Performance Of Broiler Chickens Fed On Partially Defatted Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal Protein

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Nabulime, Dorothy Kalule Nampanzira, C. Kyarisiima, Z. Nampijja, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7960010/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Fish meal is a major protein source in poultry feeds, but its increasing demand has intensified competition between humans and livestock for the same resources. To address this, insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have emerged as promising alternative protein sources due to their rapid growth and ability to thrive on organic wastes. While full-fat BSFL meal has been studied, limited information exists on the optimal inclusion levels of defatted BSFL meal in broiler diets for sustainable poultry production. Results: Results showed the control diet outperformed others (p<0.05) in weight gain. No significant difference in starter FCR was observed, though finisher FCR differed significantly (p=0.0002). Carcass weights varied across diets. Meat contained numerous SFAs compared to MUFAs and PUFAs. Increasing substitution beyond 25% reduced carcass quality and net marginal benefits. Feed costs increased with higher PDBSFLM levels, lowering profitability. Substituting FM with PDBSFLM up to 25% in broiler diets maintained acceptable performance, though economic returns declined. Conclusions: These findings suggest that while PDBSFLM is a viable alternative protein source, its use in broiler diets should not exceed 25% until further research explores strategies to improve fatty acid profile and cost effectiveness. Black soldier fly larvae meal Partially defatted economic efficiency alternative protein sources Broiler production Background Fish meal remains a primary protein source in poultry feeds. However, there is a rapid expansion of the poultry industry, growing more than fivefold in the last five decades (1, 2). This has intensified competition between humans and poultry for this resource, stimulating the search for alternative sustainable feed ingredients. Among these are insects, particularly the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), which have emerged as promising candidates for poultry feed production (3). Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are advantageous because of their short life cycle, ease of cultivation, and ability to thrive on diverse organic substrates such as fruit, vegetable, and abattoir wastes (4, 5). Insects provide high-quality protein with an amino acid profile comparable to fish meal, except for histidine, threonine, and lysine (6). Their nutritional composition varies with rearing substrate, environmental conditions, and developmental stage. Compared to larvae, pre-pupae contain higher chitin levels, which may limit digestibility (4). Thus, the larval stage is considered the most suitable for poultry feed. BSFL meal is often incorporated in poultry diets in its full-fat form. A study by (7) demonstrated that full-fat BSFL meal can replace fish meal up to 54% in starter and 76% in finisher diets without compromising growth. However, the high energy content of full-fat BSFL meal raises concerns since excessive fat may cause feed rancidity, reducing shelf life and palatability. Defatted BSFLM offers a potential solution, yet information on the effect of its inclusion and economic feasibility in broiler chicken diets remains limited. Existing studies on defatted BSFLM have produced inconsistent results. (8) investigated its effects on growth performance, blood traits, and gut morphology but did not recommend a specific inclusion level. (9) suggested a 4% substitution rate as optimal for replacing fish meal and soybean meal. However, this level was considered too low to be cost-effective. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into substitution levels that balance broiler performance, meat quality, and economic returns. This study therefore evaluated the substitution of fish meal (FM) with partially defatted BSFL meal (PDBSFLM) in broiler chicken diets. The objectives were to: [1] determine the effect of substituting FM with PDBSFLM on performance of broiler chickens during both the starter and finishing phases, [2] assess the effect of substitution on broiler meat quality, and [3] evaluate the marginal benefits of using PDBSFLM in broiler production. Methods Description of the study area and management of experimental birds The experiment was set up at the poultry experimentation unit of Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute Kabanyolo (MUARIK). Chicks were artificially brooded for two weeks and raised under a deep litter system on coffee husks (7.5 cm deep) as litter material spread over a concrete floor. Birds were provided with soluble vitamins in drinking water during the first week of brooding to correct for any deficiencies from the breeder farm. A 24-hour lighting program was followed using fluorescent tubes. Vaccination of all birds against Newcastle Disease (NCD) and Infectious Bronchitis (IB) was done on Days 1 and 21, while Infectious Bursal Diseases (IBD) was vaccinated on Days 7 and 14 following Kanzira Poultry Enterprises’ vaccination schedule. Birds in the starter phase were given antibiotics and coccidiostats as the need arose whereas those in the finisher phase were not given any medication throughout the experiment. Feed wastage was minimized by filling the troughs to about a quarter full (7). Acquisition of defatted BSFLM and FM and proximate analysis Partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (PDBSFLM) was sourced from the Kampala City Council waste management facility in Bugolobi, where the larvae were reared on market waste. Each kilogram cost UGX 4500 ( \(\:\text{≈}\text{USD}\) 1.21). Defatting was performed on-site using a mechanical oil press. The larvae were fed into the press, which heated them to about 150ºC as it rotated. This high temperature liquefied the solid fat, allowing oil to drain through the outlet, while the remaining residue formed the defatted BSFLM. After processing, the meal retained about 21.9% fat, reduced from the original 31.88%. In the feeding trial, BSFLM was included as a protein source in the broiler diets as either a partial or complete substitute for conventional fish meal. Fish meal (FM) was purchased from a local agro-input dealer at UGX 4600 ( \(\:\text{≈}\text{USD}\) 1.24) per kilogram. Both BSFLM and FM samples were transported to the laboratory and analyzed following procedures by (10). Determinations included moisture content, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash. Metabolisable energy and nitrogen free extract were calculated from these proximate values as shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Proximate composition of FM and defatted BSFLM that was used in the experimental diets Parameter (% DM) Ingredients (%) % Difference DBSFLM FISH MEAL ASH 16.58 14.63 1.95 DM 97.24 93.08 4.16 CP 41.14 52.31 -11.17 CF EE 9.77 21.85 0.12 14.35 9.65 7.5 NFE 10.65 18.59 7.94 ME 3167.59Cal/kg 3313.62Cal/kg -1392.19 Cal/kg Experimental diets Iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were formulated for all poutry feeding experiments using the procedures described by (7). Two diet phases were prepared: Starter diets were formulated to provide 3000kcal kg − 1 of metabolisable energy (ME) and 22% crude protein (CP). Finisher diets were formulated to provide 3000kcal kg − 1 ME and 20% CP. Each diet met the nutrient requirements for broiler chickens as recommended by the (11). No medication, feed additives or growth promoters were included. Ingredient proportions were calculated with the Solver Feed calculator (educational version 8.01.01). Experimental design A total of 150 broiler (Cobb500) day-old chicks with an average weight of 40.595 ± 2.8g were randomly assigned to five treatments. The treatments were; the control diet in which no PDBSLMP was included, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% PDBSLMP substituting FMP in the broiler starter and finisher diets. The starter and finisher diets contained 22% and 20% crude protein respectively. Each treatment was in triplicate with 10 birds per replicate in a male-to-female ratio of 1:1 Birds were stocked at a rate of 10 birds per square meter in the brooder. The starter diet was fed to the chicks for a period of three weeks (up to 21 days) after which all birds in their respective groups were fed on a finisher diet for an additional 14 days. All diets were offered adlibtum during the entire experimental period. Feed for the respective treatments was weighed and offered to the birds in four parts everyday starting at 7 pm. Left over feed would be removed at 7pm and air dried on trays to be weighed the next morning. Since birds were fed adlibtum, extra grams of feed would be added to the weight of feed consumed a day before by a particular replicate. The ingredient and nutrient composition of experimental diets were presented in Tables 2 and 3 , respectively. Table 2 Ingredient inclusion level and calculated nutrient composition of experimental starter diets. Ingredient Starter diets (%of FMP substituted) 0 25 50 75 100 Maize 22 24 31 40 52.5 Maize bran 39.6 39.6 32.6 22 7 Soya 14 16 18 20 22.4 cotton cake 7.3 3.3 1.3 0.9 1 PDBSFLM 0 4 8 12 16 Fish 16 12 8 4 0 Shells 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Salt 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Vit-mineral premix 1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Nutrient composition calculated CP% 22.02 22.02 22 22 22.07 CF% 2.8 2.79 2.91 3.15 3.39 Calcium% 1.39 1.16 0.93 0.7 0.48 Available P 0.76 0.6 0.45 0.28 0.16 EE% 14.35 16.23 18.1 19.98 21.85 ME(Kcal/Kg) 3004.6 3001.9 3002.2 2996.5 3002.8 1 Supplied the following per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A, 6250IU, Vitamin D3, 1250IU, Vitamin E, 10mg, vitaminK3, 1.5mg, vitamin B1, 5mg, vitamin B2, 2.5mg, vitamin B6 0.5mg, vitaminB12, 2.5mg, niacin, 5.625mg, pantothenic acid, 0.3mg, choline chloride, 50mg, iron, 18.75mg, copper, 3mg, manganese, 37.5mg, zinc, 31.32mg, iodine, 5mg and selenium 0.0625mg Table 3 Ingredient inclusion level and calculated nutrient composition of experimental finisher diets Ingredient Finisher diets (%of FMP substituted) 0 25 50 75 100 Maize 31 31.9 41 43.3 50 Maize bran 36.9 36 26.9 24.3 17 Soya 12 13 15 16.5 17.9 Cotton cake 6 5 3 1.8 1 PDBSFLMP 0 3.25 6.5 9.75 13 Fish 13 9.75 6.5 3.25 0 Shells 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Salt 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Vit-mineralpremix 1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 Nutrient composition calculated CP% 20.16 20.04 20.08 20.08 20.01 CF% 2.7 2.91 2.93 3.1 3.26 Calcium% 1.17 0.98 0.79 0.61 0.42 EE% 14.35 16.23 18.1 19.98 21.85 Available P 0.63 0.51 0.39 0.27 0.15 ME(Kcal/Kg) 3032.5 3004.3 3023.9 3005.6 3001.7 1 Supplied the following per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A, 6250IU, Vitamin D3, 1250IU, Vitamin E, 10mg, vitaminK3, 1.5mg, vitamin B1, 5mg, vitamin B2, 2.5mg, vitamin B6 0.5mg, vitaminB12, 2.5mg, niacin, 5.625mg, pantothenic acid, 0.3mg, choline chloride, 50mg, iron, 18.75mg, copper, 3mg, manganese, 37.5mg, zinc, 31.32mg, iodine, 5mg and selenium 0.0625mg Data collection Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency The performance measures were; weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and carcass weight. Daily feed intake for birds was determined by subtracting the weight of air-dried left-overfeed from the total weight of feed offered. Feed consumed by an individual bird was then calculated by dividing the feed consumed by a given replicate by the number of birds in that replicate (7). Body weights were recorded weekly by weighing and recording the weight of each bird and then replicate means were calculated by summing up the weight of all birds in a replicate and dividing the sum by the total number of birds in a replicate. Birds were fasted overnight and weighed on empty crops the following morning. Weekly weight gain was obtained by subtracting the weight of the previous week from the weight of the current week. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated by dividing the Average Feed Intake by the Average weight gain. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was calculated as weight gain divided by protein intake. Slaughter and carcass evaluation After 35 days on their respective diets, 60 broiler chickens (4 birds per cage, equal numbers of males and females) were fasted for 12 hours, weighed, slaughtered and eviscerated. Organs were inspected for physical lesions. Wings, legs and drumsticks were weighed after dressing and dressing percentage was calculated as the warm carcass weight divided by the live weight at slaughter. Proximate analysis of breast muscle Breast muscle was collected post-mortem for compositional analysis. For each diet, tissue from four birds within the same replicate was pooled yielding three composite samples. Each pooled sample was analysed for dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, cryde fat and ash using methods by (10). Metabolisable energy and nitrogen- free extract were calculated from these values. Fatty acid profiling Fatty acid profiling followed the method of (12). Pooled breast muscle samples were oven dried, powdered and then subjected to methyl-esterification. For each 5g sub-sample, 500 µL of sodium methoxide in methanol (15 mg mL⁻¹) was added, mixed for 1 minute and sonicated for 5 minutes. The mixture was incubated at 60°C for 1 hour and quenched with 100 µL deionized water. Fatty-acid methyl esters were extracted with GC-grade hexane, centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 5 minutes, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and then analysed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fatty acids were identified by comparing retention times and mass spectra to authentic standards and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library spectra. Quantification was based on a linear calibration curve derived from serial dilutions (0.2–125 ng µL⁻¹) of octadecanoic acid. Data processing Individual fatty acids were grouped as saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, n-3 or n-6and summed accordingly. Water content of breast muscle was determined by subtracting the lyophilised dry weight from the fresh weight (13). Derivation of cost of experimental diets and other production costs The economic indices were; gross margin, net present value, cost benefit analysis, return on investiment and internal rate of return. Feed costs were calculated from the individual ingredient prices according to the amounts added in the different diets (14). The cost of a kilogram of different diets was calculated as a sum product of the inclusion level of each ingredient in the diet and its cost and then divided by the weight of the formulated diet (7). The cost of feed consumed per bird was calculated by multiplying the average total feed consumed by the cost of one kilogram of the respective diet. Feed cost per kilogram weight gain was obtained by multiplying the cost of one kilogram of a given diet by the respective average feed conversion ratio. Statistical analysis All data was analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (23) with the significance level set at 5%. The Least Square MEANS statement was used to separate the least square means using the PDIFF option. All means of the production indices and fatty acid profile were given with their standard errors. Results Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency Bird performance varied significantly across diets as seen in Table 5 . In the starter phase, feed intake and weight gain differed significantly across the diets with the highest weight gain observed in the birds fed 0%-50%, while the least was recorded in 100%. A similar declining trend was observed in the finisher phase, where final weights dropped consistently with increasing substitution of fish meal. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the starter phase showed no significant differences, but in the finisher phase FCR declined sharply at higher inclusion levels, with the 0% being the most efficiently utilized diet. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) did not differ significantly among treatments in either phase. Carcass weights followed the same pattern as weight gain, with the highest values recorded in birds on the control diet (0% BSFLM) and the lowest at 100% substitution. Slaughter characteristics Live weight, carcass weight, and most carcass parts differed significantly across diets, except for the lungs (Table 6 ). Birds on the control (0%) and 25% PDBSFLM diets consistently had the highest live and carcass weights, while those on 100% showed the lowest. Viscera and gizzard weights followed the same trend, with values declining as BSFLM inclusion increased. Table 5 Effect of replacing FM with partially defatted BSFPM in broiler chicken diets on performance during different growth phases PARAMETER Diets (% of FMP substituted) SEM P value 0 25 50 75 100 Diet L Q C Starter phase (1–21 days) Initial weight (g) 40.722 41.696 40.024 40.504 39.562 0.749 0.347 0.169 0.543 0.577 Final weight (g) 339.74 a 332.18 a 322.81 a 304.98 ab 265.95 b 11.667 0.023 0.002 0.16 0.62 Weight gain (g) 299.01 a 290.48 a 282.79 a 264.81 ab 226.08 b 11.996 0.029 0.003 0.175 0.592 Feed intake (g) 733.8 a 736.52 a 708.78 ab 702.88 ab 669.29 b 13.74 0.036 0.004 0.347 0.951 FCR 2.459 2.555 2.510 2.655 2.874 0.111 0.235 0.038 0.351 0.562 PER 1.851 1.792 1.813 1.712 1.574 0.068 0.101 0.015 0.296 0.596 Finisher phase (21–35 days) Initial weight (g) 339.74 a 332.18 a 322.81 a 304.98 ab 265.95 b 11.667 0.0226 0.0019 0.1603 0.6203 Final weight (g) 1150.75 a 1104.2 ab 1044.48 b 933.21 c 795.13 d 26.289 ˂0.0001 ˂0.0001 0.0526 0.0876 Weight gain (g) 811.02 a 772.02 ab 721.66 b 628.23 c 529.19 d 18.059 ˂0.0001 ˂0.0001 0.0503 0.9239 Feed intake (g) 1359.81 ab 1429.72 a 1304.62 bc 1221.2 c 1116.32 d 26.093 0.0002 ˂0.0001 0.0125 0.065 FCR 1.677 d 1.852 bc 1.812 c 1.944 b 2.09 a 0.035 0.0002 ˂0.0001 0.3581 0.0505 PER 2.958 a 2.695 bc 2.755 b 2.563 c 2.392 d 0.051 0.0003 ˂0.0001 0.708 0.0733 0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean, PER Protein Efficiency Ratio, EER Energy Efficiency Ratio. a.b.c.d Means with different superscripts in a row differ significantly, ( p < 0.05). Table 6 Effect of replacing dietary FM with partially defatted BSFLM on carcass parts and organ weights Body Part Weight (g) DIETS SEM p value 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Diets L Q C Live weight 1272.68 a 1202.02 a 1085.1 b 996.05 b 815.33 c 29.805 ˂0.0001 ˂0.0001 0.1062 0.6246 Carcass weight 909.22 a 854.03 a 720.49 b 694.61 b 553.37 c 36.662 0.0003 ˂0.0001 0.6485 0.7562 Viscera weight 85.917 a 82.608 ab 76.892 bc 80.642 ab 70.475 c 2.659 0.0207 0.0035 0.6669 0.1902 Heart 7.992 a 7.308 ab 6.592 bc 6.4 bc 5.508 c 0.438 0.0227 0.0017 0.9486 0.6407 Liver 26.975 a 26.55 a 25.083 a 24.308 ab 19.992 b 1.556 0.0439 0.006 0.2078 0.5833 Gizzard 46.75 a 50.958 a 41.667 b 38.158 bc 34.733 c 1.844 0.0003 ˂0.0001 0.121 0.0187 Lungs 5.942 5.808 5.725 5.133 4.725 0.413 0.2564 0.0386 0.509 0.9207 Breast 300.64 a 269.79 a 228.68 b 210.81 b 157.52 c 11.367 ˂0.0001 ˂0.0001 0.6218 0.4999 Wings 110.84 a 105.97 a 98.492 ab 89.092 b 74.117 c 4.101 0.0006 ˂0.0001 0.1799 0.8232 Drum sticks 138.71 a 131.45 ab 120.5 bc 107.77 c 83.592 d 4.272 ˂0.0001 ˂0.0001 0.05 0.5789 Legs 51.575 a 47.742 ab 46.525 bc 42.183 cd 37.65 d 1.478 0.0005 ˂0.0001 0.4323 0.5613 a.b.c.d Means with different superscripts in a row differ significantly, (p < 0.05). 0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean. Breast muscle nutrient composition Nutrient composition of muscles did not differ significantly across diets, except for dry matter (p < 0.05). The highest dry matter content was recorded at 50% BSFLM, while the lowest was at 75% (Table 7 ). Crude protein, fat, and fiber contents showed some variation, with crude protein ranging between 72.49% and 75.89%, crude fat between 15.19% and 19.23%, and crude fiber between 0.46% and 0.97%, but these differences were not statistically significant. Table 7 Breast muscle nutrient composition at the end of finisher phase Parameter Diets (% of FMP substituted) SEM P value 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Diets L Q C DM 28.973 b 28.298 b 40.442 a 26.486 b 32.008 b 1.937 0.005 0.542 0.111 0.316 Crude protein 72.653 75.888 75.322 72.493 74.801 1.008 0.127 0.802 0.333 0.025 Crude fibre 0.458 0.787 0.969 0.667 0.662 0.208 0.544 0.671 0.174 0.516 Crude fat 16.677 15.187 15.956 19.226 15.388 1.777 0.525 0.818 0.763 0.136 Ash 4.941 5.469 5.174 5.191 5.241 0.639 0.974 0.878 0.787 0.655 Calculated ME 3726.12 3651.82 3680.66 3794.02 3671.29 67.163 0.514 0.881 0.961 0.121 Calculated NFE 5.27 3.273 2.579 2.423 3.844 1.196 0.493 0.395 0.158 0.945 a.b .Means with different superscripts in a row differ significantly, ( p < 0.05). 0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean. Fatty acid profile of breast muscle Saturated fatty acids were more abundant than monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Significant differences were observed in lauric, myristic, margaric, stearic, myristoleic, oleic, palmitoleate, and linoleic acids across the breast muscles of chickens fed different diets (Table 8 ) In contrast, pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), and gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3 cis-6,9,12) showed no significant differences among the diets. Table 8 Fatty acid profile (% of total Fatty acids) of breast muscle at the end of the starter phase Fatty acids Diets (% of FMP substituted) SEM P value L Q C 0 25 50 75 100 Saturated fatty acids Lauric acid (C12:0) 0.105 d 0.947 c 1.64 b 2.687 a 3.19 a 0.164 < .0001 < .0001 0.6368 0.475 Myristic acid (C14:0) 1.047 d 1.197 cd 1.353 bc 1.567 ab 1.627 a 0.072 9E-04 < .0001 0.6579 0.5 PDA (C15:0) 0.197 0.193 0.213 0.223 0.19 0.014 0.429 0.714 0.2106 0.163 Palmitic acid (C16:0) 25.34 24.467 25.18 26.303 25.113 0.992 0.774 0.668 0.9532 0.242 Margaric acid (C17:0) 0.633 a 0.563 a 0.497 ab 0.350 b 0.107 c 0.048 1E-04 < .0001 0.0377 0.522 Stearic acid (C18:0) 8.753 a 8.33 ab 7.323 c 8.063 b 7.163 c 0.187 0.001 4E-04 0.29 0.112 Total SFAs 36.075 35.697 36.207 39.193 37.39 Monounsaturated fatty acids Myristoleic acid 0.11 c 0.093 c 0.130 b NA 0.155 a 0.006 < .0001 0.739 < 0.0001s < .0001 (C14:1(cis-9) Palmitoleate (C16:1(Cis 9) 2.987 b 3.013 b 4.417 a 3.500 b 4.24 a 0.171 3E-04 2E-04 0.1923 0.615 Oleic acid (C18:1) (n 9) 32.493 c 32.403 c 36.017 ab 34.367 b 36.173 a 0.55 0.001 3E-04 0.4912 0.89 Total monounsaturated 35.59 35.51 40.563 37.867 40.568 Polyunsaturated fatty acids Linoleic acid C18:2(Cis-9,12) 23.31 ab 24.217 a 19.397 bc 18.933 bc 17.763 c 1.42 0.033 0.005 0.9702 0.29 Gamma linoleic acid (C18:3(cis-6,9,12) 1.34 1.457 1.13 1.113 1.063 0.114 0.143 0.032 0.9575 0.283 Total polyunsaturated 24.65 25.673 20.527 20.047 18.827 0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean, NA Not Available. Derivation of cost of experimental diets and other production costs Substituting fish meal protein (FMP) increased both the unit cost of feed and the total feed cost per bird during the starter and finisher phases (Table 9 ). In the starter phase, total feed cost per bird decreased slightly by 0.1% and 0.7% at 50% and 100% substitution, respectively, while in the finisher phase it declined more markedly by 5% and 12.6% at 75% and 100% substitution. Total revenue and gross margin were highest in the control diet and declined progressively with higher levels of FMP replacement by PDBSFLM. Marginal costs rose in the 25% and 50% diets by 2.8% and 0.02%, respectively, but marginal net benefits decreased across all substitution levels. Although marginal costs were lower in the 75% and 100% diets, their gross margins were reduced to UGX 5,110.89 and UGX 3,207.53, respectively. Overall, increasing substitution of FM with PDBSFLM consistently reduced net marginal benefits. Table 9 Costs associated with substitution of FM with PDBSFLM in starter and finisher diets PARAMETER Diets (% of FMP substituted) 0 25 50 75 100 Feed costs starter Cost per kg of feed (UGX) 1815.7 1827.7 1878.7 1950.9 2050.9 Cost of total feed consumed per bird a (UGX) 1332.36 1346.14 1331.59 1371.25 1322.87 Cost per kg weight gain b (UGX) 4464.24 4670.13 4715.8 5179.47 5894.12 Other variable costs c (UGX) 1685 1685 1685 1685 1685 Feed costs (finisher phase) Cost per kg of feed (UGX) 1703.6 1714.85 1777.1 1802.45 1850.9 Cost of total feed consumed per bird a (UGX) 2316.58 2451.75 2318.45 2201.15 2023.81 Cost per kg weight gain b (UGX) 1253.16 1200.51 1364.22 1476.71 1692.98 Other variable costs c (UGX) 1685 1685 1685 1685 1685 Total variable cost (TVC) d (UGX) 5333.94 5482.89 5335.04 5257.4 5031.68 Marginal costs (UGX) e 148.95 1.1 -76.54 -302.26 Revenue Carcass weight (g) 909.22 854.03 720.49 694.61 553.37 Price per kg of carcass (UGX) 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 Total revenue (TR) f (UGX) 13638.3 12810.45 10807.35 10419.15 8300.55 Marginal Revenue (UGX) -827.85 -2830.95 -3219.15 -5337.75 Gross Margin (GM) h (UGX) 8304.36 7327.56 5472.31 5161.75 3268.87 Marginal Net Benefit i (UGX) -976.8 -2832.05 -3142.61 -5035.49 All values presented in the table are calculated per bird. a Amount of feed consumed multiplied by the unit cost of feed. b FCR multiplied by the unit cost of feed. c Included cost of labor, litter, charcoal, disinfectant, soap, lighting, vaccines, and other medications. d TVC For both the starter and finishing phases. e TVC of treatment diets minus TVC of control diet. f Price per kg of carcass multiplied by the weight of the carcass. g TR of treatment diets minus TR of control diet. h TR-TVC. i GM of treatment diets minus GM of control diet. 0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean. Discussion Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency In this study, inclusion levels of up to 50% and 25% increased feed intake and weight gain in starter and finisher phases respectively. This study revealed that, the substitution of FM with PDBSFLM of not more than 50% and 25% is sufficient in the starter and finisher phases respectively. Similar results were observed by (8) who reported that the inclusion of HI meal in male broiler chickens up to a maximum of 10% improved the LW and DFI during the starter period. Additionally, (15) reported that live and carcass weights increased with increasing HI meals with the maximum being in the inclusion of 100g/kg. Contrary, (14) did not find any effect of insect diets on performance parameters (feed intake, FCR, or BWG) in broilers when being fed with BSFP at different inclusion levels up to 15%. (16) reported no influence of dietary treatments of 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% BSF meal inclusion on LW, ADG, DFI, and FCR of broiler ducks. There was no significant difference in the FCR in the starter phase (1-21days), ( p = 0.2345 ). In the finisher phase (21–35 days) however, there was a significant difference in the FCR ( p = 0.0002 ). The FCR was higher at higher inclusion levels of PDBSFL meal in the finisher phase. These findings are similar to those by (8) who found by the period from 1 to 10 d of age, FCR was similar for the dietary treatments ( p > 0.05) and showed Linear and quadratic responses ( p < 0.001) for FCR between the groups in the periods from 10 to 24 d of age and from 1 to 35 d of age, with a maximum corresponding to the inclusion of 15% of HI meal. (17) found that during the four weeks of the experiment, there was a linear decrease in feed conversion ratio—FCR ( p = 0.011 ). On the contrary, (14) and (18) did not find any effect of insect diets on FCR. The FCR being higher at higher inclusion levels of PDBSFL meal could be because of the high fiber content with increasing levels of fish meal substitution in the diet. The significant difference seen in the feed intake and weight gain could partially be due to the differences in the fiber content of the diets. Edible insects contain a significant amount of fiber with chitin being the most common fiber (19). Chitin is considered an indigestible fiber (20) Crude fiber called chitin in BSF larvae is found in the exoskeleton of the larvae. According to (21), BSF larvae contain 20.27% chitin. Increasing the amount of PDBSFL in poultry diets increases the crude fiber in the diet. Therefore, at dietary inclusion levels of 0%, 25%, and 50%, the fiber content was low compared to inclusion levels of 75% and 100%. A study by (22) revealed that birds fed a high-fiber diet presented a lower weight gain. Similar observations were made by (23), who found that broiler chicks’ body weight gain was reduced at higher concentrations of high-fiber dietary ingredients. Slaughter characteristics Increasing the level of PDBSFLM in the diet led to a decrease in the live weight, carcass weight, and the weight of the individual parts of the carcass across the diets. These findings are similar to those of (24) who found that there was a decrease in carcass yield with an increase in HI levels in the diet. In contrast,(18) found that there was no significant difference in the carcass weight and breast muscle percentage weight in broiler quails fed on defatted HI. The lung weight, however, was the same across the diets. (15) reported that live and carcass weights increased with the increase of HI larvae meal upto 100g of HI per kIlogram of feed. The gizzard weight in the current study decreased with increasing levels of FM substitution. These findings contradict a study done by (24) where the gizzard weight increases as the level of BSFLM increases in the diet. The decrease in the live weight, carcass weight, and the weight of the individual parts with increasing levels of FM substitution could be due to a decrease in feed intake as seen in Table 6 . Fatty acid profile of breast muscles Including partially defatted black soldier fly larvea meal(PDBSFLM) at levels beyond 50% in the diet reduced carcass quality by lowering the crude protein content of the breast muscle. Similar reductions in the muscle protein were reported by (7) in broilers fed whole fat BSFL meal and by (25) and (26) in fish whose diets contained more than 25% BSFL meal in place of fish meal (FM). In the present study, the decline in breast muscle-protein at high PDBSFLM inclusion likely reflects reduced feed intake; maintaining protein intake would require higher overall consumption. 50% PDBSLM inclusion. Saturated fatty acids predominated over unsaturated fatty acids in the muscle samples. Higher dietary inclusions of PDBSFLM increased the levels of lauric and myristic acids in the broiler muscles, consistent with findings by (27), ( 28) and (3) showing that these medium-chain saturated fats rise as FM is replaced with BSFL meal. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were more abundant than polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The PDBSFLM contained only two notable PUFAs—linoleic and γ-linolenic acids—which aligns with (3), who observed that BSFL fat is relatively poor in PUFA, with linoeic acid (C18:2 n-6) accounting for most of the PUFA fraction and α-linoleic acid (C18:3 n-3) comprising the remainder. The limited number and concetration of PUFAs in the broiler muscles may be due to fat removal during the partial defatting process. Derivation of cost of experimental diets and other production costs Substituting FMP with PDBSFLMP increased the cost of feed in both starter and finisher diets. These findings differ from those of (14) who concluded that dietary inclusion of 15% BSFL meal to partially replace soybean meal and fish meal in broiler starter and finisher diets reduced the feed price by 11.4% and 10.3% respectively and increased the RoI by 25.0% and CBR by 16.0%. Furthermore, (7) concluded that substituting FMP with BSLMP up to 50% in the starter and 75% in finisher diets reduced the cost of feed and increased net marginal benefits. However, these researchers used full-fat BSFLM which was at a lower cost as compared to defatted BSFLM. The increment in feed cost is attributed to the higher cost of the major protein sources used in the compensation of FMP in the diets. Since PDBSFLM had a lower crude protein content (41.14%) as compared to FM (52.31%), more of the soybean meal was used to compensate for the lost crude protein to meet the required protein content in the FM-substituted diets. The price difference between partially defatted BSFLM and FM was UGX100 since PDBSFLM was purchased at UGX 4500 (1.21 USD) whereas FM was purchased at UGX 4600 (1.24USD) per kg. Therefore, adding extra grams in the FM substituted diets to compensate for the lost protein increased the price of the feed since soybean was bought at UGX 2500. In the present study, the marginal net benefit was higher at a lower PDBSFL inclusion rate in the diet of 25%. These results are similar to those of (14) who found that 15% dietary inclusion of BSFL meal in broiler chicken diets replacing 45.2 and 64.0% of soybean meal and 35.0 and43.8% of fish meal in broiler starter and finisher diets respectively gave a higher cost-benefit ratio and return on investment. Similarly (7) found that the marginal net benefit reduced with dietary inclusion of BSFL beyond 50%. The inclusion of PDBSFLM beyond 25% led to a reduction in the marginal net benefit beyond the value of other variable costs incurred. In the same vein, (29) found that the highest cost–benefit ratio of 2.12 was recorded for birds fed on Diet4 (20% BSFL inclusion rate). These findings differ from those of (30) who in his study found that a noticeable reduction in ROI occurred only when replacing more than 75 percent of FML in shrimp diets. The reduction in the marginal net benefit beyond the value of other variable costs incurred is attributed to the reduction in weight gain of birds that fed higher levels of PDBSFLMP since there was a reduction in feed intake with an increase in FM substitution which resulted in lower carcass weights. Conclusion The study assessed substitution of fish meal with partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (PDBSFLM) in broiler diets. Replacing upto half of the fish meal with PDBSFLM maintained acceptable growth and feed efficiency in the starter phase, but the control diet still yielded the highest weight gains and carcass yields. In the finisher phase however, acceptable growth and feed efficiency were mantained at 25% FM substitution. When inclusion exceeded 25%, breast meat quality declined due to increased lauric and myristic acid concentrations and reduced crude protein content. Economic analysis revealed that even moderate inclusion of 25% increased feed costs and lowered net margins compared to the control diet. These findings suggest that while PDBSFLM is a viable alternative protein source, its use in broiler diets should not exceed 25% until further research explores strategies to improve fatty acid profile and cost effectiveness. Declarations Ethical approval The protocol was approved by Makerere University School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources (SVAR) as well as SVAR research and ethics committees. All procedures were carried out under the relevant guidelines and regulations (certficate number 00093). Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interest The authors confirm that they have no conflict of interest. Funding Funding from Norwegian Agency for International Cooperation and Quality Enhancement in Higher Education (DIKU), research project entitled, “Building Capacity for Innovation and Advancement of Climate Smart Agriculture in East and Southern Africa” NORPART2021/10543. Authors’ contributions DKN, ZN, and CK conceived the study. DKN, ZN, LN and CK developed the study protocol, including a data collection tool and data collection strategy. LN was involved in field data collection activities. DNK, LN and CBK conducted data analysis and interpretation. DKN, ZN, LN, CK, VL, VM, CBK, JT, and JE, were involved in the preparation of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted article. Acknowledgments I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the staff and administration of Kabanyolo Experimental Station, particularly Mr. Mpanga Sam and Ms. Ritah for their invaluable assistance during data collection. I am equally grateful to the staff of the Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Industrial Resources, Makerere University, Ms. Julie Nabutanda as well as Mr. Sebuufu Edward and the staff of the Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, for their technical support during sample analysis. 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Partial and total replacement of soybean meal with full-fat black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal in broiler chicken diets: impact on growth performance, carcass quality and meat quality. Animals , 11 (9), 2715. Schiavone, A., Dabbou, S., Petracci, M., Zampiga, M., Sirri, F., Biasato, I., et al. (2019). Black soldier fly defatted meal as a dietary protein source for broiler chickens: effects on carcass traits, breast meat quality and safety. Animal , 13 (10), 2397-2405. Xiao, X., Jin, P., Zheng, L., Cai, M., Yu, Z., Yu, J., & Zhang, J. (2018). Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetiaillucens) larvae meal protein as a fishmeal replacement on the growth and immune index of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrusfulvidraco). Aquaculture research, 49(4), 1569-1577. Mundida, G. B., Manyala, J. O., Madzimure, J., &Rono, K. (2023). Growth performance and carcass composition of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus Burchell, 1822) fed on black soldier fly (Hermetiaillucens Linnaeus, 1758) larvae based diets. African Journal of Agricultural Research , 19 (3), 216-225. Kierończyk, B., Rawski, M., Mikołajczak, Z., Szymkowiak, P., Stuper-Szablewska, K., & Józefiak, D. (2023). Black soldier fly larva fat in broiler chicken diets affects breast meat quality. Animals , 13 (7), 1137. de Souza Vilela, J., Alvarenga, T. I., Andrew, N. R., McPhee, M., Kolakshyapati, M., Hopkins, D. L., &Ruhnke, I. (2021). Technological quality, amino acid and fatty acid profile of broiler meat enhanced by dietary inclusion of black soldier fly larvae. Foods , 10 (2), 297. Waithaka, M. K., Osuga, I. M., Kabuage, L. W., Subramanian, S., Muriithi, B., Wachira, A. M., & Tanga, C. M. (2022). Evaluating the growth and cost–benefit analysis of feeding improved indigenous chicken with diets containing black soldier fly larva meal. Frontiers in Insect Science , 2 , 933571. Nunes, A., Yamamoto, H., Simões, J. P., Pisa, J. L., Miyamoto, N., &Leite, J. S. (2023). The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetiaillucens) Larvae Meal Can Fully Replace Fish Meal in Practical Nursery Diets for Post-larval Penaeus vannamei under High-Density Culture. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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However, there is a rapid expansion of the poultry industry, growing more than fivefold in the last five decades (1, 2). This has intensified competition between humans and poultry for this resource, stimulating the search for alternative sustainable feed ingredients. Among these are insects, particularly the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), which have emerged as promising candidates for poultry feed production (3). Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are advantageous because of their short life cycle, ease of cultivation, and ability to thrive on diverse organic substrates such as fruit, vegetable, and abattoir wastes (4, 5). Insects provide high-quality protein with an amino acid profile comparable to fish meal, except for histidine, threonine, and lysine (6). Their nutritional composition varies with rearing substrate, environmental conditions, and developmental stage. Compared to larvae, pre-pupae contain higher chitin levels, which may limit digestibility (4). Thus, the larval stage is considered the most suitable for poultry feed. BSFL meal is often incorporated in poultry diets in its full-fat form. A study by (7) demonstrated that full-fat BSFL meal can replace fish meal up to 54% in starter and 76% in finisher diets without compromising growth. However, the high energy content of full-fat BSFL meal raises concerns since excessive fat may cause feed rancidity, reducing shelf life and palatability. Defatted BSFLM offers a potential solution, yet information on the effect of its inclusion and economic feasibility in broiler chicken diets remains limited. Existing studies on defatted BSFLM have produced inconsistent results. (8) investigated its effects on growth performance, blood traits, and gut morphology but did not recommend a specific inclusion level. (9) suggested a 4% substitution rate as optimal for replacing fish meal and soybean meal. However, this level was considered too low to be cost-effective. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into substitution levels that balance broiler performance, meat quality, and economic returns. This study therefore evaluated the substitution of fish meal (FM) with partially defatted BSFL meal (PDBSFLM) in broiler chicken diets. The objectives were to: [1] determine the effect of substituting FM with PDBSFLM on performance of broiler chickens during both the starter and finishing phases, [2] assess the effect of substitution on broiler meat quality, and [3] evaluate the marginal benefits of using PDBSFLM in broiler production.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDescription of the study area and management of experimental birds\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was set up at the poultry experimentation unit of Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute Kabanyolo (MUARIK). Chicks were artificially brooded for two weeks and raised under a deep litter system on coffee husks (7.5 cm deep) as litter material spread over a concrete floor. Birds were provided with soluble vitamins in drinking water during the first week of brooding to correct for any deficiencies from the breeder farm. A 24-hour lighting program was followed using fluorescent tubes. Vaccination of all birds against Newcastle Disease (NCD) and Infectious Bronchitis (IB) was done on Days 1 and 21, while Infectious Bursal Diseases (IBD) was vaccinated on Days 7 and 14 following Kanzira Poultry Enterprises\u0026rsquo; vaccination schedule. Birds in the starter phase were given antibiotics and coccidiostats as the need arose whereas those in the finisher phase were not given any medication throughout the experiment. Feed wastage was minimized by filling the troughs to about a quarter full (7).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAcquisition of defatted BSFLM and FM and proximate analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePartially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (PDBSFLM) was sourced from the Kampala City Council waste management facility in Bugolobi, where the larvae were reared on market waste. Each kilogram cost UGX 4500 (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{\u0026asymp;}\\text{USD}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e1.21). Defatting was performed on-site using a mechanical oil press. The larvae were fed into the press, which heated them to about 150\u0026ordm;C as it rotated. This high temperature liquefied the solid fat, allowing oil to drain through the outlet, while the remaining residue formed the defatted BSFLM. After processing, the meal retained about 21.9% fat, reduced from the original 31.88%. In the feeding trial, BSFLM was included as a protein source in the broiler diets as either a partial or complete substitute for conventional fish meal. Fish meal (FM) was purchased from a local agro-input dealer at UGX 4600 (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{\u0026asymp;}\\text{USD}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e1.24) per kilogram.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth BSFLM and FM samples were transported to the laboratory and analyzed following procedures by (10). Determinations included moisture content, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash. Metabolisable energy and nitrogen free extract were calculated from these proximate values as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProximate composition of FM and defatted BSFLM that was used in the experimental diets\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter (% DM)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredients (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Difference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDBSFLM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFISH MEAL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eASH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-11.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCF\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNFE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eME\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3167.59Cal/kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3313.62Cal/kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1392.19 Cal/kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental diets\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were formulated for all poutry feeding experiments using the procedures described by (7). Two diet phases were prepared:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStarter diets were formulated to provide 3000kcal kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of metabolisable energy (ME) and 22% crude protein (CP).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinisher diets were formulated to provide 3000kcal kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e ME and 20% CP.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach diet met the nutrient requirements for broiler chickens as recommended by the (11). No medication, feed additives or growth promoters were included. Ingredient proportions were calculated with the Solver Feed calculator (educational version 8.01.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 150 broiler (Cobb500) day-old chicks with an average weight of 40.595\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8g were randomly assigned to five treatments. The treatments were; the control diet in which no PDBSLMP was included, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% PDBSLMP substituting FMP in the broiler starter and finisher diets. The starter and finisher diets contained 22% and 20% crude protein respectively. Each treatment was in triplicate with 10 birds per replicate in a male-to-female ratio of 1:1 Birds were stocked at a rate of 10 birds per square meter in the brooder. The starter diet was fed to the chicks for a period of three weeks (up to 21 days) after which all birds in their respective groups were fed on a finisher diet for an additional 14 days. All diets were offered adlibtum during the entire experimental period. Feed for the respective treatments was weighed and offered to the birds in four parts everyday starting at 7 pm. Left over feed would be removed at 7pm and air dried on trays to be weighed the next morning. Since birds were fed adlibtum, extra grams of feed would be added to the weight of feed consumed a day before by a particular replicate. The ingredient and nutrient composition of experimental diets were presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredient inclusion level and calculated nutrient composition of experimental starter diets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStarter diets (%of FMP substituted)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaize bran\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoya\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecotton cake\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePDBSFLM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShells\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVit-mineral premix\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNutrient composition calculated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCP%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCF%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEE%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eME(Kcal/Kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3004.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3001.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3002.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2996.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3002.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Supplied the following per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A, 6250IU, Vitamin D3, 1250IU, Vitamin E, 10mg, vitaminK3, 1.5mg, vitamin B1, 5mg, vitamin B2, 2.5mg, vitamin B6 0.5mg, vitaminB12, 2.5mg, niacin, 5.625mg, pantothenic acid, 0.3mg, choline chloride, 50mg, iron, 18.75mg, copper, 3mg, manganese, 37.5mg, zinc, 31.32mg, iodine, 5mg and selenium 0.0625mg\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredient inclusion level and calculated nutrient composition of experimental finisher diets\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinisher diets (%of FMP substituted)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaize bran\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoya\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCotton cake\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePDBSFLMP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShells\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVit-mineralpremix\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTOTAL\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNutrient composition calculated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCP%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCF%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEE%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eME(Kcal/Kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3032.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3004.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3023.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3005.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3001.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Supplied the following per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A, 6250IU, Vitamin D3, 1250IU, Vitamin E, 10mg, vitaminK3, 1.5mg, vitamin B1, 5mg, vitamin B2, 2.5mg, vitamin B6 0.5mg, vitaminB12, 2.5mg, niacin, 5.625mg, pantothenic acid, 0.3mg, choline chloride, 50mg, iron, 18.75mg, copper, 3mg, manganese, 37.5mg, zinc, 31.32mg, iodine, 5mg and selenium 0.0625mg\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGrowth performance and feed utilization efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe performance measures were; weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and carcass weight. Daily feed intake for birds was determined by subtracting the weight of air-dried left-overfeed from the total weight of feed offered. Feed consumed by an individual bird was then calculated by dividing the feed consumed by a given replicate by the number of birds in that replicate (7). Body weights were recorded weekly by weighing and recording the weight of each bird and then replicate means were calculated by summing up the weight of all birds in a replicate and dividing the sum by the total number of birds in a replicate. Birds were fasted overnight and weighed on empty crops the following morning. Weekly weight gain was obtained by subtracting the weight of the previous week from the weight of the current week. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated by dividing the Average Feed Intake by the Average weight gain. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was calculated as weight gain divided by protein intake.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSlaughter and carcass evaluation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter 35 days on their respective diets, 60 broiler chickens (4 birds per cage, equal numbers of males and females) were fasted for 12 hours, weighed, slaughtered and eviscerated. Organs were inspected for physical lesions. Wings, legs and drumsticks were weighed after dressing and dressing percentage was calculated as the warm carcass weight divided by the live weight at slaughter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProximate analysis of breast muscle\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBreast muscle was collected post-mortem for compositional analysis. For each diet, tissue from four birds within the same replicate was pooled yielding three composite samples. Each pooled sample was analysed for dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, cryde fat and ash using methods by (10). Metabolisable energy and nitrogen- free extract were calculated from these values.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFatty acid profiling\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFatty acid profiling followed the method of (12). Pooled breast muscle samples were oven dried, powdered and then subjected to methyl-esterification. For each 5g sub-sample, 500 \u0026micro;L of sodium methoxide in methanol (15 mg mL⁻\u0026sup1;) was added, mixed for 1 minute and sonicated for 5 minutes. The mixture was incubated at 60\u0026deg;C for 1 hour and quenched with 100 \u0026micro;L deionized water. Fatty-acid methyl esters were extracted with GC-grade hexane, centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 5 minutes, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and then analysed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fatty acids were identified by comparing retention times and mass spectra to authentic standards and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library spectra. Quantification was based on a linear calibration curve derived from serial dilutions (0.2\u0026ndash;125 ng \u0026micro;L⁻\u0026sup1;) of octadecanoic acid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData processing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Individual fatty acids were grouped as saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, n-3 or n-6and summed accordingly. Water content of breast muscle was determined by subtracting the lyophilised dry weight from the fresh weight (13).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDerivation of cost of experimental diets and other production costs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe economic indices were; gross margin, net present value, cost benefit analysis, return on investiment and internal rate of return. Feed costs were calculated from the individual ingredient prices according to the amounts added in the different diets (14). The cost of a kilogram of different diets was calculated as a sum product of the inclusion level of each ingredient in the diet and its cost and then divided by the weight of the formulated diet (7). The cost of feed consumed per bird was calculated by multiplying the average total feed consumed by the cost of one kilogram of the respective diet. Feed cost per kilogram weight gain was obtained by multiplying the cost of one kilogram of a given diet by the respective average feed conversion ratio.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data was analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (23) with the significance level set at 5%. The Least Square MEANS statement was used to separate the least square means using the PDIFF option. All means of the production indices and fatty acid profile were given with their standard errors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGrowth performance and feed utilization efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBird performance varied significantly across diets as seen in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. In the starter phase, feed intake and weight gain differed significantly across the diets with the highest weight gain observed in the birds fed 0%-50%, while the least was recorded in 100%. A similar declining trend was observed in the finisher phase, where final weights dropped consistently with increasing substitution of fish meal. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the starter phase showed no significant differences, but in the finisher phase FCR declined sharply at higher inclusion levels, with the 0% being the most efficiently utilized diet. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) did not differ significantly among treatments in either phase. Carcass weights followed the same pattern as weight gain, with the highest values recorded in birds on the control diet (0% BSFLM) and the lowest at 100% substitution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSlaughter characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLive weight, carcass weight, and most carcass parts differed significantly across diets, except for the lungs (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Birds on the control (0%) and 25% PDBSFLM diets consistently had the highest live and carcass weights, while those on 100% showed the lowest. Viscera and gizzard weights followed the same trend, with values declining as BSFLM inclusion increased.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of replacing FM with partially defatted BSFPM in broiler chicken diets on performance during different growth phases\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePARAMETER\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiets (% of FMP substituted)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStarter phase (1\u0026ndash;21 days)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitial weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.722\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.504\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.562\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.749\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.543\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.577\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinal weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e332.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322.81\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e304.98\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e265.95\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.667\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeight gain (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e299.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290.48\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e282.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e264.81\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226.08 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.996\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeed intake (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e733.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e736.52\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e708.78\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e702.88\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e669.29\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.951\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.555\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.510\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.655\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.874\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePER\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.851\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.792\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.813\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.712\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.574\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.596\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinisher phase (21\u0026ndash;35 days)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitial weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e332.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322.81\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e304.98\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e265.95\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.667\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1603\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6203\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinal weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1150.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1104.2\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1044.48\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e933.21\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e795.13\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.289\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0526\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0876\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeight gain (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e811.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e772.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e721.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e628.23\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e529.19\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0503\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeed intake (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1359.81\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1429.72\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1304.62\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1221.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1116.32\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.093\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.677\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.852\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.812\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.944\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3581\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0505\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePER\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.958\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.695\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.755\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.563\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.392\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0733\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean, PER Protein Efficiency Ratio, EER Energy Efficiency Ratio. \u003csup\u003ea.b.c.d\u003c/sup\u003e Means with different superscripts in a row differ significantly, (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of replacing dietary FM with partially defatted BSFLM on carcass parts and organ weights\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody Part Weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDIETS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiets\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLive weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1272.68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1202.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1085.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e996.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e815.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.805\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6246\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarcass weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e909.22\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e854.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e720.49\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e694.61\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e553.37\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.662\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7562\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViscera weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.917\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.608\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.892\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.642\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.475\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.659\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6669\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1902\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeart\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.992\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.308\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.592\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.508\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.438\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9486\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6407\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.975\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.55\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.083\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.308\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.992\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.556\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0439\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5833\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGizzard\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.958\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.667\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.158\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.733\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.844\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLungs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.942\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.808\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.725\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.725\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.413\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2564\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0386\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBreast\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300.64\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e269.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e228.68\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210.81\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157.52\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.367\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.492\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.092\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.117\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1799\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8232\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrum sticks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131.45\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120.5\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107.77\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.592\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.272\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5789\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLegs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.575\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.742\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.525\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.183\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.65\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.478\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e˂0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4323\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5613\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea.b.c.d\u003c/sup\u003eMeans with different superscripts in a row differ significantly, (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). 0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBreast muscle nutrient composition\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutrient composition of muscles did not differ significantly across diets, except for dry matter (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The highest dry matter content was recorded at 50% BSFLM, while the lowest was at 75% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Crude protein, fat, and fiber contents showed some variation, with crude protein ranging between 72.49% and 75.89%, crude fat between 15.19% and 19.23%, and crude fiber between 0.46% and 0.97%, but these differences were not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBreast muscle nutrient composition at the end of finisher phase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiets (% of FMP substituted)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiets\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.973\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.298\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.442\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.486\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.008\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.937\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.542\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.653\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.888\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.801\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude fibre\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.662\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude fat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.677\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.956\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.388\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.777\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.941\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.469\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.241\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.974\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.655\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalculated ME\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3726.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3651.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3680.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3794.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3671.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalculated NFE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.579\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.423\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.844\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.196\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea.b\u003c/sup\u003e.Means with different superscripts in a row differ significantly, (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). 0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFatty acid profile of breast muscle\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaturated fatty acids were more abundant than monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Significant differences were observed in lauric, myristic, margaric, stearic, myristoleic, oleic, palmitoleate, and linoleic acids across the breast muscles of chickens fed different diets (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), and gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3 cis-6,9,12) showed no significant differences among the diets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFatty acid profile (% of total Fatty acids) of breast muscle at the end of the starter phase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFatty acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiets (% of FMP substituted)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSaturated fatty acids\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLauric acid (C12:0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.105\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.947\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.687\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMyristic acid (C14:0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.047\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.197\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.353\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.567\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.627\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9E-04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6579\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePDA (C15:0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.714\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePalmitic acid (C16:0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.467\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.303\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9532\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMargaric acid (C17:0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.633\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.563\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.497\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.350\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.107\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1E-04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStearic acid (C18:0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.753\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.323\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.063\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.163\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4E-04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal SFAs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.697\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMonounsaturated fatty acids\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMyristoleic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.093\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.130\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.155\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.739\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001s\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(C14:1(cis-9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePalmitoleate (C16:1(Cis 9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.987\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.013\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.417\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.500\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.24\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3E-04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2E-04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1923\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOleic acid (C18:1) (n 9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.493\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.403\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.017\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.367\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.173\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3E-04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4912\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal monounsaturated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.563\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.867\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.568\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolyunsaturated fatty acids\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinoleic acid C18:2(Cis-9,12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.31\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.217\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.397\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.933\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.763\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9702\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGamma linoleic acid (C18:3(cis-6,9,12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.457\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9575\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.283\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal polyunsaturated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.673\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.527\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.047\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.827\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean, NA Not Available.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDerivation of cost of experimental diets and other production costs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubstituting fish meal protein (FMP) increased both the unit cost of feed and the total feed cost per bird during the starter and finisher phases (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). In the starter phase, total feed cost per bird decreased slightly by 0.1% and 0.7% at 50% and 100% substitution, respectively, while in the finisher phase it declined more markedly by 5% and 12.6% at 75% and 100% substitution. Total revenue and gross margin were highest in the control diet and declined progressively with higher levels of FMP replacement by PDBSFLM. Marginal costs rose in the 25% and 50% diets by 2.8% and 0.02%, respectively, but marginal net benefits decreased across all substitution levels. Although marginal costs were lower in the 75% and 100% diets, their gross margins were reduced to UGX 5,110.89 and UGX 3,207.53, respectively. Overall, increasing substitution of FM with PDBSFLM consistently reduced net marginal benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCosts associated with substitution of FM with PDBSFLM in starter and finisher diets\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePARAMETER\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiets (% of FMP substituted)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeed costs starter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCost per kg of feed (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1815.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1827.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1878.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1950.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2050.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCost of total feed consumed per bird\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1332.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1346.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1331.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1371.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1322.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCost per kg weight gain\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4464.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4670.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4715.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5179.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5894.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther variable costs\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeed costs (finisher phase)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCost per kg of feed (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1703.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1714.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1777.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1802.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1850.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCost of total feed consumed per bird\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2316.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2451.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2318.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2201.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCost per kg weight gain\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1253.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1200.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1364.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1476.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1692.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther variable costs\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal variable cost (TVC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003e(UGX)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5333.94\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5482.89\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5335.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5257.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5031.68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarginal costs (UGX)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-76.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-302.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRevenue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarcass weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e909.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e854.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e720.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e694.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e553.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrice per kg of carcass (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal revenue (TR)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13638.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12810.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10807.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10419.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8300.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarginal Revenue (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-827.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2830.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3219.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5337.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGross Margin (GM)\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8304.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7327.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5472.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5161.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3268.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarginal Net Benefit\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e (UGX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-976.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2832.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3142.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5035.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll values presented in the table are calculated per bird. \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Amount of feed consumed multiplied by the unit cost of feed. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e FCR multiplied by the unit cost of feed. \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e Included cost of labor, litter, charcoal, disinfectant, soap, lighting, vaccines, and other medications. \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e TVC For both the starter and finishing phases. \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e TVC of treatment diets minus TVC of control diet. \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e Price per kg of carcass multiplied by the weight of the carcass. \u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e TR of treatment diets minus TR of control diet. \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003eTR-TVC. \u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e GM of treatment diets minus GM of control diet. 0% FM substitution, 25% FM substitution, 50% FM substitution, 75% FM substitution, 100% FM substitution, SEM Standard Error of the Mean.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGrowth performance and feed utilization efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, inclusion levels of up to 50% and 25% increased feed intake and weight gain in starter and finisher phases respectively. This study revealed that, the substitution of FM with PDBSFLM of not more than 50% and 25% is sufficient in the starter and finisher phases respectively. Similar results were observed by (8) who reported that the inclusion of HI meal in male broiler chickens up to a maximum of 10% improved the LW and DFI during the starter period. Additionally, (15) reported that live and carcass weights increased with increasing HI meals with the maximum being in the inclusion of 100g/kg. Contrary, (14) did not find any effect of insect diets on performance parameters (feed intake, FCR, or BWG) in broilers when being fed with BSFP at different inclusion levels up to 15%. (16) reported no influence of dietary treatments of 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% BSF meal inclusion on LW, ADG, DFI, and FCR of broiler ducks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was no significant difference in the FCR in the starter phase (1-21days), (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2345\u003c/em\u003e). In the finisher phase (21\u0026ndash;35 days) however, there was a significant difference in the FCR (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003c/em\u003e). The FCR was higher at higher inclusion levels of PDBSFL meal in the finisher phase. These findings are similar to those by (8) who found by the period from 1 to 10 d of age, FCR was similar for the dietary treatments (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and showed Linear and quadratic responses (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) for FCR between the groups in the periods from 10 to 24 d of age and from 1 to 35 d of age, with a maximum corresponding to the inclusion of 15% of HI meal. (17) found that during the four weeks of the experiment, there was a linear decrease in feed conversion ratio\u0026mdash;FCR (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011\u003c/em\u003e). On the contrary, (14) and (18) did not find any effect of insect diets on FCR. The FCR being higher at higher inclusion levels of PDBSFL meal could be because of the high fiber content with increasing levels of fish meal substitution in the diet.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe significant difference seen in the feed intake and weight gain could partially be due to the differences in the fiber content of the diets. Edible insects contain a significant amount of fiber with chitin being the most common fiber (19). Chitin is considered an indigestible fiber (20) Crude fiber called chitin in BSF larvae is found in the exoskeleton of the larvae. According to (21), BSF larvae contain 20.27% chitin. Increasing the amount of PDBSFL in poultry diets increases the crude fiber in the diet. Therefore, at dietary inclusion levels of 0%, 25%, and 50%, the fiber content was low compared to inclusion levels of 75% and 100%. A study by (22) revealed that birds fed a high-fiber diet presented a lower weight gain. Similar observations were made by (23), who found that broiler chicks\u0026rsquo; body weight gain was reduced at higher concentrations of high-fiber dietary ingredients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSlaughter characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreasing the level of PDBSFLM in the diet led to a decrease in the live weight, carcass weight, and the weight of the individual parts of the carcass across the diets. These findings are similar to those of (24) who found that there was a decrease in carcass yield with an increase in HI levels in the diet. In contrast,(18) found that there was no significant difference in the carcass weight and breast muscle percentage weight in broiler quails fed on defatted HI. The lung weight, however, was the same across the diets. (15) reported that live and carcass weights increased with the increase of HI larvae meal upto 100g of HI per kIlogram of feed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe gizzard weight in the current study decreased with increasing levels of FM substitution. These findings contradict a study done by (24) where the gizzard weight increases as the level of BSFLM increases in the diet. The decrease in the live weight, carcass weight, and the weight of the individual parts with increasing levels of FM substitution could be due to a decrease in feed intake as seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFatty acid profile of breast muscles\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncluding partially defatted black soldier fly larvea meal(PDBSFLM) at levels beyond 50% in the diet reduced carcass quality by lowering the crude protein content of the breast muscle. Similar reductions in the muscle protein were reported by (7) in broilers fed whole fat BSFL meal and by (25) and (26) in fish whose diets contained more than 25% BSFL meal in place of fish meal (FM). In the present study, the decline in breast muscle-protein at high PDBSFLM inclusion likely reflects reduced feed intake; maintaining protein intake would require higher overall consumption. 50% PDBSLM inclusion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaturated fatty acids predominated over unsaturated fatty acids in the muscle samples. Higher dietary inclusions of PDBSFLM increased the levels of lauric and myristic acids in the broiler muscles, consistent with findings by (27), ( 28) and (3) showing that these medium-chain saturated fats rise as FM is replaced with BSFL meal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were more abundant than polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The PDBSFLM contained only two notable PUFAs\u0026mdash;linoleic and γ-linolenic acids\u0026mdash;which aligns with (3), who observed that BSFL fat is relatively poor in PUFA, with linoeic acid (C18:2 n-6) accounting for most of the PUFA fraction and α-linoleic acid (C18:3 n-3) comprising the remainder. The limited number and concetration of PUFAs in the broiler muscles may be due to fat removal during the partial defatting process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDerivation of cost of experimental diets and other production costs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubstituting FMP with PDBSFLMP increased the cost of feed in both starter and finisher diets. These findings differ from those of (14) who concluded that dietary inclusion of 15% BSFL meal to partially replace soybean meal and fish meal in broiler starter and finisher diets reduced the feed price by 11.4% and 10.3% respectively and increased the RoI by 25.0% and CBR by 16.0%. Furthermore, (7) concluded that substituting FMP with BSLMP up to 50% in the starter and 75% in finisher diets reduced the cost of feed and increased net marginal benefits. However, these researchers used full-fat BSFLM which was at a lower cost as compared to defatted BSFLM. The increment in feed cost is attributed to the higher cost of the major protein sources used in the compensation of FMP in the diets. Since PDBSFLM had a lower crude protein content (41.14%) as compared to FM (52.31%), more of the soybean meal was used to compensate for the lost crude protein to meet the required protein content in the FM-substituted diets. The price difference between partially defatted BSFLM and FM was UGX100 since PDBSFLM was purchased at UGX 4500 (1.21 USD) whereas FM was purchased at UGX 4600 (1.24USD) per kg. Therefore, adding extra grams in the FM substituted diets to compensate for the lost protein increased the price of the feed since soybean was bought at UGX 2500.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the marginal net benefit was higher at a lower PDBSFL inclusion rate in the diet of 25%. These results are similar to those of (14) who found that 15% dietary inclusion of BSFL meal in broiler chicken diets replacing 45.2 and 64.0% of soybean meal and 35.0 and43.8% of fish meal in broiler starter and finisher diets respectively gave a higher cost-benefit ratio and return on investment. Similarly (7) found that the marginal net benefit reduced with dietary inclusion of BSFL beyond 50%. The inclusion of PDBSFLM beyond 25% led to a reduction in the marginal net benefit beyond the value of other variable costs incurred. In the same vein, (29) found that the highest cost\u0026ndash;benefit ratio of 2.12 was recorded for birds fed on Diet4 (20% BSFL inclusion rate). These findings differ from those of (30) who in his study found that a noticeable reduction in ROI occurred only when replacing more than 75 percent of FML in shrimp diets. The reduction in the marginal net benefit beyond the value of other variable costs incurred is attributed to the reduction in weight gain of birds that fed higher levels of PDBSFLMP since there was a reduction in feed intake with an increase in FM substitution which resulted in lower carcass weights.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study assessed substitution of fish meal with partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (PDBSFLM) in broiler diets. Replacing upto half of the fish meal with PDBSFLM maintained acceptable growth and feed efficiency in the starter phase, but the control diet still yielded the highest weight gains and carcass yields. In the finisher phase however, acceptable growth and feed efficiency were mantained at 25% FM substitution. When inclusion exceeded 25%, breast meat quality declined due to increased lauric and myristic acid concentrations and reduced crude protein content. Economic analysis revealed that even moderate inclusion of 25% increased feed costs and lowered net margins compared to the control diet. These findings suggest that while PDBSFLM is a viable alternative protein source, its use in broiler diets should not exceed 25% until further research explores strategies to improve fatty acid profile and cost effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthical approval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe protocol was approved by Makerere University School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources (SVAR) as well as SVAR research and ethics committees. All procedures were carried out under the relevant guidelines and regulations (certficate number 00093).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding from Norwegian Agency for International Cooperation and Quality Enhancement in Higher Education (DIKU), research project entitled, \u0026ldquo;Building Capacity for Innovation and Advancement of Climate Smart Agriculture in East and Southern Africa\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;NORPART2021/10543.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDKN, ZN, and CK conceived the study. DKN, ZN, LN and CK developed the study protocol, including a data collection tool and data collection strategy. LN was involved in field data collection activities. DNK, LN and CBK conducted data analysis and interpretation. DKN, ZN, LN, CK, VL, VM, CBK, JT, and JE, \u0026nbsp;were involved in the preparation of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI wish to express my sincere appreciation to the staff and administration of Kabanyolo Experimental Station, particularly Mr. Mpanga Sam and Ms. Ritah for their invaluable assistance during data collection. I am equally grateful to the staff of the Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Industrial Resources, Makerere University, Ms. Julie Nabutanda as well as Mr. Sebuufu Edward and the staff of the Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, for their technical support during sample analysis. My profound gratitude goes to Dr. Kiggundu Hammis for his guidance, constructive criticism, and commitment in reviewing this work\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTainika, B., Şekeroğlu, A., Duman, M., \u0026amp; Şent\u0026uuml;rk, E. (2019). Poultry Production in Uganda: Challenges and Opportunities. International Congress of the Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology (International Congress of TURJAF) at Antalya, Turkey.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGasco, L., Biasato, I., Dabbou, S., Schiavone, A., \u0026amp; Gai, F. (2019). 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B., Manyala, J. O., Madzimure, J., \u0026amp;Rono, K. (2023). Growth performance and carcass composition of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus Burchell, 1822) fed on black soldier fly (Hermetiaillucens Linnaeus, 1758) larvae based diets. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Agricultural Research\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 19\u003c/em\u003e(3), 216-225. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKierończyk, B., Rawski, M., Mikołajczak, Z., Szymkowiak, P., Stuper-Szablewska, K., \u0026amp; J\u0026oacute;zefiak, D. (2023). Black soldier fly larva fat in broiler chicken diets affects breast meat quality. \u003cem\u003eAnimals\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(7), 1137.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ede Souza Vilela, J., Alvarenga, T. I., Andrew, N. R., McPhee, M., Kolakshyapati, M., Hopkins, D. L., \u0026amp;Ruhnke, I. (2021). Technological quality, amino acid and fatty acid profile of broiler meat enhanced by dietary inclusion of black soldier fly larvae. \u003cem\u003eFoods\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 10\u003c/em\u003e(2), 297. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWaithaka, M. K., Osuga, I. M., Kabuage, L. W., Subramanian, S., Muriithi, B., Wachira, A. M., \u0026amp; Tanga, C. M. (2022). Evaluating the growth and cost\u0026ndash;benefit analysis of feeding improved indigenous chicken with diets containing black soldier fly larva meal. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Insect Science\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 2\u003c/em\u003e, 933571. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNunes, A., Yamamoto, H., Sim\u0026otilde;es, J. P., Pisa, J. L., Miyamoto, N., \u0026amp;Leite, J. S. (2023). The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetiaillucens) Larvae Meal Can Fully Replace Fish Meal in Practical Nursery Diets for Post-larval Penaeus vannamei under High-Density Culture.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Black soldier fly larvae meal, Partially defatted, economic efficiency, alternative protein sources, Broiler production","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7960010/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7960010/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFish meal is a major protein source in poultry feeds, but its increasing demand has intensified competition between humans and livestock for the same resources. To address this, insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have emerged as promising alternative protein sources due to their rapid growth and ability to thrive on organic wastes. While full-fat BSFL meal has been studied, limited information exists on the optimal inclusion levels of \u003cstrong\u003edefatted BSFL meal\u003c/strong\u003e in broiler diets for sustainable poultry production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults showed the control diet outperformed others (p\u0026lt;0.05) in weight gain. No significant difference in starter FCR was observed, though finisher FCR differed significantly (p=0.0002). Carcass weights varied across diets. Meat contained numerous SFAs compared to MUFAs and PUFAs. Increasing substitution beyond 25% reduced carcass quality and net marginal benefits. Feed costs increased with higher PDBSFLM levels, lowering profitability. Substituting FM with PDBSFLM up to 25% in broiler diets maintained acceptable performance, though economic returns declined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings suggest that while PDBSFLM is a viable alternative protein source, its use in broiler diets should not exceed 25% until further research explores strategies to improve fatty acid profile and cost effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Performance Of Broiler Chickens Fed On Partially Defatted Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal Protein","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-24 13:58:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7960010/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e4d6b7f2-a836-4c71-a61a-5a3abe6ab651","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T06:53:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-24 13:58:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7960010","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7960010","identity":"rs-7960010","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}