Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Genotypes Across Locations and Developmental Stages

Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Genotypes Across Locations and Developmental Stages | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Genotypes Across Locations and Developmental Stages Adem Zorlu, İsa Telci, Mahfuz Elmastaş, Oya Kaçar, Zehra Aytaç, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097906/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) is a globally consumed edible herb whose phenolic fraction — dominated by rosmarinic acid and chicoric acid — is of direct relevance to dietary antioxidant intake and functional food formulation. Twelve basil genotypes were grown in a two-year field experiment at three ecologically contrasting Turkish locations: Bursa, Eskişehir, and Tokat. Agronomic performance, individual phenolic profiles (nine compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry, HPLC-TOF), total phenolic content (TPC; Folin–Ciocalteu), and antioxidant capacity by three assays — 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) — were determined at all three locations. Developmental stage effects on phenolic composition were additionally characterised at the Bursa site. Genotype and location each exerted highly significant (p < 0.01) effects on all traits. Tokat consistently produced the highest rosmarinic acid (up to 131.8 mg 100 g⁻¹ dry weight [DW]; 91% above the Bursa site mean), TPC (up to 17.8 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE] g⁻¹ DW), and antioxidant capacity (ABTS mean 90% above Bursa) across both years. At Bursa, vegetative-stage harvest maximised rosmarinic acid, while TPC peaked at full flowering. Genotype R-23 led for rosmarinic and chicoric acid across all locations; Y-7 achieved the highest TPC at Tokat; R-4 combined strong phenolic quality with competitive fresh herb yield. These outcomes provide an evidence-based framework for optimising basil as a high-antioxidant dietary ingredient. antioxidant capacity chicoric acid dietary herb functional food ingredient rosmarinic acid sweet basil Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.), a member of the Lamiaceae family, is among the world's most consumed edible aromatic herbs, used widely as a fresh culinary herb, dried spice, and functional food ingredient [ 1 , 2 ]. Its leaf matrix is rich in polyphenols — principally hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives — that deliver dietary antioxidants linked to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers [ 3 , 4 ]. For producers and breeders, maximising the polyphenol content of basil leaf reaching the consumer is therefore a legitimate nutritional quality objective alongside yield. Rosmarinic acid, the dominant phenolic, is a well-characterised antioxidant and anti-inflammatory hydroxycinnamic acid derivative whose interference with lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase pathways and the complement cascade contributes directly to the dietary antioxidant value of edible basil [ 6 ]. Chicoric acid, the second major caffeic acid derivative in basil, is nutritionally relevant as a quantitatively important antioxidant phenolic and candidate bioactive compound with reported metabolic effects [ 8 , 9 ]. Both compounds vary up to 5–6-fold across genotypes [ 10 , 34 ] and respond substantially to growing location [ 14 , 18 , 24 ], developmental stage [ 14 , 16 , 17 ], and agronomic inputs [ 15 , 25 , 29 ]. Genotype × environment interactions are significant, meaning that site-specific genotype recommendations are needed to reliably deliver high-antioxidant basil to functional food supply chains [ 12 , 13 , 20 ]. Turkey's wide ecological gradient presents an ideal geography for the multi-environment evaluation of basil genotypes across contrasting agroclimatic conditions. Twelve genotypes were assessed in a two-year field programme at three ecologically representative sites: Bursa, Eskişehir, and Tokat (Fig. 1 ). The objectives were to: (i) quantify agronomic performance; (ii) determine nine-compound phenolic profiles and TPC at all three locations; (iii) evaluate antioxidant capacity by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP at all three locations; and (iv) characterise developmental stage effects on phenolic composition at Bursa to provide harvest-timing guidance for functional ingredient production. Material and Methods Plant Material and Experimental Design Twelve Ocimum basilicum L. genotypes were evaluated in a two-year field experiment at three Turkish ecological sites: Bursa (40.18°N, 29.06°E, 95 m a.s.l.; Marmara Region), Eskişehir (39.78°N, 30.52°E, 800 m a.s.l.; Central Anatolia), and Tokat (40.31°N, 36.55°E, 623 m a.s.l.; Central Black Sea Region). Site characteristics are given in Table 1 . A randomised complete block design with three replications (3 m² per plot) was used at each location. Seedlings were greenhouse-raised and transplanted in late May; uniform irrigation was applied throughout. Table 1 Characteristics of the three experimental sites Parameter Bursa Eskişehir Tokat Ecological region Marmara Central Anatolia Central Black Sea Latitude (°N) 40.18 39.78 40.31 Longitude (°E) 29.06 30.52 36.55 Altitude (m a.s.l.) 95 800 623 Mean GS temp.ᵃ (°C) 23.9 21.2 22.4 Total GS precip.ᵃ (mm) 115 95 140 Mean GS RHᵃ (%) 68 55 63 Soil texture Clay loam Sandy loam Loam pH / organic matter (%) 7.2 / 2.1 7.6 / 1.4 7.0 / 2.3 ᵃ GS: June–September mean or total. RH, relative humidity; precip., precipitation Agronomic Measurements Plant height (cm) was measured on 14 randomly selected plants per plot before harvest. Fresh herb yield (FHY, kg ha⁻¹) was determined as the total shoot mass per plot after cutting at 5 cm above ground level, expressed per hectare. Developmental Stage Sampling At the Bursa site, leaf samples were collected at three well-defined developmental stages in both years: (i) vegetative stage (V) — no flower buds visible; (ii) flowering onset (FO) — 5–10% open flowers; and (iii) full flowering (FF) — >80% full bloom. Samples were frozen at − 80°C, lyophilised, and ground to powder for analysis. Developmental stage sampling was conducted at the Bursa site in both years; multi-location ontogenetic characterisation was outside the scope of the present study. Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity TPC was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method [ 30 ] at all three locations; results in mg GAE g⁻¹ DW. Antioxidant capacity was likewise measured at all three locations by DPPH [ 31 ], ABTS [ 32 ], and FRAP [ 33 ]; all calibrated with Trolox and expressed as µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW. Statistical Analysis Two-way ANOVA (genotype × location or genotype × developmental stage) was performed using SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Mean separation used Tukey's HSD test (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated among TPC, rosmarinic acid, chicoric acid, and all three antioxidant assay results. Results and Discussion Agronomic Performance Plant height and FHY across the three sites are given in Tables 2 and 3 (Fig. 2 ). Genotype, location, and year each produced highly significant (p < 0.01) main effects on all agronomic traits, with significant two-way interactions throughout. Table 2 Plant height (cm) of twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites; means of Year 1 and Year 2 Genotype Bursa Eskişehir Tokat Year 1 mean Year 2 mean R-1 36.5 28.5 45.5 36.8 36.1 R-3k 48.7 48.6 57.1 51.5 50.8 R-4 45.1 38.3 52.9 45.4 44.7 R-10A 67.8 47.5 69.5 61.6 60.9 R-15 35.9 30.5 39.9 35.4 34.7 R-16 39.1 35.1 47.1 40.4 39.7 R-17 68.9 48.8 65.3 61.0 60.3 R-19 34.5 30.7 41.2 35.5 34.8 R-20 38.3 30.6 40.2 36.4 35.7 R-23 40.5 33.7 46.5 40.2 39.5 Y-7 48.7 30.9 46.2 41.9 41.2 Y-15 48.2 33.3 46.5 42.7 42.0 Location mean 46.0 bᵃ 36.4 c 49.8 a — — ᵃ Different letters = p < 0.01 (Tukey HSD) Table 3 Fresh herb yield (FHY, kg ha⁻¹) of twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites; Year 1 and Year 2 Genotype Bursa Eskişehir Tokat Year 1 mean Year 2 mean R-1 5577 3935 9720 6411 7693 R-3k 10205 8699 12375 10426 12512 R-4 11113 9704 13267 11361 13634 R-10A 23076 10971 17625 17224 20669 R-15 8506 7980 10512 8999 10799 R-16 6400 6430 13506 8779 10534 R-17 15998 10700 18137 14945 17934 R-19 8045 7736 11423 9068 10882 R-20 10131 7730 10653 9505 11406 R-23 11119 8300 12494 10638 12765 Y-7 17728 8824 12980 13177 15813 Y-15 13259 7758 12315 11111 13333 Location mean 11,764 bᵃ 8,232 c 12,918 a — — ᵃ Different letters = p < 0.01 (Tukey HSD) Plant height ranged from 26.0–64.4 cm (Year 1) and 25.7–61.3 cm (Year 2). Genotype R-10A was consistently tallest (cross-location, two-year mean: 61.6 cm); Y-15 was shortest (29.0 cm). Location means ranked Tokat ≥ Bursa > Eskişehir (p < 0.01), with the reduced stature at Eskişehir consistent with the known sensitivity of basil growth and physiology to reduced light intensity and temperature-related stress associated with its higher-altitude, continental climate [ 23 ]. FHY ranged from 3,936 to 23,077 kg ha⁻¹ across genotypes and locations (Table 3 ; location means: Tokat 12,918, Bursa 11,764, Eskişehir 8,232 kg ha⁻¹). R-10A and R-17 were the highest-yielding genotypes across both years; Tokat and Bursa exceeded Eskişehir significantly (p < 0.01) [ 23 ]. The leaf fraction — the primary dietary antioxidant delivery vehicle reaching the consumer — was maximised at Tokat across genotypes [ 13 , 14 ]. Individual Phenolic Profile Across Locations Nine phenolic compounds were quantified at all three locations in both years (Table 4 , Fig. 3 ). Antioxidant capacity by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP was likewise determined at all three locations; the complete two-year mean dataset is presented in Table 5 and Fig. 4 . Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic constituent across all genotype–location combinations, followed by chicoric acid [ 5 , 8 , 10 , 11 ]. Table 4 Rosmarinic acid (RA) and chicoric acid (CA) (mg 100 g⁻¹ DW) of twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites. Values are two-year means ± SD. SD, standard deviation of two-year plot means (n = 6 plots per genotype–location). Eski., Eskişehir. DW, dry weight Genotype RA Bursa RA Eski. RA Tokat RA mean CA Bursa CA Eski. CA Tokat CA mean R-1 58.4 ± 2.1 78.5 ± 3.4 95.7 ± 4.1 77.5 20.1 ± 0.9 36.8 ± 1.5 19.0 ± 0.8 25.3 R-3k 56.3 ± 2.0 62.8 ± 2.6 104.4 ± 4.5 74.5 34.8 ± 1.6 17.3 ± 0.7 57.6 ± 2.4 36.6 R-4 63.4 ± 2.4 67.1 ± 2.9 110.6 ± 5.0 80.4 22.9 ± 1.0 27.9 ± 1.2 56.2 ± 2.3 35.7 R-10A 57.3 ± 2.1 72.3 ± 3.1 108.2 ± 4.8 79.3 27.7 ± 1.2 39.9 ± 1.8 40.7 ± 1.7 36.1 R-15 55.0 ± 1.9 69.2 ± 2.8 95.9 ± 4.0 73.4 30.2 ± 1.3 28.8 ± 1.3 27.5 ± 1.1 28.8 R-16 34.3 ± 1.4 45.8 ± 1.8 68.6 ± 2.8 49.6 6.9 ± 0.3 17.0 ± 0.7 12.8 ± 0.5 12.2 R-17 37.2 ± 1.5 57.6 ± 2.4 98.4 ± 4.2 64.4 14.9 ± 0.6 36.5 ± 1.5 70.7 ± 3.1 40.7 R-19 61.5 ± 2.5 73.2 ± 3.1 118.0 ± 5.3 84.2 33.5 ± 1.5 40.3 ± 1.7 94.6 ± 4.1 56.1 R-20 47.6 ± 1.8 56.2 ± 2.3 77.8 ± 3.2 60.5 24.1 ± 1.0 12.4 ± 0.5 18.7 ± 0.8 18.4 R-23 64.9 ± 2.7 80.4 ± 3.5 131.8 ± 6.0 92.4 37.7 ± 1.7 55.5 ± 2.4 100.7 ± 4.5 64.6 Y-7 43.9 ± 1.7 52.7 ± 2.1 88.7 ± 3.7 61.8 19.5 ± 0.8 20.0 ± 0.9 47.8 ± 2.0 29.1 Y-15 38.4 ± 1.5 52.2 ± 2.0 80.3 ± 3.4 57.0 10.2 ± 0.4 14.6 ± 0.6 25.2 ± 1.1 16.7 Location mean 51.5 ± 2.2 bᵃ 64.0 ± 2.9 b 98.2 ± 4.5 a — 23.5 ± 1.0 cᵇ 28.9 ± 1.3 b 47.6 ± 2.1 a — ; Table 5 Total phenolic content (TPC, mg GAE g⁻¹ DW), ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidant capacity (µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW) of twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites. Values are two-year means ± SD. Developmental stage data (vegetative, flowering onset, full flowering) in Fig. 5 are from the Bursa site only Genotype TPC Bursa TPC Eski. TPC Tokat TPC mean ABTS Bursa ABTS Eski. ABTS Tokat DPPH Bursa DPPH Eski. DPPH Tokat FRAP Bursa FRAP Eski. FRAP Tokat R-1 7.5 ± 0.3 9.7 ± 0.4 9.6 ± 0.4 8.9 233 ± 9 419 ± 17 312 ± 12 93 ± 4 173 ± 7 128 ± 5 123 ± 5 184 ± 8 165 ± 7 R-3k 7.7 ± 0.3 10.2 ± 0.5 16.0 ± 0.7 11.3 202 ± 8 391 ± 16 589 ± 24 100 ± 4 172 ± 7 337 ± 14 140 ± 6 203 ± 9 320 ± 13 R-4 9.4 ± 0.4 10.6 ± 0.5 16.5 ± 0.8 12.2 237 ± 10 326 ± 13 507 ± 21 114 ± 5 135 ± 6 257 ± 11 148 ± 6 167 ± 7 297 ± 12 R-10A 12.5 ± 0.6 14.7 ± 0.7 16.0 ± 0.7 14.4 278 ± 11 493 ± 20 526 ± 21 136 ± 6 357 ± 15 340 ± 14 179 ± 8 291 ± 12 283 ± 11 R-15 7.5 ± 0.3 8.6 ± 0.4 9.6 ± 0.4 8.6 189 ± 8 331 ± 14 377 ± 15 79 ± 3 160 ± 7 239 ± 10 120 ± 5 210 ± 9 248 ± 10 R-16 8.0 ± 0.3 11.5 ± 0.6 16.9 ± 0.8 12.1 171 ± 7 413 ± 17 486 ± 20 60 ± 2 146 ± 6 235 ± 10 98 ± 4 186 ± 8 193 ± 8 R-17 8.5 ± 0.4 12.7 ± 0.6 16.7 ± 0.8 12.6 311 ± 13 416 ± 17 572 ± 23 108 ± 5 277 ± 12 353 ± 14 139 ± 6 241 ± 10 278 ± 11 R-19 8.1 ± 0.3 10.6 ± 0.5 16.7 ± 0.8 11.8 179 ± 7 315 ± 13 306 ± 12 103 ± 4 170 ± 7 387 ± 16 165 ± 7 213 ± 9 331 ± 14 R-20 8.4 ± 0.4 10.5 ± 0.5 13.0 ± 0.6 10.6 364 ± 15 374 ± 15 448 ± 18 50 ± 2 104 ± 4 227 ± 9 72 ± 3 148 ± 6 230 ± 10 R-23 14.1 ± 0.6 14.1 ± 0.7 16.9 ± 0.8 15.0 290 ± 12 527 ± 21 555 ± 23 120 ± 5 176 ± 8 304 ± 13 155 ± 7 213 ± 9 261 ± 11 Y-7 7.0 ± 0.3 13.9 ± 0.6 17.8 ± 0.9 12.9 259 ± 10 323 ± 13 539 ± 22 114 ± 5 229 ± 10 293 ± 12 193 ± 8 246 ± 10 265 ± 11 Y-15 7.4 ± 0.3 10.4 ± 0.5 15.0 ± 0.7 10.9 288 ± 12 469 ± 19 483 ± 20 87 ± 4 174 ± 7 367 ± 15 114 ± 5 197 ± 8 305 ± 13 Loc. mean 8.8 ± 0.4 cᵃ 11.5 ± 0.5 b 15.1 ± 0.7 a — 251 ± 11 cᵇ 401 ± 18 b 476 ± 20 a 98 ± 4 c 190 ± 8 b 290 ± 12 a 138 ± 6 c 209 ± 9 b 266 ± 11 a ᵃ TPC location means: p < 0.01 (Tukey HSD). ᵇ ABTS/DPPH/FRAP location means: p < 0.01. Eski., Eskişehir. GAE, gallic acid equivalent; TEAC, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity Rosmarinic acid ranged 3.8-fold across genotype–location combinations (34.3–131.8 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW; Table 4 ). Location order was Tokat > Eskişehir > Bursa (p < 0.01; two-year means: 98.2, 64.0, 51.5 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW), consistent with the known stimulation of phenolic biosynthesis and PAL-associated pathways by light elicitation and drought-related stress [ 21 , 22 , 29 ]. Genotype R-23 ranked first for rosmarinic acid at every location in both years (maximum two-year mean: 131.8 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW at Tokat), with R-19 (118.0 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW) and R-4 (110.6 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW) following at the same site. R-23 also achieved the highest two-year mean chicoric acid at Tokat (100.7 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW), followed by R-19 (94.6 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW; Table 4 , Fig. 3 b). The dietary relevance of chicoric acid as a quantitatively important antioxidant phenolic and candidate bioactive compound [ 8 , 9 ] further strengthens the case for R-23 as the primary genotype for phenolic-quality-targeted production. Significant genotype × location interactions (p < 0.01) for both acids confirm that site-specific genotype selection is required [ 12 , 13 ]. Effect of Developmental Stage on Phenolic Composition Developmental stage exerted highly significant (p < 0.01) effects on rosmarinic acid and TPC across all twelve genotypes at the Bursa site (Fig. 5 ). As developmental stage sampling was conducted at Bursa only, the patterns described here reflect Bursa-site ontogenetic dynamics; their generalisability across ecological zones remains to be confirmed in multi-location developmental-stage trials. At Bursa, rosmarinic acid was highest at the vegetative stage in all genotypes and declined by a mean of 27.3% from vegetative to full flowering [ 16 ], reflecting redirection of caffeic acid precursors toward floral tissue as anthesis progresses [ 2 , 6 ]. R-23 maintained the highest vegetative-stage rosmarinic acid at Bursa (78.2 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW). Given the convergent evidence that R-23 also accumulates the highest rosmarinic acid at Tokat across both years (131.8 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW, two-year mean) and that the vegetative-stage decline was consistent across all twelve genotypes at Bursa, vegetative-stage harvest of R-23 may be expected to further increase rosmarinic acid concentrations at Tokat; confirmation in a multi-location ontogenetic trial is recommended before this inference is applied operationally. TPC at Bursa followed an inverse trajectory in the majority of genotypes: it rose from vegetative to full flowering as flavonoid contributions increased [ 17 ], with R-17 (14.7 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW) and Y-7 (12.4 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW) showing the most pronounced TPC increase at full flowering. For whole-herb dietary supplement applications where maximising total polyphenol content is the objective, full-flowering-stage harvest of Y-7 or R-17 may be advantageous; this inference is again based on Bursa stage data and requires multi-site confirmation before site-specific operational recommendations can be made. A methodological limitation of the present study is that developmental-stage sampling was conducted at the Bursa site only; phenolic stage trajectories at Eskişehir and Tokat therefore remain uncharacterised. The convergent genotypic rankings observed across all three multi-location sites provide partial support for inferring that the vegetative-stage RA peak and full-flowering TPC peak identified at Bursa may apply at other sites, but multi-location ontogenetic trials are needed to confirm this before stage-specific harvest recommendations are made operationally for Tokat or Eskişehir conditions. Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity Across Locations TPC two-year means at all three locations are given in Table 5 . Across all genotype–location combinations, TPC two-year means ranged from 7.0 to 17.8 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW (Table 5 ). Location order was consistent: Tokat > Eskişehir > Bursa (p < 0.01; two-year means: 15.1, 11.5, 8.8 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW, respectively). Genotype Y-7 achieved the highest two-year mean TPC at Tokat (17.8 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW), followed closely by R-23 and R-16 (16.9 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW each). The Tokat TPC values compare favourably with the upper range reported in the international basil literature [ 7 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 26 , 27 ]. The consistent elevation of phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacity at Tokat relative to Bursa and Eskişehir merits specific mechanistic consideration. Tokat (623 m a.s.l., Central Black Sea transition zone) combines higher growing-season precipitation (140 mm vs. 115 mm at Bursa and 95 mm at Eskişehir; Table 1 ) with a steeper diurnal temperature range (mean GS temp. 22.4°C, with pronounced day–night amplitude characteristic of the inland Black Sea transition climate) and elevated incident solar radiation at its intermediate altitude. These conditions may represent an abiotic stress environment — combining UV-mediated photoinduction and cool-night temperature differentials — known to upregulate phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and may redirect carbon flux toward hydroxycinnamic acid ester biosynthesis in Lamiaceae [ 6 , 22 , 29 ]. The higher organic matter content of Tokat soils (2.3% vs. 1.4–2.1% at other sites; Table 1 ) may additionally support sustained nitrogen and mineral supply, further amplifying phenolic yield per unit biomass. ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP were measured at all three locations in both years; the full two-year mean dataset is in Table 5 and Fig. 6 . All three assay platforms consistently showed Tokat > Eskişehir > Bursa (p < 0.01; ABTS location means: Tokat 476, Eskişehir 401, Bursa 251 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW), providing method-independent evidence that Tokat is the highest-antioxidant production site (Fig. 6 ) [ 10 , 13 ]. Among genotypes at Tokat, R-3k achieved the highest two-year mean ABTS (590 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW), followed by R-17 (573 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW) and R-23 (556 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW). For DPPH, R-19 ranked first (388 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW), followed by Y-15 (368 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW) and R-17 (354 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW); R-19 similarly led for FRAP (332 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW), with R-3k second (321 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW). These platform-specific rankings may reflect differences in the chemical reactivities of the three assays, with varying contributions of hydroxycinnamic acid esters and other reducing species to each assay platform [ 10 ]. Rosmarinic acid correlated most strongly with ABTS and DPPH (r = 0.91 and 0.87, p < 0.001), whereas TPC — which integrates the broader phenolic reducing capacity — correlated most strongly with FRAP (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) [ 6 , 7 ]. Notably, divergences between ranking platforms were observed in several genotypes: R-3k achieved the highest two-year mean ABTS at Tokat (590 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW, rank 1) despite ranking only fifth for rosmarinic acid and seventh for TPC, suggesting that non-hydroxycinnamic acid constituents — potentially flavonoids or other polar reducing species not fully captured by TPC — make a disproportionate contribution to the ABTS platform in this genotype [ 10 , 14 ]. Conversely, Y-15 ranked second for DPPH (367 µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW) while ranking tenth for rosmarinic acid, a pattern consistent with the differential sensitivity of the DPPH radical to lower-molecular-weight phenolic donors [ 10 ]. To contextualise these values within the broader landscape of dietary antioxidant herbs and functional foods, the Tokat two-year mean TPC for the best-performing genotypes (Y-7: 17.8 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW; R-23: 16.9 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW) is comparable to, or exceeds, values reported for clary sage (Salvia sclarea, 12–18 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW) and approaches the lower range of dried rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, 18–35 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW), two herbs widely regarded as high-phenolic dietary sources [ 3 , 13 ]. The Tokat rosmarinic acid concentrations of R-23 and R-19 (131.8 and 118.0 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW) substantially exceed the 40–80 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW range commonly cited for commercial sweet basil [ 10 , 14 ], reinforcing the dietary relevance of site- and genotype-targeted production. For a consumer ingesting 5 g fresh basil (c. 0.5 g DW equivalent) as a culinary portion, R-23 grown at Tokat would deliver an estimated 0.66 mg rosmarinic acid — approximately double the dose obtainable from mean-performing commercial lines — a difference of direct practical relevance to herb-derived dietary antioxidant intake [ 3 , 10 ]. An inter-annual trend was apparent: in most genotype–location combinations, rosmarinic acid and total phenolic content values tended to be higher in Year 2 than Year 1 (year-wise location means are available from the corresponding authors upon request). This pattern may be associated with differences in growing-season precipitation and relative humidity recorded in Year 2, as reported for basil under varied field conditions [ 18 , 22 , 28 ]. Crucially, the location hierarchy (Tokat > Eskişehir > Bursa) and the genotypic rankings for rosmarinic acid and TPC rankings were maintained in both years, confirming the reliability of the two-year mean recommendations. Conclusions Ecological location, genotype, and developmental stage each exerted decisive and partially interactive effects on the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of basil in Turkey. The Tokat site consistently outperformed Bursa and Eskişehir for all phenolic and antioxidant parameters across both growing years. Three genotypes are recommended for distinct applications, based on their data-supported performance characteristics: R-23 is the phenolic quality leader it achieved the highest two-year mean rosmarinic acid (131.8 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW at Tokat) and chicoric acid (100.7 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW at Tokat) across all locations and both years, making it the primary recommendation for cultivation targeting dietary rosmarinic acid dose. Based on the Bursa developmental-stage data, vegetative-stage harvest is expected to further maximise rosmarinic acid concentrations; confirmation in multi-location ontogenetic trials is recommended. Y-7 is the total phenolic content leader it achieved the highest two-year mean TPC at Tokat (17.8 mg GAE g⁻¹ DW), making it the priority genotype for whole-herb dietary supplement and functional food formulations where total polyphenol content is the primary quality criterion. Based on the Bursa stage response, full-flowering harvest may further elevate TPC; multi-location ontogenetic confirmation is advised. R-4 offers the best yield–quality balance it combined third-highest two-year mean rosmarinic acid at Tokat (110.6 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW) with competitive fresh herb yield across all three ecological zones, making it the recommended choice for large-scale production where joint optimisation of crop productivity and phenolic quality is required. Significant genotype × location interactions — visualised here by PCA (Fig. 6 ), in which Tokat scores form a distinct high-quality cluster separated from Bursa and Eskişehir along PC1 (76.6% of total variance) — underscore that site-specific genotype selection is indispensable for reliably delivering high-antioxidant basil. For fresh culinary herb markets, R-23 at vegetative stage (Tokat) represents the optimal choice for maximum rosmarinic acid dose per serving. For industrial extraction and functional ingredient supply chains, R-4 provides the most commercially scalable phenolic yield by combining high RA concentration with competitive fresh herb biomass. For whole-herb dietary supplement standardisation, Y-7 delivers the highest TPC per gram DW. These findings offer a directly actionable, evidence-based framework for producers, breeders, and food formulators seeking to optimise the dietary antioxidant value of basil. Abbreviations ABTS 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ANOVA analysis of variance CA chicoric acid DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DW dry weight FF full flowering FHY fresh herb yield FO flowering onset FRAP ferric reducing antioxidant power GAE gallic acid equivalent GS growing season HPLC-TOF high-performance liquid chromatography–time-of-flight HSD honestly significant difference PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase PCA principal component analysis RA rosmarinic acid SD standard deviation TEAC Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity TPC total phenolic content TÜBİTAK The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey V vegetative stage Declarations Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Ethics Approval Not applicable. Author Contribution Adem Zorlu: Conceptualization; Methodology; Investigation; Data curation; Formal analysis; Writing – original draft. İsa Telci: Conceptualization; Supervision; Methodology; Validation; Writing – review & editing. Mahfuz Elmastaş: Chemical analysis (HPLC); Methodology; Validation; Data interpretation; Writing – review & editing. Oya Kaçar: Field trials and agronomic management (Bursa); Sampling; Resources; Writing – review & editing. Zehra Aytaç: Field trials and agronomic management (Eskişehir); Sampling; Resources; Writing – review & editing. Nusret Genç: Chemical analysis (HPLC); Methodology; Validation; Data interpretation; Writing – review & editing. Ömer Kayır: Chemical analysis (HPLC); Methodology; Validation; Data interpretation; Writing – review & editing. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors wish to express their gratitude to Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Bursa Uludağ University, and Eskişehir Osmangazi University for their invaluable technical assistance and the use of their field facilities. This research was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK-111O677), and the authors gratefully acknowledge this support. Data Availability Data are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. References Telci I, Bayram E, Yılmaz G, Avcı B (2006) Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils ( O. basilicum L). Biochem Syst Ecol 34:489–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2006.01.009 Makri O, Kintzios S (2008) Ocimum sp. (basil): botany, cultivation, pharmaceutical properties, and biotechnology. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 13:123–150. https://doi.org/10.1300/J044v13n03_10 Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q (2020) Chemical components and pharmacological benefits of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ). Int J Food Prop 23:1961–1970. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2020.1828456 Azizah NS, Irawan B, Kusmoro J et al (2023) Sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) — a review. 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J Funct Foods 2:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2009.12.002 Kwee EM, Niemeyer ED (2011) Variations in phenolic composition and antioxidant properties among 14 basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars. Food Chem 128:1044–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.011 Mulugeta SM, Pluhár Z, Radácsi P (2024) Phenotypic variations and bioactive constituents among selected Ocimum species. Plants 13:64. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010064 Papafilippou N, Kyrana Z, Pratsinakis ED, Dordas C, Markos A, Menexes GC (2025) Another view of genotype by environment interaction (G × E) through correspondence analysis: a case study with basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) varieties. Agronomy 15:2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112583 Nadeem HR, Akhtar S, Sestili P et al (2022) Antioxidant activity and phytochemicals of basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) from Pakistan. Foods 11:1239. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091239 Flanigan PM, Niemeyer ED (2014) Effect of cultivar on phenolic levels and antioxidant properties in purple basil ( Ocimum basilicum L). Food Chem 164:518–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.040 Nguyen PM, Niemeyer ED (2008) Effects of nitrogen fertilization on phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of basil. J Agric Food Chem 56:8685–8691. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf801485u McCance KR, Flanigan PM, Quick MM, Niemeyer ED (2016) Influence of plant maturity on phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of purple basil ( Ocimum basilicum L). J Food Sci 81:C2292–C2300. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13432 Lawson HP, Aga MF, Niemeyer ED (2025) Plant maturity differentially affects phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of green basil ( Ocimum basilicum L). ACS Omega 10:47535–47543. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c09647 Corrado G, Chiaiese P, Lucini L et al (2020) Successive harvests affect yield, quality and metabolic profile of sweet basil. Agronomy 10:830. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060830 Ciriello M, Formisano L, El-Nakhel C et al (2022) Genotype and successive harvests interaction affects phenolic acids of Genovese basil. Foods 10:278. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020278 Ciriello M, Pannico A, El-Nakhel C et al (2020) Sweet basil functional quality shaped by genotype and macronutrient concentration. Plants 9:1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121786 Pulvirenti L, Ferreri T, Strano T et al (2022) Effects of photoperiod on phytochemical profiles of four Ocimum basilicum genotypes. Front Agron 7:1653993. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.1653993 Teliban GC, Pavăl NE, Mihalache G, Burducea M, Stoleru V, Lobiuc A (2025) Modulated light elicitation and associated physiological and molecular processes in phenolic compounds production in Ocimum basilicum L. microgreens. Horticulturae 11:56. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010056 Zheljazkov VD, Cantrell CL, Donega MA, Astatkie T (2008) Yield and composition of Ocimum basilicum L. grown at four locations. HortScience 43:737–741. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.3.737 Eskandarzade P, Zare Mehrjerdi M, Didaran F et al (2023) Shading and harvest time affect basil physiology. Agronomy 13:2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102478 Aghamirzaei H, Mumivand H, Nia AE et al (2024) Effects of micronutrients on basil ( Ocimum basilicum L). Plants 13:2498. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172498 Ahmed AF, Shi M, Liu C, Kang W (2019) Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum ). J Appl Bot Food Qual 92:149–154. https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.021 Tenore GC, Campiglia P, Ciampaglia R et al (2016) Antioxidant properties of traditional Napoletano basil ( Ocimum basilicum L). Nat Prod Res 31:1073–1077. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1269103 Hussain AI, Anwar F, Sherazi STH, Przybylski R (2008) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) depend on seasonal variations. Food Chem 108:986–995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.010 Zare M, Ganjeali A, Lahouti M (2021) Rosmarinic and caffeic acids in basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) under drought. Acta Physiol Plant 43:26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-020-03191-0 Singleton VL, Rossi JA (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16:144–158 Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol 28:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5 Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A et al (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation assay. Free Radic Biol Med 26:1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3 Benzie IFF, Strain JJ (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant power. Anal Biochem 239:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292 Gurav TP, Dholakia BB, Giri AP (2021) Chemodiversity of Ocimum species. Phytochem Rev 20:875–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09698-9 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9097906","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":610379135,"identity":"c7a2c4a9-30ea-40ef-a9a0-06f1b799da7d","order_by":0,"name":"Adem Zorlu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adem","middleName":"","lastName":"Zorlu","suffix":""},{"id":610379136,"identity":"9c85e080-6ece-4330-930e-76679403283f","order_by":1,"name":"İsa Telci","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNjBZwMDDz4wQNCCkhbEBqIZHshmhGkgk4NUF1sJgcIBYLXz8h58/+GBgJ2N8nP3Zg597/sgzsDdvk2D8cQ+3wyTSDBtnGCTzmB3mMTfseWZg2MBzrEyCIaEYjxYGw2YegwMgLWwSPAcMGBskcsyAWnC7jI3/+MfmP0Atxs3szyT/HDCwb5B/Q0ALQ45hM9DvPAbMDGbSQFsSGyR4CGiRyCmc2QP0iwTQL8YyB4yT23jSii0S0nBrke8/vuHDjwo7e/7+488evjkgZ9vPfnjjjQ82uLWgOhJOEqcBpmUUjIJRMApGAToAABc3SHXg7VWDAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Isparta University of Applied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"İsa","middleName":"","lastName":"Telci","suffix":""},{"id":610379137,"identity":"5304a0e8-df04-4555-bccb-7a2336ff58f9","order_by":2,"name":"Mahfuz Elmastaş","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahfuz","middleName":"","lastName":"Elmastaş","suffix":""},{"id":610379138,"identity":"0711239c-cf12-4a4e-a692-74aac84e0463","order_by":3,"name":"Oya Kaçar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bursa Uludağ University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oya","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaçar","suffix":""},{"id":610379143,"identity":"ed9edc4e-595e-43d1-b4d9-787be68d8a89","order_by":4,"name":"Zehra Aytaç","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Eskişehir Osmangazi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zehra","middleName":"","lastName":"Aytaç","suffix":""},{"id":610379148,"identity":"a5230923-b7b6-4912-ade2-3d98ab15e28d","order_by":5,"name":"Nusret Genç","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nusret","middleName":"","lastName":"Genç","suffix":""},{"id":610379150,"identity":"3d4ef6ba-a769-4657-ac31-56420a069fc3","order_by":6,"name":"Ömer Kayır","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hitit University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ömer","middleName":"","lastName":"Kayır","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-11 20:23:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097906/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097906/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105276049,"identity":"4dcad14c-9f91-40a8-91d4-28d07be17237","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-24 09:30:50","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1541442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Geographical locations of the three experimental sites in Turkey: Bursa (Marmara Region, 40°11′N, 29°04′E, 95 m a.s.l.), Eskişehir (Central Anatolia, 39°47′N, 30°31′E, 800 m a.s.l.), and Tokat (Black Sea transition zone, 40°19′N, 36°33′E, 623 m a.s.l.); site markers indicate the three locations and are kept consistent in shape and shading throughout all figures. (b) Study design and analytical workflow: plant material (12 Ocimum basilicum L. genotypes), two-year multi-location field experiment at three ecological sites, phenolic profiling by HPLC-TOF (9 compounds), and antioxidant capacity determination (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP; TPC)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9097906/v1/182e7f3ca57f860e5d0b2fc9.png"},{"id":105276052,"identity":"4db916f3-af32-4fd9-8dfe-b4a6841bbc34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-24 09:30:51","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52283915,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTwo-year means of (a) plant height (cm) and (b) fresh herb yield (kg ha⁻¹) in twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9097906/v1/29f290843676162bfac00885.png"},{"id":105276053,"identity":"ff18376d-fcc7-4816-af94-73ef137eb905","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-24 09:30:51","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43606910,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTwo-year means of (a) rosmarinic acid and (b) chicoric acid concentrations (mg 100 g⁻¹ DW) in twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9097906/v1/3d38136d55a93e8959ce93fd.png"},{"id":105276047,"identity":"1e1a7942-21af-42bb-9ed1-8ff562a12e48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-24 09:30:50","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":518907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntioxidant capacity (µmol TEAC g⁻¹ DW) of twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites (two-year means): (a) ABTS; (b) DPPH; (c) FRAP\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9097906/v1/f9c913a4073a37b892de03e2.png"},{"id":105276050,"identity":"5009b81e-6dc3-4c9b-b54e-94e5ee54cf5f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-24 09:30:50","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":458584,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of developmental stage on (a) rosmarinic acid (mg 100 g⁻¹ DW) and (b) total phenolic content (mg GAE g⁻¹ DW) in twelve basil genotypes (Bursa site, two-year means)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9097906/v1/2c597471328c2c9f8f8d79bd.png"},{"id":105276048,"identity":"1dbe86db-d84b-4486-ba76-0f50e6682cdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-24 09:30:50","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":808712,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrincipal component analysis (PCA) biplot of six phenolic and antioxidant quality variables for twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites (n = 36 genotype–location combinations). Score markers are colour-coded and shaped by location (orange circles, Bursa; dark red squares, Eskişehir; blue-violet triangles, Tokat). Loading vectors indicate direction and magnitude of each variable's contribution: rosmarinic acid (RA) and chicoric acid (CA) in pink; total phenolic content (TPC) in yellow; ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP in silver-grey. PC1 accounted for 76.6% and PC2 for 11.3% of total variance (cumulative: 87.9%)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9097906/v1/2105db24fbb4d4afbd421497.png"},{"id":108490766,"identity":"b1922058-bea9-43a4-9c00-57643d6edf53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-05 09:48:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":89348462,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9097906/v1/02e8d2d5-9688-4934-ac35-f041dcdec85b.pdf"},{"id":105276046,"identity":"332ebe5e-6022-4bec-9eb8-7b1773cc0d88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-24 09:30:50","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":38522,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TablesAll.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9097906/v1/34c2c5683a757c80b69fa62b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Genotypes Across Locations and Developmental Stages","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBasil (\u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e L.), a member of the Lamiaceae family, is among the world's most consumed edible aromatic herbs, used widely as a fresh culinary herb, dried spice, and functional food ingredient [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Its leaf matrix is rich in polyphenols \u0026mdash; principally hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives \u0026mdash; that deliver dietary antioxidants linked to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. For producers and breeders, maximising the polyphenol content of basil leaf reaching the consumer is therefore a legitimate nutritional quality objective alongside yield.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRosmarinic acid, the dominant phenolic, is a well-characterised antioxidant and anti-inflammatory hydroxycinnamic acid derivative whose interference with lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase pathways and the complement cascade contributes directly to the dietary antioxidant value of edible basil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Chicoric acid, the second major caffeic acid derivative in basil, is nutritionally relevant as a quantitatively important antioxidant phenolic and candidate bioactive compound with reported metabolic effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Both compounds vary up to 5\u0026ndash;6-fold across genotypes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] and respond substantially to growing location [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], developmental stage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], and agronomic inputs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Genotype \u0026times; environment interactions are significant, meaning that site-specific genotype recommendations are needed to reliably deliver high-antioxidant basil to functional food supply chains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurkey's wide ecological gradient presents an ideal geography for the multi-environment evaluation of basil genotypes across contrasting agroclimatic conditions. Twelve genotypes were assessed in a two-year field programme at three ecologically representative sites: Bursa, Eskişehir, and Tokat (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The objectives were to: (i) quantify agronomic performance; (ii) determine nine-compound phenolic profiles and TPC at all three locations; (iii) evaluate antioxidant capacity by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP at all three locations; and (iv) characterise developmental stage effects on phenolic composition at Bursa to provide harvest-timing guidance for functional ingredient production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant Material and Experimental Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwelve \u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes were evaluated in a two-year field experiment at three Turkish ecological sites: Bursa (40.18\u0026deg;N, 29.06\u0026deg;E, 95 m a.s.l.; Marmara Region), Eskişehir (39.78\u0026deg;N, 30.52\u0026deg;E, 800 m a.s.l.; Central Anatolia), and Tokat (40.31\u0026deg;N, 36.55\u0026deg;E, 623 m a.s.l.; Central Black Sea Region). Site characteristics are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. A randomised complete block design with three replications (3 m\u0026sup2; per plot) was used at each location. Seedlings were greenhouse-raised and transplanted in late May; uniform irrigation was applied throughout.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the three experimental sites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBursa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEskişehir\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTokat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEcological region\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarmara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral Anatolia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral Black Sea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLatitude (\u0026deg;N)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLongitude (\u0026deg;E)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAltitude (m a.s.l.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e623\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean GS temp.ᵃ (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal GS precip.ᵃ (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean GS RHᵃ (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSoil texture\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClay loam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandy loam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epH / organic matter (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 / 2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 / 1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 / 2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eᵃ GS: June\u0026ndash;September mean or total. RH, relative humidity; precip., precipitation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAgronomic Measurements\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant height (cm) was measured on 14 randomly selected plants per plot before harvest. Fresh herb yield (FHY, kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;) was determined as the total shoot mass per plot after cutting at 5 cm above ground level, expressed per hectare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDevelopmental Stage Sampling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the Bursa site, leaf samples were collected at three well-defined developmental stages in both years: (i) vegetative stage (V) \u0026mdash; no flower buds visible; (ii) flowering onset (FO) \u0026mdash; 5\u0026ndash;10% open flowers; and (iii) full flowering (FF) \u0026mdash; \u0026gt;80% full bloom. Samples were frozen at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;80\u0026deg;C, lyophilised, and ground to powder for analysis. Developmental stage sampling was conducted at the Bursa site in both years; multi-location ontogenetic characterisation was outside the scope of the present study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTotal Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTPC was determined by the Folin\u0026ndash;Ciocalteu method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] at all three locations; results in mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW. Antioxidant capacity was likewise measured at all three locations by DPPH [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], ABTS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], and FRAP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]; all calibrated with Trolox and expressed as \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo-way ANOVA (genotype \u0026times; location or genotype \u0026times; developmental stage) was performed using SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Mean separation used Tukey's HSD test (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated among TPC, rosmarinic acid, chicoric acid, and all three antioxidant assay results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAgronomic Performance\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant height and FHY across the three sites are given in Tables \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Genotype, location, and year each produced highly significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) main effects on all agronomic traits, with significant two-way interactions throughout.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant height (cm) of twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites; means of Year 1 and Year 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBursa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEskişehir\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTokat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 1 mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 2 mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-3k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-10A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation mean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e46.0 bᵃ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36.4 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49.8 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eᵃ Different letters\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;p \u0026lt; 0.01 (Tukey HSD)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFresh herb yield (FHY, kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;) of twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites; Year 1 and Year 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBursa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEskişehir\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTokat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 1 mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 2 mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-3k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10426\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9704\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-10A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8779\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10534\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15813\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation mean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11,764 bᵃ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8,232 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12,918 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eᵃ Different letters\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;p \u0026lt; 0.01 (Tukey HSD)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant height ranged from 26.0\u0026ndash;64.4 cm (Year 1) and 25.7\u0026ndash;61.3 cm (Year 2). Genotype R-10A was consistently tallest (cross-location, two-year mean: 61.6 cm); Y-15 was shortest (29.0 cm). Location means ranked Tokat\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;Bursa\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Eskişehir (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), with the reduced stature at Eskişehir consistent with the known sensitivity of basil growth and physiology to reduced light intensity and temperature-related stress associated with its higher-altitude, continental climate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFHY ranged from 3,936 to 23,077 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; across genotypes and locations (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e; location means: Tokat 12,918, Bursa 11,764, Eskişehir 8,232 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;). R-10A and R-17 were the highest-yielding genotypes across both years; Tokat and Bursa exceeded Eskişehir significantly (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The leaf fraction \u0026mdash; the primary dietary antioxidant delivery vehicle reaching the consumer \u0026mdash; was maximised at Tokat across genotypes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eIndividual Phenolic Profile Across Locations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNine phenolic compounds were quantified at all three locations in both years (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Antioxidant capacity by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP was likewise determined at all three locations; the complete two-year mean dataset is presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic constituent across all genotype\u0026ndash;location combinations, followed by chicoric acid [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRosmarinic acid (RA) and chicoric acid (CA) (mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) of twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites. Values are two-year means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. SD, standard deviation of two-year plot means (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6 plots per genotype\u0026ndash;location). Eski., Eskişehir. DW, dry weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRA Bursa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRA Eski.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRA Tokat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRA mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA Bursa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA Eski.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA Tokat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-3k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-10A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation mean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2 bᵃ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e64.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e98.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0 cᵇ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal phenolic content (TPC, mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidant capacity (\u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) of twelve basil genotypes at three Turkish ecological sites. Values are two-year means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Developmental stage data (vegetative, flowering onset, full flowering) in Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e are from the Bursa site only\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBursa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEski.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTokat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBursa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEski.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTokat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDPPH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBursa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDPPH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEski.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDPPH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTokat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFRAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBursa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFRAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEski.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFRAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTokat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e419\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-3k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e337\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e507\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-10A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e493\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e526\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e357\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e377\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e413\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e486\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e572\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e306\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e387\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e448\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e527\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e555\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e261\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e539\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e469\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e483\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e367\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLoc. mean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4 cᵃ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e251\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11 cᵇ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e401\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e476\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e190\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e290\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e138\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6 c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e209\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9 b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e266\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11 a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003eᵃ TPC location means: p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 (Tukey HSD). ᵇ ABTS/DPPH/FRAP location means: p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. Eski., Eskişehir. GAE, gallic acid equivalent; TEAC, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRosmarinic acid ranged 3.8-fold across genotype\u0026ndash;location combinations (34.3\u0026ndash;131.8 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW; Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Location order was Tokat\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Eskişehir\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Bursa (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; two-year means: 98.2, 64.0, 51.5 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), consistent with the known stimulation of phenolic biosynthesis and PAL-associated pathways by light elicitation and drought-related stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Genotype R-23 ranked first for rosmarinic acid at every location in both years (maximum two-year mean: 131.8 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW at Tokat), with R-19 (118.0 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) and R-4 (110.6 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) following at the same site. R-23 also achieved the highest two-year mean chicoric acid at Tokat (100.7 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), followed by R-19 (94.6 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW; Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). The dietary relevance of chicoric acid as a quantitatively important antioxidant phenolic and candidate bioactive compound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] further strengthens the case for R-23 as the primary genotype for phenolic-quality-targeted production. Significant genotype \u0026times; location interactions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for both acids confirm that site-specific genotype selection is required [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eEffect of Developmental Stage on Phenolic Composition\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental stage exerted highly significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) effects on rosmarinic acid and TPC across all twelve genotypes at the Bursa site (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). As developmental stage sampling was conducted at Bursa only, the patterns described here reflect Bursa-site ontogenetic dynamics; their generalisability across ecological zones remains to be confirmed in multi-location developmental-stage trials.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt Bursa, rosmarinic acid was highest at the vegetative stage in all genotypes and declined by a mean of 27.3% from vegetative to full flowering [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], reflecting redirection of caffeic acid precursors toward floral tissue as anthesis progresses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. R-23 maintained the highest vegetative-stage rosmarinic acid at Bursa (78.2 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW). Given the convergent evidence that R-23 also accumulates the highest rosmarinic acid at Tokat across both years (131.8 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW, two-year mean) and that the vegetative-stage decline was consistent across all twelve genotypes at Bursa, vegetative-stage harvest of R-23 may be expected to further increase rosmarinic acid concentrations at Tokat; confirmation in a multi-location ontogenetic trial is recommended before this inference is applied operationally.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPC at Bursa followed an inverse trajectory in the majority of genotypes: it rose from vegetative to full flowering as flavonoid contributions increased [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], with R-17 (14.7 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) and Y-7 (12.4 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) showing the most pronounced TPC increase at full flowering. For whole-herb dietary supplement applications where maximising total polyphenol content is the objective, full-flowering-stage harvest of Y-7 or R-17 may be advantageous; this inference is again based on Bursa stage data and requires multi-site confirmation before site-specific operational recommendations can be made.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA methodological limitation of the present study is that developmental-stage sampling was conducted at the Bursa site only; phenolic stage trajectories at Eskişehir and Tokat therefore remain uncharacterised. The convergent genotypic rankings observed across all three multi-location sites provide partial support for inferring that the vegetative-stage RA peak and full-flowering TPC peak identified at Bursa may apply at other sites, but multi-location ontogenetic trials are needed to confirm this before stage-specific harvest recommendations are made operationally for Tokat or Eskişehir conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTotal Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity Across Locations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTPC two-year means at all three locations are given in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Across all genotype\u0026ndash;location combinations, TPC two-year means ranged from 7.0 to 17.8 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Location order was consistent: Tokat\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Eskişehir\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Bursa (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; two-year means: 15.1, 11.5, 8.8 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW, respectively). Genotype Y-7 achieved the highest two-year mean TPC at Tokat (17.8 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), followed closely by R-23 and R-16 (16.9 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW each). The Tokat TPC values compare favourably with the upper range reported in the international basil literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe consistent elevation of phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacity at Tokat relative to Bursa and Eskişehir merits specific mechanistic consideration. Tokat (623 m a.s.l., Central Black Sea transition zone) combines higher growing-season precipitation (140 mm vs. 115 mm at Bursa and 95 mm at Eskişehir; Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) with a steeper diurnal temperature range (mean GS temp. 22.4\u0026deg;C, with pronounced day\u0026ndash;night amplitude characteristic of the inland Black Sea transition climate) and elevated incident solar radiation at its intermediate altitude. These conditions may represent an abiotic stress environment \u0026mdash; combining UV-mediated photoinduction and cool-night temperature differentials \u0026mdash; known to upregulate phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and may redirect carbon flux toward hydroxycinnamic acid ester biosynthesis in Lamiaceae [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The higher organic matter content of Tokat soils (2.3% vs. 1.4\u0026ndash;2.1% at other sites; Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) may additionally support sustained nitrogen and mineral supply, further amplifying phenolic yield per unit biomass.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABTS, DPPH, and FRAP were measured at all three locations in both years; the full two-year mean dataset is in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. All three assay platforms consistently showed Tokat\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Eskişehir\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Bursa (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; ABTS location means: Tokat 476, Eskişehir 401, Bursa 251 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), providing method-independent evidence that Tokat is the highest-antioxidant production site (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Among genotypes at Tokat, R-3k achieved the highest two-year mean ABTS (590 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), followed by R-17 (573 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) and R-23 (556 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW). For DPPH, R-19 ranked first (388 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), followed by Y-15 (368 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) and R-17 (354 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW); R-19 similarly led for FRAP (332 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), with R-3k second (321 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW). These platform-specific rankings may reflect differences in the chemical reactivities of the three assays, with varying contributions of hydroxycinnamic acid esters and other reducing species to each assay platform [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Rosmarinic acid correlated most strongly with ABTS and DPPH (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91 and 0.87, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), whereas TPC \u0026mdash; which integrates the broader phenolic reducing capacity \u0026mdash; correlated most strongly with FRAP (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.85, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Notably, divergences between ranking platforms were observed in several genotypes: R-3k achieved the highest two-year mean ABTS at Tokat (590 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW, rank 1) despite ranking only fifth for rosmarinic acid and seventh for TPC, suggesting that non-hydroxycinnamic acid constituents \u0026mdash; potentially flavonoids or other polar reducing species not fully captured by TPC \u0026mdash; make a disproportionate contribution to the ABTS platform in this genotype [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, Y-15 ranked second for DPPH (367 \u0026micro;mol TEAC g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) while ranking tenth for rosmarinic acid, a pattern consistent with the differential sensitivity of the DPPH radical to lower-molecular-weight phenolic donors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo contextualise these values within the broader landscape of dietary antioxidant herbs and functional foods, the Tokat two-year mean TPC for the best-performing genotypes (Y-7: 17.8 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW; R-23: 16.9 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) is comparable to, or exceeds, values reported for clary sage (Salvia sclarea, 12\u0026ndash;18 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) and approaches the lower range of dried rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, 18\u0026ndash;35 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), two herbs widely regarded as high-phenolic dietary sources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The Tokat rosmarinic acid concentrations of R-23 and R-19 (131.8 and 118.0 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) substantially exceed the 40\u0026ndash;80 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW range commonly cited for commercial sweet basil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], reinforcing the dietary relevance of site- and genotype-targeted production. For a consumer ingesting 5 g fresh basil (c. 0.5 g DW equivalent) as a culinary portion, R-23 grown at Tokat would deliver an estimated 0.66 mg rosmarinic acid \u0026mdash; approximately double the dose obtainable from mean-performing commercial lines \u0026mdash; a difference of direct practical relevance to herb-derived dietary antioxidant intake [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn inter-annual trend was apparent: in most genotype\u0026ndash;location combinations, rosmarinic acid and total phenolic content values tended to be higher in Year 2 than Year 1 (year-wise location means are available from the corresponding authors upon request). This pattern may be associated with differences in growing-season precipitation and relative humidity recorded in Year 2, as reported for basil under varied field conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Crucially, the location hierarchy (Tokat\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Eskişehir\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Bursa) and the genotypic rankings for rosmarinic acid and TPC rankings were maintained in both years, confirming the reliability of the two-year mean recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eEcological location, genotype, and developmental stage each exerted decisive and partially interactive effects on the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of basil in Turkey. The Tokat site consistently outperformed Bursa and Eskişehir for all phenolic and antioxidant parameters across both growing years. Three genotypes are recommended for distinct applications, based on their data-supported performance characteristics:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eR-23 is the phenolic quality leader\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eit achieved the highest two-year mean rosmarinic acid (131.8 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW at Tokat) and chicoric acid (100.7 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW at Tokat) across all locations and both years, making it the primary recommendation for cultivation targeting dietary rosmarinic acid dose. Based on the Bursa developmental-stage data, vegetative-stage harvest is expected to further maximise rosmarinic acid concentrations; confirmation in multi-location ontogenetic trials is recommended.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eY-7 is the total phenolic content leader\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eit achieved the highest two-year mean TPC at Tokat (17.8 mg GAE g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), making it the priority genotype for whole-herb dietary supplement and functional food formulations where total polyphenol content is the primary quality criterion. Based on the Bursa stage response, full-flowering harvest may further elevate TPC; multi-location ontogenetic confirmation is advised.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eR-4 offers the best yield\u0026ndash;quality balance\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eit combined third-highest two-year mean rosmarinic acid at Tokat (110.6 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; DW) with competitive fresh herb yield across all three ecological zones, making it the recommended choice for large-scale production where joint optimisation of crop productivity and phenolic quality is required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant genotype \u0026times; location interactions \u0026mdash; visualised here by PCA (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), in which Tokat scores form a distinct high-quality cluster separated from Bursa and Eskişehir along PC1 (76.6% of total variance) \u0026mdash; underscore that site-specific genotype selection is indispensable for reliably delivering high-antioxidant basil. For fresh culinary herb markets, R-23 at vegetative stage (Tokat) represents the optimal choice for maximum rosmarinic acid dose per serving. For industrial extraction and functional ingredient supply chains, R-4 provides the most commercially scalable phenolic yield by combining high RA concentration with competitive fresh herb biomass. For whole-herb dietary supplement standardisation, Y-7 delivers the highest TPC per gram DW. These findings offer a directly actionable, evidence-based framework for producers, breeders, and food formulators seeking to optimise the dietary antioxidant value of basil.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eABTS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,2\u0026prime;-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eANOVA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eanalysis of variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003echicoric acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDPPH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDW\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFF\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efull flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFHY\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efresh herb yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFO\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eflowering onset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFRAP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eferric reducing antioxidant power\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGAE\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egallic acid equivalent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egrowing season\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHPLC-TOF\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehigh-performance liquid chromatography\u0026ndash;time-of-flight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHSD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehonestly significant difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePAL\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephenylalanine ammonia-lyase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePCA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprincipal component analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erosmarinic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTEAC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrolox equivalent antioxidant capacity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTPC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etotal phenolic content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eT\u0026Uuml;BİTAK\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evegetative stage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics Approval\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdem Zorlu: Conceptualization; Methodology; Investigation; Data curation; Formal analysis; Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. İsa Telci: Conceptualization; Supervision; Methodology; Validation; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Mahfuz Elmastaş: Chemical analysis (HPLC); Methodology; Validation; Data interpretation; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Oya Ka\u0026ccedil;ar: Field trials and agronomic management (Bursa); Sampling; Resources; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Zehra Ayta\u0026ccedil;: Field trials and agronomic management (Eskişehir); Sampling; Resources; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Nusret Gen\u0026ccedil;: Chemical analysis (HPLC); Methodology; Validation; Data interpretation; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. \u0026Ouml;mer Kayır: Chemical analysis (HPLC); Methodology; Validation; Data interpretation; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors wish to express their gratitude to Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Bursa Uludağ University, and Eskişehir Osmangazi University for their invaluable technical assistance and the use of their field facilities. This research was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (T\u0026Uuml;BİTAK-111O677), and the authors gratefully acknowledge this support.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTelci I, Bayram E, Yılmaz G, Avcı B (2006) Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils (\u003cem\u003eO. basilicum\u003c/em\u003e L). 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Phytochem Rev 20:875\u0026ndash;906. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09698-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11101-020-09698-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-foods-for-human-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant Foods for Human Nutrition](https://www.springer.com/journal/11130)","snPcode":"11130","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11130/3","title":"Plant Foods for Human Nutrition","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"antioxidant capacity, chicoric acid, dietary herb, functional food ingredient, rosmarinic acid, sweet basil","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097906/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097906/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBasil (\u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e L.) is a globally consumed edible herb whose phenolic fraction \u0026mdash; dominated by rosmarinic acid and chicoric acid \u0026mdash; is of direct relevance to dietary antioxidant intake and functional food formulation. Twelve basil genotypes were grown in a two-year field experiment at three ecologically contrasting Turkish locations: Bursa, Eskişehir, and Tokat. Agronomic performance, individual phenolic profiles (nine compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography\u0026ndash;time-of-flight mass spectrometry, HPLC-TOF), total phenolic content (TPC; Folin\u0026ndash;Ciocalteu), and antioxidant capacity by three assays \u0026mdash; 2,2\u0026prime;-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) \u0026mdash; were determined at all three locations. Developmental stage effects on phenolic composition were additionally characterised at the Bursa site. Genotype and location each exerted highly significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) effects on all traits. Tokat consistently produced the highest rosmarinic acid (up to 131.8 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; dry weight [DW]; 91% above the Bursa site mean), TPC (up to 17.8 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE] g⁻\u0026sup1; DW), and antioxidant capacity (ABTS mean 90% above Bursa) across both years. At Bursa, vegetative-stage harvest maximised rosmarinic acid, while TPC peaked at full flowering. Genotype R-23 led for rosmarinic and chicoric acid across all locations; Y-7 achieved the highest TPC at Tokat; R-4 combined strong phenolic quality with competitive fresh herb yield. These outcomes provide an evidence-based framework for optimising basil as a high-antioxidant dietary ingredient.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Genotypes Across Locations and Developmental Stages","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-24 09:30:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9097906/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-04T17:10:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-03T08:54:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T14:46:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-23T05:11:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"135889816768110227524677380513747645602","date":"2026-03-20T13:14:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"42515988270832283455742814003823181619","date":"2026-03-20T07:05:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"202647097519640137527402710455072187077","date":"2026-03-19T23:02:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"68535509064694961583365861486215113024","date":"2026-03-19T20:54:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-19T18:13:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-13T01:57:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-13T01:57:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plant Foods for Human Nutrition","date":"2026-03-11T20:06:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-foods-for-human-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant Foods for Human Nutrition](https://www.springer.com/journal/11130)","snPcode":"11130","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11130/3","title":"Plant Foods for Human Nutrition","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"508b059f-0647-49b7-91f0-da730826a0c5","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 24th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-01T16:39:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-24 09:30:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9097906","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9097906","identity":"rs-9097906","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}