams) were dissolved in 100 mL of water, creating a polymeric solution. The sodium alginate and corn starch serve as the primary binders to hold the bioplastic mixture together. 2. Plasticization: To enhance flexibility, 7 mL of glycerol was added to the mixture. Glycerol acts as a plasticizer, facilitating the conversion of the mixture into a pliable form. 3. Acidity Adjustment: To further increase the flexibility of the bioplastic, 4 mL of vinegar was incorporated into the solution. 4. Addition of Calcium Carbonate: Calcium carbonate (2.5 grams), derived from eggshells, was added to the mixture. The eggshells were pretreated and ground to obtain pure calcium carbonate, which contributes to the structural properties of the bioplastic. 5. Heating Process: The resulting mixture was heated to a temperature of 74°C and maintained at a constant high temperature of 90°C to facilitate complete integration of the components. 6. Cooling and Solidification: After the heating process, the bioplastic mixture was allowed to cool, solidifying into a flexible sheet of bioplastic. 3. Results 3.1 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Bioplastics 3.1.1 Tensile Strength Comparison · Two types of bioplastic samples were tested for tensile strength using a spring balance. · Weights were gradually added to each sample until rupture occurred. · The tensile strength was measured in newtons (N). 3.1.1.2 Results : · Bioplastic containing eggshell-derived calcium carbonate and sodium alginate demonstrated an increase in tensile strength by approximately 1800% compared to the control bioplastic (without eggshells and sodium alginate). 3.1.2 Water Absorption Comparison · Bioplastic samples were weighed before and after immersion in water for two hours. · Initial weight (Wi) of each sample: 3.255 grams. · After 2 hours: o Bioplastic with eggshells and sodium alginate: 12.73 grams. o Control PLA bioplastic: 5.239 grams. · Water absorption results: o Bioplastic with eggshells and sodium alginate showed a 258.59% increase in weight. o Control PLA bioplastic showed a 62% increase. · The higher water absorption in the modified bioplastic is attributed to the hydrophilic nature of sodium alginate. · Future Work: Research is ongoing to incorporate hydrophobic materials to reduce water absorption. 3.1.3 Biodegradability in Soil · Six samples were tested: three from the modified PLA with eggshells and sodium alginate and three from the control PLA sample. · Initial dimensions: o Height: 6.67 cm o Width: 4.5 cm o Area: ~30 cm² · Samples were buried in soil with a maintained pH of 6.4, and watered daily. · Decomposition results after 14 days: o Bioplastic with eggshells and sodium alginate: 100% loss in area (completely degraded). o Control PLA bioplastic: 66.7% loss in area. · These findings confirm that the incorporation of eggshells and sodium alginate significantly enhances the biodegradability of PLA-based bioplastics. Table 2. Summary of Bioplastic Formulations and Observations. Code Plasticizer Polymer Stiffening Curing Vehicle Notes Status Control 3 ml Glycerin 8.542 g Corn Starch None 3 ml Vinegar 50 ml Water Sticky, low tensile strength (2 N), flexible but less durable. Done S2 3 ml Glycerin 8.542 g Corn Starch 0.86 g CaCO₃/Eggshells 3 ml Vinegar 50 ml Water Stronger than Control (11 N). Done S3 3 ml Glycerin 8.542 g Corn Starch + 2 g Sodium Alginate 0.86 g CaCO₃/Eggshells 7 ml Vinegar 50 ml Water + 1 g CaCl₂ Stronger than S2 (17 N), needed more vinegar. Done S4 3 ml Glycerin 8.542 g Corn Starch + 5 g Sodium Alginate 2 g CaCO₃/Eggshells + 2 g CaCl₂ 5 ml Vinegar 100 ml Water More flexible, still sticky, 5 N tensile strength. Done S5 4 ml Glycerin 12 g Sodium Alginate 4 g CaCO₃/Eggshells 4 ml Vinegar 100 ml Water Sticky, flexible. Canceled S6 5 ml Glycerin 8.542 g Corn Starch + 10 g Sodium Alginate 1.5 g CaCO₃/Eggshells 5 ml Vinegar 50 ml Water - (Tensile strength 18 N?) S7–S11 3–10 ml Glycerin Various amounts Corn Starch + Sodium Alginate 0.86–1.5 g CaCO₃/Eggshells 3–5 ml Vinegar 50–100 ml Water Varied, some brittle due to rain, some canceled or destroyed. Mixed Results S12–S12-3 7 ml Glycerin 5 g Corn Starch + 4 g Sodium Alginate 2.5 g CaCO₃ (mixed powder/eggshells) 4 ml Vinegar 100 ml Water Achieved high tensile strength (38 N), flexible, durable, water absorption tested. Done S13 7 ml Glycerin 5 g Arrowroot Starch + 4 g Sodium Alginate 2.5 g CaCO₃ (mixed) 4 ml Vinegar 100 ml Water Arrowroot starch reached 38 N. Done S14 7 ml Glycerin 5 g Tapioca Starch + 4 g Sodium Alginate 2.5 g CaCO₃ (mixed) 4 ml Vinegar 100 ml Water Canceled. Canceled S15-C 9 ml Glycerin 25.5 g Potato Starch None 9 ml Vinegar 150 ml Water Dried in lab conditions. Done S15-C1 3 ml Glycerin 8.542 g Potato Starch None 3 ml Vinegar 50 ml Water Dried in lab conditions. Done 1 Shows all experiments done 3.2 Evaluation of Different Types of Starch for PLA Bioplastics 3.2.1 Starch Type Comparison for Tensile Strength · In this part of the study, different starches were tested to identify the strongest candidate for PLA bioplastic production. · Based on previous research, arrowroot starch was hypothesized to produce the strongest PLA polymer. This hypothesis was tested using samples S13 and S12. 3.2.1.1 Samples and Methodology : · S15-C and S15-C1 : Bioplastics made with potato starch. · S12 : Bioplastic made with cornstarch (control sample). · S13 : Bioplastic made with arrowroot starch. · All samples were subjected to tensile strength testing under standardized conditions. 3.2.1.2 Results : · Samples S15-C and S15-C1 (potato starch) exhibited tensile strengths comparable to each other but lower than the control sample (cornstarch). · Bioplastics made from potato starch demonstrated lower durability compared to those made from cornstarch. · Samples S12 ( cornstarch) and S13 (arrowroot starch) showed identical tensile strength values of 39 N , indicating that arrowroot starch and cornstarch produce bioplastics with similar mechanical strength. 3.2.1.3 Conclusion : · There was no significant difference in tensile strength between bioplastics made from arrowroot starch, cornstarch, and potato starch. · Therefore, arrowroot starch, potato starch, and cornstarch can all be used to produce PLA bioplastics with comparable mechanical properties, although cornstarch remains the most reliable option based on durability and availability. 4. Discussion The experiments showed that adding calcium carbonate and sodium alginate significantly improved the tensile strength and durability of bioplastics compared to the control. The best result, reaching 38 N, was achieved by optimizing polymer blends, plasticizer amounts, and drying conditions. Using arrowroot starch also proved effective, while tapioca starch was less successful. These findings align with previous studies but emphasize the importance of precise formulation and processing. Future work should explore other natural additives, drying methods, and long-term performance testing. 5. Conclusions This study demonstrated that adding calcium carbonate from eggshells and sodium alginate greatly enhanced the tensile strength and biodegradability of bioplastics. However, while strength improved by 1800% and complete degradation occurred within seven days, the addition of alginate also significantly increased water absorption. Future work will focus on reducing hydrophilicity while maintaining the improved mechanical and environmental properties, aiming to create more durable and sustainable packaging solutions. Declarations 6. Patents Acknowledgments: We are honored to undertake this project as it represents a significant step toward promoting sustainability. We sincerely thank Ms. Uzma Sami for her invaluable guidance and support throughout the study. We also express our gratitude to our families for their continuous encouragement. A special thank you to Zayed Jamal for his dedication and collaboration on this project. This project would not have been possible without the support of these individuals. Funding: This research received no external funding Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. References Beyond Microbial Biodegradation: Plastic Degradation by Galleria mellonella - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Annual-production-of-plastics-worldwide-from-1950-to-2021-5_fig1_375720367 [accessed 26 Apr 2025] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/plastic-pollution ( A. Gholamhosseini, M. Banaee, A. Sureda, N. Timar, A. Zeidi, C. Faggio Physiological response of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus exposed to polyethylene microplastics at different temperature Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Toxicol. Pharmacol., 267 (2023), Article 109581) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723012433) DOI:10.24966/FSN-1076/100048 , Jiménez L, Mena MJ, Prendiz J, Salas L, Vega-Baudrit J (2019) Polylactic Acid (PLA) as a Bioplastic and its Possible Applications in the Food Industry. J Food Sci Nut 5: 048. https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/polylactic-acid-pla-as-a-bioplastic-and-its-possible-applications-in-the-food-industry Singh P, Sharma A, Rathee A, et al. Revolutionizing packaging: Bioplastics for superior food and pharmaceutical solutions. Polymers and Polymer Composites. 2024;32. doi:10.1177/09673911241305184 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6539786","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Method Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":448585799,"identity":"fbd2a943-ec18-48db-9e4a-553bd9f84bc7","order_by":0,"name":"Abdelrahman Musfir Budakhan","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1671-377X","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdelrahman","middleName":"Musfir","lastName":"Budakhan","suffix":""},{"id":448585800,"identity":"5b7be9d2-a7a7-4d5b-adeb-1a29022cd439","order_by":1,"name":"Zayed Jamal Almehiri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zayed","middleName":"Jamal","lastName":"Almehiri","suffix":""},{"id":448585846,"identity":"b91812bd-fbcb-4a21-98b1-9c02fcad2993","order_by":2,"name":"Uzma Sami","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uzma","middleName":"","lastName":"Sami","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-27 10:26:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6539786/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6539786/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81610521,"identity":"e829130b-1360-4880-ba08-1d793e35ceed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 07:04:14","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe figure shows the three samples tensile strength result\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6539786/v1/cdcd1ae595d368956ca1714d.png"},{"id":81610511,"identity":"5aeae34d-b07a-4124-af30-007f2bcfb360","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 07:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88689,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe figure shows the three samples water absorption result\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6539786/v1/1aefecde732e6ce455659da6.png"},{"id":81610520,"identity":"eb227393-479f-439c-9e49-a8cbde292816","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 07:04:14","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe figure shows all the tensile strength of the samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6539786/v1/4c5758585ae565105549c4ee.png"},{"id":81611055,"identity":"9846e40a-660d-4bc4-ac05-273c4d076606","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 07:12:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":894838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6539786/v1/d75c8c7b-8160-401e-992d-a8bf9d753ef9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdvancement In Mechanical Properties of Bioplastics Using Brown Algae and Eggshells— A Sustainable Method\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe widespread use of conventional plastics has led to significant environmental challenges, particularly in the form of plastic pollution affecting oceans, soil, and the atmosphere. Global plastic production has surged from 2\u0026nbsp;million metric tons in 1950 to approximately 390.7\u0026nbsp;million metric tons by 2021, with an annual growth rate of about 4% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Alarmingly, an estimated 8\u0026nbsp;million metric tons of plastic enter marine environments annually, posing a serious threat to ecosystems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Traditional plastics are derived from non-renewable resources, require high energy consumption during manufacturing, and produce significant greenhouse gas emissions, contributing further to climate change [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn response to these concerns, bioplastics have emerged as a promising alternative. They are derived from renewable resources, are often biodegradable, and offer a potential pathway to reduce environmental damage. Polylactic acid (PLA), one of the most common bioplastics produced from corn starch, exemplifies these challenges; while it is biodegradable, its mechanical properties do not yet match those of traditional plastics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent studies have explored various methods to enhance the mechanical properties of bioplastics, including blending with natural fibers, adding nanoparticles, and chemical modifications. However, debates remain regarding the scalability, cost-effectiveness, and true environmental impact of these improved bioplastics, with some researchers warning that certain bioplastics degrade only under industrial composting conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, the present study aims to develop a sustainable and commercially viable bioplastic with enhanced tensile strength, flexibility, and biodegradability by incorporating naturally sourced calcium carbonate (from eggshells) and renewable materials such as sodium alginate and various starches. Our work was motivated by the alarming level of plastic waste observed on our school campus, where approximately 500\u0026ndash;600 plastic bottles were discarded daily. By improving the mechanical properties of PLA-based bioplastics, we seek to provide a practical alternative that addresses both environmental and commercial needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur preliminary findings demonstrate that the addition of fine powdered eggshells significantly improves the tensile strength of PLA-based bioplastics, paving the way for broader applications. This paper presents the methods, experimental results, and future directions for advancing bioplastics towards a more sustainable future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll our experiments were performed at 21 degrees Celsius. The humidity level for each was kept at 60%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following materials were used in the preparation of bioplastics:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eWater\u003c/strong\u003e (100 mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eCorn starch\u003c/strong\u003e (5 grams)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eGlycerol\u003c/strong\u003e (7 mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eVinegar\u003c/strong\u003e (4 mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eSodium alginate\u003c/strong\u003e (4 grams)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· \u003cstrong\u003eCalcium carbonate\u003c/strong\u003e (2.5 grams, extracted from eggshells)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Bioplastic Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBioplastic was synthesized using the following procedure:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Preparation of the Polymer Base: Sodium alginate (4 grams) and corn starch (5 grams) were dissolved in 100 mL of water, creating a polymeric solution. The sodium alginate and corn starch serve as the primary binders to hold the bioplastic mixture together.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Plasticization: To enhance flexibility, 7 mL of glycerol was added to the mixture. Glycerol acts as a plasticizer, facilitating the conversion of the mixture into a pliable form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Acidity Adjustment: To further increase the flexibility of the bioplastic, 4 mL of vinegar was incorporated into the solution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Addition of Calcium Carbonate: Calcium carbonate (2.5 grams), derived from eggshells, was added to the mixture. The eggshells were pretreated and ground to obtain pure calcium carbonate, which contributes to the structural properties of the bioplastic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Heating Process: The resulting mixture was heated to a temperature of 74°C and maintained at a constant high temperature of 90°C to facilitate complete integration of the components.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Cooling and Solidification: After the heating process, the bioplastic mixture was allowed to cool, solidifying into a flexible sheet of bioplastic.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Bioplastics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.1 Tensile Strength Comparison\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Two types of bioplastic samples were tested for tensile strength using a spring balance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Weights were gradually added to each sample until rupture occurred.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; The tensile strength was measured in newtons (N).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.1.2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Results\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Bioplastic containing eggshell-derived calcium carbonate and sodium alginate demonstrated an increase in tensile strength by approximately \u003cstrong\u003e1800%\u003c/strong\u003e compared to the control bioplastic (without eggshells and sodium alginate).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1.2 Water Absorption Comparison\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Bioplastic samples were weighed before and after immersion in water for two hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Initial weight (Wi) of each sample: 3.255 grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; After 2 hours:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Bioplastic with eggshells and sodium alginate: 12.73 grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Control PLA bioplastic: 5.239 grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Water absorption results:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Bioplastic with eggshells and sodium alginate showed a 258.59% increase in weight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Control PLA bioplastic showed a 62% increase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; The higher water absorption in the modified bioplastic is attributed to the hydrophilic nature of sodium alginate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Future Work: Research is ongoing to incorporate hydrophobic materials to reduce water absorption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1.3 Biodegradability in Soil\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Six samples were tested: three from the modified PLA with eggshells and sodium alginate and three from the control PLA sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Initial dimensions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Height: 6.67 cm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Width: 4.5 cm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Area: ~30 cm\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Samples were buried in soil with a maintained pH of 6.4, and watered daily.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Decomposition results after 14 days:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Bioplastic with eggshells and sodium alginate: 100% loss in area (completely degraded).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eo Control PLA bioplastic: 66.7% loss in area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; These findings confirm that the incorporation of eggshells and sodium alginate significantly enhances the biodegradability of PLA-based bioplastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSummary of Bioplastic Formulations and Observations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasticizer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStiffening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCuring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVehicle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.542 g Corn Starch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSticky, low tensile strength (2 N), flexible but less durable.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.542 g Corn Starch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86 g CaCO₃/Eggshells\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStronger than Control (11 N).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.542 g Corn Starch + 2 g Sodium Alginate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86 g CaCO₃/Eggshells\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 ml Water + 1 g CaCl₂\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStronger than S2 (17 N), needed more vinegar.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.542 g Corn Starch + 5 g Sodium Alginate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 g CaCO₃/Eggshells + 2 g CaCl₂\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore flexible, still sticky, 5 N tensile strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 g Sodium Alginate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 g CaCO₃/Eggshells\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSticky, flexible.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanceled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.542 g Corn Starch + 10 g Sodium Alginate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 g CaCO₃/Eggshells\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Tensile strength 18 N?)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS7\u0026ndash;S11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;10 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVarious amounts Corn Starch + Sodium Alginate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026ndash;1.5 g CaCO₃/Eggshells\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;100 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVaried, some brittle due to rain, some canceled or destroyed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixed Results\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS12\u0026ndash;S12-3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 g Corn Starch + 4 g Sodium Alginate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5 g CaCO₃ (mixed powder/eggshells)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAchieved high tensile strength (38 N), flexible, durable, water absorption tested.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 g Arrowroot Starch + 4 g Sodium Alginate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5 g CaCO₃ (mixed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArrowroot starch reached 38 N.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 g Tapioca Starch + 4 g Sodium Alginate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5 g CaCO₃ (mixed)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanceled.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanceled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS15-C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5 g Potato Starch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDried in lab conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS15-C1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 ml Glycerin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.542 g Potato Starch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 ml Vinegar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 ml Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDried in lab conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Shows all experiments done\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Evaluation of Different Types of Starch for PLA Bioplastics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2.1 Starch Type Comparison for Tensile Strength\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; In this part of the study, different starches were tested to identify the strongest candidate for PLA bioplastic production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Based on previous research, arrowroot starch was hypothesized to produce the strongest PLA polymer. This hypothesis was tested using samples S13 and S12.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2.1.1 Samples and Methodology\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eS15-C\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eS15-C1\u003c/strong\u003e: Bioplastics made with potato starch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eS12\u003c/strong\u003e: Bioplastic made with\u0026nbsp;cornstarch (control sample).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eS13\u003c/strong\u003e: Bioplastic made with arrowroot starch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; All samples were subjected to tensile strength testing under standardized conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.2.1.2 Results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eSamples S15-C and S15-C1\u003c/strong\u003e (potato starch) exhibited tensile strengths comparable to each other but lower than the control sample (cornstarch).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Bioplastics made from potato starch demonstrated \u003cstrong\u003elower durability\u003c/strong\u003e compared to those made from\u0026nbsp;cornstarch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u003cstrong\u003eSamples S12 (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecornstarch) and S13 (arrowroot starch)\u003c/strong\u003e showed \u003cstrong\u003eidentical tensile strength values of 39 N\u003c/strong\u003e, indicating that arrowroot starch and\u0026nbsp;cornstarch produce bioplastics with similar mechanical strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.2.1.3 Conclusion\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; There was no significant difference in tensile strength between bioplastics made from arrowroot starch,\u0026nbsp;cornstarch, and potato starch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; Therefore, \u003cstrong\u003earrowroot starch, potato starch, and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecornstarch\u003c/strong\u003e can all be used to produce PLA bioplastics with comparable mechanical properties, although cornstarch remains the most reliable option based on durability and availability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiments showed that adding calcium carbonate and sodium alginate significantly improved the tensile strength and durability of bioplastics compared to the control. The best result, reaching 38 N, was achieved by optimizing polymer blends, plasticizer amounts, and drying conditions. Using arrowroot starch also proved effective, while tapioca starch was less successful. These findings align with previous studies but emphasize the importance of precise formulation and processing. Future work should explore other natural additives, drying methods, and long-term performance testing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrated that adding calcium carbonate from eggshells and sodium alginate greatly enhanced the tensile strength and biodegradability of bioplastics. However, while strength improved by 1800% and complete degradation occurred within seven days, the addition of alginate also significantly increased water absorption. Future work will focus on reducing hydrophilicity while maintaining the improved mechanical and environmental properties, aiming to create more durable and sustainable packaging solutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Patents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e We are honored to undertake this project as it represents a significant step toward promoting sustainability. We sincerely thank Ms. Uzma Sami for her invaluable guidance and support throughout the study. We also express our gratitude to our families for their continuous encouragement. A special thank you to Zayed Jamal for his dedication and collaboration on this project. This project would not have been possible without the support of these individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This research received no external funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer/Publisher\u0026rsquo;s Note:\u003c/strong\u003e The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeyond Microbial Biodegradation: Plastic Degradation by Galleria mellonella - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Annual-production-of-plastics-worldwide-from-1950-to-2021-5_fig1_375720367 [accessed 26 Apr 2025]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/plastic-pollution ( A. Gholamhosseini, M. Banaee, A. Sureda, N. Timar, A. Zeidi, C. Faggio Physiological response of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus exposed to polyethylene microplastics at different temperature Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Toxicol. Pharmacol., 267 (2023), Article 109581)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723012433)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDOI:10.24966/FSN-1076/100048 , Jim\u0026eacute;nez L, Mena MJ, Prendiz J, Salas L, Vega-Baudrit J (2019) Polylactic Acid (PLA) as a Bioplastic and its Possible Applications in the Food Industry. J Food Sci Nut 5: 048. https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/polylactic-acid-pla-as-a-bioplastic-and-its-possible-applications-in-the-food-industry\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh P, Sharma A, Rathee A, et al. Revolutionizing packaging: Bioplastics for superior food and pharmaceutical solutions. Polymers and Polymer Composites. 2024;32. doi:10.1177/09673911241305184\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"bioplastic, brown algae, eggshells, tensile strength, biodegradability, sustainable mate-rials, calcium carbonate, sodium alginate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6539786/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6539786/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePlastic pollution poses a major threat to ecosystems and human health due to the slow decomposition of conventional plastics. This study aims to develop a sustainable bioplastic with enhanced mechanical properties using sodium alginate extracted from brown algae and calcium carbonate from organic eggshells. The bioplastic was fabricated and tested for tensile strength, water absorbability, and biodegradability. The results revealed that the incorporation of sodium alginate and eggshell powder increased hanging strength by 1800% compared to control samples, while biodegradability improved significantly, with complete degradation achieved within seven days. However, an increase in water absorbability was observed, attributed to the hydrophilic nature of sodium alginate. Future studies will focus on enhancing the hydrophobic properties and thermal strength of the bioplastic. These findings contribute to the growing efforts to develop affordable, high-performance biodegradable plastics, supporting sustainability goals in the United Arab Emirates and beyond.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Advancement In Mechanical Properties of Bioplastics Using Brown Algae and Eggshells— A Sustainable Method","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-29 07:04:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6539786/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d5eb1e04-6ea6-469c-8297-7317250b88f4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":47738578,"name":"Biomaterials"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-29T07:04:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-29 07:04:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6539786","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6539786","identity":"rs-6539786","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}