Synthesis of Al7475-B 4 C Nano Composites: Evaluation of Wear Behavior at Elevated Temperatures

Synthesis of Al7475-B 4 C Nano Composites: Evaluation of Wear Behavior at Elevated Temperatures | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Synthesis of Al7475-B 4 C Nano Composites: Evaluation of Wear Behavior at Elevated Temperatures G L Chandrasekhar, Y Vijayakumar, B Madhu, Raman Kumar, Madeva Nagaral, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769132/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The current work focusses on using a liquid metallurgical process to fabricate Al7475 alloy with B 4 C particles that range in size from 400 to 500 nm. The Al7475 alloy was used to create composites with B 4 C particles at weight percentages of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. SEM and EDS were used to characterize the synthesized composites' microstructure. Hardness and density were measured using ASTM guidelines. Furthermore, wear tests with varying loads and velocities were conducted at room temperature (RT) and elevated temperatures of 50˚C, and 100˚C. The B 4 C particles were equivalently disseminated throughout the Al7475 alloy, according to SEM micrographs. EDS spectra shows the occurrence of B 4 C in the Al7475 alloy. Dual particles added to the matrix reduced the density of Al7475 composites. The Al7475 alloy with B 4 C composites demonstrated better hardness and wear characteristics at room temperature and at higher temperatures. Al7475 Alloy B4C Particles Microstructure Density Wear Worn Morphology Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 1 Introduction Similar to other types of composites, metal matrix composites (MMCs) consist of at least two chemically and physically distinctive phases that, when combined, provide characteristics that neither phase could provide alone. Both "MMCs" and "light metal matrix composites" are often used interchangeably by researchers [ 1 , 2 ]. One excellent material for use in manufacturing is aluminium matrix composites, or AMCs. Recent efforts have been absorbed on developing aluminium metal matrix nanocomposites due to their remarkable creep resistance, high strength, low density, high damping capacity, and excellent dimensional stability [ 3 , 4 ]. Among the several available lattice materials, metal alloys are frequently used to create MMCs and have reached the mechanical fabrication phase. Building composites using variety of hard and soft reinforcements, such as zircon, mica, graphite, silica, and Al 2 O 3 , has been the main emphasis. Particle and filament graphite have both been known for a long time to be low-density, high-quality materials [ 5 , 6 ]. A class of affordable, tailor-made materials, hardening-produced aluminium graphite particulate metal matrix composites find use in a wide range of engineering apparatuses, bushes, and bearings [ 7 , 8 ]. Metal composites are an umbrella term for a wide diversity of materials that have had their properties optimised through engineering. While any metal or alloy can be used to make the grid, it is worth mentioning that lighter fundamental metals are generally used to improve mechanical properties. Up until now, improving MMCs' quality and longevity has been their main focus [ 9 , 10 ]. Significant improvements in important metrics including segment weight, wear resistance, thermal expansion, and high-temperature performance can be accomplished by using appropriate mixtures of filler ingredients in metallic matrices. It is equally important to maintain metals' desirable properties, such as their manufacturability, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and malleability. Also, the best combination of qualities should be obtained at the lowest possible cost. The characteristics MMCs can be changed by adding specific reinforcements, notwithstanding their rising popularity as materials for innovative aerospace and automotive applications [ 11 , 12 ]. Recent years have seen a surge in interest in particulate reinforced MMCs due to their exceptional specific stiffness and strength both at ambient and elevated temperatures. The reinforcement's shape, size, orientation, distribution, volume, and weight are parameters that significantly affect the composites' elastic properties [ 13 , 14 ]. Due to their rigidity and high specific strength, aluminium alloys show promise as matrix materials. Nevertheless, their limited wear resistance severely limits their potential applications. The aerospace and automotive sectors make heavy use of particulate reinforced composites due to their superior mechanical and tribological qualities over regular alloys. A wide range of hard and soft reinforcements, such as SiC, Alumina, B 4 C, Zircon, TiC, graphite, and mica, have been developed as part of Al based composites with an emphasis on affordability [ 15 , 16 ]. A substantial amount of the applied load is transferred via the support in MMCs. The lattice connects the reinforcements and lets the outside forces fall on each support independently. Wetting is essential for casting composites because it forms a good bond between the particle supports and the liquid aluminium metal matrix, which allows the load to be distributed and transferred from the matrix to the reinforcements without failure [ 17 , 18 ] Ceramic particles have the potential to strengthen aluminium alloys, which would improve their mechanical and other characteristics. MMCs often use ceramic materials as reinforcements. These materials can be either continuous or discontinuous. The MMCs that they manufacture are referred to be either continuously or discontinuously reinforced composites. They can be broadly categorised into five basic groups: continuous fibres, short fibres (chopped threads of varying lengths), whiskers, particles, and wire (only used on metal). Ceramics, especially those containing oxides, carbides, and nitrides, make up the bulk of reinforcements (wires being an exception). The combination of high strength and stiffness at both ambient and increased temperatures makes these constituents ideal for this application [ 19 , 20 ]. While stir-cast composites of Al7475 reinforced with B 4 C particulate metal matrix exhibit intriguing tribological characteristics, little is known about their hardness. The enhanced demand for lightweight materials in innovative industrial applications highlights the significance of aluminium and boron carbide composites. These findings offer support for the idea of creating Al7475 nano B 4 C composites with different percentages of B 4 C particles by weight. The hardness, and wear characteristics of Al7475 alloy composites containing nanoscale B 4 C particles at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% weight percentages are investigated in this study using liquid metallurgical techniques. 2 Experimental Details 2.1 Materials Used Al7475 is a 7000 series aluminium alloy characterised by a significant zinc concentration, together with magnesium, and is designed as a wrought product utilised as a main material. Al7475 is designated for its low density of 2.82 g/cm³ and is utilised in diverse applications such as jet engines, structural components, and tubing due to its superior machinability properties. The elevated levels of zinc and magnesium render the materials age-hardenable, exhibiting commendable strength, and favourable weldability. Table 1 delineates the chemical makeup of the Al7475 alloy. Table 1 Al7475 alloy elements by weight. % Zn Mg Si Fe Cu Ti Mn Cr Al 5.70 2.55 0.10 0.12 1.90 0.06 0.06 0.25 Balance The current study utilizes nano B 4 C as a secondary reinforcement particle, obtained from Reinste Delhi, with a particle diameter ranging from 400 to 500 nm. The distinct physical attributes, including as hardness, catalytic support, and neutron absorption, render nano B 4 C a preferred option for researchers and engineers across numerous applications by enhancing various capabilities. Consequently, B 4 C composites have garnered increased interest in the stir casting method due to its cost-effectiveness. Figure 1 shows the SEM micrograph of B 4 C particles. 2.2 Preparation of Composites and Testing The stir casting technology is selected for the preparation of metal matrix nanocomposites due to its cost-effectiveness and suitability for large-scale production of components. The nanocomposites comprising 2 to 10 wt. % of B 4 C were synthesised using the stir casting process. The requisite quantity of B 4 C and die of cast iron are warmed to a temperature of 500˚C. The measured quantity of Al7475 was weighed and positioned in a graphite crucible within an electric furnace, then heated to a temperature of 750˚C. Upon the complete liquefaction of Al7475 alloy, the degassing agent Solid HexaChloro Ethane (C 2 Cl 6 ) [ 21 , 22 ] is added into the molten material to expel undesirable adsorbed gases from the melt. The molten material is agitated by immersing a zirconium-coated mechanical stirrer to create a distinct vortex at a stirring speed of 300 rpm. After the vortex is established, the warmed nano-ceramic particles, together with the appropriate ratio of K 2 TiF 6 , are injected into the liquid melt at a steady feed rate. At each stage, continuous stirring is conducted before and after the addition of the nano B 4 C and K 2 TiF 6 mixture to prevent particulate clustering and ensure a uniform, homogeneous distribution of nano particulates in the melt. Following continuous stirring, the entire molten metal was put into a prepared cast iron die. Figure 2 (a) and Fig. 2 (b) illustrate the stir casting apparatus and the cast iron die employed in the preparation of the composites. Figure 3 illustrates the Al7475 alloy composites including B 4 C particles. A metallographic observer examines the dimensions, morphology, and distribution of particles inside the composites. During casting, composites may encounter issues such as the formation of pores, fissures, voids, cracks, or other defects, as well as the inclusion of contaminants, which can be analysed microscopically by a metallographer. The procedure for metallographic specimen examination encompasses documentation, sectioning of the test piece, mounting, grinding, polishing, etching, and microscopic analysis of the specimen [ 23 ]. The degree of casting shrinkage, the existence of non-metallic inclusions, and the porosity levels are all indicated by the density fluctuation of Al7475 alloy with nano B 4 C particle composites during solidification. The volume percentage of the B 4 C particles can be inferred from the density fluctuation in AMMCs containing B 4 C. For the purpose of determining density, samples of 12 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length were taken out of the as-cast alloy and composites. The "weight method" is used to experimentally test the density of Al7475 and Al7475 with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weight percent of B 4 C composites. This involves using an electronic weighing device to determine the ratio of the test specimens' measured weight to their measured volume. The law of mixtures is used to calculate the composite's theoretical density. In this study, hardness as specified by ASTM E10 [ 24 ] is determined using the Brinell hardness tester. Usually, materials whose surfaces are too rough for other testing techniques are evaluated using the Brinell tester. A 5mm ball indenter is used to measure the hardness of Al7475 and Al7475 with 2–10 weight percent of nano B 4 C composites. A load of 250 kg is applied at different locations for 30 seconds of dwell time to make sure the resultant indentation averages out surface and sub-surface irregularities. The sample used in the study is shown in Fig. 4 . Prior to being loaded under a Brinell tester, the test specimens were first hand-polished using emery paper. The indentation diameters of the carbide ball indentations caused by different loads applied to numerous test materials were measured and evaluated perpendicularly to each other. The average of the two diameters was computed for each sample separately. A standard method based on the average diameter was used to compute the Brinell hardness number (BHN). Slow material removal from a solid surface due to sliding, rolling, or contact with another surface is known as wear. This occurs as a result of localised bonding between the interacting solid surfaces, which causes material transfer. Wear can manifest in a variety of ways, including sliding, fretting, abrasive, erosive, and fatigue wear, among others, depending on the nature of the surface contact. A pin-on-disc device (Model: TR-20LE, Ducom) is used to conduct the wear test on all composite specimen combinations. Following the guidelines laid out by ASTM G99, the test specimens are prepared as depicted in Fig. 5 . 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Microstructure Studies The generated nanocomposite's reinforcing pattern and proper nanoparticle distribution are examined using a scanning electron microscope. After removing a portion from the cast specimen, it was ground on 220 grit SiC paper and then on 400 to 1000 grade emery papers. Keller's reagent was used to further mechanically polish and etch the samples in order to improve the microstructure's contrast [ 25 ]. In Fig. 6 a, shows scanning electron micrographs of the Al7475 alloy in its as-cast state. Figure 6 (b-f) displays composites reinforced with 2–10 weight percent nano B 4 C. Scanning electron micrographs reveal uniform distribution of secondary phase nanoparticles over the Al7475 alloy matrix, demonstrating the absence of agglomeration. The characteristics of the Al7475 alloy are greatly upgraded by the exceptional interfacial connection between the B 4 C and the alloy matrix. Figure 7a presents the EDS of the Al7475 alloy, while Figs. 7b-f display the EDS spectra of Al7475 composites reinforced with 2 to 10 wt. % of B 4 C. Figure 7 (a) illustrates the elements Zn, Mg, Fe, Si, Cu, Ti and Cr within the Al matrix. 3.2 Density Measurements Figure 8 juxtaposes the densities of as-cast Al7475 alloy with Al7475 containing 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt. % of nanosized B 4 C composites. The density of aluminium alloy Al7475 is 2.82 g/cm³, while B 4 C has a density of 2.52 g/cm³. The total composite density drops when 2 wt. % nano B 4 C is added to Al7475, since B 4 C has a lower density than Al7475. The composite material Al7475-2 wt. % B4C has a density of 2.81 g/cm³. Adding 2,4,6,8, or 10% B 4 C particles to Al7475 alloy also reduces the composite's overall density compared to the original aluminium alloy. It is also obvious that the theoretical densities are better than the observed ones [ 26 , 27 ]. 3.3 Hardness Measurements Both the as-cast and reinforced Al7475 alloys with B 4 C composites at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% weight percent were exposed to a hardness test using a 5 mm ball indenter. For 30 seconds, several locations on each sample were subjected to a force of 250 kgf. The graph clearly demonstrates that the hardness values of the composites surpass those of the as-cast matrix. Figure 9 clearly shows that the toughness of the composites increases with the wt. % of nano B 4 C. The B 4 C, when dispersed uniformly throughout the matrix, increase the hardness of the composite by preventing dislocation migration, which is one reason for the noticeable hardness improvement [ 28 ]. The results and observations are in line with prior research because of the robust connection between the matrix and reinforcement [ 29 ]. 3.4 Wear Behavior An evaluation of the wear properties is carried out by means of test specimens constructed from either pure Al7475 alloy or Al7475 alloy reinforced with 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% B 4 C particles. The test specimens are manufactured in accordance with the ASTM G99 standard, which is used for wear testing. Each composite material undergoes a unique wear test that takes three variables into account: weight, speed, and distance. During the test, one parameter is modified while the other two stay constant using pin-on-disc technology. At room temperature, 50 degrees Celsius, and 100 degrees Celsius, the wear tests for the Al7475 with B 4 C particles are displayed in the section of the manuscript. 3.4.1 Effect of Applied Load on Wear Loss At room temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C, Figs. 10 , 11 , and 12 show the effects of applied load on Al7475 with 2 to 10 weight percent of B 4 C particles, respectively. Load is one critical component that significantly aids in reducing wear. The effects of typical loads in wear trials have been the subject of extensive research in order to understand the wear rates of aluminium alloys. To examine the impact of loads on wear, we made a graphic depicting wear losses for 10, 20, 30, and 40 N at a constant distance of 2000 meters and a speed of 400 rpm. At room temperature, Fig. 10 shows how the wear parameters of B4C reinforced composite are affected by load. At a sliding speed of 400 rpm, the material loss rises for all specimens as the load rises from 10 N to 40 N. The unreinforced composite lost more weight under the given stress than the reinforced one since Al7475 had poorer tribological properties, limiting its applicability in tribological applications. Because there is more surface contact between the disc and specimen under higher pressures, material loss is greater. Wear loss also decreases when the wt.% of B4C increases from 2 to 10 weight percent, as shown in the graph. The presence of hard carbide in the matrix provides continuous protection against wear [ 30 ]. Under varying loading conditions and elevated temperatures (50 and 100 degrees Celsius), Figs. 11 and 12 show the wear behaviour of Al7475 and different wt.% of nanoparticle composites at a sliding speed of 400 rpm. As the test temperature rose from 10 N to 40 N and the load from 50°C to 100°C, the wear losses of the Al7475 and its carbide particle-reinforced composites became more pronounced. Nanocomposites added 2–10 weight percent to Al7475 increased the material's resilience to deterioration. At ambient temperature, 50°C, and 100°C, with loads ranging from 10 N to 40 N, Fig. 13 demonstrates the comparative wear behaviour of Al7475 alloy with 10% nanoparticles at a constant sliding speed of 400 rpm. The wear loss of all specimens increased as the temperature rose from room temperature to 100˚C, according to the examination of the wear parameters of Al7475 and Al7475 composites with 10 weight percent nano B 4 C. Additionally, Al7475–10 wt.% B 4 C composites showed less wear and greater resilience at higher temperatures compared to all the samples that were tested. The test specimen becomes weaker at high temperatures, which is mostly responsible for the wear loss increasing as temperatures rise. At higher temperatures, the material is lost more quickly due to the softening mechanism [ 31 , 32 ]. 3.4.2 Effect of Sliding Speed on Wear Loss The effects of sliding velocity on the wear of Al7475 with 2 to 10 weight percent B 4 C particles are shown in Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 , which were tested at room temperature and elevated temperatures. Impact of sliding velocity on Al7475 alloy composites with 2–10 weight percent B 4 C particles at room temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C. The sliding speed is a crucial component that considerably impacts wear loss. There has been a big deal of research on the effect of speed in wear tests to figure out the wear of Al alloys. In addition, to examine the effect of sliding speed on wear, graphs displaying wear loss vs. 100, 200, 300, and 400 rpm were generated. These speeds were maintained at a constant distance of 2000 meters and subjected to a load of 40 N. 3.4.3 Worn Surface Morphology and Wear Debris This region of the research delves into the worn surface examination of Al7475 alloy that has been supported with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weight percent of nano boron carbide particles. The surfaces that have worn down from specimens subjected to high loads (40 N) and sliding speeds (400 rpm) in the wear test have been analysed. The wear surfaces of Al7475 alloy composites reinforced with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weight percent of nano boron carbide particles are depicted in Fig. 16 (a-f), Fig. 17 (a-f), and Fig. 18 (a-f) by SEM. The experiments were carried out at various temperatures: room temperature (RT), 50, and 100 degree Celsius. Figure 16 (a) shows that the Al7475 matrix experiences viscous flow when sliding due to the fact that it is softer than the disc material. This process manifests as pin production, which leads to significant material loss and flexible surface deformation of the specimen. Figure 17 (a) and Fig. 18 (a) show that at elevated temperatures of 50 and 100 degree Celsius, respectively, the as-cast Al7475 showed greater deformation. The higher wear loss was likely caused by the damaged surface of Al7475, which has furrows, micro-pits, and a fractured oxide layer, as shown in Fig. 16 (a). Figure 16 (b-f), Fig. 17 (b-f), and Fig. 18 (b-f), it is find that the B 4 C in the Al7475 material stop the viscous flow of the matrix. It has been noted that grooves or erosion diminish with increasing concentrations of B 4 C particles. The Al7475 alloy with B 4 C reinforced composites shows less grooves and voids compared to the Al7475 alloy. Wear debris refers to the particles that are produced during the wear test as in the Fig. 19 (a-c). Wear occurs to the softer material as a result of friction. Wear debris analysis involves analysing worn particles using SEM to determine the type of wear that the material has endured. Figure 20 (a-c) displays the various images obtained from SEM. Here are the SEM microphotographs of the as-cast Al7475 alloy at different temperatures: room temperature (Fig. 19 (a)), 50˚C (Fig. 19 (b)), and 100˚C (Fig. 19 (c)). All of these images were taken with a 40 N load and 400 rpm speeds. The size of the wear debris increased, mostly because the temperature increased, as seen by micrographs taken as the experimental temperature of the wear tests rose from room temperature to 100˚C. The substance is lost at a faster rate when the temperature increases [ 33 ]. The SEM microphotographs of the wear debris from Al7475-10 wt.% B4C composites at ambient temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C, obtained under a 40 N applied load and 400 rpm operating speeds, are shown in Fig. 20 (a), Fig. 20 (b), and Fig. 20 (c), respectively. Wear debris in the Al7475 alloy reinforced with 10% boron carbide composites was smaller at room temperature compared to other alloys, and this trend persisted as the testing temperature rose. 4 Conclusions The current study has resulted in the following conclusions: Al7475 alloy and nano B 4 C composites of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt. % were effectively produced using the melt stirring technique. Scanning Electron Microscope micrographs demonstrated the identical dispersion of particles within the Al7475 matrix. The Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) investigation identified B 4 C in the composites. The incorporation of nano B 4 C particles reduced both the theoretical and experimental densities of the Al7475 matrix. The hardness of Al7475- B 4 C nanocomposites is higher than that of the Al7475 alloy. As the weight proportion of B 4 C reinforcements in composites increases, so does their hardness. Hardness is increased by 69.9% when 10 weight percent of B4C particles are added to the Al7475 alloy matrix. The wear confrontation of the Al7475 has been enhanced through the incorporation of carbide particles. The applied load and sliding velocity influenced the wear characteristics of Al7475 alloy and its boron carbide reinforced composites. As the applied load escalated from 10 N to 40 N, there was a rise in the wear loss of Al7475 alloy and its B 4 C reinforced composites. The Al7475 alloy reinforced with 10 wt.% boron carbide composites exhibits greater wear resistance compared to the matrix and other composites. As the sliding speed escalated from 100 rpm to 400 rpm, there was a rise in the wear loss of Al7475 and its B 4 C reinforced composites. The test temperature influenced the wear characteristics of Al7475 and B 4 C composites. As the test temperature climbed from room temperature to 100˚C, there was an increase in wear loss in the Al7475 and composites. Analysis of worn surfaces reveals the distinct wear mechanisms at ambient temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C. The cast alloy of Al7475 exhibited deeper grooves and voids at 100˚C. Moreover, boron carbide reinforced composites display reduced grooves and tracks on the wear surface; yet, increased material loss is noted at 100˚C. Adhesive wear behaviour was observed in the as-cast alloy at RT and elevated temperatures. Both adhesive and abrasive wear mechanisms were discovered in boron carbide particle-reinforced composites. The wear detritus of Al7475 alloy was examined at ambient temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C. In the case of the Al7475, larger wear debris was seen at a test temperature of 100˚C. The Al7475 alloy reinforced with boron carbide particles exhibits enhanced wear resistance and reduced wear debris size at room temperature, particularly with 10 wt. % of B 4 C, compared to wear debris generated at 50˚C and 100˚C test temperatures. Declarations Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Author Contribution G.L.C. Experimental and Analysis and Draft, Y.V. Results and Discussions, M.B. Testing and Editing, R.K. Manuscript Editing, M.N. Experimental and Results, A.K. Results Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings are included within the manuscript itself. Funding Declaration No Funding. References BN Nithin, KC Vishwanath, S Manjunath Yadav, Nagaraj Namdev, Suresh Shetty, Madeva Nagaral. Microstructural and Tensile Characterisation of Si 3 N 4 Reinforced Al2219 Alloy Composites. Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, 72, 12, 2024, pp. 1361-1369. BN Nithin, Madeva Nagaral, Manjunath Maiyya, Fazil Nalband, V Auradi. Mechanical Properties of ZrO 2 Particles Reinforced Al2219 Alloy Metal Composites Prepared by Stir Casting Process. Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, 72, 9, 2024, pp. 937-947. Pankaj R Jadhav, BR Sridhar, Madeva Nagaral, Jayasheel I Harti. 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Engineering Reports, 2024, e12876. B Adaveesh, J Raghukumar, Madeva Nagaral. Investigations on Wear Behaviour of Micro B4C Particulates Reinforced Al7010 Alloy Composites. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 310, 1, 2018, 012155. Annapoorna Krishnappa, Shobha Ramesh, Vedashantha Murthy Bharath, Rajanna Siddagangappa, Srimadhu Ashokkumar, Madeva Nagaral, Virupaxi Auradi. Effect of Hybrid Nano Particle Reinforcements on Fractographic, Mechanical and Wear Behavior of Al6061 Alloy Composites Developed by Ultrasonic Assisted Stir Casting Technique. Fracture and Structural Integrity, 19, 71, 2025, 285-301. Sunil Kumar Shetty, Madhukara Nayak, Madeva Nagaral, V Auradi, Fazil Nalband. Influence of Electroless Copper Coated B4C Particles Addition on the Hardness, Density and Wear Behavior of Al2025 Alloy Composites. Journal of Bio-and Tribo-Corrosion, 10, 4, 2024, 1-16. p. Microstructural characteristics and wear properties of Si3N4/ ZrO2 reinforced Al7055 alloy T6 heat treated metal matrix composites, Interactions, 245, 1, 2024, 310. Gorad Sagar Ramachandra, Satish Babu Boppana, Samuel Dayanand, Madeva Nagaral, Ankit Kumar Singh. Wear behavior of Si3N4 Reinforced AA2219 Metal Matrix Composites. Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, 2024, 7-730. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 01 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 29 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6769132","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":469528630,"identity":"a88a8c49-a83f-4a31-978b-21d9623ca9ac","order_by":0,"name":"G L 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B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC Particles\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/1bce0333dcba75b4abc5a6c3.png"},{"id":84479449,"identity":"ac3edfa6-6103-4297-b5be-21376d81de28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:34","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":519570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Stir casting set up\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b) Cast iron die\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/1a9031d1177796cbb3ac76db.png"},{"id":84479374,"identity":"cd3b28de-8ae5-408f-a97e-36e06f8939cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:20","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":225477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAl7475-B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC nano composites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/b53ce4a607e44b0ae09308a8.png"},{"id":84480208,"identity":"424a698a-5697-42b2-ace7-98d4f9281e2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:28:20","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBrinell hardness specimen\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/83595d52caa2aadbb038769f.png"},{"id":84479351,"identity":"db493851-82e3-48b5-92e2-07f301b9ab78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:19","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58888,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWear test specimen\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/fd4adba10e352b019692618c.png"},{"id":84480577,"identity":"c0656df6-de36-4fd1-a3db-d354133e35b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:36:20","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":203655,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a-f) Scanning electron micrographs of (a) As cast Al7475 alloy (b) Al7475-2% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (c)Al7475-4% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (d) Al7475-6% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (e) Al7475-8% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (f) Al7475-10% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC nano composites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/1c1c5530facbd74eded4d4cd.png"},{"id":84480196,"identity":"15c39dc1-eba7-4ee7-b4bb-6aa86a354789","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:28:19","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62694,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDS spectrums of (a) as cast Al7475 alloy (b) Al7475-10% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC nano composites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/1a63bda8887dc336432a8083.png"},{"id":84479364,"identity":"98c8458e-62c9-4de2-ad81-c3cf21b771b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:19","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53189,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDensities of Al7475 and nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/b553d0dc932f17110ac62929.png"},{"id":84479366,"identity":"78d75ad3-11e6-499a-878e-343dce1a60e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:19","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61331,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHardness of Al7475 alloy and its nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/14f55879b106401ef211b751.png"},{"id":84479362,"identity":"77876cbc-b50e-4746-866c-7fa255da9c9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:19","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":121969,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWear loss of Al7475 composites at room temperature\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/9529472c446a1a1421cbfd8f.png"},{"id":84479396,"identity":"a76c5174-2a83-4bb9-a691-d2fbe153ecc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:23","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100429,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWear loss of Al7475 composites at 50˚C\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/1f9a5f2deabe7332bd3c1c2f.png"},{"id":84479356,"identity":"b5dabdcd-fc52-4259-8115-ba25f753491d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:19","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87130,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWear loss of Al7475 composites at 50˚C\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/78fa6ab249ad50ad10bd1c18.png"},{"id":84479377,"identity":"7b20a4b8-9a45-4049-a0cd-4104db618d38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:20","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWear loss of Al7475 composites at 50˚C and 100˚C\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/849c5c0d6f4b7ecff7d36377.png"},{"id":84480211,"identity":"194c9e4d-dc0d-4e32-9ddc-b83352dc0fe2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:28:20","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":107074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWear loss of Al7475 alloy and composites at various speeds and constant load at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/7c681dbdfbbd1047128dab2a.png"},{"id":84479414,"identity":"66d32266-9240-426d-a8c9-978f7b44f355","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:24","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of wear loss of Al7475 alloy and composites at various speeds and 40 N constant load at different temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/59e83825e4fda314f8601d99.png"},{"id":84479419,"identity":"b37de4fc-01af-43ca-8b5d-07459ff98612","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:25","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":175035,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a-f) Worn surfaces SEM images of (a) As cast Al7475 alloy (b) Al7475-2% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (c)Al7475-4% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (d) Al7475-6% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (e) Al7475-8% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (f) Al7475-10% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC nano composites at room temperature at 40 N load and 400 rpm speed\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/7487120d8d921d8ce2eff56b.png"},{"id":84479424,"identity":"18f27993-f708-4753-bd7c-97adf2cf1a3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:25","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":177800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a-f) Worn surfaces SEM images of (a) As cast Al7475 alloy (b) Al7475-2% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (c)Al7475-4% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (d) Al7475-6% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (e) Al7475-8% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (f) Al7475-10% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC nano composites at 50˚Cat 40 N load and 400 rpm speed\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/3044b14f46964207400df83e.png"},{"id":84479390,"identity":"a7814ea2-3c9d-402f-9be9-ec0a6c2163e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:23","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":209425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a-f) Worn surfaces SEM images of (a) As cast Al7475 alloy (b) Al7475-2% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (c)Al7475-4% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (d) Al7475-6% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (e) Al7475-8% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC (f) Al7475-10% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC nano composites at 100˚C at 40 N load and 400 rpm speed\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/89f81ed104e43c5c3faf2ffc.png"},{"id":84479398,"identity":"ea00573f-702f-4dbc-baaf-244f014fa579","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:23","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":199986,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a-c) Wear debris SEM of (a) Al7475 alloy at room temperature (b) as cast Al7475 alloy at 50˚C (c) ) as cast Al7475 alloy at 100˚C, wear tests carried out for 40 N load and 400 rpm sliding speeds\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/84b6b8a1a123f6a5cb8979e7.png"},{"id":84479369,"identity":"fb6e5540-b265-4ee7-ab96-b1caa3cc1efc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:20:20","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":187062,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a-c) Wear debris SEM of (a) Al7475-10 wt.% of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites at room temperature (b)\u0026nbsp; Al7475-10 wt.% of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites at 50˚C (c) )\u0026nbsp; Al7475-10 wt.% of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites at 100˚C, wear tests carried out for 40 N load and 400 rpm sliding speeds\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/0243df9fd24555da930fcbe5.png"},{"id":84482161,"identity":"9d5a19c7-24f5-4d72-ae44-598153d78004","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 12:52:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3671127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769132/v1/50cc6c6b-00d0-4389-bdd4-3272c117192e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Synthesis of Al7475-B 4 C Nano Composites: Evaluation of Wear Behavior at Elevated Temperatures","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSimilar to other types of composites, metal matrix composites (MMCs) consist of at least two chemically and physically distinctive phases that, when combined, provide characteristics that neither phase could provide alone. Both \"MMCs\" and \"light metal matrix composites\" are often used interchangeably by researchers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. One excellent material for use in manufacturing is aluminium matrix composites, or AMCs. Recent efforts have been absorbed on developing aluminium metal matrix nanocomposites due to their remarkable creep resistance, high strength, low density, high damping capacity, and excellent dimensional stability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the several available lattice materials, metal alloys are frequently used to create MMCs and have reached the mechanical fabrication phase. Building composites using variety of hard and soft reinforcements, such as zircon, mica, graphite, silica, and Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, has been the main emphasis. Particle and filament graphite have both been known for a long time to be low-density, high-quality materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. A class of affordable, tailor-made materials, hardening-produced aluminium graphite particulate metal matrix composites find use in a wide range of engineering apparatuses, bushes, and bearings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal composites are an umbrella term for a wide diversity of materials that have had their properties optimised through engineering. While any metal or alloy can be used to make the grid, it is worth mentioning that lighter fundamental metals are generally used to improve mechanical properties. Up until now, improving MMCs' quality and longevity has been their main focus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Significant improvements in important metrics including segment weight, wear resistance, thermal expansion, and high-temperature performance can be accomplished by using appropriate mixtures of filler ingredients in metallic matrices. It is equally important to maintain metals' desirable properties, such as their manufacturability, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and malleability. Also, the best combination of qualities should be obtained at the lowest possible cost.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe characteristics MMCs can be changed by adding specific reinforcements, notwithstanding their rising popularity as materials for innovative aerospace and automotive applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent years have seen a surge in interest in particulate reinforced MMCs due to their exceptional specific stiffness and strength both at ambient and elevated temperatures. The reinforcement's shape, size, orientation, distribution, volume, and weight are parameters that significantly affect the composites' elastic properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to their rigidity and high specific strength, aluminium alloys show promise as matrix materials. Nevertheless, their limited wear resistance severely limits their potential applications. The aerospace and automotive sectors make heavy use of particulate reinforced composites due to their superior mechanical and tribological qualities over regular alloys. A wide range of hard and soft reinforcements, such as SiC, Alumina, B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC, Zircon, TiC, graphite, and mica, have been developed as part of Al based composites with an emphasis on affordability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA substantial amount of the applied load is transferred via the support in MMCs. The lattice connects the reinforcements and lets the outside forces fall on each support independently. Wetting is essential for casting composites because it forms a good bond between the particle supports and the liquid aluminium metal matrix, which allows the load to be distributed and transferred from the matrix to the reinforcements without failure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeramic particles have the potential to strengthen aluminium alloys, which would improve their mechanical and other characteristics. MMCs often use ceramic materials as reinforcements. These materials can be either continuous or discontinuous. The MMCs that they manufacture are referred to be either continuously or discontinuously reinforced composites. They can be broadly categorised into five basic groups: continuous fibres, short fibres (chopped threads of varying lengths), whiskers, particles, and wire (only used on metal). Ceramics, especially those containing oxides, carbides, and nitrides, make up the bulk of reinforcements (wires being an exception). The combination of high strength and stiffness at both ambient and increased temperatures makes these constituents ideal for this application [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile stir-cast composites of Al7475 reinforced with B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particulate metal matrix exhibit intriguing tribological characteristics, little is known about their hardness. The enhanced demand for lightweight materials in innovative industrial applications highlights the significance of aluminium and boron carbide composites. These findings offer support for the idea of creating Al7475 nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites with different percentages of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles by weight. The hardness, and wear characteristics of Al7475 alloy composites containing nanoscale B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% weight percentages are investigated in this study using liquid metallurgical techniques.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Experimental Details","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials Used\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl7475 is a 7000 series aluminium alloy characterised by a significant zinc concentration, together with magnesium, and is designed as a wrought product utilised as a main material. Al7475 is designated for its low density of 2.82 g/cm\u0026sup3; and is utilised in diverse applications such as jet engines, structural components, and tubing due to its superior machinability properties. The elevated levels of zinc and magnesium render the materials age-hardenable, exhibiting commendable strength, and favourable weldability. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e delineates the chemical makeup of the Al7475 alloy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl7475 alloy elements by weight. %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study utilizes nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC as a secondary reinforcement particle, obtained from Reinste Delhi, with a particle diameter ranging from 400 to 500 nm. The distinct physical attributes, including as hardness, catalytic support, and neutron absorption, render nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC a preferred option for researchers and engineers across numerous applications by enhancing various capabilities. Consequently, B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites have garnered increased interest in the stir casting method due to its cost-effectiveness. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the SEM micrograph of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Preparation of Composites and Testing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe stir casting technology is selected for the preparation of metal matrix nanocomposites due to its cost-effectiveness and suitability for large-scale production of components. The nanocomposites comprising 2 to 10 wt. % of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC were synthesised using the stir casting process. The requisite quantity of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC and die of cast iron are warmed to a temperature of 500˚C. The measured quantity of Al7475 was weighed and positioned in a graphite crucible within an electric furnace, then heated to a temperature of 750˚C. Upon the complete liquefaction of Al7475 alloy, the degassing agent Solid HexaChloro Ethane (C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] is added into the molten material to expel undesirable adsorbed gases from the melt. The molten material is agitated by immersing a zirconium-coated mechanical stirrer to create a distinct vortex at a stirring speed of 300 rpm. After the vortex is established, the warmed nano-ceramic particles, together with the appropriate ratio of K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eTiF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, are injected into the liquid melt at a steady feed rate. At each stage, continuous stirring is conducted before and after the addition of the nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC and K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eTiF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e mixture to prevent particulate clustering and ensure a uniform, homogeneous distribution of nano particulates in the melt. Following continuous stirring, the entire molten metal was put into a prepared cast iron die. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (a) and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (b) illustrate the stir casting apparatus and the cast iron die employed in the preparation of the composites. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the Al7475 alloy composites including B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA metallographic observer examines the dimensions, morphology, and distribution of particles inside the composites. During casting, composites may encounter issues such as the formation of pores, fissures, voids, cracks, or other defects, as well as the inclusion of contaminants, which can be analysed microscopically by a metallographer. The procedure for metallographic specimen examination encompasses documentation, sectioning of the test piece, mounting, grinding, polishing, etching, and microscopic analysis of the specimen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe degree of casting shrinkage, the existence of non-metallic inclusions, and the porosity levels are all indicated by the density fluctuation of Al7475 alloy with nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particle composites during solidification. The volume percentage of the B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles can be inferred from the density fluctuation in AMMCs containing B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC. For the purpose of determining density, samples of 12 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length were taken out of the as-cast alloy and composites. The \"weight method\" is used to experimentally test the density of Al7475 and Al7475 with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weight percent of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites. This involves using an electronic weighing device to determine the ratio of the test specimens' measured weight to their measured volume. The law of mixtures is used to calculate the composite's theoretical density.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, hardness as specified by ASTM E10 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] is determined using the Brinell hardness tester. Usually, materials whose surfaces are too rough for other testing techniques are evaluated using the Brinell tester. A 5mm ball indenter is used to measure the hardness of Al7475 and Al7475 with 2\u0026ndash;10 weight percent of nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites. A load of 250 kg is applied at different locations for 30 seconds of dwell time to make sure the resultant indentation averages out surface and sub-surface irregularities. The sample used in the study is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to being loaded under a Brinell tester, the test specimens were first hand-polished using emery paper. The indentation diameters of the carbide ball indentations caused by different loads applied to numerous test materials were measured and evaluated perpendicularly to each other. The average of the two diameters was computed for each sample separately. A standard method based on the average diameter was used to compute the Brinell hardness number (BHN).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"236\" height=\"106\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlow material removal from a solid surface due to sliding, rolling, or contact with another surface is known as wear. This occurs as a result of localised bonding between the interacting solid surfaces, which causes material transfer. Wear can manifest in a variety of ways, including sliding, fretting, abrasive, erosive, and fatigue wear, among others, depending on the nature of the surface contact. A pin-on-disc device (Model: TR-20LE, Ducom) is used to conduct the wear test on all composite specimen combinations. Following the guidelines laid out by ASTM G99, the test specimens are prepared as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Microstructure Studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe generated nanocomposite's reinforcing pattern and proper nanoparticle distribution are examined using a scanning electron microscope. After removing a portion from the cast specimen, it was ground on 220 grit SiC paper and then on 400 to 1000 grade emery papers. Keller's reagent was used to further mechanically polish and etch the samples in order to improve the microstructure's contrast [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea, shows scanning electron micrographs of the Al7475 alloy in its as-cast state. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e (b-f) displays composites reinforced with 2\u0026ndash;10 weight percent nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC. Scanning electron micrographs reveal uniform distribution of secondary phase nanoparticles over the Al7475 alloy matrix, demonstrating the absence of agglomeration. The characteristics of the Al7475 alloy are greatly upgraded by the exceptional interfacial connection between the B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC and the alloy matrix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 7a presents the EDS of the Al7475 alloy, while Figs.\u0026nbsp;7b-f display the EDS spectra of Al7475 composites reinforced with 2 to 10 wt. % of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC. Figure\u0026nbsp;7 (a) illustrates the elements Zn, Mg, Fe, Si, Cu, Ti and Cr within the Al matrix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Density Measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e juxtaposes the densities of as-cast Al7475 alloy with Al7475 containing 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt. % of nanosized B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites. The density of aluminium alloy Al7475 is 2.82 g/cm\u0026sup3;, while B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC has a density of 2.52 g/cm\u0026sup3;. The total composite density drops when 2 wt. % nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC is added to Al7475, since B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC has a lower density than Al7475. The composite material Al7475-2 wt. % B4C has a density of 2.81 g/cm\u0026sup3;. Adding 2,4,6,8, or 10% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles to Al7475 alloy also reduces the composite's overall density compared to the original aluminium alloy. It is also obvious that the theoretical densities are better than the observed ones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Hardness Measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth the as-cast and reinforced Al7475 alloys with B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% weight percent were exposed to a hardness test using a 5 mm ball indenter. For 30 seconds, several locations on each sample were subjected to a force of 250 kgf. The graph clearly demonstrates that the hardness values of the composites surpass those of the as-cast matrix. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e clearly shows that the toughness of the composites increases with the wt. % of nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC. The B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC, when dispersed uniformly throughout the matrix, increase the hardness of the composite by preventing dislocation migration, which is one reason for the noticeable hardness improvement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The results and observations are in line with prior research because of the robust connection between the matrix and reinforcement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Wear Behavior\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn evaluation of the wear properties is carried out by means of test specimens constructed from either pure Al7475 alloy or Al7475 alloy reinforced with 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles. The test specimens are manufactured in accordance with the ASTM G99 standard, which is used for wear testing. Each composite material undergoes a unique wear test that takes three variables into account: weight, speed, and distance. During the test, one parameter is modified while the other two stay constant using pin-on-disc technology. At room temperature, 50 degrees Celsius, and 100 degrees Celsius, the wear tests for the Al7475 with B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles are displayed in the section of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1 Effect of Applied Load on Wear Loss\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt room temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C, Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e show the effects of applied load on Al7475 with 2 to 10 weight percent of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoad is one critical component that significantly aids in reducing wear. The effects of typical loads in wear trials have been the subject of extensive research in order to understand the wear rates of aluminium alloys. To examine the impact of loads on wear, we made a graphic depicting wear losses for 10, 20, 30, and 40 N at a constant distance of 2000 meters and a speed of 400 rpm. At room temperature, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows how the wear parameters of B4C reinforced composite are affected by load. At a sliding speed of 400 rpm, the material loss rises for all specimens as the load rises from 10 N to 40 N. The unreinforced composite lost more weight under the given stress than the reinforced one since Al7475 had poorer tribological properties, limiting its applicability in tribological applications. Because there is more surface contact between the disc and specimen under higher pressures, material loss is greater. Wear loss also decreases when the wt.% of B4C increases from 2 to 10 weight percent, as shown in the graph. The presence of hard carbide in the matrix provides continuous protection against wear [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnder varying loading conditions and elevated temperatures (50 and 100 degrees Celsius), Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e show the wear behaviour of Al7475 and different wt.% of nanoparticle composites at a sliding speed of 400 rpm. As the test temperature rose from 10 N to 40 N and the load from 50\u0026deg;C to 100\u0026deg;C, the wear losses of the Al7475 and its carbide particle-reinforced composites became more pronounced. Nanocomposites added 2\u0026ndash;10 weight percent to Al7475 increased the material's resilience to deterioration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt ambient temperature, 50\u0026deg;C, and 100\u0026deg;C, with loads ranging from 10 N to 40 N, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates the comparative wear behaviour of Al7475 alloy with 10% nanoparticles at a constant sliding speed of 400 rpm. The wear loss of all specimens increased as the temperature rose from room temperature to 100˚C, according to the examination of the wear parameters of Al7475 and Al7475 composites with 10 weight percent nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC. Additionally, Al7475\u0026ndash;10 wt.% B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites showed less wear and greater resilience at higher temperatures compared to all the samples that were tested. The test specimen becomes weaker at high temperatures, which is mostly responsible for the wear loss increasing as temperatures rise. At higher temperatures, the material is lost more quickly due to the softening mechanism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2 Effect of Sliding Speed on Wear Loss\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of sliding velocity on the wear of Al7475 with 2 to 10 weight percent B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, which were tested at room temperature and elevated temperatures. Impact of sliding velocity on Al7475 alloy composites with 2\u0026ndash;10 weight percent B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles at room temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sliding speed is a crucial component that considerably impacts wear loss. There has been a big deal of research on the effect of speed in wear tests to figure out the wear of Al alloys. In addition, to examine the effect of sliding speed on wear, graphs displaying wear loss vs. 100, 200, 300, and 400 rpm were generated. These speeds were maintained at a constant distance of 2000 meters and subjected to a load of 40 N.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.3 Worn Surface Morphology and Wear Debris\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis region of the research delves into the worn surface examination of Al7475 alloy that has been supported with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weight percent of nano boron carbide particles. The surfaces that have worn down from specimens subjected to high loads (40 N) and sliding speeds (400 rpm) in the wear test have been analysed. The wear surfaces of Al7475 alloy composites reinforced with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weight percent of nano boron carbide particles are depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e (a-f), Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e (a-f), and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e (a-f) by SEM. The experiments were carried out at various temperatures: room temperature (RT), 50, and 100 degree Celsius.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e (a) shows that the Al7475 matrix experiences viscous flow when sliding due to the fact that it is softer than the disc material. This process manifests as pin production, which leads to significant material loss and flexible surface deformation of the specimen. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e(a) and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e (a) show that at elevated temperatures of 50 and 100 degree Celsius, respectively, the as-cast Al7475 showed greater deformation. The higher wear loss was likely caused by the damaged surface of Al7475, which has furrows, micro-pits, and a fractured oxide layer, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e (a). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e (b-f), Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e (b-f), and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e (b-f), it is find that the B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC in the Al7475 material stop the viscous flow of the matrix. It has been noted that grooves or erosion diminish with increasing concentrations of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles. The Al7475 alloy with B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC reinforced composites shows less grooves and voids compared to the Al7475 alloy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWear debris refers to the particles that are produced during the wear test as in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e (a-c). Wear occurs to the softer material as a result of friction. Wear debris analysis involves analysing worn particles using SEM to determine the type of wear that the material has endured. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e (a-c) displays the various images obtained from SEM. Here are the SEM microphotographs of the as-cast Al7475 alloy at different temperatures: room temperature (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e (a)), 50˚C (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e (b)), and 100˚C (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e (c)). All of these images were taken with a 40 N load and 400 rpm speeds. The size of the wear debris increased, mostly because the temperature increased, as seen by micrographs taken as the experimental temperature of the wear tests rose from room temperature to 100˚C. The substance is lost at a faster rate when the temperature increases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SEM microphotographs of the wear debris from Al7475-10 wt.% B4C composites at ambient temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C, obtained under a 40 N applied load and 400 rpm operating speeds, are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e (a), Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e (b), and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e (c), respectively. Wear debris in the Al7475 alloy reinforced with 10% boron carbide composites was smaller at room temperature compared to other alloys, and this trend persisted as the testing temperature rose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study has resulted in the following conclusions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl7475 alloy and nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt. % were effectively produced using the melt stirring technique. Scanning Electron Microscope micrographs demonstrated the identical dispersion of particles within the Al7475 matrix. The Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) investigation identified B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC in the composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incorporation of nano B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles reduced both the theoretical and experimental densities of the Al7475 matrix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hardness of Al7475- B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC nanocomposites is higher than that of the Al7475 alloy. As the weight proportion of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC reinforcements in composites increases, so does their hardness. Hardness is increased by 69.9% when 10 weight percent of B4C particles are added to the Al7475 alloy matrix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe wear confrontation of the Al7475 has been enhanced through the incorporation of carbide particles. The applied load and sliding velocity influenced the wear characteristics of Al7475 alloy and its boron carbide reinforced composites. As the applied load escalated from 10 N to 40 N, there was a rise in the wear loss of Al7475 alloy and its B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC reinforced composites. The Al7475 alloy reinforced with 10 wt.% boron carbide composites exhibits greater wear resistance compared to the matrix and other composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the sliding speed escalated from 100 rpm to 400 rpm, there was a rise in the wear loss of Al7475 and its B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC reinforced composites. The test temperature influenced the wear characteristics of Al7475 and B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites. As the test temperature climbed from room temperature to 100˚C, there was an increase in wear loss in the Al7475 and composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of worn surfaces reveals the distinct wear mechanisms at ambient temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C. The cast alloy of Al7475 exhibited deeper grooves and voids at 100˚C. Moreover, boron carbide reinforced composites display reduced grooves and tracks on the wear surface; yet, increased material loss is noted at 100˚C. Adhesive wear behaviour was observed in the as-cast alloy at RT and elevated temperatures. Both adhesive and abrasive wear mechanisms were discovered in boron carbide particle-reinforced composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe wear detritus of Al7475 alloy was examined at ambient temperature, 50˚C, and 100˚C. In the case of the Al7475, larger wear debris was seen at a test temperature of 100˚C. The Al7475 alloy reinforced with boron carbide particles exhibits enhanced wear resistance and reduced wear debris size at room temperature, particularly with 10 wt. % of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC, compared to wear debris generated at 50˚C and 100˚C test temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eG.L.C. Experimental and Analysis and Draft, Y.V. Results and Discussions, M.B. Testing and Editing, R.K. Manuscript Editing, M.N. Experimental and Results, A.K. Results\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings are included within the manuscript itself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Funding.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBN Nithin, KC Vishwanath, S Manjunath Yadav, Nagaraj Namdev, Suresh Shetty, Madeva Nagaral. Microstructural and Tensile Characterisation of Si\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Reinforced Al2219 Alloy Composites. Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, 72, 12, 2024, pp. 1361-1369.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBN Nithin, Madeva Nagaral, Manjunath Maiyya, Fazil Nalband, V Auradi. Mechanical Properties of ZrO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Particles Reinforced Al2219 Alloy Metal Composites Prepared by Stir Casting Process. 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Impact of boron carbide and graphite dual particulates addition on wear behavior of A356 alloy metal matrix composites. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, 30, 4, 2020, pp. 106-112.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eV Bharath, V Auradi, GB Veeresh Kumar, Madeva Nagaral, Murthy Chavali, Mahmoud Helal, Rokayya Sami, NI Aljuraide, Jong Wan Hu, Ahmed M Galal. Microstructural Evolution, Tensile Failure, Fatigue Behavior and Wear Properties of Al2O3 Reinforced Al2014 Alloy T6 Heat Treated Metal Composites. Materials, 15, 12, 2022, 4244.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD Priyankar, Zeeshan Ali, Madeva Nagaral, P Rathnakumar, V Muthuraman, MD Umar. Microstructure and evolution of mechanical properties of Cu-Sn alloy with graphite and nano zirconium oxide particulates. Materials Today: Proceedings, 52, 2022, pp. 296-300.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRashmi P Shetty, TS Mahesh, Zeeshan Ali, G Veeresha, Madeva Nagaral. 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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 310, 1, 2018, 012155.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnnapoorna Krishnappa, Shobha Ramesh, Vedashantha Murthy Bharath, Rajanna Siddagangappa, Srimadhu Ashokkumar, Madeva Nagaral, Virupaxi Auradi. Effect of Hybrid Nano Particle Reinforcements on Fractographic, Mechanical and Wear Behavior of Al6061 Alloy Composites Developed by Ultrasonic Assisted Stir Casting Technique. Fracture and Structural Integrity, 19, 71, 2025, 285-301.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSunil Kumar Shetty, Madhukara Nayak, Madeva Nagaral, V Auradi, Fazil Nalband. Influence of Electroless Copper Coated B4C Particles Addition on the Hardness, Density and Wear Behavior of Al2025 Alloy Composites. Journal of Bio-and Tribo-Corrosion, 10, 4, 2024, 1-16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ep. Microstructural characteristics and wear properties of Si3N4/ ZrO2 reinforced Al7055 alloy T6 heat treated metal matrix composites, Interactions, 245, 1, 2024, 310.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGorad Sagar Ramachandra, Satish Babu Boppana, Samuel Dayanand, Madeva Nagaral, Ankit Kumar Singh. Wear behavior of Si3N4 Reinforced AA2219 Metal Matrix Composites. Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, 2024, 7-730.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-bio--and-tribo-corrosion","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jbtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion](http://link.springer.com/journal/40735)","snPcode":"40735","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40735/3","title":"Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Al7475 Alloy, B4C Particles, Microstructure, Density, Wear, Worn Morphology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769132/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769132/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe current work focusses on using a liquid metallurgical process to fabricate Al7475 alloy with B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles that range in size from 400 to 500 nm. The Al7475 alloy was used to create composites with B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles at weight percentages of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. SEM and EDS were used to characterize the synthesized composites' microstructure. Hardness and density were measured using ASTM guidelines. Furthermore, wear tests with varying loads and velocities were conducted at room temperature (RT) and elevated temperatures of 50˚C, and 100˚C. The B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC particles were equivalently disseminated throughout the Al7475 alloy, according to SEM micrographs. EDS spectra shows the occurrence of B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC in the Al7475 alloy. Dual particles added to the matrix reduced the density of Al7475 composites. The Al7475 alloy with B\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eC composites demonstrated better hardness and wear characteristics at room temperature and at higher temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synthesis of Al7475-B 4 C Nano Composites: Evaluation of Wear Behavior at Elevated Temperatures","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-12 12:20:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769132/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-01T15:11:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-26T06:44:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"40928147702625330655881143765163069426","date":"2025-06-24T10:42:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T15:28:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-30T01:37:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-30T01:34:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion","date":"2025-05-28T14:25:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-bio--and-tribo-corrosion","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jbtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion](http://link.springer.com/journal/40735)","snPcode":"40735","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40735/3","title":"Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8c8d3668-1d5e-43be-823b-34589c3c8099","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-07T09:53:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-12 12:20:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6769132","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6769132","identity":"rs-6769132","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}