Social Sustainability in Musical Events: From the Conceptual Model to the Empirical Model

Social Sustainability in Musical Events: From the Conceptual Model to the Empirical Model | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Social Sustainability in Musical Events: From the Conceptual Model to the Empirical Model David Siles, Antonio García-Sánchez, María del Mar Vázquez-Méndez This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6562590/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The conceptual model of social sustainability in musical events was developed and presented in a social analysis exercise using theoretical-practical methods to obtain relevant conclusions about its effects on the social sustainability of a tourist destination and its positive impact on prosperity. After analyzing key indicators of social sustainability from the perspective of the destination's inhabitants, tourists, and experts in the tourism sector, it was possible to draw the necessary conclusions to design the conceptual model, as well as its advantages and disadvantages. Thus, there was a starting point for the analysis of social sustainability in this type of event from which to advance in the practical development of the conceptual model by carrying out the empirical contrast. This paper intends to use as a basis the conceptual model to contrast it doing annual surveys focused on social sustainability as those carried out at the time of the initial development of the model; surveys about the degree of acceptance from residents designed to measure opinions about the social impact of the event. Through the data obtained from the surveys during three time periods in a row, it is pretended to contrast the validity of the model with the passage of the different editions of the music festival, analyzing the coincidences and deviations produced among the analyzed periods. The residents of the destination should obtain an improvement in their standard of living thanks to what the socially sustainable event brings them. Finally, after answering the hypotheses set, aspects related to the robustness and durability of the model, as well as the evolution of the prosperity of the destination and the temporal influence of the festival on that prosperity, can be detailed. The contrasted model of social sustainability in musical events will be useful to managers of tourist destinations, who will be able to organize this type of events with the knowledge of the implications that the model reveals, both positive and negative, at the level of commitment with the inhabitants of the destination and the contribution they make. Business and commerce/Business and management Social science/Business and management Social science/Economics Social science/Sociology Social Sustainability Conceptual Model Sustainable Tourism Music Festivals and Inhabitants' Prosperity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction Musical events feature numerous musicians or bands playing consecutively, many of the most popular and well-known festivals may last several days. In terms of economic impact, as indicated by Chacko and Schaffer (1993), Gohoungodji ( 2020 ), or Moscardo ( 2008 ), these events have a significant impact on the destination where they are developed, not only a direct economic impact but in terms of employment in all its dimensions and the benefits it provides (Lovrinic, 2018 ), and represent themselves a way of economic development by registering visits and also a considerable media return. According to specialized literature, music festivals are part of what is known as experience tourism, also known as active tourism (Wright, Dickson, and Ajiee 2021). Festivals have become the main form of live music consumption, surpassing other types of organizations such as concerts in venues or the open air and surpassing other shows in number and attendance. The growth of tourism as a consequence of the birth of new festivals and live music worldwide is an obvious fact, it is one of the most dynamic segments of the tourism market. The growth is especially relevant in recent years; even tourism is experiencing an important increase thanks to the benefits it can provide to the society (Dolasinski, Roberts, and Young, 2025 ) with a large projection of growth for the next ten years. To deeper understanding of the current situation about the evolution of event tourism and the importance of social sustainability, one must search into texts such as those by Drucker ( 1993 ) or Mason ( 2015 ), which indicate how society has advanced, especially after the financial crisis of 2008, towards a sustainable global economy that is fairer to society. The evolution of societies leads them to overcome that era, which based the prosperity in economic indicators, to pursue other objectives focused on sustainability and social progression. Music festivals provide residents with a socially sustainable experience that improves their welfare. Despite the notable economic impact they generate and the positive externalities on other types of tourism, it is a sub-sector that has not yet had a very long history. There is little research on its impacts, which makes documentary and comparative work difficult as there are no data and statistics with a considerable time interval, as is the case with other tourism sub-sectors. The economic and tourist impact of such events has been proven, however, in addition to all the positive effects they produce, the impact of these festivals on society is not usually considered. Not all the effects of a festival have a positive impact, there are indicators that society surrounding the event can analyze, variables which can be beneficial or detrimental to it. These indicators and their necessary analysis form part of what is known as the event's social sustainability. A festival must be, in addition to being profitable and a tourist attractor, socially sustainable for the inhabitants of the destination. To measure social sustainability, the focus should be on the festival's effects on the prosperity of the inhabitants of the destination (Rogers et al. 2012 ). The variables that make up the social sustainability associated with the event should be questioned by the inhabitants of the destination themselves, including items that reflect satisfaction with the event, their suitability, repercussions on society, or the inconvenience they may cause. It is possible to determine, given the previous work done creating the Conceptual Model (Siles, García-Sánchez, and Vázquez-Méndez, 2024 ) and the literature review carried out in this paper, that a socially sustainable event will improve the prosperity of the inhabitants of the destination while contributing with socially sustainable tourism. In social sustainability there must be a relationship between destination inhabitants and the touristic event, this relationship describes a model where its results will determine the social prosperity obtained by the residents. Social sustainability depends on some variables that have positive effects while others have negative effects, depending on the nature of the variables. The residents of the destination have described the items that means social sustainability for them through different surveys designed taking into account the surrounding literature. Therefore, these first concepts give an idea of how to represent the conceptual model. It is established that variables with increasing returns contribute with a positive effect. On the other hand, negative items must be defined but should not have a significant contribution to social sustainability, because this way won’t give prosperity defined by wellbeing indicators. Prosperity is defined by items that represent an economic improvement and others that measure happiness and wellbeing. It is an important point, because if social sustainability’s negative indicators could reach a significant loading on the econometric model, prosperity’s indicators wouldn’t be significant, which means that a non-socially sustainable model will not be able to give prosperity defined by wellbeing, maybe economic prosperity but not prosperity defined as a more complete concept like in this research. The model can be described as the defining element of social sustainability, with the final objective of prosperity in the destination for its inhabitants, as derived from the literature review. This prosperity depends on the elements that the event can provide and that residents themselves have previously described as socially sustainable. The Conceptual Model is presented in Fig. 1 where Social Sustainability is determined by some variables, with the additional objective of generating social welfare. From what has been said so far, it can be deduced that, to contrast the model in the framework of the analysis of the social sustainability of a music festival such as the one presented in this article, two hypotheses must be established. The first one should test the validation of the model through quantitative data given by the residents, and the second one hypothesis must assess that if the outcome of model is socially sustainable it will generate prosperity among the inhabitants. The higher well-being states provided should be noticed in the short run but must remain; Escobar ( 2008 ) indicated how society must develop its activities, to be sustainable in the long term, towards sustainable development through the provision of work, leisure, or investment. 2. Theoretical background The original concept of sustainability has evolved from sustainability of the natural environment to a multidimensional consideration that includes other factors, as Wilkinson, Hill, and Gollan ( 2001 ) rightly point out. Additionally, optimal and responsible management by governments and companies in this way is necessary (Klassen 2000 ). Initially described by the United Nations as sustainable development in tourism, this development implies a conservationist view of the environment, community or social, and economic. The addition of the role of society to this model would condition how to develop sustainable tourism. Several authors have done constructive research about this background, with Johnston and Tyrrell (2005) finding that sustainable tourism must maximize the combined benefit to the environment and social acceptance. Tourism, like other sectors of activity, must be sustainable, the links between tourism, sustainability, and prosperity are complex, as Buckley ( 2012 ) rightly points out, and a balance between these factors can only be achieved through appropriate social input. Tourism research has grown significantly, but there are many more empirical studies than theoretical ones (Pritchard, Morgan, and Ateljevic 2011). A tourist destination does not behave like a product (Romer 1986 ), it does not have to run out of steam to start a new cycle, a destination can follow other patterns and can be managed. There is a common element in the later stages of tourism development, which leads to the deterioration of the destination, destination managers began to consider sustainability as a key variable, in fact, in some cases it is the only possibility according to Cooper and Jackson (1989). Later on, in 1993, Oppermann configured a model in which tourism development was affected by economic factors. Tourism development models had to have a positive effect on the destination's economy, and its sustainability was conditioned by the destination's prosperity. The definition of sustainable tourism was established once Butler ( 1999 ), considering the dimensions of the word sustainability, stated that sustainability measures have to be developed and applied to tourism development, which requires thorough research on social, economic, and environmental aspects and focus on the sustainable future of the destination. Any conceptualization of sustainable tourism must take into account the local community as well as the environment and the economy (Hardy, Beeton, and Pearson, 2002), which means that social sustainability will be an equally important factor as other factors such as economic development and environmental conservation. According to Andereck and Nyaupane (2011), the sustainability of the destination hosting an event, as seen through the well-being of the inhabitants, comprises four dimensions: physical, social, psychological, and environmental. Through these dimensions, studies such as the one made by Pfitzner and Koenigstorfer (2016) were able to determine improvements in the quality of life of residents at the end of an event. In general terms, it is concluded that analyzing the economic, environmental, socio-cultural, and political dimensions related to the celebration of a festival has an impact on the quality of life of a community, as Arcodia and Whitford (2006) stated, that it will determine the future support for the festival. These factors need to be detailed to determine their real impact on sustainability. The economic factor generates employment and income among residents, and the social factor has a deep effect on the daily life of the inhabitants as it includes relations with visitors, tolerance, or a sense of well-being, and constitutes any effect on the quality of life of the inhabitants (Fredline, Jago, and Deery 2005). Based on the assumption that the realization of a festival should not be fully sustainable per se, any organized event entails a certain drain on resources (Zifkos 2015 ). The impact on the environment is very decisive because it includes variables that can have a negative impact on the inhabitants. The control of sustainability is essential; many destinations avoid the tourism phase that leads to mass tourism and opt to use sustainability as a means to stay in another, more beneficial, phase, an issue that Karamustafa and Yilmaz (2020) theoretically addressed in their view on mass tourism. Having defined the meaning of sustainable tourism on the basis of three common pillars, which are environmental, economic, and social sustainability, while all pillars are important and relevant, it is interesting to focus on social sustainability for several reasons, mainly because it is the pillar that directly indicates sustainability as measured by the inhabitants, considering their prosperity. On the other hand, it is the least analyzed concept in this type of event, which tends to focus only on assessing the environmental and economic impact on the destination, cases usually analyzed. However, social sustainability brings another dimension to these studies of musical events, where its consequences on the destination's society will determine its future well-being and continuity. As is well known, there is little research on the social sustainability of events, (Smith and Mair, 2022 ) consequently, social sustainability studies focused on music festivals are even unusual. However, it is noted that there is a need to provide higher levels of sustainable planning for event management and music festivals in particular. According to Dodds and Walsh (2019), music festivals in large cities, which attract large numbers of attendees, are more likely to integrate sustainability issues into their organization and development. When analyzing social sustainability, positive factors must be considered, Ritchie, Chien, and Shipway ( 2020 ) addressed the perception of inhabitants and their support as decisive factors, and negative factors such as traffic, visitor congestion, noise, or the opportunity cost of other events (Chien, Ritchie, Shipway, and Henderson 2012). 3. Methodology The next step in this paper is to detail, with the help of econometric techniques, how the event has affected the city and its inhabitants in order to determine the social sustainability based on its prosperity. From a social perspective, a sustainable event should leave, therefore, a beneficial legacy for the host community and all those involved. A socially sustainable event reinforces the cultural values of the population, enriches it, and promotes understanding and tolerance. On the contrary, it can be said that an event is not sustainable from a social point of view if it generates rejection among residents, discrimination, and problems of habitability. Inhabitants' support for the event is analyzed through questions about the benefits to them in particular and to society in general, their commitment to that particular event, and their intention to support the event itself (Chien et al. 2012 ). To understand and determine the social factor, Waterman ( 1998 ) described it as social development in terms of benefit and well-being, being a consequence of the learning provided by the festival, the creation of interpersonal relationships, understanding of the theme of the festival, and the association of the festival with the city where it is held (Moscardo, 2008 ). Taking into account the conceptual model as a base for modulating social sustainability of the festivals (Siles, García-Sánchez, and Vázquez-Méndez, 2024 ), the relevant variables for the work were extracted from three different points of view. The resident’s survey was the main survey for analyzing social sustainability; it consisted in questions about positive and negative effects on the society of the festival after the first edition. A second survey was asked to the festival-goers about their profile and habits during the festival. Finally, a third survey was done regarding the experts’ opinion about the impact of different factors when celebrating an event. Having defined the conceptual model, for this study we have focused on the society point of view, adapting the items obtained from the base model and getting the answers to test the model on the social sustainability’s perspective. Data from three different periods have been extracted in which residents have given a social evaluation of the event as a tourist destination; data year range is 2022–2024. A data panel system with inhabitants' assessment of social sustainability has been chosen, so this method is suitable for the results. The sustainability of the social impact of the Rock Imperium festival, located in Cartagena (Spain), was analyzed by means of a survey of people who lived or worked in the city during the event. Among the surveys carried out, 212 surveys were selected, all of which contained affirmative answers to the question about whether they lived or worked in the city during the event. The responses were obtained only a few days after the event. Respondents were given a series of statements to rate on a Likert scale of 1 to 5 their degree of agreement or disagreement with the statement, with 1 strongly disagreeing, 2 partly disagreeing, 3 neither agreeing nor disagreeing, 4 partly agreeing, and 5 strongly agreeing. Some of these statements imply a positive social impact and others a negative social impact, as will be discussed below. A dataset of sixteen indicators has been disposed for this study, eleven indicators form the Social Sustainability Construct, and the other five define the Construct of Prosperity. The prosperity indicators dataset comprises variables that can make a prosperous destination and offer a better quality of life for its inhabitants. It includes economic indicators and relevant indicators about improving the quality of life in the destination too such as the ones related to employment, investment, and satisfaction with the festival measured by their desire for the festival to be held again. The research is based on important affirmations that tourism researchers have made about prosperity at the destinations. Employment can be an economic indicator to measure prosperity, can improve the workers' quality of life, raises productivity at the destination, and generates consumption through salaries (Dwyer & Kim, 2003 ; Dwyer, Livaic, & Mellor, 2003 ; Craigwell, 2007 ). Additionally, every indicator that can make the tourists and the destination's inhabitants feel comfortable and happy at the destination must be taken into account, so happiness indicators, environmental indicators (Goh, 2012 ), or any indicator that can make the way of life better could be valid. These affirmations let us consider some variables such as generating jobs, investment in the city, public investment, residents' satisfaction, or improving the conditions of the city; as prosperity generators. Social sustainability comprises indicators relative to social ties, the increase in leisure activities and cultural activities, residents' loyalty to the festival since residents feel self-identified with it, a sociable organization that takes into account the resident’s opinion, the ones relative to image and publicity, and problems such as traffic, noise, insecurity, or mass tourism; all of them deduced from the conceptual model of social sustainability previously presented. The measure selected for the Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis is the median value of each variable in the three analyzed periods, because this way one can obtain the variation among the years of the surveys collected. Additionally, we can understand the results from the model in an easier way because the model measures variance between the latent variables. 3.1 Partial Least Squares Methodology To develop the main model, we need a second generation technique of multi-variate analysis because we have two independent variables with effects between them. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) combines multiple regressions with factorial analysis so we can estimate models with several linear regressions and a factorial analysis of the variables in every construct together. SEM estimates and assesses the outer model (relationship between indicators and constructs) and the inner model (effect among the constructs). PLS analysis is a SEM technique based on variance frequently used in the literature, in general, and in tourism economics in particular (García-Sánchez, Siles, and Vázquez-Méndez, 2018 ). We have chosen PLS because is more suitable for models with few observations (Chin, 2010 ). It is a nonparametric technique so we don't have to suppose normality in all the dataset. The model is analyzed in the terms according to Wong ( 2013 ) where the inner and outer models are analyzed with the significance, loadings, reliability, and the rest of the necessary parameters. In the initial model, we have set the variables selected to form two constructs or latent variables. The data set is composed of secondary data, PLS can also be used with secondary data (Latan & Ghozali, 2012 ). The latent variables are social sustainability and prosperity. The two constructs are reflective constructs because constructs cause the indicators, so the variables are usually correlated and interchangeable without changing the construct's concept. Covariation among the indicators is caused by variation in the latent variable, so changes in the construct can cause changes in the indicators, but not the other way around (Jarvis, Mackenzie, & Podsakoff, 2003 ). As we have formulated before, the hypotheses are the following: H 0 : The model of social sustainability is contrasted with the variables chosen. H 1 : Social sustainability has a relevant influence in the destination's prosperity. As aforementioned, PLS is more suitable for small samples (Reinartz, Haenlein, & Henseler, 2009 ), and we have a reduced dataset that follows the rule of 10. Thus, the number of observations must be 10 times higher than the maximum number of arrows that one construct receives for having a significance level of 0.5 and statistical power of 0.8. Our final dataset comprises 212 observations; following the rule, there must be over 110 to be valid. After identifying the variables that can form every construct from the literature review, we dispose of them in the general model as part of every latent variable. Checking the results, we can make the following statements: first, the algorithm converged after 7 iterations from a maximum of 300; thus, it is a satisfactory estimation. The software SmartPLS builds every construct with a few indicators that are sufficient to represent the concept. One indicator has been removed after checking the results; private investment had a low load on the model because public investment gathers the effect. The loadings of the indicators in the final model are higher than in the initial model. The results of the PLS algorithm are presented in Fig. 2 . The coefficient of determination R 2 is 0.787 for the endogenous latent variable prosperity. The latent variable of social sustainability explains 78.7% of the variance in prosperity. Values above 0.36 are high (Wetzels, Odekerken-Schröder, & Van-Oppen, 2009 ). Chin ( 1998 ) said that approximately 0.67 is a high value. The inner model suggests that social sustainability has a strong effect on prosperity (0.887). The hypothesized path relationship between social sustainability and prosperity is statistically significant. As Chin ( 1998 , p. XIII) affirms: standardized paths should be approximately 0.2 and ideally above 0.3 to be considered meaningful. The validity of the model is tested with relevant indicators. Figure 2 indicates that all the indicators have individual indicator reliability values larger than the minimum accepted 0.4 and are much closer to the preferred level of 0.7. We must square each outer loading to find the indicator reliability value: 0.70 or higher is preferred and loadings of 0.5 or 0.6 may be acceptable (Chin,2010). In exploratory research, 0.4 or higher is acceptable (Hulland, 1999 ; Hair, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2013 ) so all the positive items should be kept into the model, even sociable organization that is in close the edge, furthermore the negative ones could be represented for theoretical purposes. Coming back to the importance of the indicators for the model measured by the loading, the majority of the loadings are greater than 0.707, as Chin ( 2010 , p. 685) suggests is ideal, there are some of them that are below this measure but near so can be kept on the model, investment was removed from the model so the final model can improve its meaning. The loadings of the final model are disposed of in Table 1 . The negative effects have lesser loadings, as can be expected because of their negative effects on the model, but it is a relevant result, the negative effects have not got a high loading on the model and must be outlined that the residents consider them as unimportant as the more negative the value is, the lesser importance has it got for the model, the residents consider that the more negative values are the more distant from the relationship between the item and the construct. The proposed model is exploratory because we attempt to prove whether social sustainability affects prosperity and theoretical knowledge about this assumption is limited (Chin, 2010 ). Table 1 Loadings of the final model. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY SQUARED V SUST Rises cultural tourism 0.842 0.709 Residents' Loyalty 0.831 0.691 Promotes image 0.83 0.689 Increase of leisure supply 0.799 0.638 Ecourages social ties 0.767 0.588 Publicity 0.65 0.423 Sociable organization 0.598 0.358 Relative Mass tourism -0.622 0.387 Noise nuisance -0.541 0.293 Feeling of insecurity -0.533 0.284 Traffic and parking problems -0.419 0.176 PROSPERITY SQUARED V PROSP Generates employment 0.87 0.757 Improves the city conditions 0.858 0.736 Public investment 0.847 0.717 Residents' satisfaction 0.7 0.49 In the model presented, the indicators with a higher incidence in social sustainability are: increase cultural tourism, residents' loyalty, promotes the image of the city, increases leisure supply, and encourages social ties, followed by others with a lesser load such as publicity and being a sociable organization (la cuestión era si la organización tenía en cuenta la opinion de los residents); finally, the negative indicators have low load on the model pointing out mass tourism as the less important followed by noise and feeling of insecurity, leaving parking problems with no relevancy at all. On the other hand, the most important indicators for prosperity are the creation of direct and indirect employment, the positive impact generated in the city, public investment, and resident´s satisfaction. To measure construct reliability, Cronbach's alpha is used to measure internal consistency reliability, and composite reliability can be also used (Hair, Sarstedt, Ringle, & Mena, 2012 ). Looking at composite reliability, all values obtained are larger than 0.6; thus, high levels of internal consistency reliability have been demonstrated among the two reflective latent variables. Cronbach's alpha is greater than 0.7 (Hair, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2013 ) in prosperity and near in social sustainability, the negative variables avoid a higher value but have to be kept in the model because of their theoretical relevance. To check convergent validity, the average variance extracted (AVE) from each latent variable must be greater than 0.5 (Hair, Ringle, and Sarstedt, 2013 ). Prosperity's value is greater than this threshold and social sustainability's value is very close to it. Bootstrapping process is used to check the significance of the inner and outer models with a T-statistics test. The test is a two-tailed T-test with a significance level of 5%. The path coefficient is significant if the T-statistics test is larger than 1.96. In our model, the path coefficients between social sustainability and prosperity are significant at a 1% level. In the outer model, moreover, the T-statistics test for the variables presents all the results significant at a 1% level. To avoid the collinearity problem, variance inflation factor values must be 5 or lower (Hair, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2011 ). In our model, all the values in the inner and outer models are lower than 5. The f 2 effect measures how much the exogenous latent variable contributes to an endogenous latent variable's R 2 value (the strength of the relationship between the latent variables) (Chin, Marcolin,& Newsted, 1996). The values of 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 mean a small, medium, or large effect, respectively (Cohen, 1988 ; Chin, 2010 ). The values of that effect in the inner model are large for the relationship between social sustainability and prosperity (3.701). The total effects are the sum of the direct effects and indirect effects. Thus, the analysis of the total effects we have performed shows that the total effects are statistically significant (P-value < 0.001) between the constructs. The total effects analysis demonstrates the constructs are related, and this result is crucial to specifying that this relationship can be predictive, as Söllner, Bitzer, Janson, and Leimeister ( 2017 ) indicate. 4. Results and implications The first implication of the results that must be enhanced is that the model of social sustainability is formed by the indicators previously defined in the theoretical model (Siles, García-Sánchez, and Vázquez-Méndez, 2024 ). Although the variables that imply a negative effect could be removed from the model, their appearance is still relevant because these variables have a negative effect that should be under consideration; their incidence is low with low loadings as the residents of the destination do not consider them relevant enough. The next question is whether the festival is socially sustainable, and what the most relevant indicators are. As the model has revealed, variables such as the addition to the culture of the place, the improvement of the image as a tourist destination, the social ties created, or the residents' willingness to have more editions of the event show that holding the festival is really a socially sustainable event, in the absence of subsequent verification of prosperity, these variables have a significant load on the model, other variables have lesser load on the model, but with the expected sign. The social sustainability is supported with the loading of high impact variables, the generation of direct employment is important, but its incidence on the indirect employment is higher in the long-run due to the investment made in the destination through the suppliers of the event and the multiplied effect of the tourist activity on the economy (Devesa, Báez, Figueroa, and Herrero, 2012 ). Other variables like public investment, the improvement of the city, or image promotion, contribute to the medium-run impact on the society; so the effects are produced not only in the short-run, and that is why prosperity is experiencing an accumulate and long-lasting outcome from the celebration of the successive editions of festival. Finally, the relationship between the two main constructs has been proved with satisfactory results. The destination is not only socially sustainable but also prospers the city, as measured by economic and satisfaction variables. This is a sufficient condition, a socially sustainable destination has to generate prosperity; the definition of the positive items that form social sustainability implies prosperity per se, the increase of leisure supply and cultural tourism, promoting a good image of the city, or improving social ties have their reflect on variables that measure prosperity, not only economic indicators but well-being and satisfaction indicators of prosperity. The event seems socially sustainable and a prosperity generator, the presented model could be a useful tool for the destination managers now that they could acknowledge the meaning of the items of social sustainability, as well as their incidence in a model that they probably wish to apply to the destination when holding this kind of events. Promoting the higher loading variables and controlling the variables with negative sign, the managers could keep the event sustainable in a social way and provide of prosperity to the residents. 4.1 Evolution of social sustainability indicators It is also interesting to check the evolution of the variables used in the model through the years collected to analyze changes in the residents' opinions about social sustainability and check whether the festival has a positive or negative impact on society with the passage of time. A frequency analysis has been made, and some results are discussed from now on. The Table 2 is disposed in order of fatigue detection of each item. Table 2 Assessment as important and very important (4 and 5 in Likert) in percentage. Improves the city conditions 48,6 52,3 86,8 Rises cultural tourism 94,4 85,1 89,5 Increase of leisure supply 96,3 89,6 86,9 Residents' satisfaction 96,2 91,1 78,9 Public investment 79,5 77,6 79 Generates employment 82,2 83,6 76,3 Feeling of insecurity 7,5 9 7,9 Relative mass tourism 6,5 13,5 7,9 Promotes image 97,1 92,6 81,6 Residents' loyalty 90,7 80,6 71,1 Encourages social ties 83,1 68,6 68,4 Publicity 83,2 80,6 68,5 Sociable organization 49,5 32,8 26,2 Traffic problems 17,8 31,3 21,1 Noise nuisance 12,1 23,9 34,2 The opinion of the residents about the improvement of their city is getting higher during the editions of the event, what means that it has a positive impact on the prosperity concept. Most residents consider that the city has increased leisure opportunities and cultural offerings. The values were higher in 2022 but the opinion is similar in the rest of the periods. The investment made in the destination has been a positive contribution. The residents consider that public and private investment has improved the destination's possibilities. Destination inhabitants are proud that the festival is held in their city, so the loyalty is high, but this feeling has been declining from 90–70%. Others such as social ties, publicity of being a sociable organization are also experiencing certain fatigue. Three years of data collection allow us to assess if the festival is wearing the residents out, we could consider “normal” the decrease of certain values in variables related to the assessment of the residents about the event, as long as the values do not overcome the threshold of significance of the variables into the model. Regarding whether the festival has generated noise nuisance for the neighbors, the overall response has a few effects at the beginning but is becoming increasingly relevant. Residents were also asked if, during the days of the event, the city was overcrowded and caused them inconvenience, the majority disagreed. In view of the responses, the event did not cause any significant inconvenience to residents. Prosperity, measured by the reduction of the negative impacts of the festival, experimented with an increasing assessment. The residents felt that the contribution of the festival was improving their society. On the other hand, inhabitants' satisfaction with the festival had great unanimity in the first two periods, ending with 78,9% of those surveyed thinking the festival should continue to be held in the city. Given the opinions expressed by the residents surveyed, the event has generated a social impact that could be described as positive and socially sustainable. In particular, it is worth noting that almost all residents believe the festival should be held annually on an ongoing basis. Furthermore, the negative aspects of the event were hardly mentioned at all, only a certain percentage assigned somewhat more importance to traffic and parking problems. 5. Conclusions Social sustainability is a concept sufficiently defined in the literature, although it has not been widely studied. However, some approximations can be obtained through studies of the social environment where the aim is to analyze such a vision. Considering the opinion of the destination's residents and their well-being in its different dimensions will determine the convenience of holding a festival in their environment. The social sustainability survey of residents allowed us to determine the degree to which they agreed with certain items describing social sustainability values; it can be concluded that the inhabitants have obtained a positive and robust degree of prosperity as measured by the values of their answers and by their affirmation of wanting the event to be held again in future editions. Given the surveys carried out and the contrast of the variables obtained with the literature reviewed, it has been possible to describe the items that affect social sustainability in such a way; there are variables that affect social sustainability positively and others negatively depending on the number of attendees and their contribution. Moreover, checking the frequency analysis of the variables, it can be concluded that a kind of fatigue has been detected in the residents, highlighting the negative effect of noise that the organization has not minimized over the years. Anyway, the value of the indicators is similar in terms of impact, and the results can determine the relevance of the model proposed as well as its suitability. The model has been contrasted and is robust, the methodology applied has confirmed the two hypotheses with significant results. A variety of tests have been made with satisfactory results that point out the relevance of each indicator as well as the incidence of the main constructs. Social sustainability is a generator of prosperity at the tourism destination like others tested in literature such as competitiveness and innovation; the social sustainability construct has a relevant incidence in prosperity as the PLS model explained. Declarations Acknowledgments We appreciate the funding received from the Tourism Institute of the Region of Murcia through the Chair of Sustainable Tourism of the Region of Murcia UPCT-ITREM to complete this work. Ethical approval statement The present research article does not require submission to a Research Ethics Committee, in accordance with national and international ethical guidelines for research involving human beings. This study is characterized by: literature reviews and theoretical analyses, without the collection of data involving human participants; case studies conducted without the identification of individuals, without exposure of sensitive or personal data; and opinion polls and open-ended surveys involving non-identifiable participants, and no collection of personal or sensitive data. Therefore, this research does not fall within the categories that require mandatory ethics review. Informed consent statement The participants in this article were orally informed previously in order to obtain their consent to participate in the study. They were informed that all the data was anonymous and could be published in scientific journals. References Arcodia, C. and Michelle Whitford (2006) "Festival Attendance and the Development of Social Capital" Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, vol 8, No. 2, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1300/J452v08n02_01. Andereck, K. L. and Gyan N. (2011) Development of a Tourism and Quality-of-Life Instrument . In Quality-of-life community indicators for parks, recreation and tourism management, edited by Megha Budruk and Rhonda Phillips, pp. 95-113. Dordrecht: Springer. Buckley, R. (2012) "Sustainable Tourism: Research and Reality" Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 39, No. 2, pp. 528-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.02.003. Butler, R. W. (1999) “Sustainable Tourism: A State-of-the-Art Review”, Tourism Geographies , Vol 1, No. 1, pp. 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616689908721291. Chacko, H. E. and Jeffrey D. S. (1993) "The Evolution of a Festival: Creole Christmas in New Orleans", Tourism Management, Vol 1, pp. 475-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(93)90100-Y. Chin, W. W. (1998) “Issues and Opinions on Structural Equation Modelling”, MIS Quarterly , Vol 22, No. 1, pp. VII-XVI. https://www.jstor.org/stable/249674. Chin, W. W. (2010) How to Write and Report PLS Analyses . In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications (Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics Series, vol. II, pp. 655-690). Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York. Chin,W.W., Marcolin, B. L. and Newsted, P. R. (1996) A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modelling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and Voice Mail Emotion/Adoption Study . In J. I. DeGross, S. Jarvenpaa, & A. Srinivasan (Eds.) Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Information Systems (pp. 21–41). Chien, P. M., Brent W. R., Richard S. and Holly, H. (2012) "I Am Having a Dilemma: Factors Affecting Resident Support of Event Development in the Community", Journal of Travel Research , Vol 51, No. 4, pp. 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511426336. Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences (2 nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale: New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587. Cooper, C. and Stephen, J. (1989) "Destination Life Cycle: The Isle of Man Case Study", Annals of Tourism Research , Vol 16, pp. 377-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(89)90051-0. Craigwell, R. (2007) “Tourism Competitiveness in Small Island Developing State”, Research Paper 2007/19 United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research , Helsinki: Finland. Devesa, M., Báez, A., Figueroa, V. y Herrero, L. (2012). “Repercusiones Económicas y Sociales de los Festivales Culturales: el Caso del Festival de Cine de Valdivia”, Revista de Estudios Urbano Regionales 38 (115), pp. 95-115. Dodds, R. and Phillip R. W. (2019) “Assessing the factors that influence waste generation and diversion at Canadian festivals”, Current Issues in Tourism , Vol 22, No. 19, pp. 2348-2352. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1461813. Dolasinski, M., Roberts, C., and Young, L. (2025). “Sustainability, the Balanced Scorecard, and Event Tourism: The SBSC-ET Model”, Sustainability, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052174. Drucker, P. F. (1993). Post-Capitalist Society, New York: HarperColins, pp. 1-16. Dwyer, L. and Kim, C. (2003) “Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators”, Current Issues in Tourism , Vol 6, No. 5, pp. 369-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962. Dwyer, L. Livaic, Z. and Mellor, R. (2003). “Competitiveness of Australia as a Tourist Destination”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management , Vol 10, No. 1, pp. 60-79. Escobar, A. (2008). Territories of difference: place, movements, life, redes Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822389439. Fredline, L., Leo J. and Margaret D. (2005) “Host Community Perceptions of the Impacts of Events: A Comparison of Different Event Themes in Urban and Regional Communities”, Australia: CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2006 . García-Sánchez, A., Siles, D. and Vázquez-Méndez, M. M. (2018) “Competitiveness and innovation: effects on prosperity”, Anatolia, Vol 30, No. 2, pp. 200-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2018.1519179. Goh, C. (2012) “Exploring Impact of Climate on Tourism Demand”, Annals of Tourism Research , Vol 39, No. 4, pp. 1859-1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.05.027. Gohoungodji, P. (2020) “How Do Artists Innovate on Scene? Understand the Implementation of Artistic Innovation through Three Canadian Music Festivals”, International Journal of Strategic Management , Vol 20, No. 1, pp. 67-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/IJSM-20-1.7. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M. and Mena, J.A. (2012) “An Assessment of the Use of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling in Marketing Research”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , Vol 40, No. 3, pp. 414-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M. and Sarstedt, M. (2011) “PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice , Vol 19, No. 2, pp. 139-151. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M. and Sarstedt, M. (2013) “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results, and Higher Acceptance”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 46, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.08.016. Hardy, A., Beaton , J. S. R. and Pearson, L. J. (2002) "Sustainable Tourism: An Overview of the Concept and its Position in Relation to Conceptualisations of Tourism", Journal of Sustainable Tourism , Vol 10, No. 6, pp. 475-496. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667183. Hulland, J. (1999) “Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Four Recent Studies”, Strategic Management Journal , Vol 20, No. 2, pp. 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:23.0.CO;2-7. Jarvis, C. B., Mackenzie, S. B. and Podsakoff, P. M. (2003) “A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research”, Journal of Consumer Research , Vol 30, No 2, pp. 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1086/376806. Johnston, R. J. and Timothy J. T. (2005) "A Dynamical Model of Sustainable Tourism", Journal of Travel Research , Vol 44, No. 2, pp. 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505278987. Karamustafa, K. and Mustafa, Y. M. (2020) "Destination Life Cycle: A Conceptual Approach Based on the Turkish Experience", Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies , Vol 8, No. 4, pp. 439-451. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2020.696. Klassen, R. D. (2000) "Exploring the Linkage between Investment in Manufacturing and Environmental Technologies", International Journal of Operations and Production Management , Vol 20, No. 2, pp. 127-147. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570010304224. Latan, H. and Ghozali, I. (2012) Partial Least Squares: Concept, Technique and Application SmartPLS 2.0 M3 . Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. Lovrinic, B. (2018) “UNESCO Global Report Re Shaping Cultural Policies. Advancing Creativity for Development”, Croatian International Relations Review , vol 24, No. 82, pp. 134-37. Mason, P. (2015). PostCapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. Concept, 8(2). Available at: https://concept.lib.ed.ac.uk/article/view/2463 Moscardo, G. (2008) "Analyzing the Role of Festivals and Events in Regional Development", Event Management, Vol 11, No. 1-2, pp. 23-32. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599508783943255. Oppermann, M. (1993) "Tourism Space in Developing Countries", Annals of Tourism Research , Vol 20, No. 3, pp. 535-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(93)90008-Q. Pfitzner, R. and Joerg K. (2016) "Quality of life of residents living in a city hosting mega-sport events: A longitudinal study", BMC Public Health , Vol 16, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3777-3. Pritchard, A., Nigel M. and Irena, A. (2011) "Hopeful Tourism: A New Transformative Perspective", Annals of Tourism Research , Vol 38, No. 3, pp. 941-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.004. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M. and Henseler, J. (2009) “An Empirical Comparison of the Efficacy of Covariance-Based and Variance-Based SEM”, Intern. J. of Research in Marketing, Vol 26 , pp. 332-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2009.08.001. Ritchie, B. W., Chien, P. M. and Shipway, R. (2020) "A Leg(acy) to Stand On? A Non-Host Resident Perspective of the London 2012 Olympic Legacies", Tourism Management , Vol 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104031. Rogers, D. S., Anantha K. D., Antons, D. C., Munoz, P., Bai, X., Fragkias, M. and Gutscher, H. (2012) "A vision for human well-being: transition to social sustainability", Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability , Vol 4, No. 1, pp. 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.01.013. Romer, P. M. (1986) "Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth", The Journal of Political Economy , Vol 94, No. 5, pp. 1002-1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420. Siles, D., García-Sánchez, A. and Vázquez-Méndez, M. M. (2024) "Social Sustainability in Music Festivals: The Case of Rock Imperium", The International Journal of Social Sustainability in Economic, Social, and Cultural Context , Vol 20, No. 1, pp. 83-100. https://doi:10.18848/2325-1115/CGP/v20i01/83-100. Smith, A. and Mair, J. (2022). Can Events Make Places More Inclusive, Resilient and Sustainable? In Smith, A. and Mair, J. (Eds.) Events and Sustainability (1st ed., pp. 1-17). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003314295. Söllner, M., Bitzer, P., Janson, A. and Leimeister J. M. (2017) “Process is king: Evaluating the performance of technology-mediated learning in vocational software training”, Journal of Information Technology . https://doi.org/10.1057/s41265-017-0046. United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2007) Davos Declaration on Climate Changes and Tourism - Responding to Global Challenges . https://doi.org/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.2007.17.02. Waterman, S. (1998) "Carnivals for Elites? The Cultural Politics of Arts Festivals", Progress in Human Geography , Vol 22, No. 1, pp. 54-74. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886. Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G. and Van-Oppen, C. (2009) “Using PLS Path Modelling for Assessing Hierarchical Construct Models: Guidelines and Empirical Illustration”, MIS Quarterly , Vol 33, No. 1, pp. 177-195. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284. Wilkinson, A., Hill, M. and Gollan, P. (2001) "The Sustainability Debate", International Journal of Operations & Production Management , Vol 21, No. 12, pp. 1492-1502. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570110410865. Wong, K. K. (2013) “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) Techniques Using SmartPLS”, Marketing Bulletin, Vol 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-2. Zifkos, G. (2015) "Sustainability Everywhere: Problematising the "Sustainable Festival" Phenomenon", Tourism Planning & Development , Vol 12, No. 1, pp. 6-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2014.960600. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 05 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 20 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6562590","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":511478945,"identity":"8a9962cc-4bd1-41a5-928c-923b30acd49d","order_by":0,"name":"David Siles","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0DEw8DAw8fAwPiANC1sDAzMBkRrYQBqYQBqYZMgSgff8TOGB94w1Mmwsbc/q+bNYZCTbyCgRfJMjsHBOQyHedh4zpjd5t3GYGxwgIAWgwNpCYd5gN5hk8hhA2lJ3EDIYQbnn4G01PGwyT9/VgzUUj+fkMMMbiQfAGphBtrCYMYM1JLAQMhhkjceHzg4xwDklxxjybnbJAw3ENLCdz6x+cObijp7fvbjDz+83WYjTzDEoM6Ds4iLmlEwCkbBKBgFBAAAH4I7cMq/U1sAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Murcia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"David","middleName":"","lastName":"Siles","suffix":""},{"id":511478946,"identity":"b284df97-5430-4c4e-99b1-57e2a40937b4","order_by":1,"name":"Antonio García-Sánchez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Polytechnic University of Cartagena","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Antonio","middleName":"","lastName":"García-Sánchez","suffix":""},{"id":511478947,"identity":"34ed525c-be6e-45fd-8d4a-5226d15c6162","order_by":2,"name":"María del Mar Vázquez-Méndez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Polytechnic University of Cartagena","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"María","middleName":"del Mar","lastName":"Vázquez-Méndez","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-30 08:08:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6562590/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6562590/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90844876,"identity":"4fd5f059-a1ce-4be4-b5db-b8e1245fab77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-08 22:40:29","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSocial Sustainability Conceptual Model\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6562590/v1/f16eb5e03d5ea3d45b1d837d.png"},{"id":90844875,"identity":"c29df75b-4c9b-4c97-bda0-58395a20d7f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-08 22:40:29","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":302366,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModel of social sustainability and prosperity with a PLS algorithm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6562590/v1/b88f56168743dfda24603966.png"},{"id":90845022,"identity":"746a2110-77ba-4b07-bfa8-c4fb29e01ff5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-08 22:56:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1055899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6562590/v1/4174834f-1424-4ba9-9bfb-4c6f7b0fd2b5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Social Sustainability in Musical Events: From the Conceptual Model to the Empirical Model","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMusical events feature numerous musicians or bands playing consecutively, many of the most popular and well-known festivals may last several days. In terms of economic impact, as indicated by Chacko and Schaffer (1993), Gohoungodji (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), or Moscardo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), these events have a significant impact on the destination where they are developed, not only a direct economic impact but in terms of employment in all its dimensions and the benefits it provides (Lovrinic, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), and represent themselves a way of economic development by registering visits and also a considerable media return.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to specialized literature, music festivals are part of what is known as experience tourism, also known as active tourism (Wright, Dickson, and Ajiee 2021). Festivals have become the main form of live music consumption, surpassing other types of organizations such as concerts in venues or the open air and surpassing other shows in number and attendance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe growth of tourism as a consequence of the birth of new festivals and live music worldwide is an obvious fact, it is one of the most dynamic segments of the tourism market. The growth is especially relevant in recent years; even tourism is experiencing an important increase thanks to the benefits it can provide to the society (Dolasinski, Roberts, and Young, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) with a large projection of growth for the next ten years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo deeper understanding of the current situation about the evolution of event tourism and the importance of social sustainability, one must search into texts such as those by Drucker (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) or Mason (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), which indicate how society has advanced, especially after the financial crisis of 2008, towards a sustainable global economy that is fairer to society. The evolution of societies leads them to overcome that era, which based the prosperity in economic indicators, to pursue other objectives focused on sustainability and social progression. Music festivals provide residents with a socially sustainable experience that improves their welfare.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the notable economic impact they generate and the positive externalities on other types of tourism, it is a sub-sector that has not yet had a very long history. There is little research on its impacts, which makes documentary and comparative work difficult as there are no data and statistics with a considerable time interval, as is the case with other tourism sub-sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe economic and tourist impact of such events has been proven, however, in addition to all the positive effects they produce, the impact of these festivals on society is not usually considered. Not all the effects of a festival have a positive impact, there are indicators that society surrounding the event can analyze, variables which can be beneficial or detrimental to it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese indicators and their necessary analysis form part of what is known as the event's social sustainability. A festival must be, in addition to being profitable and a tourist attractor, socially sustainable for the inhabitants of the destination. To measure social sustainability, the focus should be on the festival's effects on the prosperity of the inhabitants of the destination (Rogers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe variables that make up the social sustainability associated with the event should be questioned by the inhabitants of the destination themselves, including items that reflect satisfaction with the event, their suitability, repercussions on society, or the inconvenience they may cause.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is possible to determine, given the previous work done creating the Conceptual Model (Siles, Garc\u0026iacute;a-S\u0026aacute;nchez, and V\u0026aacute;zquez-M\u0026eacute;ndez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and the literature review carried out in this paper, that a socially sustainable event will improve the prosperity of the inhabitants of the destination while contributing with socially sustainable tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn social sustainability there must be a relationship between destination inhabitants and the touristic event, this relationship describes a model where its results will determine the social prosperity obtained by the residents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial sustainability depends on some variables that have positive effects while others have negative effects, depending on the nature of the variables. The residents of the destination have described the items that means social sustainability for them through different surveys designed taking into account the surrounding literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, these first concepts give an idea of how to represent the conceptual model. It is established that variables with increasing returns contribute with a positive effect. On the other hand, negative items must be defined but should not have a significant contribution to social sustainability, because this way won\u0026rsquo;t give prosperity defined by wellbeing indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProsperity is defined by items that represent an economic improvement and others that measure happiness and wellbeing. It is an important point, because if social sustainability\u0026rsquo;s negative indicators could reach a significant loading on the econometric model, prosperity\u0026rsquo;s indicators wouldn\u0026rsquo;t be significant, which means that a non-socially sustainable model will not be able to give prosperity defined by wellbeing, maybe economic prosperity but not prosperity defined as a more complete concept like in this research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe model can be described as the defining element of social sustainability, with the final objective of prosperity in the destination for its inhabitants, as derived from the literature review. This prosperity depends on the elements that the event can provide and that residents themselves have previously described as socially sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Conceptual Model is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e where Social Sustainability is determined by some variables, with the additional objective of generating social welfare.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom what has been said so far, it can be deduced that, to contrast the model in the framework of the analysis of the social sustainability of a music festival such as the one presented in this article, two hypotheses must be established. The first one should test the validation of the model through quantitative data given by the residents, and the second one hypothesis must assess that if the outcome of model is socially sustainable it will generate prosperity among the inhabitants. The higher well-being states provided should be noticed in the short run but must remain; Escobar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) indicated how society must develop its activities, to be sustainable in the long term, towards sustainable development through the provision of work, leisure, or investment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Theoretical background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe original concept of sustainability has evolved from sustainability of the natural environment to a multidimensional consideration that includes other factors, as Wilkinson, Hill, and Gollan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) rightly point out. Additionally, optimal and responsible management by governments and companies in this way is necessary (Klassen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitially described by the United Nations as sustainable development in tourism, this development implies a conservationist view of the environment, community or social, and economic. The addition of the role of society to this model would condition how to develop sustainable tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral authors have done constructive research about this background, with Johnston and Tyrrell (2005) finding that sustainable tourism must maximize the combined benefit to the environment and social acceptance. Tourism, like other sectors of activity, must be sustainable, the links between tourism, sustainability, and prosperity are complex, as Buckley (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) rightly points out, and a balance between these factors can only be achieved through appropriate social input.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTourism research has grown significantly, but there are many more empirical studies than theoretical ones (Pritchard, Morgan, and Ateljevic 2011). A tourist destination does not behave like a product (Romer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e), it does not have to run out of steam to start a new cycle, a destination can follow other patterns and can be managed. There is a common element in the later stages of tourism development, which leads to the deterioration of the destination, destination managers began to consider sustainability as a key variable, in fact, in some cases it is the only possibility according to Cooper and Jackson (1989).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLater on, in 1993, Oppermann configured a model in which tourism development was affected by economic factors. Tourism development models had to have a positive effect on the destination's economy, and its sustainability was conditioned by the destination's prosperity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe definition of sustainable tourism was established once Butler (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), considering the dimensions of the word sustainability, stated that sustainability measures have to be developed and applied to tourism development, which requires thorough research on social, economic, and environmental aspects and focus on the sustainable future of the destination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAny conceptualization of sustainable tourism must take into account the local community as well as the environment and the economy (Hardy, Beeton, and Pearson, 2002), which means that social sustainability will be an equally important factor as other factors such as economic development and environmental conservation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Andereck and Nyaupane (2011), the sustainability of the destination hosting an event, as seen through the well-being of the inhabitants, comprises four dimensions: physical, social, psychological, and environmental. Through these dimensions, studies such as the one made by Pfitzner and Koenigstorfer (2016) were able to determine improvements in the quality of life of residents at the end of an event.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn general terms, it is concluded that analyzing the economic, environmental, socio-cultural, and political dimensions related to the celebration of a festival has an impact on the quality of life of a community, as Arcodia and Whitford (2006) stated, that it will determine the future support for the festival.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese factors need to be detailed to determine their real impact on sustainability. The economic factor generates employment and income among residents, and the social factor has a deep effect on the daily life of the inhabitants as it includes relations with visitors, tolerance, or a sense of well-being, and constitutes any effect on the quality of life of the inhabitants (Fredline, Jago, and Deery 2005). Based on the assumption that the realization of a festival should not be fully sustainable per se, any organized event entails a certain drain on resources (Zifkos \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe impact on the environment is very decisive because it includes variables that can have a negative impact on the inhabitants. The control of sustainability is essential; many destinations avoid the tourism phase that leads to mass tourism and opt to use sustainability as a means to stay in another, more beneficial, phase, an issue that Karamustafa and Yilmaz (2020) theoretically addressed in their view on mass tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving defined the meaning of sustainable tourism on the basis of three common pillars, which are environmental, economic, and social sustainability, while all pillars are important and relevant, it is interesting to focus on social sustainability for several reasons, mainly because it is the pillar that directly indicates sustainability as measured by the inhabitants, considering their prosperity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, it is the least analyzed concept in this type of event, which tends to focus only on assessing the environmental and economic impact on the destination, cases usually analyzed. However, social sustainability brings another dimension to these studies of musical events, where its consequences on the destination's society will determine its future well-being and continuity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs is well known, there is little research on the social sustainability of events, (Smith and Mair, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) consequently, social sustainability studies focused on music festivals are even unusual. However, it is noted that there is a need to provide higher levels of sustainable planning for event management and music festivals in particular. According to Dodds and Walsh (2019), music festivals in large cities, which attract large numbers of attendees, are more likely to integrate sustainability issues into their organization and development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen analyzing social sustainability, positive factors must be considered, Ritchie, Chien, and Shipway (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) addressed the perception of inhabitants and their support as decisive factors, and negative factors such as traffic, visitor congestion, noise, or the opportunity cost of other events (Chien, Ritchie, Shipway, and Henderson 2012).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe next step in this paper is to detail, with the help of econometric techniques, how the event has affected the city and its inhabitants in order to determine the social sustainability based on its prosperity. From a social perspective, a sustainable event should leave, therefore, a beneficial legacy for the host community and all those involved.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA socially sustainable event reinforces the cultural values of the population, enriches it, and promotes understanding and tolerance. On the contrary, it can be said that an event is not sustainable from a social point of view if it generates rejection among residents, discrimination, and problems of habitability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInhabitants' support for the event is analyzed through questions about the benefits to them in particular and to society in general, their commitment to that particular event, and their intention to support the event itself (Chien et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo understand and determine the social factor, Waterman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) described it as social development in terms of benefit and well-being, being a consequence of the learning provided by the festival, the creation of interpersonal relationships, understanding of the theme of the festival, and the association of the festival with the city where it is held (Moscardo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaking into account the conceptual model as a base for modulating social sustainability of the festivals (Siles, Garc\u0026iacute;a-S\u0026aacute;nchez, and V\u0026aacute;zquez-M\u0026eacute;ndez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), the relevant variables for the work were extracted from three different points of view. The resident\u0026rsquo;s survey was the main survey for analyzing social sustainability; it consisted in questions about positive and negative effects on the society of the festival after the first edition. A second survey was asked to the festival-goers about their profile and habits during the festival. Finally, a third survey was done regarding the experts\u0026rsquo; opinion about the impact of different factors when celebrating an event.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving defined the conceptual model, for this study we have focused on the society point of view, adapting the items obtained from the base model and getting the answers to test the model on the social sustainability\u0026rsquo;s perspective. Data from three different periods have been extracted in which residents have given a social evaluation of the event as a tourist destination; data year range is 2022\u0026ndash;2024. A data panel system with inhabitants' assessment of social sustainability has been chosen, so this method is suitable for the results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sustainability of the social impact of the Rock Imperium festival, located in Cartagena (Spain), was analyzed by means of a survey of people who lived or worked in the city during the event. Among the surveys carried out, 212 surveys were selected, all of which contained affirmative answers to the question about whether they lived or worked in the city during the event. The responses were obtained only a few days after the event.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondents were given a series of statements to rate on a Likert scale of 1 to 5 their degree of agreement or disagreement with the statement, with 1 strongly disagreeing, 2 partly disagreeing, 3 neither agreeing nor disagreeing, 4 partly agreeing, and 5 strongly agreeing. Some of these statements imply a positive social impact and others a negative social impact, as will be discussed below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA dataset of sixteen indicators has been disposed for this study, eleven indicators form the Social Sustainability Construct, and the other five define the Construct of Prosperity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe prosperity indicators dataset comprises variables that can make a prosperous destination and offer a better quality of life for its inhabitants. It includes economic indicators and relevant indicators about improving the quality of life in the destination too such as the ones related to employment, investment, and satisfaction with the festival measured by their desire for the festival to be held again. The research is based on important affirmations that tourism researchers have made about prosperity at the destinations. Employment can be an economic indicator to measure prosperity, can improve the workers' quality of life, raises productivity at the destination, and generates consumption through salaries (Dwyer \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Dwyer, Livaic, \u0026amp; Mellor, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Craigwell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, every indicator that can make the tourists and the destination's inhabitants feel comfortable and happy at the destination must be taken into account, so happiness indicators, environmental indicators (Goh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), or any indicator that can make the way of life better could be valid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese affirmations let us consider some variables such as generating jobs, investment in the city, public investment, residents' satisfaction, or improving the conditions of the city; as prosperity generators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial sustainability comprises indicators relative to social ties, the increase in leisure activities and cultural activities, residents' loyalty to the festival since residents feel self-identified with it, a sociable organization that takes into account the resident\u0026rsquo;s opinion, the ones relative to image and publicity, and problems such as traffic, noise, insecurity, or mass tourism; all of them deduced from the conceptual model of social sustainability previously presented.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe measure selected for the Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis is the median value of each variable in the three analyzed periods, because this way one can obtain the variation among the years of the surveys collected. Additionally, we can understand the results from the model in an easier way because the model measures variance between the latent variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Partial Least Squares Methodology\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo develop the main model, we need a second generation technique of multi-variate analysis because we have two independent variables with effects between them. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) combines multiple regressions with factorial analysis so we can estimate models with several linear regressions and a factorial analysis of the variables in every construct together. SEM estimates and assesses the outer model (relationship between indicators and constructs) and the inner model (effect among the constructs).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePLS analysis is a SEM technique based on variance frequently used in the literature, in general, and in tourism economics in particular (Garc\u0026iacute;a-S\u0026aacute;nchez, Siles, and V\u0026aacute;zquez-M\u0026eacute;ndez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). We have chosen PLS because is more suitable for models with few observations (Chin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). It is a nonparametric technique so we don't have to suppose normality in all the dataset. The model is analyzed in the terms according to Wong (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) where the inner and outer models are analyzed with the significance, loadings, reliability, and the rest of the necessary parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the initial model, we have set the variables selected to form two constructs or latent variables. The data set is composed of secondary data, PLS can also be used with secondary data (Latan \u0026amp; Ghozali, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The latent variables are social sustainability and prosperity. The two constructs are reflective constructs because constructs cause the indicators, so the variables are usually correlated and interchangeable without changing the construct's concept.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCovariation among the indicators is caused by variation in the latent variable, so changes in the construct can cause changes in the indicators, but not the other way around (Jarvis, Mackenzie, \u0026amp; Podsakoff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). As we have formulated before, the hypotheses are the following:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e: The model of social sustainability is contrasted with the variables chosen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: Social sustainability has a relevant influence in the destination's prosperity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs aforementioned, PLS is more suitable for small samples (Reinartz, Haenlein, \u0026amp; Henseler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), and we have a reduced dataset that follows the rule of 10. Thus, the number of observations must be 10 times higher than the maximum number of arrows that one construct receives for having a significance level of 0.5 and statistical power of 0.8. Our final dataset comprises 212 observations; following the rule, there must be over 110 to be valid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter identifying the variables that can form every construct from the literature review, we dispose of them in the general model as part of every latent variable. Checking the results, we can make the following statements: first, the algorithm converged after 7 iterations from a maximum of 300; thus, it is a satisfactory estimation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe software SmartPLS builds every construct with a few indicators that are sufficient to represent the concept. One indicator has been removed after checking the results; private investment had a low load on the model because public investment gathers the effect. The loadings of the indicators in the final model are higher than in the initial model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the PLS algorithm are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe coefficient of determination R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e is 0.787 for the endogenous latent variable prosperity. The latent variable of social sustainability explains 78.7% of the variance in prosperity. Values above 0.36 are high (Wetzels, Odekerken-Schr\u0026ouml;der, \u0026amp; Van-Oppen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Chin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) said that approximately 0.67 is a high value.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe inner model suggests that social sustainability has a strong effect on prosperity (0.887). The hypothesized path relationship between social sustainability and prosperity is statistically significant. As Chin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e, p. XIII) affirms: standardized paths should be approximately 0.2 and ideally above 0.3 to be considered meaningful.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe validity of the model is tested with relevant indicators. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e indicates that all the indicators have individual indicator reliability values larger than the minimum accepted 0.4 and are much closer to the preferred level of 0.7. We must square each outer loading to find the indicator reliability value: 0.70 or higher is preferred and loadings of 0.5 or 0.6 may be acceptable (Chin,2010). In exploratory research, 0.4 or higher is acceptable (Hulland, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Hair, Ringle, \u0026amp; Sarstedt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) so all the positive items should be kept into the model, even sociable organization that is in close the edge, furthermore the negative ones could be represented for theoretical purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComing back to the importance of the indicators for the model measured by the loading, the majority of the loadings are greater than 0.707, as Chin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, p. 685) suggests is ideal, there are some of them that are below this measure but near so can be kept on the model, investment was removed from the model so the final model can improve its meaning. The loadings of the final model are disposed of in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The negative effects have lesser loadings, as can be expected because of their negative effects on the model, but it is a relevant result, the negative effects have not got a high loading on the model and must be outlined that the residents consider them as unimportant as the more negative the value is, the lesser importance has it got for the model, the residents consider that the more negative values are the more distant from the relationship between the item and the construct.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe proposed model is exploratory because we attempt to prove whether social sustainability affects prosperity and theoretical knowledge about this assumption is limited (Chin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLoadings of the final model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSQUARED V SUST\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRises cultural tourism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidents' Loyalty\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.831\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePromotes image\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncrease of leisure supply\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEcourages social ties\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.423\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociable organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative Mass tourism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.622\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNoise nuisance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.541\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeeling of insecurity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.533\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraffic and parking problems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.419\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePROSPERITY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSQUARED V PROSP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenerates employment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImproves the city conditions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.736\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic investment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidents' satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the model presented, the indicators with a higher incidence in social sustainability are: increase cultural tourism, residents' loyalty, promotes the image of the city, increases leisure supply, and encourages social ties, followed by others with a lesser load such as publicity and being a sociable organization (la cuesti\u0026oacute;n era si la organizaci\u0026oacute;n ten\u0026iacute;a en cuenta la opinion de los residents); finally, the negative indicators have low load on the model pointing out mass tourism as the less important followed by noise and feeling of insecurity, leaving parking problems with no relevancy at all. On the other hand, the most important indicators for prosperity are the creation of direct and indirect employment, the positive impact generated in the city, public investment, and resident\u0026acute;s satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo measure construct reliability, Cronbach's alpha is used to measure internal consistency reliability, and composite reliability can be also used (Hair, Sarstedt, Ringle, \u0026amp; Mena, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Looking at composite reliability, all values obtained are larger than 0.6; thus, high levels of internal consistency reliability have been demonstrated among the two reflective latent variables. Cronbach's alpha is greater than 0.7 (Hair, Ringle, \u0026amp; Sarstedt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) in prosperity and near in social sustainability, the negative variables avoid a higher value but have to be kept in the model because of their theoretical relevance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo check convergent validity, the average variance extracted (AVE) from each latent variable must be greater than 0.5 (Hair, Ringle, and Sarstedt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Prosperity's value is greater than this threshold and social sustainability's value is very close to it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBootstrapping process is used to check the significance of the inner and outer models with a T-statistics test. The test is a two-tailed T-test with a significance level of 5%. The path coefficient is significant if the T-statistics test is larger than 1.96. In our model, the path coefficients between social sustainability and prosperity are significant at a 1% level. In the outer model, moreover, the T-statistics test for the variables presents all the results significant at a 1% level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo avoid the collinearity problem, variance inflation factor values must be 5 or lower (Hair, Ringle, \u0026amp; Sarstedt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In our model, all the values in the inner and outer models are lower than 5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe f\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e effect measures how much the exogenous latent variable contributes to an endogenous latent variable's R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value (the strength of the relationship between the latent variables) (Chin, Marcolin,\u0026amp; Newsted, 1996). The values of 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 mean a small, medium, or large effect, respectively (Cohen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Chin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The values of that effect in the inner model are large for the relationship between social sustainability and prosperity (3.701).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe total effects are the sum of the direct effects and indirect effects. Thus, the analysis of the total effects we have performed shows that the total effects are statistically significant (P-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) between the constructs. The total effects analysis demonstrates the constructs are related, and this result is crucial to specifying that this relationship can be predictive, as S\u0026ouml;llner, Bitzer, Janson, and Leimeister (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) indicate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and implications","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe first implication of the results that must be enhanced is that the model of social sustainability is formed by the indicators previously defined in the theoretical model (Siles, Garc\u0026iacute;a-S\u0026aacute;nchez, and V\u0026aacute;zquez-M\u0026eacute;ndez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Although the variables that imply a negative effect could be removed from the model, their appearance is still relevant because these variables have a negative effect that should be under consideration; their incidence is low with low loadings as the residents of the destination do not consider them relevant enough.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe next question is whether the festival is socially sustainable, and what the most relevant indicators are. As the model has revealed, variables such as the addition to the culture of the place, the improvement of the image as a tourist destination, the social ties created, or the residents' willingness to have more editions of the event show that holding the festival is really a socially sustainable event, in the absence of subsequent verification of prosperity, these variables have a significant load on the model, other variables have lesser load on the model, but with the expected sign.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe social sustainability is supported with the loading of high impact variables, the generation of direct employment is important, but its incidence on the indirect employment is higher in the long-run due to the investment made in the destination through the suppliers of the event and the multiplied effect of the tourist activity on the economy (Devesa, B\u0026aacute;ez, Figueroa, and Herrero, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Other variables like public investment, the improvement of the city, or image promotion, contribute to the medium-run impact on the society; so the effects are produced not only in the short-run, and that is why prosperity is experiencing an accumulate and long-lasting outcome from the celebration of the successive editions of festival.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, the relationship between the two main constructs has been proved with satisfactory results. The destination is not only socially sustainable but also prospers the city, as measured by economic and satisfaction variables. This is a sufficient condition, a socially sustainable destination has to generate prosperity; the definition of the positive items that form social sustainability implies prosperity per se, the increase of leisure supply and cultural tourism, promoting a good image of the city, or improving social ties have their reflect on variables that measure prosperity, not only economic indicators but well-being and satisfaction indicators of prosperity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe event seems socially sustainable and a prosperity generator, the presented model could be a useful tool for the destination managers now that they could acknowledge the meaning of the items of social sustainability, as well as their incidence in a model that they probably wish to apply to the destination when holding this kind of events. Promoting the higher loading variables and controlling the variables with negative sign, the managers could keep the event sustainable in a social way and provide of prosperity to the residents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1 Evolution of social sustainability indicators\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is also interesting to check the evolution of the variables used in the model through the years collected to analyze changes in the residents' opinions about social sustainability and check whether the festival has a positive or negative impact on society with the passage of time. A frequency analysis has been made, and some results are discussed from now on. The Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e is disposed in order of fatigue detection of each item.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssessment as important and very important (4 and 5 in Likert) in percentage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImproves the city conditions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86,8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRises cultural tourism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94,4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncrease of leisure supply\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidents' satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic investment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenerates employment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeeling of insecurity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative mass tourism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePromotes image\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidents' loyalty\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90,7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEncourages social ties\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68,4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublicity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociable organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32,8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraffic problems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17,8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNoise nuisance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe opinion of the residents about the improvement of their city is getting higher during the editions of the event, what means that it has a positive impact on the prosperity concept.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost residents consider that the city has increased leisure opportunities and cultural offerings. The values were higher in 2022 but the opinion is similar in the rest of the periods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe investment made in the destination has been a positive contribution. The residents consider that public and private investment has improved the destination's possibilities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDestination inhabitants are proud that the festival is held in their city, so the loyalty is high, but this feeling has been declining from 90\u0026ndash;70%. Others such as social ties, publicity of being a sociable organization are also experiencing certain fatigue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree years of data collection allow us to assess if the festival is wearing the residents out, we could consider \u0026ldquo;normal\u0026rdquo; the decrease of certain values in variables related to the assessment of the residents about the event, as long as the values do not overcome the threshold of significance of the variables into the model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding whether the festival has generated noise nuisance for the neighbors, the overall response has a few effects at the beginning but is becoming increasingly relevant. Residents were also asked if, during the days of the event, the city was overcrowded and caused them inconvenience, the majority disagreed. In view of the responses, the event did not cause any significant inconvenience to residents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProsperity, measured by the reduction of the negative impacts of the festival, experimented with an increasing assessment. The residents felt that the contribution of the festival was improving their society.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, inhabitants' satisfaction with the festival had great unanimity in the first two periods, ending with 78,9% of those surveyed thinking the festival should continue to be held in the city.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven the opinions expressed by the residents surveyed, the event has generated a social impact that could be described as positive and socially sustainable. In particular, it is worth noting that almost all residents believe the festival should be held annually on an ongoing basis. Furthermore, the negative aspects of the event were hardly mentioned at all, only a certain percentage assigned somewhat more importance to traffic and parking problems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eSocial sustainability is a concept sufficiently defined in the literature, although it has not been widely studied. However, some approximations can be obtained through studies of the social environment where the aim is to analyze such a vision. Considering the opinion of the destination's residents and their well-being in its different dimensions will determine the convenience of holding a festival in their environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe social sustainability survey of residents allowed us to determine the degree to which they agreed with certain items describing social sustainability values; it can be concluded that the inhabitants have obtained a positive and robust degree of prosperity as measured by the values of their answers and by their affirmation of wanting the event to be held again in future editions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven the surveys carried out and the contrast of the variables obtained with the literature reviewed, it has been possible to describe the items that affect social sustainability in such a way; there are variables that affect social sustainability positively and others negatively depending on the number of attendees and their contribution. Moreover, checking the frequency analysis of the variables, it can be concluded that a kind of fatigue has been detected in the residents, highlighting the negative effect of noise that the organization has not minimized over the years. Anyway, the value of the indicators is similar in terms of impact, and the results can determine the relevance of the model proposed as well as its suitability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe model has been contrasted and is robust, the methodology applied has confirmed the two hypotheses with significant results. A variety of tests have been made with satisfactory results that point out the relevance of each indicator as well as the incidence of the main constructs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial sustainability is a generator of prosperity at the tourism destination like others tested in literature such as competitiveness and innovation; the social sustainability construct has a relevant incidence in prosperity as the PLS model explained.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe appreciate the funding received from the Tourism Institute of the Region of Murcia through the Chair of Sustainable Tourism of the Region of Murcia UPCT-ITREM to complete this work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present research article does not require submission to a Research Ethics Committee, in accordance with national and international ethical guidelines for research involving human beings. This study is characterized by: literature reviews and theoretical analyses, without the collection of data involving human participants; case studies conducted without the identification of individuals, without exposure of sensitive or personal data; and opinion polls and open-ended surveys involving non-identifiable participants, and no collection of personal or sensitive data. Therefore, this research does not fall within the categories that require mandatory ethics review.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants in this article were orally informed previously in order to obtain their consent to participate in the study. They were informed that all the data was anonymous and could be published in scientific journals.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArcodia, C. and Michelle Whitford (2006) \u0026quot;Festival Attendance and the Development of Social Capital\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Convention and Event Tourism,\u003c/em\u003e vol 8, No. 2, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1300/J452v08n02_01.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAndereck, K. L. and Gyan N. (2011) \u003cem\u003eDevelopment of a Tourism and Quality-of-Life Instrument\u003c/em\u003e. In Quality-of-life community indicators for parks, recreation and tourism management, edited by Megha Budruk and Rhonda Phillips, pp. 95-113. Dordrecht: Springer.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuckley, R. (2012) \u0026quot;Sustainable Tourism: Research and Reality\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Tourism Research,\u003c/em\u003e Vol 39, No. 2, pp. 528-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.02.003.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eButler, R. W. (1999) \u0026ldquo;Sustainable Tourism: A State-of-the-Art Review\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eTourism Geographies\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 1, No. 1, pp. 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616689908721291.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChacko, H. E. and Jeffrey D. S. (1993) \u0026quot;The Evolution of a Festival: Creole Christmas in New Orleans\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eTourism Management,\u003c/em\u003e Vol 1, pp. 475-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(93)90100-Y.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChin, W. W. (1998) \u0026ldquo;Issues and Opinions on Structural Equation Modelling\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eMIS Quarterly\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 22, No. 1, pp. VII-XVI. https://www.jstor.org/stable/249674.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChin, W. W. (2010) \u003cem\u003eHow to Write and Report PLS Analyses\u003c/em\u003e. In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications (Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics Series, vol. II, pp. 655-690). Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChin,W.W., Marcolin, B. L. and Newsted, P. R. (1996)\u003cem\u003e A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modelling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and Voice Mail Emotion/Adoption Study\u003c/em\u003e. In J. I. DeGross, S. Jarvenpaa, \u0026amp; A. Srinivasan (Eds.) \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Information Systems \u003c/em\u003e(pp. 21\u0026ndash;41).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChien, P. M., Brent W. R., Richard S. and Holly, H. (2012) \u0026quot;I Am Having a Dilemma: Factors Affecting Resident Support of Event Development in the Community\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Travel Research\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 51, No. 4, pp. 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511426336.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohen, J. (1988) \u003cem\u003eStatistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences \u003c/em\u003e(2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003eed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale: New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCooper, C. and Stephen, J. (1989) \u0026quot;Destination Life Cycle: The Isle of Man Case Study\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Tourism Research\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 16, pp. 377-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(89)90051-0.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCraigwell, R. (2007) \u0026ldquo;Tourism Competitiveness in Small Island Developing State\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eResearch Paper 2007/19 United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research\u003c/em\u003e, Helsinki: Finland.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDevesa, M., B\u0026aacute;ez, A., Figueroa, V. y Herrero, L. (2012). \u0026ldquo;Repercusiones Econ\u0026oacute;micas y Sociales de los Festivales Culturales: el Caso del Festival de Cine de Valdivia\u0026rdquo;, Revista de Estudios Urbano Regionales 38 (115), pp. 95-115. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDodds, R. and Phillip R. W. (2019) \u0026ldquo;Assessing the factors that influence waste generation and diversion at Canadian festivals\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eCurrent Issues in Tourism\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 22, No. 19, pp. 2348-2352. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1461813.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDolasinski, M., Roberts, C., and Young, L. (2025). \u0026ldquo;Sustainability, the Balanced Scorecard, and Event Tourism: The SBSC-ET Model\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eSustainability,\u003c/em\u003e Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052174.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDrucker, P. F. (1993). Post-Capitalist Society, New York: HarperColins, pp. 1-16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDwyer, L. and Kim, C. (2003) \u0026ldquo;Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eCurrent Issues in Tourism\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 6, No. 5, pp. 369-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDwyer, L. Livaic, Z. and Mellor, R. (2003). \u0026ldquo;Competitiveness of Australia as a Tourist Destination\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Hospitality and Tourism Management\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 10, No. 1, pp. 60-79.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEscobar, A. (2008). Territories of difference: place, movements, life, redes\u003cbr\u003eDurham, N. C.: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822389439.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFredline, L., Leo J. and Margaret D. (2005) \u0026ldquo;Host Community Perceptions of the Impacts of Events: A Comparison of Different Event Themes in Urban and Regional Communities\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eAustralia: CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2006\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a-S\u0026aacute;nchez, A., Siles, D. and V\u0026aacute;zquez-M\u0026eacute;ndez, M. M. (2018) \u0026ldquo;Competitiveness and innovation: effects on prosperity\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eAnatolia,\u003c/em\u003e Vol 30, No. 2, pp. 200-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2018.1519179.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoh, C. (2012) \u0026ldquo;Exploring Impact of Climate on Tourism Demand\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Tourism Research\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 39, No. 4, pp. 1859-1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.05.027.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGohoungodji, P. (2020) \u0026ldquo;How Do Artists Innovate on Scene? Understand the Implementation of Artistic Innovation through Three Canadian Music Festivals\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Strategic Management\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 20, No. 1, pp. 67-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/IJSM-20-1.7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M. and Mena, J.A. (2012) \u0026ldquo;An Assessment of the Use of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling in Marketing Research\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 40, No. 3, pp. 414-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHair, J. F., Ringle, C. M. and Sarstedt, M. (2011) \u0026ldquo;PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Marketing Theory and Practice\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 19, No. 2, pp. 139-151. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHair, J. F., Ringle, C. M. and Sarstedt, M. (2013) \u0026ldquo;Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results, and Higher Acceptance\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eLong Range Planning, \u003c/em\u003eVol. 46, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.08.016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHardy, A., Beaton , J. S. R. and Pearson, L. J. (2002) \u0026quot;Sustainable Tourism: An Overview of the Concept and its Position in Relation to Conceptualisations of Tourism\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sustainable Tourism\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 10, No. 6, pp. 475-496. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667183.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHulland, J. (1999) \u0026ldquo;Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Four Recent Studies\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eStrategic Management Journal\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 20, No. 2, pp. 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2\u0026lt;195::AID-SMJ13\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJarvis, C. B., Mackenzie, S. B. and Podsakoff, P. M. (2003) \u0026ldquo;A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Consumer Research\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 30, No 2, pp. 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1086/376806.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohnston, R. J. and Timothy J. T. (2005) \u0026quot;A Dynamical Model of Sustainable Tourism\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Travel Research\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 44, No. 2, pp. 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505278987.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaramustafa, K. and Mustafa, Y. M. (2020) \u0026quot;Destination Life Cycle: A Conceptual Approach Based on the Turkish Experience\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 8, No. 4, pp. 439-451. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2020.696.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKlassen, R. D. (2000) \u0026quot;Exploring the Linkage between Investment in Manufacturing and Environmental Technologies\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Operations and Production Management\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 20, No. 2, pp. 127-147. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570010304224.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLatan, H. and Ghozali, I. (2012) \u003cem\u003ePartial Least Squares: Concept, Technique and Application SmartPLS 2.0 M3\u003c/em\u003e. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLovrinic, B. (2018) \u0026ldquo;UNESCO Global Report Re Shaping Cultural Policies. Advancing Creativity for Development\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eCroatian International Relations Review\u003c/em\u003e, vol 24, No. 82, pp. 134-37. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMason, P. (2015). PostCapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. Concept, 8(2). Available at: https://concept.lib.ed.ac.uk/article/view/2463\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoscardo, G. (2008) \u0026quot;Analyzing the Role of Festivals and Events in Regional Development\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eEvent Management,\u003c/em\u003e Vol 11, No. 1-2, pp. 23-32. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599508783943255.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOppermann, M. (1993) \u0026quot;Tourism Space in Developing Countries\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Tourism Research\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 20, No. 3, pp. 535-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(93)90008-Q.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePfitzner, R. and Joerg K. (2016) \u0026quot;Quality of life of residents living in a city hosting mega-sport events: A longitudinal study\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eBMC Public Health\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 16, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3777-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePritchard, A., Nigel M. and Irena, A. (2011) \u0026quot;Hopeful Tourism: A New Transformative Perspective\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Tourism Research\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 38, No. 3, pp. 941-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReinartz, W., Haenlein, M. and Henseler, J. (2009) \u0026ldquo;An Empirical Comparison of the Efficacy of Covariance-Based and Variance-Based SEM\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eIntern. J. of Research in Marketing,\u003c/em\u003e Vol\u003cem\u003e 26\u003c/em\u003e, pp. 332-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2009.08.001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRitchie, B. W., Chien, P. M. and Shipway, R. (2020) \u0026quot;A Leg(acy) to Stand On? A Non-Host Resident Perspective of the London 2012 Olympic Legacies\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eTourism Management\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104031.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRogers, D. S., Anantha K. D., Antons, D. C., Munoz, P., Bai, X., Fragkias, M. and Gutscher, H. (2012) \u0026quot;A vision for human well-being: transition to social sustainability\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eCurrent Opinion in Environmental Sustainability\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 4, No. 1, pp. 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.01.013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRomer, P. M. (1986) \u0026quot;Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Political Economy\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 94, No. 5, pp. 1002-1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSiles, D., Garc\u0026iacute;a-S\u0026aacute;nchez, A. and V\u0026aacute;zquez-M\u0026eacute;ndez, M. M. (2024) \u0026quot;Social Sustainability in Music Festivals: The Case of Rock Imperium\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eThe International Journal of Social Sustainability in Economic, Social, and Cultural Context\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 20, No. 1, pp. 83-100. https://doi:10.18848/2325-1115/CGP/v20i01/83-100.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith, A. and Mair, J. (2022). Can Events Make Places More Inclusive, Resilient and Sustainable? In Smith, A. and Mair, J. (Eds.) Events and Sustainability (1st ed., pp. 1-17). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003314295.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS\u0026ouml;llner, M., Bitzer, P., Janson, A. and Leimeister J. M. (2017) \u0026ldquo;Process is king: Evaluating the performance of technology-mediated learning in vocational software training\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eJournal of Information Technology\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41265-017-0046.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnited Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2007) \u003cem\u003eDavos Declaration on Climate Changes and Tourism - Responding to Global Challenges\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.2007.17.02.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWaterman, S. (1998) \u0026quot;Carnivals for Elites? The Cultural Politics of Arts Festivals\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eProgress in Human Geography\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 22, No. 1, pp. 54-74. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWetzels, M., Odekerken-Schr\u0026ouml;der, G. and Van-Oppen, C. (2009) \u0026ldquo;Using PLS Path Modelling for Assessing Hierarchical Construct Models: Guidelines and Empirical Illustration\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eMIS Quarterly\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 33, No. 1, pp. 177-195. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilkinson, A., Hill, M. and Gollan, P. (2001) \u0026quot;The Sustainability Debate\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Operations \u0026amp; Production Management\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 21, No. 12, pp. 1492-1502. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570110410865.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWong, K. K. (2013) \u0026ldquo;Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) Techniques Using SmartPLS\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eMarketing Bulletin, \u003c/em\u003eVol 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZifkos, G. (2015) \u0026quot;Sustainability Everywhere: Problematising the \u0026quot;Sustainable Festival\u0026quot; Phenomenon\u0026quot;, \u003cem\u003eTourism Planning \u0026amp; Development\u003c/em\u003e, Vol 12, No. 1, pp. 6-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2014.960600.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Social Sustainability, Conceptual Model, Sustainable Tourism, Music Festivals, and Inhabitants' Prosperity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6562590/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6562590/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe conceptual model of social sustainability in musical events was developed and presented in a social analysis exercise using theoretical-practical methods to obtain relevant conclusions about its effects on the social sustainability of a tourist destination and its positive impact on prosperity. After analyzing key indicators of social sustainability from the perspective of the destination's inhabitants, tourists, and experts in the tourism sector, it was possible to draw the necessary conclusions to design the conceptual model, as well as its advantages and disadvantages. Thus, there was a starting point for the analysis of social sustainability in this type of event from which to advance in the practical development of the conceptual model by carrying out the empirical contrast. This paper intends to use as a basis the conceptual model to contrast it doing annual surveys focused on social sustainability as those carried out at the time of the initial development of the model; surveys about the degree of acceptance from residents designed to measure opinions about the social impact of the event. Through the data obtained from the surveys during three time periods in a row, it is pretended to contrast the validity of the model with the passage of the different editions of the music festival, analyzing the coincidences and deviations produced among the analyzed periods. The residents of the destination should obtain an improvement in their standard of living thanks to what the socially sustainable event brings them. Finally, after answering the hypotheses set, aspects related to the robustness and durability of the model, as well as the evolution of the prosperity of the destination and the temporal influence of the festival on that prosperity, can be detailed. The contrasted model of social sustainability in musical events will be useful to managers of tourist destinations, who will be able to organize this type of events with the knowledge of the implications that the model reveals, both positive and negative, at the level of commitment with the inhabitants of the destination and the contribution they make.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Social Sustainability in Musical Events: From the Conceptual Model to the Empirical Model","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-08 22:40:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6562590/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-30T08:50:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-25T09:06:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T17:09:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"334182517675080707658434345668841817923","date":"2025-11-08T10:50:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"126878340325961451032772047391853232137","date":"2025-11-06T13:33:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-05T20:56:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"317685405734922518961438708223747246771","date":"2025-09-07T18:05:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"323284144395167380037171225986814885260","date":"2025-09-07T17:15:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-02T16:54:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-05T08:55:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-20T09:25:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","date":"2025-04-30T08:01:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5131c8a7-51f7-449a-9ce1-f6fa4f8f5990","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":54322849,"name":"Business and commerce/Business and management"},{"id":54322850,"name":"Social science/Business and management"},{"id":54322851,"name":"Social science/Economics"},{"id":54322852,"name":"Social science/Sociology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-14T08:24:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-08 22:40:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6562590","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6562590","identity":"rs-6562590","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}