Analysis of solar energetic particle (SEP) event on the geomagnetic environment during 24th solar cycle

Analysis of solar energetic particle (SEP) event on the geomagnetic environment during 24th solar cycle | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of solar energetic particle (SEP) event on the geomagnetic environment during 24th solar cycle Nirmal Kumar R, Ranjith Dev Inbaseelan C, Karthikeyan E, Nithyasree M, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4128316/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Jun, 2024 Read the published version in Astrophysics and Space Science → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We report a study of major solar energetic particle (SEP) and ground level enhancement (GLE) events that occurred during the first 62 months of the rising phase of 24th solar cycle. Our objective is to comprehend the key factors that influence the severity and occurrence of such events. Coronal mass ejection (CME) speed (serves as or is) a reliable indicator of SEP and GLE events, as it consistently supports the shock acceleration mechanism. Some very fast CMEs, which likely have accelerated particles upto GeV energies, they may not result in a GLE event due to poor latitudinal connectivity. We have emphasized that the CME speed, magnetic connectivity to Earth, and ambient conditions as the main or primary factors that contribute to the lack of high-energy particle events during cycle 24. Furthermore, we observed that even well-connected fast CMEs that did not seem to have accelerated high-energy particles due to potentially unfavorable prevailing conditions such as high Alfven speed and overall reduction in acceleration efficiency in cycle 24. These conclusions are generally supported by insights gleaned from the observation of the time series of SW-IMF parameters on the flare day. Energetic Particle Solar wind speed Geoeffectiveness Coronal Mass Ejection Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction At the Earth’s surface, neutron monitors have been used to observe energetic particles that came from the solar surface during that planet's active period. (Forbush, 1946 ; Meyer et al., 1956) and certainly they are termed as ground level enhancement (GLE) events extending up to GeV energies. Large solar flares are believed to be the primary cause of large, non-recurrent geomagnetic storms, transient shock wave disturbances in the solar wind, and major energetic particle events observed in interplanetary space. Wild et al., ( 1963 ) postulated that the energetic particles might be accelerated at flare-typical magnetohydrodynamic shock waves. Then, the flare is highly associated with protons and relativistic electrons among various categorized types of space weather occurrences. The recent satellite era further proved that SEP is also concurred with Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) under eruption of huge mass of protons with increasing solar wind to the interplanetary spaces. Flare block-out the radio signal and shock wave followed by the sudden commencement of the CME in the Earth’s magnetic field. Spacecraft operations of many types may be compromised by an influx of high energy particles. It can penetrate through electronic circuit boards and leads to malfunction, which is a type of error that is termed as single event upset (SEU) and also known as a “soft error” (Ziegler, 1996 ; Aelling et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2022). The close association between observed CMEs, as seen on Skylab, and large solar proton events led (Kahler et al., 1978 ) to suggest an important role for the CME either in creating open field lines for flare particles to escape into the interplanetary medium or for the protons to be accelerated near a region above or around the outward moving eject far above the flare site. CME associated with SEPs strongly propagates to the interplanetary medium and successfully influences the Earth’s magnetosphere. Here, the diffusive acceleration at CME-driven coronal and interplanetary (IP) shocks caused the gradual events or CME related events. It is typically lasted for several days and had lager influences, whereas impulsive or flare-related event lasted only for few hours to minute (Reames, 2009 ). It has been found that there is no clear association with the characteristics of SEP (e.g., peak intensities, spectral indices etc.,), and CME properties due to the contribution of many factors to the acceleration process making each event distinct and need a special attention (Kahler, 2001; Desai and Giacalone, 2016 ; Waterfall et al., 2023). Therefore, the dissociation between CME and SEP is seen in their intensity, energy of ejected particles, and type of radio burst and period of events (Gopalswamy et al., 2008 , 2015 ; Emslie et al., 2012 ; Knipp et al., 2022). Ground level enhancement (GLE) during some of large SEP events are so intense that the intensity of high energy proton exceeds 1 GeV (solar cosmic rays) typically higher than the ample galactic cosmic ray (GCR) levels. On the other hand, GLE is framed as SEP events in which the particle acceleration process is considered as more efficient. Since Forbush 1946 detection of this phenomenon and the impact of GLE pose severe radiation hazards to astronauts and technological assets in space as well as in Earth’s airline communication, the occurrence has garnered more attention in the space community lead to sufficient progress in the satellite era. Velocity dispersion and timing studies (Reams et al., 2009), composition and energy spectra (Mewaldt et al., 2012; Firoz et al., 2019) and its radiation impact (Gopalswamy, 2006; Reames, 2013 ) have been widely studied. Solar emissions are associated with major solar activity. From the bi-modal distribution of SPE events, they were classified as “interplanetary shock dominated events” and “near Sun injection events”. The former, considered as fast, broad and CME driven IP shocks from activity near the central meridian of the Sun, continuously accelerates ions throughout its entire passage to Earth (Shea and Smart, 1994 ). Here, Earth is well connected to the solar active region by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the energetic protons can arrive at Earth in a prompt time frame. Since the discovery of CME (Tousey, 1973 ), it is thought to be the eminent source of large SEP and GLE events, consisting of particles accelerated by CME-driven shock (Kahler et al., 1978 ; Gopalswamy et al., 2014 ; Knipp et al., 2022). Eventually, Earth connected, or non-connected events impact the geo environment at different rate/perspective. Various studies highlight the crucial role of flux rope structures in the significant impact of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) on intense space weather storms. Moreover, flux ropes enable sustained periods of strongly southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), facilitating the efficient entry of solar wind energy, plasma, and momentum into the Earth's magnetosphere (Kilpua, et al., 2019 and further reference therein). The magnetic field within CMEs evolve and create complex structures during their journey through space has been investigated and focused on the interaction between the ejected plasma and its surrounding environment as it moves away from the sun and into the heliosphere (Manchester et al., 2017 ). The arrival time of CME-driven shocks depends on several factors, Riley et al., ( 2018 ) highlights the need to reduce uncertainties, refine input data and incorporate advanced numerical simulations such as heliospheric imagers, to enhance the precision and lead time of CME arrival predictions. While Kilpua et al., ( 2019 ) examined the importance of accurately forecasting the magnetic structure and orientation of coronal mass ejection, which are massive plasma clouds expelled from the sun. Here, we focus more on Earth directed/connected SEP periods and their impact on Earth’s magnetosphere to atmosphere during recent solar cycles. Some characteristics of SEP events are discussed in section 2, while the impact of Earth connected events on the geomagnetic disturbed parameters and their intensity are discussed in section 3. Results and summary provide the scope and lead for future study. 2. Data and method of analysis The solar wind (SW) and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) high-resolution (1 min) data and Dst index were obtained from OMNI database ( http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftpbrowser/wind_min_merge.html ). Planetary indices such as Symmetric H (SYM-H), and Auroral indices (AL, AU) were obtained from WDC, Kyoto ( http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ ). Energies of solar wind particles were obtained from SOHO and GOES satellites. 3. Observations and results Total occurrences of solar energetic particle (SEP) events are categorized based on their impact on Earth’s magnetosphere, determined by the connection of field lines to the Earth’s magnetic field and their manifestation to the geoeffective. 3.1. Eruptions Associated with high energetic particles (Poorly Connected) The occurrence of large energetic particle events from the Sun (eastern hemisphere) prompted us to examine all such eruptions originating from outside the GLE location. Computation of the (> 10MeV) flux from the SOHO data for the rest of the 21 eruptions listed in Table 1 . Among these, 10 events in the Table 1 had high-speed CME’s (> 2000km/s), similar in the range E82 (6 November 2010) to E114 (8 November 2013) for the eruption. Four of these high-speed CME’s occurred when the background SEP events were above 10 MeV, flux exceeding 1000pfu (the number of high- intensity events observed by GOES over the entire cycle of 24). On 22 September 2011, the most intense flare with a flux of approximately 5000 pfu was observed (Table 1 ). Subsequently, high-speed SEP background events with fast CMEs all occurred following these high intensity SEP events. For instance, on 13 May 2013, an eruption found at 01:53 UT resulted in an SEP intensity of 20 pfu, followed by the second eruption that occurred on the same day with an intensity of 1000 pfu. The third and fourth eruptions take place when the SEP background was relatively higher. Note that event no.32 followed event no.31 within 14 h from the same source region and produced a much larger category (approximately 1000 pfu). This is consistent with the scenario that CMEs preceded by wide CMEs from the same source region within 24 h tend to produce high-intensity SEP events. The only high-speed event with no SEP association was observed on 13 November 2012: neither GOES nor STB (STEREO-B ) detected a SEP event, but the CME was narrow and was not associated with a type II burst kind at metric or longer wavelengths. This narrow CME was also confirmed in STA (STEREO-A) and STB coronagraphs, suggesting it could be a jet like CME. Such narrow CMEs are known to be unassociated with large SEP events (Firoz et al., 2019). There were three large SEP events at STB with CME speeds ranging from 837 to 1531 km/s and one minor SEP event. Five lower-speed CMEs occurred concurrently with high-SEP background, so it is uncertain if they can cause a new injection of particles. The remaining five CMEs were observed to have no link with SEP, but the CME speeds were range from 419 to 1587 km/s. These events demonstrate the importance of longitudinal connectivity and CME speed for SEP events, and hence for high-energy particle events. Table 1 lists the M-X class flares that occurred during 24th solar cycle from 2010–2013. It includes the strength, solar wind speed (Vsw) and location of the flare that occurred on the Sun’s surface (Gopalswamy et al., 2014 ). Flare loc – flare location; FR loc –flux rope location; Final loc- final location; HiB- high SEP background. To study the modulation of solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field on the day of flare occurrence, we analyzed the hourly variation of solar wind speed, density, pressure, temperature, and IMF parameters. The change in electrodynamical system of interplanetary medium may lead to the modulation of the Earth’s magnetic field variation. In this part, the planetary indices such as ring current index Dst (nT), Kp and Auroral Electrojet (AE) have been presented along with the solar wind and interplanetary parameters. In this section, the M and X class flares are considered fromTable1. Although these flares are not so helpful to determine the strength of geomagnetic perturbations, but these strong flares (M and X) often induce the primary and secondary ionization over ionosphere, which in turn alter the ionospheric conductivity and may extend further to the mesosphere down to ground (Gopalswamy et al., 2012). During the occurrence of flare, high energy electromagnetic rays, mostly in the UV and IR band, carry plasma clouds that alter the quite behavior of the interplanetary medium. Hence, we examined numerous possible cases (listed in Table 1 – 3 ) to understand the diversification of flares (with respect to location of occurrences and range of emissions) and their impact on geomagnetic environments. It is understood that X class flares can significantly affect the electrodynamics changes of interplanetary medium as they may carry a considerable amount of plasma cloud, which in turn changes the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field components. Figure 1 shows the variation of IMF Bz (north-south) component on 7th March 2012, as it varies more negatively after several hours from the occurrence of the flare (X 5.4). On 06 March 2017, in a sample case of geomagnetic quiet scenario, IMF varies ± 5 nT, V sw < 400 km/s, density < 5/cc and so on. On the event day, density suddenly increased 4-folds to its mean value with an increase in wind speed and further IMF component flipped southward with − 15 nT. The energy spectrum of these particles increased by almost 4 orders than its normal value in the band of 10, 30 and 60 MeV and persisted for almost a day. This sudden rise in plasma creates a sharp SSC at ~ 0300 UT on 04 March 2012 and a more gradual main phase span of 03 and 04 hours with − 98 nT. In contrast, the recovery phase has a prolonged duration with multiple ups and downs, which indicates a continuous supply of plasma from the interplanetary medium to Earth’s inner magnetosphere. Whenever the southward IMF favors, the huge amount of plasma injected by the magnetic reconnection to the magnetosphere from dayside and through magneto tail night side significantly alter the current system at different locations (latitude, longitude, altitude) in different times. The subsolar point is the most expected region where the frequency of the reconnection process is high during the southward IMF ( Balan et al., 2017 ). Solar wind plasma ions gyrate along the magnetic field lines after reconnecting with southward IMF. In this case, despite Sym-H recovering at 1800 hours, its value is well below positive values, which further indicates the continuous flow of solar plasma to magnetospheric current system. As expected, on the third consecutive day (09 March 2012), another bunch of particles ejected from the solar surface as recorded in proton flux (10, 30 and 60MeV) channels. This fast-moving CME alters the IMF parameters towards southward with solar wind speed above 700 Km/s and enhanced plasma temperature. Secondary incoming particles caused earth-connected doublet kind of storm characteristics ( Gopalswamy et al., 2015 ). This storm seems more intense (G4) with Sym-H- ~ -150 nT than the earlier one (G3) -98 nT. Similarly, the auroral electrojet (AE) index which is a measure of auroral current follows over the polar region such as double impacted storm and solar plasma flow ( Kamide and Rostoker, 2004 ). In Fig. 2 , on 13 March 2012, SEP has a similar pattern but with a different period of execution and moderate storm (G3). Additionally, the interval between the first and second event is relatively longer than the other two cases. Figure 2 shows the SOHO, energy spectrum, IMF and ring current parameters on 13 March 2012. SOHO images are evident for the M class flare from westward direction of ejection of solar plasma to the interplanetary medium, while other quarter seems undisturbed behavior. IMF Bz varies between ± 10 nT and By varies − 15 nT. In which, density increased by 4 times and wind speed also doubled, and its impact is discerned in Sym-H as SSC-1 and MP-1. Despite the velocity and plasma density being higher, IMF Bz remained southward for a shorter period reducing the efficiency of magnetic reconnection at dayside. Consequently, solar plasma failed to enter a greater number of particles into the magnetosphere (Richardson et al., 2003 ). Further, MP-1 also indicates the minor storm (Sym-H ~ 75 nT) and RP-1 has a prolonged period similar to other events. A successive supply of solar particles to the inner magnetosphere and the earth’s ionosphere is indicated by the enhancement of the AE index (~ 1600 nT). During the second impact, perhaps by the slow-moving CME plasma (V sw < 500 km s − 1 ), there was an enhancement in the magnetopause almost after 58 hours from the RP-1 (Fig. 2 ). IMF-By varied by + 15 nT and Bz by -10 nT which favors the magnetic reconnection and subsequent current process. On 16 March 2012, SSC-2 was observed at 1400 UT followed by the MP-2 after 06 hours, then RP-2 initiated. Similarly, AE index also enhanced and sustained for a few hours with 1600 nT. As shown in Fig. 2 , V sw increased to 750 km s − 1 that is twofold than average speed and particle flux shows a 10-fold increase in concentration in the energy channels of 10, 30 and 60 MeV. The increasing pressure and density values are the signature of the plasma cloud sweeping through the vicinity of Earth’s magnetosphere. Additionally, the temperature also considerably increased by three-folds during the disturbed period. This observation further supports the supply of plasma after flare time. However, the impact of this plasma cloud interaction on Dst index is minimal, possibly due to its low rate and during magnetic reconnection. Therefore, the solar plasma generally modulates the high latitude upper atmosphere rather than lower latitudes due to the magnetic open field lines over the poles. The close monitoring of the time series of SW-IMF parameters on the flare day agrees with the aforesaid inferences. However, it is difficult to speculate about the association between the flare and the occurrences of plasma cloud. This uncertainty may be resolved by examining the planetary indices for more than 3–4 days following the flare date. 3.2. Eruptions associated without high energetic particle (well connected) Time series of solar wind-IMF parameters and its associated planetary indices presented for maximum number of days listed in Table-2 ( Figure SF 4.1 to 4.5 ). As explained in the section 3.1 , the energy of the out-streaming solar plasma is limited to less than 10 MeV. The high intense flare (X 2.2) is observed on 15 February 2011 ( Fig. 3 ), the day is moderately disturbed (Dst ~ -32 nT). This intense flare may or may not cause the successive changes observed on the interplanetary medium and terrestrial magnetic changes. Another two major flares occurred on 06–07 September 2011 in the range of X-2.1 and X-1.8, which draws attention due to 24-h time difference between their occurrences ( Fig. 4 ). Therefore, the influence of former flare is expected to be observed on the next day, as shown in Fig. 4 . Solar wind and IMF parameters are considerably undergone the modulation due to the high intense flare. Except for the flare on 19 November 2013 ( Figure SF 3.1 & Figure SF 4.5 ), the rest of the event days showed feeble/minor changes of solar wind-interplanetary magnetic field parameters, which in turn produce mild or perhaps no effect on planetary indices. Though the flare day is considered to find out the any perturbation in the interplanetary medium, it is realistic that the mass ejections commonly modulate the Earth’s magnetic current flow after a considerable number of days from the flare date. The main factor mainly depends on the speed of the solar wind plasma travelling within the medium, which generally varies from 450 km/s during quiet time and 800 km s -1 (average) during disturbed period. In addition, the location of the CME occurred on the corona of the solar disk and spiral motion of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) also play a vital role for modulating the fast-streaming solar wind. 4. Discussion and conclusion Geomagnetic storms generally consist of sudden storm commencement (SSC), main phase of the storm and recovery phase. In brief, the fast-streaming incoming solar wind due to coronal mass ejection faces an obstacle at magnetopause. Later, it connects with the Earth’s magnetosphere when IMF-Bz becomes southward. This shock generates a current, known as “magnetopause current” in phase with the geomagnetic field, leaving a positive signature on Dst. The main phase of the storm, characterized by ring current enhancement, is identified as the negative excursion of the Dst from the SSC. Depending on the ring current strength, the length/ duration of the main phase varies. The recovery phase indicates the weakening of the geomagnetic disturbances. The geomagnetic storm is quantitatively analyzed, and the details are presented in Tables 3 and 4 . The list of flare details is given in Table 1 and grouped into seven events, most of the times in the considered list, two consecutive flares occurred, sometimes on the same day or within two days. Hence, these double/triple flares are considered as a single event. On 30 July 2011, a G1 class (Kp < 5, Dst ~ -40 nT) storm was observed at 16:00 UT ( Figure SF1.1 ) sustained for 07 hours, whereas the recovery phase lasting around 02 hours. It is to be noted that flare and Dst minimum was observed on the same day. Event number 2 is classified as a twin flares category, where two strong X class flares occurred within 3 days of interval. One of the X 1.4 flares was observed at 10:29 UT on 22 September 2011, and it is thought to accompany with CME observed on 26 September 2011 ( Figure SF3.4). This event is one of the distinct examples for the flare associated CMEs, the fast-moving solar wind takes around three days to reach Earth’s magnetosphere. Similarly, after X 1.4 flare, Dst shows SSC at 11:00 UT on 26 September 2011 and the main phase varies approximately from 25 nT to -118 nT at 23:30 UT on 26 September 2011, where the recovery phase ended after four hours interval. The recovery phase initiated from the value of -14 nT, with a sudden drop of Dst observed around 22:30 UT on 27 September 2011 and it is extended down to -68 nT at 06:30 UT on 28 September 2011. The later storm signature would possibly be from signals transported from the second flare that occurred on 24 September (Figure SF1.3) , because the main phase onset initiated exactly four days ago of the first flare. The complete recovery phase took almost a few days from the day of the main phase onset. The strength of the later storm was less than the former one, whereas the later flare (X 1.9) was more intense than the former one (X 1.4). In triple flare cases, the first flare X 1.1 occurred on 05 March 2012 (Figure SF 1.4) followed by the X 5.4 and X 1.3 on 07 March 2012 (Figure SF1.5 ). The first associated CME was observed on 07 March 2012 (Figure SF1.5) with the main phase onset around midnight hours of the day. The MPO almost sustained nearly 20 hours, while a small hike observed around noon hours, possibly due to the flipping of IMF Bz component. The maximum disturbance, i.e. Dst minimum, was observed around 22:00 UT of ~ -100 nT. This comes under moderate storms, which have enough strength to alter the electrodynamics of the Earth’s magnetosphere-ionosphere current system. Interestingly, there are two consecutive X class flares that occurred during the main phase of the former storm, varied as X 5.4 at ~ 02:00 UT and X 1.3 around 06–07:00 UT. As expected, the recovery phase on 08 March 2012 continued in the negative excursion due to consecutive supply of solar particles. Therefore, it becomes one of the typical severe cases (Dst > -150 nT) and Kp also consistently above 8. The net effect of these two strong flares associated with CMEs caused the severe geomagnetic storm. It is to be noted that, the flare X 1.5 and the G4 class storms are one of the strongest flares and its associated severe geomagnetic storms from the total considered events ( Tables 1 and 2 ). The recovery phase follows nearly four days, meanwhile Dst encountered another negative trend associated with the concurrent flare. CME impacts on geomagnetic field for other given flares also show similar characteristics as discussed above; hence, the remaining time series of Dst is presented to get the overall pictures of the events. In this context, exceptionally, four consecutive flares were also observed 13–21 May 2013 (Figure SF3.7) . Among these, two flares were extremely strong (X 3.2 on 14 May) (Figure SF 1.9) and X 2.8 on 13 May (Figure SF 1.8 ), while the other two events fell in X class category. In contrast, the Dst varies moderately (Dst < -60 nT) throughout the observation period from the date of the first flare. This observation hints at the association between solar flares and CME. In general, low energy particles during coronal ejections may produce less impact on the geomagnetic field. Similarly, solar flare associated CMEs, as shown in Table 4 , result in moderate geoeffective storms. Like the earlier section, isolated, double, and triple flares associated with CMEs are also observed in this category. In general, lower energy particles (< 10 MeV) accelerated from CME have lesser kinetic energy, resulting in lower speeds attained by the particles. The fast-streaming solar wind loses its energy while travelling at a lower speed, reaching the Earth’s magnetosphere with low power. For example, the flare associated CME initiates the SSC after four days on 18 February 2011 at 02:00 UT with the main phase onset at 05:00 UT. MPO sustains for nearly 10 hours below − 50 nT and the recovery phase resumes within five hours of period ( Figure SF4.1 ). For double flare type, on 09 September 2011 ( Figure SF4.2) , the first flare X 2.1 occurred on day 1, followed by the X 1.8 on 3 days around evening hours. It becomes more feasible that the X 2.1 associated CME potentially disturbed the Dst, as the SSC was observed around noon hours on the 3rd day. Then, the main phase ended at -72 nT during midnight hours, and the Kp shows G1 class flare. In addition, on 27 October 2013 (Figure SF3.8) the triple flare type with CME, the main phase ended at 18:00 UT at -49 nT, and the recovery phase took almost a day. It is noted that the plasma cloud associated with another two flares are also considerably decreasing the Dst after the recovery phase of the first CME. In summary, when the two CMEs with low energetic particle background, the average speed of CMEs becomes approximately 1093 km/s, which is nearly half of the average speed of ground level enhancement (GLE) of CMEs (Firoz et al., 2019). Therefore, these eruptions were not associated with GLEs or even large high energetic particle events. The two well- connected events (nos.21 and 22) had very low CME speeds (749 and 548 km/s). If we consider the best-connected events in table (nos. 9 to 10, 16 to 18, 22), it is observed that the speeds were in the range of 548 to 1773 km/s, with an average of 1120 km/s. The second fastest (1773 km/s) event was preceded by a fast CME (953km/s) from the same active region. Excluding the cases of high particle background and CME interaction, we conclude that the CME speed is the primary factor that contributing to the lack of high energetic particle events in the mass ejections. Considering the above discussion, the research suggests that the CME associated with high energetic particles generates more geoeffective storms than those associated with lower energetic particles. However, this observation needs further qualitative and quantitative observation during different solar activity periods to understand further insights into the topic. Declarations Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge Kyoto WDC ( http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/) for the AE and Kp index data as well as the Wind satellite team for the CME and IMF data (http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/). Data Availability: All the data used in this work is obtained from public domains only, so the sources of the data are mentioned wherever it is necessary. Authors contribution: NK, RDI and KE are responsible for the inception and execution of the project and the preparation of the draft of the manuscript. KE and NM prepared the figures and analysis, JJ and NK were involved in improving the manuscript. All authors contributed to the preparation of the final draft. Conflict of Interest: Authors don’t have any conflict of Interest. References Aellig, Matthias, R., Lazarus, Alan J., & Steinberg, John, T. 2001, “The solar wind helium abundance: Variation with wind speed and the solar cycle” Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (14), pp. 2767 – 2770. doi:10.1029/2000GL012771. 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Riley, P., Mays, L., Andries, J., Amerstorfer, T., Biesecker, D., Delouille, V., Dumbovic, M., Feng, X., Henley, E., Linker, J.A., Möstl, C., Nuñez1, M., Pizzo, V., Temmer, M., Tobiska, W.K., Verbeke, C., West, M.J., & Zhao, X. 2018. “Forecasting the arrival time of coronal mass ejections: Analysis of the CCMC CME scoreboard”. Space Weather, 16, 1245–1260. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001962. Shea, M.A., and Smart, D.F. 1994. “Significant proton events of solar cycle 22 and a comparison with events of previous solar cycles”, Advances in Space Research, 14 (10), pp. 631-638. doi: 10.1016/0273-1177(94)90518-5. Tousey, R. 1973, “The Solar Corona”. In: Rycroft MJ, Runcorn SK (eds) Space Research XIII. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, p 713 Wild, J.P., Smerd, S.F., Weiss, A.A. 1963, “Solar bursts”. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1, pp. 291-366. doi: 10.1146/annurev.aa.01.090163.001451. Ziegler, J. F. 1996, "Terrestrial cosmic rays," in IBM Journal of Research and Development, 40(1), pp. 19-39. doi: 10.1147/rd.401.0019. Tables Table 1 List of flares during 2010–2014 (Adopted from Gopalswamy et al. 2014 ) Major eruption from east of E15 (poorly connected to Earth) (24 events) S. NO Date and Time Size Flare loc. SEP 1 2010/11/06 15:27 M5.4 S19E58 None 2 2011/07/30 02:04 M9.3 N14E35 None 3 2011/09/22 10:29 X1.4 N09E89 5000 4 2011/09/24 09:21 X1.9 N12E60 HiB 5 2011/09/24 12:33 M7.1 N10E56 1000 6 2011/09/24 20:29 M5.8 N13E52 HiB 7 2011/09/25 04:31 M7.4 N11E47 HiB 8 2012/03/05 03:17 X1.1 N17E52 HiB 9 2012/03/07 00:02 X5.4 N17E27 1500 10 2012/03/07 01:05 X1.3 N25E26 HiB 11 2012/07/28 20:44 M6.1 S25E54 HiB 12 2012/08/18 00:24 M5.5 N19E86 None 13 2012/10/20 18:05 M9.0 S13E79 None 14 2012/10/23 03:13 X1.8 S13E60 None 15 2012/11/13 01:58 M6.0 S25E46 None 16 2013/05/03 17:24 M5.7 N16E81 1 17 2013/05/13 01:53 X1.7 N11E90 20 18 2013/05/13 15:48 X2.8 N11E85 1000 19 2013/05/14 00:00 X3.2 N08E77 HiB 20 2013/05/15 01:25 X1.2 N12E64 HiB 21 2013/10/25 07:53 X1.7 S08E73 20 22 2013/10/25 14:51 X2.1 S06E69 60 23 2013/11/05 22:07 X3.3 S12E46 60 24 2013/11/08 04:20 X1.1 S14E15 HiB Table 2 List of flares during 2010–2014 (Adopted from Gopalswamy et al., 2014 ) S.NO Flare date and time Flare size SEP GOES 1 2010-02-07 02:20 M6.4 None 2 2010-02-12 11:19 M8.3 None 3 2011-02-13 17:28 M6.6 None 4 2011-02-15 01:44 X2.2 2 5 2011-03-08 10:35 M5.3 30 HiB 6 2011-08-03 13:17 M6.0 1 7 2011-09-06 01:35 M5.3 2 8 2011-09-06 22:12 X2.1 8 9 2011-09-07 22:32 X1.8 3 HiB 10 2011-09-08 15:32 M6.7 1 HiB 11 2012-03-09 03:22 M6.3 500 HiB 12 2012-03-10 17:15 M8.4 100 HiB 13 2012-07-02 10:43 M5.6 None 14 2013-06-07 22:11 M5.9 None 15 2013-10-24 00:21 M9.3 None 16 2013-10-28 01:41 X1.0 < 1 17 2013-10-28 04:32 M5.1 4 18 2013-10-29 21:42 X2.3 4 HiB 19 2013-11-10 05:08 X1.1 1 HiB 20 2013-11-19 10:14 X1.0 4 21 2013-12-31 21:45 M6.4 None 22 2014-01-01 18:40 M9.9 None Table 3 Solar eruption Associated with high energetic particle (Poorly Connected) Solar eruption Associated with high energetic particle (Poorly Connected) S.NO DATE FLARE TYPE& TIME CME DATE SSC MPO DST-MIN RPO CLASS 1 30.07.2011 M9.3, 02:04 30.07.2011 0 16UT(7HRS) -40 23UT (2HRS) G1 2 22.09.2011 X1.4, 10:29 26.09.2011 2 13UT(10HRS) -117 23UT (4HRS) G2 24.09.2011 X1.9, 09:21 26.09.2011 2 13UT(10HRS) -117 23UT (4HRS) G2 3 05.03.2012 X1.1, 03:17 09.03.2012 4 02UT(7HRS) -143 09UT (3 HRS) G4 07.03.2012 X5.4, 00:02 & 09.03.2012 4 02UT(7HRS) -143 09UT (2HRS) G4 4 20.10.2012 M9.0, 18:05 23.10.2012 2 07UT(3HRS) -8 10UT (3HRS) G1 23.10.2012 X1.8, 03:13 23.10.2012 2 07UT(3HRS) -8 10UT (3HRS) G1 5 13.05.2013 X1.7, 01:53 & X2.8,15:48 16.05.2013 1 17UT(8HRS) -29 25UT (9HRS) G1 14.05.2013 X3.2, 00:00 16.05.2013 1 17UT(8HRS) -29 25UT (9HRS) G1 15.05.2013 X1.2, 01:25 16.05.2013 1 17UT(8HRS) -29 25UT (9HRS) G1 6 25.10.2013 X1.7, 07:53 & X2.1,14:51 30.10.2013 3 18UT(6HRS) -50 24UT (2HRS) G1 7 05.11.2013 X3.3, 22:07 08.11.2013 0 01UT(8HRS) -81 09UT (17HRS) G1 08.11.2013 X1.1, 04:20 08.11.2013 0 01UT(8HRS) -81 09UT (17HRS) G1 Table 4 Solar eruption Associated without high energetic particle (well Connected ) Solar eruption Associated without high energetic particle (well Connected) S.NO DATE FLARE TYPE & TIME CME DATE SSC MPO D ST -MIN. RPO CLASS 1 15.02.2011 X2.2, 01:44 18.02.2011 3 05UT (10HRS) -32 15UT (5 HRS) G1 2 06.09.2011 X2.1, 22:12 09.09.2011 0 14UT (5HRS) -66 19UT (2 HRS) G1 07.09.2011 X1.8, 22:32 09.09.2011 2 14UT (4HRS) -72 18UT (3 HRS) G1 3 24.10.2013 M9.4,00:21 27.10.2013 0 6UT (7HRS) -29 13UT (5 HRS) G1 24.10.2013 M9.4,00:21 27.10.2013 0 18UT (5HRS) -49 23UT (3 HRS) G1 28.10.2013 X1.0, 01:41 29.10.2013 0 5UT (7HRS) -29 12UT (6 HRS) G1 28.10.2013 X1.0, 01:41 29.10.2013 0 18UT (6HRS) -50 24UT (5 HRS) G1 29.10.2013 X2.3, 21:42 29.10.2013 0 6UT (7HRS) -29 13UT (4 HRS) G1 29.10.2013 X2.3, 21:42 29.10.2013 0 17UT (7HRS) -49 24UT (4 HRS) G1 4 10.11.2013 X1.1, 05:08 14.11.2013 1 4UT (4HRS) -70 8UT (2 HRS) G1 5 19.11.2013 X1.0, 10:14 22.11.2013 1 6UT (6HRS) -28 12UT (2HRS) G1 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Krishnan Geomagnetic Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Jhunsi, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karthikeyan","middleName":"","lastName":"E","suffix":""},{"id":284195387,"identity":"9d6697f2-f2f1-4eac-98d5-1bcc1c9b267b","order_by":3,"name":"Nithyasree M","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nithyasree","middleName":"","lastName":"M","suffix":""},{"id":284195388,"identity":"8d750eb2-ae14-4ac3-8d43-30547a5d00a4","order_by":4,"name":"Johnson Jeyakumar H","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"PG and Department of Physics \u0026 Research Centre, Pope’s College, Sawyerpuram, Thoothukudi, affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Johnson","middleName":"Jeyakumar","lastName":"H","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-19 07:51:51","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4128316/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4128316/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04320-8","type":"published","date":"2024-06-01T14:10:32+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53624090,"identity":"60515622-bd24-4565-b24c-3f05300d1025","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 08:31:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":873240,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTop panel figures left- SOHO-LASCO satellite image, right- Particles energy spectrum from GOES satellite, middle panel- interplanetary parameters from top- IMF By, Bz, Vsw, density, Temperature and particle ratio. Bottom panel- Sym- H and AE index on 07 March 2012. Flare occurrence time is marked as vertical solid line. Day number is mentioned in the x axis.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4128316/v1/988bc6bc23e5c2bd86a7719a.jpg"},{"id":53623433,"identity":"ae8191fa-e7a8-4880-a1b4-637bd360aa28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 08:23:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":821719,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTop panel figures left- SOHO-LASCO satellite image, right- Particles energy spectrum from GOES satellite, middle panel- interplanetary parameters from top- IMF By, Bz, Vsw, density and Temperature. Bottom panel- Sym- H and AE index on 13 March 2012.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4128316/v1/727640551a7449bad13fbb7e.jpg"},{"id":53623435,"identity":"d1487231-caac-4ca6-96d1-a3b06755a408","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 08:23:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":458448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTop panel- interplanetary parameters from top- IMF By, Bz, Vsw, density, Temperature and particle ratio. Bottom panel- Sym- H and AE index on 15.02.2011.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4128316/v1/212a03d434c24b87fb9066ca.jpg"},{"id":53623436,"identity":"f3a22ed5-4199-4d81-93ae-5439e61980eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 08:23:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":491187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTop panel- interplanetary parameters from top- IMF By, Bz, Vsw, density, Temperature and particle ratio. Bottom panel- Sym- H and AE index on 06-07/ 09/2011.\u003c/strong\u003e Time series of Dst index from 06.09.2011 to 13.09.2011.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4128316/v1/37f1688718d8a56050f5ba2a.jpg"},{"id":59500928,"identity":"d1ae4e92-3046-4edb-bf31-fd3a59bb01ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-02 14:10:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3559627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4128316/v1/068150e1-ba05-45d8-bfd0-f7c0117a224e.pdf"},{"id":53623438,"identity":"cf7e7d6a-b900-40de-8834-3a8a5b8727d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-28 08:23:56","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4732152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementryFigures.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4128316/v1/7be98e2300135fae7bc545df.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of solar energetic particle (SEP) event on the geomagnetic environment during 24th solar cycle","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAt the Earth\u0026rsquo;s surface, neutron monitors have been used to observe energetic particles that came from the solar surface during that planet's active period. (Forbush, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1946\u003c/span\u003e; Meyer et al., 1956) and certainly they are termed as ground level enhancement (GLE) events extending up to GeV energies. Large solar flares are believed to be the primary cause of large, non-recurrent geomagnetic storms, transient shock wave disturbances in the solar wind, and major energetic particle events observed in interplanetary space. Wild et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e) postulated that the energetic particles might be accelerated at flare-typical magnetohydrodynamic shock waves. Then, the flare is highly associated with protons and relativistic electrons among various categorized types of space weather occurrences. The recent satellite era further proved that SEP is also concurred with Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) under eruption of huge mass of protons with increasing solar wind to the interplanetary spaces. Flare block-out the radio signal and shock wave followed by the sudden commencement of the CME in the Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetic field. Spacecraft operations of many types may be compromised by an influx of high energy particles. It can penetrate through electronic circuit boards and leads to malfunction, which is a type of error that is termed as single event upset (SEU) and also known as a \u0026ldquo;soft error\u0026rdquo; (Ziegler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Aelling et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe close association between observed CMEs, as seen on Skylab, and large solar proton events led (Kahler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e) to suggest an important role for the CME either in creating open field lines for flare particles to escape into the interplanetary medium or for the protons to be accelerated near a region above or around the outward moving eject far above the flare site. CME associated with SEPs strongly propagates to the interplanetary medium and successfully influences the Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetosphere. Here, the diffusive acceleration at CME-driven coronal and interplanetary (IP) shocks caused the gradual events or CME related events. It is typically lasted for several days and had lager influences, whereas impulsive or flare-related event lasted only for few hours to minute (Reames, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been found that there is no clear association with the characteristics of SEP (e.g., peak intensities, spectral indices etc.,), and CME properties due to the contribution of many factors to the acceleration process making each event distinct and need a special attention (Kahler, 2001; Desai and Giacalone, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Waterfall et al., 2023). Therefore, the dissociation between CME and SEP is seen in their intensity, energy of ejected particles, and type of radio burst and period of events (Gopalswamy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Emslie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Knipp et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGround level enhancement (GLE) during some of large SEP events are so intense that the intensity of high energy proton exceeds 1 GeV (solar cosmic rays) typically higher than the ample galactic cosmic ray (GCR) levels. On the other hand, GLE is framed as SEP events in which the particle acceleration process is considered as more efficient. Since Forbush \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1946\u003c/span\u003e detection of this phenomenon and the impact of GLE pose severe radiation hazards to astronauts and technological assets in space as well as in Earth\u0026rsquo;s airline communication, the occurrence has garnered more attention in the space community lead to sufficient progress in the satellite era. Velocity dispersion and timing studies (Reams et al., 2009), composition and energy spectra (Mewaldt et al., 2012; Firoz et al., 2019) and its radiation impact (Gopalswamy, 2006; Reames, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) have been widely studied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar emissions are associated with major solar activity. From the bi-modal distribution of SPE events, they were classified as \u0026ldquo;interplanetary shock dominated events\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;near Sun injection events\u0026rdquo;. The former, considered as fast, broad and CME driven IP shocks from activity near the central meridian of the Sun, continuously accelerates ions throughout its entire passage to Earth (Shea and Smart, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e). Here, Earth is well connected to the solar active region by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the energetic protons can arrive at Earth in a prompt time frame. Since the discovery of CME (Tousey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e), it is thought to be the eminent source of large SEP and GLE events, consisting of particles accelerated by CME-driven shock (Kahler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e; Gopalswamy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Knipp et al., 2022). Eventually, Earth connected, or non-connected events impact the geo environment at different rate/perspective.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious studies highlight the crucial role of flux rope structures in the significant impact of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) on intense space weather storms. Moreover, flux ropes enable sustained periods of strongly southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), facilitating the efficient entry of solar wind energy, plasma, and momentum into the Earth's magnetosphere (Kilpua, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e and further reference therein). The magnetic field within CMEs evolve and create complex structures during their journey through space has been investigated and focused on the interaction between the ejected plasma and its surrounding environment as it moves away from the sun and into the heliosphere (Manchester et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The arrival time of CME-driven shocks depends on several factors, Riley et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) highlights the need to reduce uncertainties, refine input data and incorporate advanced numerical simulations such as heliospheric imagers, to enhance the precision and lead time of CME arrival predictions. While Kilpua et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) examined the importance of accurately forecasting the magnetic structure and orientation of coronal mass ejection, which are massive plasma clouds expelled from the sun.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHere, we focus more on Earth directed/connected SEP periods and their impact on Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetosphere to atmosphere during recent solar cycles. Some characteristics of SEP events are discussed in section 2, while the impact of Earth connected events on the geomagnetic disturbed parameters and their intensity are discussed in section 3. Results and summary provide the scope and lead for future study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Data and method of analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe solar wind (SW) and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) high-resolution (1 min) data and Dst index were obtained from OMNI database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftpbrowser/wind_min_merge.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftpbrowser/wind_min_merge.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Planetary indices such as Symmetric H (SYM-H), and Auroral indices (AL, AU) were obtained from WDC, Kyoto (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Energies of solar wind particles were obtained from SOHO and GOES satellites.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Observations and results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTotal occurrences of solar energetic particle (SEP) events are categorized based on their impact on Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetosphere, determined by the connection of field lines to the Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetic field and their manifestation to the geoeffective.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Eruptions Associated with high energetic particles (Poorly Connected)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe occurrence of large energetic particle events from the Sun (eastern hemisphere) prompted us to examine all such eruptions originating from outside the GLE location. Computation of the (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10MeV) flux from the SOHO data for the rest of the 21 eruptions listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Among these, 10 events in the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e had high-speed CME\u0026rsquo;s (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2000km/s), similar in the range E82 (6 November 2010) to E114 (8 November 2013) for the eruption. Four of these high-speed CME\u0026rsquo;s occurred when the background SEP events were above 10 MeV, flux exceeding 1000pfu (the number of high- intensity events observed by GOES over the entire cycle of 24).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn 22 September 2011, the most intense flare with a flux of approximately 5000 pfu was observed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Subsequently, high-speed SEP background events with fast CMEs all occurred following these high intensity SEP events. For instance, on 13 May 2013, an eruption found at 01:53 UT resulted in an SEP intensity of 20 pfu, followed by the second eruption that occurred on the same day with an intensity of 1000 pfu. The third and fourth eruptions take place when the SEP background was relatively higher. Note that event no.32 followed event no.31 within 14 h from the same source region and produced a much larger category (approximately 1000 pfu). This is consistent with the scenario that CMEs preceded by wide CMEs from the same source region within 24 h tend to produce high-intensity SEP events. The only high-speed event with no SEP association was observed on 13 November 2012: neither GOES nor STB (STEREO-B\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e detected a SEP event, but the CME was narrow and was not associated with a type II burst kind at metric or longer wavelengths. This narrow CME was also confirmed in STA (STEREO-A) and STB coronagraphs, suggesting it could be a jet like CME. Such narrow CMEs are known to be unassociated with large SEP events (Firoz et al., 2019). There were three large SEP events at STB with CME speeds ranging from 837 to 1531 km/s and one minor SEP event. Five lower-speed CMEs occurred concurrently with high-SEP background, so it is uncertain if they can cause a new injection of particles. The remaining five CMEs were observed to have no link with SEP, but the CME speeds were range from 419 to 1587 km/s. These events demonstrate the importance of longitudinal connectivity and CME speed for SEP events, and hence for high-energy particle events.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e lists the M-X class flares that occurred during 24th solar cycle from 2010\u0026ndash;2013. It includes the strength, solar wind speed (Vsw) and location of the flare that occurred on the Sun\u0026rsquo;s surface (Gopalswamy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlare loc \u0026ndash; flare location;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFR loc \u0026ndash;flux rope location;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal loc- final location;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHiB- high SEP background.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTo study the modulation of solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field on the day of flare occurrence, we analyzed the hourly variation of solar wind speed, density, pressure, temperature, and IMF parameters. The change in electrodynamical system of interplanetary medium may lead to the modulation of the Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetic field variation. In this part, the planetary indices such as ring current index Dst (nT), Kp and Auroral Electrojet (AE) have been presented along with the solar wind and interplanetary parameters.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eIn this section, the M and X class flares are considered fromTable1. Although these flares are not so helpful to determine the strength of geomagnetic perturbations, but these strong flares (M and X) often induce the primary and secondary ionization over ionosphere, which in turn alter the ionospheric conductivity and may extend further to the mesosphere down to ground (Gopalswamy et al., 2012). During the occurrence of flare, high energy electromagnetic rays, mostly in the UV and IR band, carry plasma clouds that alter the quite behavior of the interplanetary medium. Hence, we examined numerous possible cases (listed in\u003c/span\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e) to understand the diversification of flares (with respect to location of occurrences and range of emissions) and their impact on geomagnetic environments. It is understood that X class flares can significantly affect the electrodynamics changes of interplanetary medium as they may carry a considerable amount of plasma cloud, which in turn changes the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field components.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eshows the variation of IMF Bz (north-south) component on 7th March 2012, as it varies more negatively after several hours from the occurrence of the flare (X 5.4). On 06 March 2017, in a sample case of geomagnetic quiet scenario, IMF varies\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5 nT, V\u003c/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003esw\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026lt; 400 km/s, density\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5/cc and so on. On the event day, density suddenly increased 4-folds to its mean value with an increase in wind speed and further IMF component flipped southward with \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15 nT. The energy spectrum of these particles increased by almost 4 orders than its normal value in the band of 10, 30 and 60 MeV and persisted for almost a day. This sudden rise in plasma creates a sharp SSC at ~\u0026thinsp;0300 UT on 04 March 2012 and a more gradual main phase span of 03 and 04 hours with \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;98 nT. In contrast, the recovery phase has a prolonged duration with multiple ups and downs, which indicates a continuous supply of plasma from the interplanetary medium to Earth\u0026rsquo;s inner magnetosphere. Whenever the southward IMF favors, the huge amount of plasma injected by the magnetic reconnection to the magnetosphere from dayside and through magneto tail night side significantly alter the current system at different locations (latitude, longitude, altitude) in different times. The subsolar point is the most expected region where the frequency of the reconnection process is high during the southward IMF (\u003c/span\u003eBalan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSolar wind plasma ions gyrate along the magnetic field lines after reconnecting with southward IMF. In this case, despite Sym-H recovering at 1800 hours, its value is well below positive values, which further indicates the continuous flow of solar plasma to magnetospheric current system. As expected, on the third consecutive day (09 March 2012), another bunch of particles ejected from the solar surface as recorded in proton flux (10, 30 and 60MeV) channels. This fast-moving CME alters the IMF parameters towards southward with solar wind speed above 700 Km/s and enhanced plasma temperature. Secondary incoming particles caused earth-connected doublet kind of storm characteristics (\u003c/span\u003eGopalswamy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eThis storm seems more intense (G4) with Sym-H- ~ -150 nT than the earlier one (G3) -98 nT. Similarly, the auroral electrojet (AE) index which is a measure of auroral current follows over the polar region such as double impacted storm and solar plasma flow (\u003c/span\u003eKamide and Rostoker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIn\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, on 13 March 2012, SEP has a similar pattern but with a different period of execution and moderate storm (G3). Additionally, the interval between the first and second event is relatively longer than the other two cases. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the SOHO, energy spectrum, IMF and ring current parameters on 13 March 2012. SOHO images are evident for the M class flare from westward direction of ejection of solar plasma to the interplanetary medium, while other quarter seems undisturbed behavior. IMF Bz varies between \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10 nT and By varies \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15 nT. In which, density increased by 4 times and wind speed also doubled, and its impact is discerned in Sym-H as SSC-1 and MP-1. Despite the velocity and plasma density being higher, IMF Bz remained southward for a shorter period reducing the efficiency of magnetic reconnection at dayside. Consequently, solar plasma failed to enter a greater number of particles into the magnetosphere (Richardson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Further, MP-1 also indicates the minor storm (Sym-H\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;75 nT) and RP-1 has a prolonged period similar to other events. A successive supply of solar particles to the inner magnetosphere and the earth\u0026rsquo;s ionosphere is indicated by the enhancement of the AE index (~\u0026thinsp;1600 nT). During the second impact, perhaps by the slow-moving CME plasma (V\u003csub\u003esw\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026lt; 500 km s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), there was an enhancement in the magnetopause almost after 58 hours from the RP-1 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). IMF-By varied by +\u0026thinsp;15 nT and Bz by -10 nT which favors the magnetic reconnection and subsequent current process. On 16 March 2012, SSC-2 was observed at 1400 UT followed by the MP-2 after 06 hours, then RP-2 initiated. Similarly, AE index also enhanced and sustained for a few hours with 1600 nT. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, V\u003csub\u003esw\u003c/sub\u003e increased to 750 km s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e that is twofold than average speed and particle flux shows a 10-fold increase in concentration in the energy channels of 10, 30 and 60 MeV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eThe increasing pressure and density values are the signature of the plasma cloud sweeping through the vicinity of Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetosphere. Additionally, the temperature also considerably increased by three-folds during the disturbed period. This observation further supports the supply of plasma after flare time. However, the impact of this plasma cloud interaction on Dst index is minimal, possibly due to its low rate and during magnetic reconnection. Therefore, the solar plasma generally modulates the high latitude upper atmosphere rather than lower latitudes due to the magnetic open field lines over the poles. The close monitoring of the time series of SW-IMF parameters on the flare day agrees with the aforesaid inferences. However, it is difficult to speculate about the association between the flare and the occurrences of plasma cloud. This uncertainty may be resolved by examining the planetary indices for more than 3\u0026ndash;4 days following the flare date.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Eruptions associated without high energetic particle (well connected)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTime series of solar wind-IMF parameters and its associated planetary indices presented for maximum number of days listed in Table-2 (\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFigure SF 4.1 to 4.5\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e). As explained in the\u003c/span\u003e section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ethe energy of the out-streaming solar plasma is limited to less than 10 MeV. The high intense flare (X 2.2) is observed on 15 February 2011 (\u003c/span\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e), the day is moderately disturbed (Dst ~ -32 nT). This intense flare may or may not cause the successive changes observed on the interplanetary medium and terrestrial magnetic changes. Another two major flares occurred on 06\u0026ndash;07 September 2011 in the range of X-2.1 and X-1.8, which draws attention due to 24-h time difference between their occurrences (\u003c/span\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e). Therefore, the influence of former flare is expected to be observed on the next day, as shown in\u003c/span\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSolar wind and IMF parameters are considerably undergone the modulation due to the high intense flare. Except for the flare on 19 November 2013 (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFigure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF 3.1 \u0026amp; Figure SF 4.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e), the rest of the event days showed feeble/minor changes of solar wind-interplanetary magnetic field parameters, which in turn produce mild or perhaps no effect on planetary indices.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eThough the flare day is considered to find out the any perturbation in the interplanetary medium, it is realistic that the mass ejections commonly modulate the Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetic current flow after a considerable number of days from the flare date. The main factor mainly depends on the speed of the solar wind plasma travelling within the medium, which generally varies from 450 km/s during quiet time and 800 km s\u003c/span\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e-1\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(average) during disturbed period. In addition, the location of the CME occurred on the corona of the solar disk and spiral motion of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) also play a vital role for modulating the fast-streaming solar wind.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion and conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGeomagnetic storms generally consist of sudden storm commencement (SSC), main phase of the storm and recovery phase. In brief, the fast-streaming incoming solar wind due to coronal mass ejection faces an obstacle at magnetopause. Later, it connects with the Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetosphere when IMF-Bz becomes southward. This shock generates a current, known as \u0026ldquo;magnetopause current\u0026rdquo; in phase with the geomagnetic field, leaving a positive signature on Dst. The main phase of the storm, characterized by ring current enhancement, is identified as the negative excursion of the Dst from the SSC. Depending on the ring current strength, the length/ duration of the main phase varies. The recovery phase indicates the weakening of the geomagnetic disturbances. The geomagnetic storm is quantitatively analyzed, and the details are presented in\u003c/span\u003e Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eThe list of flare details is given in\u003c/span\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eand grouped into seven events, most of the times in the considered list, two consecutive flares occurred, sometimes on the same day or within two days. Hence, these double/triple flares are considered as a single event.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eOn 30 July 2011, a G1 class (Kp\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5, Dst ~ -40 nT) storm was observed at 16:00 UT (\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFigure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF1.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e) sustained for 07 hours, whereas the recovery phase lasting around 02 hours. It is to be noted that flare and Dst minimum was observed on the same day. Event number 2 is classified as a twin flares category, where two strong X class flares occurred within 3 days of interval. One of the X 1.4 flares was observed at 10:29 UT on 22 September 2011, and it is thought to accompany with CME observed on 26 September 2011 (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFigure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF3.4).\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eThis event is one of the distinct examples for the flare associated CMEs, the fast-moving solar wind takes around three days to reach Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetosphere. Similarly, after X 1.4 flare, Dst shows SSC at 11:00 UT on 26 September 2011 and the main phase varies approximately from 25 nT to -118 nT at 23:30 UT on 26 September 2011, where the recovery phase ended after four hours interval. The recovery phase initiated from the value of -14 nT, with a sudden drop of Dst observed around 22:30 UT on 27 September 2011 and it is extended down to -68 nT at 06:30 UT on 28 September 2011. The later storm signature would possibly be from signals transported from the second flare that occurred on 24 September\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(Figure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF1.3)\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ebecause the main phase onset initiated exactly four days ago of the first flare. The complete recovery phase took almost a few days from the day of the main phase onset. The strength of the later storm was less than the former one, whereas the later flare (X 1.9) was more intense than the former one (X 1.4).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eIn triple flare cases, the first flare X 1.1 occurred on 05 March 2012\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(Figure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF 1.4)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003efollowed by the X 5.4 and X 1.3 on 07 March 2012\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(Figure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF1.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e). The first associated CME was observed on 07 March 2012\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(Figure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF1.5)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ewith the main phase onset around midnight hours of the day. The MPO almost sustained nearly 20 hours, while a small hike observed around noon hours, possibly due to the flipping of IMF Bz component. The maximum disturbance, i.e. Dst minimum, was observed around 22:00 UT of ~ -100 nT. This comes under moderate storms, which have enough strength to alter the electrodynamics of the Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetosphere-ionosphere current system. Interestingly, there are two consecutive X class flares that occurred during the main phase of the former storm, varied as X 5.4 at ~\u0026thinsp;02:00 UT and X 1.3 around 06\u0026ndash;07:00 UT. As expected, the recovery phase on 08 March 2012 continued in the negative excursion due to consecutive supply of solar particles. Therefore, it becomes one of the typical severe cases (Dst \u0026gt; -150 nT) and Kp also consistently above 8. The net effect of these two strong flares associated with CMEs caused the severe geomagnetic storm. It is to be noted that, the flare X 1.5 and the G4 class storms are one of the strongest flares and its associated severe geomagnetic storms from the total considered events (\u003c/span\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e). The recovery phase follows nearly four days, meanwhile Dst encountered another negative trend associated with the concurrent flare.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCME impacts on geomagnetic field for other given flares also show similar characteristics as discussed above; hence, the remaining time series of Dst is presented to get the overall pictures of the events. In this context, exceptionally, four consecutive flares were also observed 13\u0026ndash;21 May 2013\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(Figure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF3.7)\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAmong these, two flares were extremely strong (X 3.2 on 14 May)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(Figure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF 1.9)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eand X 2.8 on\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e13 May\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(Figure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF 1.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e), while the other two events fell in X class category. In contrast, the Dst varies moderately (Dst \u0026lt; -60 nT) throughout the observation period from the date of the first flare. This observation hints at the association between solar flares and CME.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eIn general, low energy particles during coronal ejections may produce less impact on the geomagnetic field. Similarly, solar flare associated CMEs, as shown in\u003c/span\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eresult in moderate geoeffective storms. Like the earlier section, isolated, double, and triple flares associated with CMEs are also observed in this category. In general, lower energy particles (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10 MeV) accelerated from CME have lesser kinetic energy, resulting in lower speeds attained by the particles. The fast-streaming solar wind loses its energy while travelling at a lower speed, reaching the Earth\u0026rsquo;s magnetosphere with low power. For example, the flare associated CME initiates the SSC after four days on 18 February 2011 at 02:00 UT with the main phase onset at 05:00 UT. MPO sustains for nearly 10 hours below \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;50 nT and the recovery phase resumes within five hours of period (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFigure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF4.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e). For double flare type, on 09 September 2011 (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFigure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF4.2)\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ethe first flare X 2.1 occurred on day 1, followed by the X 1.8 on 3 days around evening hours. It becomes more feasible that the X 2.1 associated CME potentially disturbed the Dst, as the SSC was observed around noon hours on the 3rd day. Then, the main phase ended at -72 nT during midnight hours, and the Kp shows G1 class flare. In addition, on 27 October 2013\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e(Figure\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSF3.8)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ethe triple flare type with CME, the main phase ended at 18:00 UT at -49 nT, and the recovery phase took almost a day. It is noted that the plasma cloud associated with another two flares are also considerably decreasing the Dst after the recovery phase of the first CME.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eIn summary, when the two CMEs with low energetic particle background, the average speed of CMEs becomes approximately 1093 km/s, which is nearly half of the average speed of ground level enhancement (GLE) of CMEs (Firoz et al., 2019). Therefore, these eruptions were not associated with GLEs or even large high energetic particle events. The two well- connected events (nos.21 and 22) had very low CME speeds (749 and 548 km/s). If we consider the best-connected events in table (nos. 9 to 10, 16 to 18, 22), it is observed that the speeds were in the range of 548 to 1773 km/s, with an average of 1120 km/s. The second fastest (1773 km/s) event was preceded by a fast CME (953km/s) from the same active region. Excluding the cases of high particle background and CME interaction, we conclude that the CME speed is the primary factor that contributing to the lack of high energetic particle events in the mass ejections.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eConsidering the above discussion, the research suggests that the CME associated with high energetic particles generates more geoeffective storms than those associated with lower energetic particles. However, this observation needs further qualitative and quantitative observation during different solar activity periods to understand further insights into the topic.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge Kyoto WDC ( http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/) for the AE and Kp index data as well as the Wind satellite team for the CME and IMF data (http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the data used in this work is obtained from public domains only, so the sources of the data are mentioned wherever it is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contribution:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNK, RDI and KE are responsible for the inception and execution of the project and the preparation of the draft of the manuscript. KE and NM prepared the figures and analysis, JJ and NK were involved in improving the manuscript. All authors contributed to the preparation of the final draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors don\u0026rsquo;t have any conflict of Interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAellig, Matthias, R., Lazarus, Alan J., \u0026amp; Steinberg, John, T. 2001, \u0026ldquo;The solar wind helium abundance: Variation with wind speed and the solar cycle\u0026rdquo; Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (14), pp. 2767 \u0026ndash; 2770. doi:10.1029/2000GL012771.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalan, N., Tulasiram, S.S., Kamide, Y., Batista, I.S., Souza, J.R., Shiokawa, K., Rajesh, P.K., \u0026amp; Victor, N.J. 2017, \u0026ldquo;Automatic selection of Dst storms and their seasonal variations in two versions of Dst in 50 years\u0026rdquo;, Earth, Planets and Space, 69, pp. 1-11. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesai, M., and Giacalone, J. 2016, \u0026ldquo;Large gradual solar energetic particle events\u0026rdquo;, Living Rev. 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Space Weather, 16, 1245\u0026ndash;1260. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001962.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShea, M.A., and Smart, D.F. 1994. \u0026ldquo;Significant proton events of solar cycle 22 and a comparison with events of previous solar cycles\u0026rdquo;, Advances in Space Research, 14 (10), pp. 631-638. doi: 10.1016/0273-1177(94)90518-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTousey, R. 1973, \u0026ldquo;The Solar Corona\u0026rdquo;. In: Rycroft MJ, Runcorn SK (eds) Space Research XIII. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, p 713\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWild, J.P., Smerd, S.F., Weiss, A.A. 1963, \u0026ldquo;Solar bursts\u0026rdquo;. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1, pp. 291-366. doi: 10.1146/annurev.aa.01.090163.001451. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZiegler, J. F. 1996, \u0026quot;Terrestrial cosmic rays,\u0026quot; in IBM Journal of Research and Development, 40(1), pp. 19-39. doi: 10.1147/rd.401.0019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":" \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eList of flares during 2010\u0026ndash;2014 (Adopted from Gopalswamy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMajor eruption from east of E15 (poorly connected to Earth) (24 events)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS. NO\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDate and Time\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSize\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFlare loc.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSEP\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2010/11/06 15:27\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM5.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS19E58\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011/07/30 02:04\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM9.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN14E35\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011/09/22 10:29\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN09E89\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011/09/24 09:21\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN12E60\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011/09/24 12:33\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM7.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN10E56\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011/09/24 20:29\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM5.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN13E52\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011/09/25 04:31\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM7.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN11E47\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012/03/05 03:17\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN17E52\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012/03/07 00:02\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX5.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN17E27\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1500\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012/03/07 01:05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN25E26\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012/07/28 20:44\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM6.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS25E54\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012/08/18 00:24\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM5.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN19E86\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012/10/20 18:05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM9.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS13E79\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012/10/23 03:13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS13E60\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012/11/13 01:58\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM6.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS25E46\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013/05/03 17:24\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM5.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN16E81\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013/05/13 01:53\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN11E90\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013/05/13 15:48\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX2.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN11E85\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013/05/14 00:00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX3.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN08E77\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013/05/15 01:25\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN12E64\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013/10/25 07:53\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS08E73\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013/10/25 14:51\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX2.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS06E69\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013/11/05 22:07\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX3.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS12E46\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013/11/08 04:20\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS14E15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eList of flares during 2010\u0026ndash;2014 (Adopted from Gopalswamy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS.NO\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFlare date and time\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFlare size\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSEP GOES\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2010-02-07 02:20\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM6.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2010-02-12 11:19\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM8.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011-02-13 17:28\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM6.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011-02-15 01:44\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX2.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011-03-08 10:35\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM5.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30 HiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011-08-03 13:17\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM6.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011-09-06 01:35\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM5.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011-09-06 22:12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX2.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011-09-07 22:32\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3 HiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2011-09-08 15:32\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM6.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1 HiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012-03-09 03:22\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM6.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e500 HiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012-03-10 17:15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM8.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e100 HiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2012-07-02 10:43\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM5.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013-06-07 22:11\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM5.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013-10-24 00:21\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM9.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013-10-28 01:41\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013-10-28 04:32\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM5.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013-10-29 21:42\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX2.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4 HiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013-11-10 05:08\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1 HiB\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013-11-19 10:14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2013-12-31 21:45\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM6.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2014-01-01 18:40\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM9.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSolar eruption Associated with high energetic particle (Poorly Connected)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSolar eruption Associated with high energetic particle (Poorly Connected)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eS.NO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDATE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFLARE TYPE\u0026amp; TIME\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCME DATE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSSC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMPO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDST-MIN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRPO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eCLASS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.07.2011\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM9.3, 02:04\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.07.2011\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16UT(7HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-40\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.09.2011\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.4, 10:29\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.09.2011\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13UT(10HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-117\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24.09.2011\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.9, 09:21\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.09.2011\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13UT(10HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-117\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e05.03.2012\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.1, 03:17\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e09.03.2012\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e02UT(7HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-143\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e09UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3 HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e07.03.2012\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX5.4, 00:02 \u0026amp;\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e09.03.2012\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e02UT(7HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-143\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e09UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.10.2012\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eM9.0, 18:05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.10.2012\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e07UT(3HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.10.2012\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.8, 03:13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.10.2012\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e07UT(3HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.05.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.7, 01:53 \u0026amp; X2.8,15:48\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.05.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17UT(8HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-29\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(9HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.05.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX3.2, 00:00\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.05.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17UT(8HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-29\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(9HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.05.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.2, 01:25\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.05.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17UT(8HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-29\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(9HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25.10.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.7, 07:53 \u0026amp; X2.1,14:51\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.10.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18UT(6HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-50\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e05.11.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX3.3, 22:07\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e08.11.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e01UT(8HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-81\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e09UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(17HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e08.11.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.1, 04:20\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e08.11.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e01UT(8HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-81\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e09UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(17HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSolar eruption Associated without high energetic particle (well Connected\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSolar eruption Associated without high energetic particle (well Connected)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eS.NO\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDATE\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd 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class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eX1.0, 10:14\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.11.2013\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(6HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-28\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12UT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2HRS)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"astrophysics-and-space-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"astr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Astrophysics and Space Science](https://www.springer.com/journal/10509)","snPcode":"10509","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10509/3","title":"Astrophysics and Space Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Energetic Particle, Solar wind speed, Geoeffectiveness, Coronal Mass Ejection","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4128316/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4128316/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWe report a study of major solar energetic particle (SEP) and ground level enhancement (GLE) events that occurred during the first 62 months of the rising phase of 24th solar cycle. Our objective is to comprehend the key factors that influence the severity and occurrence of such events. Coronal mass ejection (CME) speed (serves as or is) a reliable indicator of SEP and GLE events, as it consistently supports the shock acceleration mechanism. Some very fast CMEs, which likely have accelerated particles upto GeV energies, they may not result in a GLE event due to poor latitudinal connectivity. We have emphasized that the CME speed, magnetic connectivity to Earth, and ambient conditions as the main or primary factors that contribute to the lack of high-energy particle events during cycle 24. Furthermore, we observed that even well-connected fast CMEs that did not seem to have accelerated high-energy particles due to potentially unfavorable prevailing conditions such as high Alfven speed and overall reduction in acceleration efficiency in cycle 24. These conclusions are generally supported by insights gleaned from the observation of the time series of SW-IMF parameters on the flare day.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of solar energetic particle (SEP) event on the geomagnetic environment during 24th solar cycle","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-28 08:23:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4128316/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-03-26T16:30:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-26T15:46:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-25T04:57:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Astrophysics and Space Science","date":"2024-03-19T07:50:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"astrophysics-and-space-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"astr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Astrophysics and Space Science](https://www.springer.com/journal/10509)","snPcode":"10509","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10509/3","title":"Astrophysics and Space Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"67a8cf30-1597-4278-af7a-f7aeaca4e665","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-02T14:10:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4128316","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04320-8","journal":{"identity":"astrophysics-and-space-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Astrophysics and Space Science"},"publishedOn":"2024-06-01 14:10:32","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 1st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-28 08:23:51","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10509-024-04320-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04320-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4128316","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4128316","identity":"rs-4128316","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}