The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all

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Fasting is one of the five pillars of Islam and has well documented positive impacts on physical health. An article by Bandarian et al., (2021) highlighted the research gaps in Ramadan fasting studies relating to health and disease. The article called for more research studies on different health and disease conditions other than nutrition and metabolic disorders. The authors on this correspondence article continue this call and respectfully articulate the wider societal impact and benefits of Ramadan through its positive impact, through embracing multicultural, multinational and multifaith communities within the United Arab Emirates." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-327/v1", "name": "The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective..." } } ] } Home Browse The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Mottershead R, Subu MA, Habeb M et al. The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162960.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Correspondence The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Richard Mottershead https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0048-0553 1,2 , Muhammad Arsyad Subu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-238X 1,3 , Mustafa Habeb 1 , [...] Wegdan Bani-Issa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-9052 1 , Jacqueline Maria Dias https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8873-505X 1 , Mini Abraham 1 , Vidya Seshan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4733-5302 1 , Alounoud Almarzooqi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8458-8192 4 , Maryam Butti Saeed Alshamsi 1 , Muna Al-Tamimi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2094-2153 1 , Janisha Kavumpurath 1 , Sadeq AL-Fayyadh 2 , John Hall 5 , Ghada Shahrour 6 , Sarah Sanad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1849-2942 7 , Sindya Saif Almarzrouei 1 , Sultan Abdullah Mohammed Alshaer 1 , Abdulla Yoqoub AlHammadi 1 , Mohammed Baqer Habeeb Abd Ali 2 Richard Mottershead https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0048-0553 1,2 , Muhammad Arsyad Subu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-238X 1,3 , [...] Mustafa Habeb 1 , Wegdan Bani-Issa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-9052 1 , Jacqueline Maria Dias https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8873-505X 1 , Mini Abraham 1 , Vidya Seshan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4733-5302 1 , Alounoud Almarzooqi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8458-8192 4 , Maryam Butti Saeed Alshamsi 1 , Muna Al-Tamimi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2094-2153 1 , Janisha Kavumpurath 1 , Sadeq AL-Fayyadh 2 , John Hall 5 , Ghada Shahrour 6 , Sarah Sanad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1849-2942 7 , Sindya Saif Almarzrouei 1 , Sultan Abdullah Mohammed Alshaer 1 , Abdulla Yoqoub AlHammadi 1 , Mohammed Baqer Habeeb Abd Ali 2 PUBLISHED 25 Mar 2025 Author details Author details 1 Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 2 College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, Iraq 3 Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Universitas Binawan Jakarta, Indonesia, Universitas Binawan, East Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia 4 Department of Health Care Management, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 5 SEHA, Sakina, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, SEHA, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 6 College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates 7 Dubai Medical University, College of Nursing, Dubai, UAE, Dubai Medical University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Richard Mottershead Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Muhammad Arsyad Subu Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mustafa Habeb Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Wegdan Bani-Issa Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Jacqueline Maria Dias Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mini Abraham Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Vidya Seshan Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Alounoud Almarzooqi Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Maryam Butti Saeed Alshamsi Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Muna Al-Tamimi Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Janisha Kavumpurath Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sadeq AL-Fayyadh Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing John Hall Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Ghada Shahrour Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sarah Sanad Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sindya Saif Almarzrouei Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Sultan Abdullah Mohammed Alshaer Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Abdulla Yoqoub AlHammadi Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Mohammed Baqer Habeeb Abd Ali Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Sociology of Health gateway. This article is included in the Spirituality and Religion in Health collection. Abstract Ramadan is a month-long religious festival and observed globally by Muslims, characterised by intermittent fasting, prayer, reflection and a focus on community. Fasting is one of the five pillars of Islam and has well documented positive impacts on physical health. An article by Bandarian et al., (2021) highlighted the research gaps in Ramadan fasting studies relating to health and disease. The article called for more research studies on different health and disease conditions other than nutrition and metabolic disorders. The authors on this correspondence article continue this call and respectfully articulate the wider societal impact and benefits of Ramadan through its positive impact, through embracing multicultural, multinational and multifaith communities within the United Arab Emirates. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Ramadan, Societal Collective Effervescence, Belonging, Tolerance, Community, Mindfulness, Reflection, Mental Health Corresponding Author(s) Richard Mottershead ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Richard Mottershead Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Mottershead R et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Mottershead R, Subu MA, Habeb M et al. The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162960.1 ) First published: 25 Mar 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162960.1 ) Latest published: 25 Mar 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162960.1 ) Introductions Islam provides a beacon of light and hope for the collective cohesion of societies within the Arab world and communities around the World. As with all religions, the path of enlightenment can have distractors but the purity of Islam within the fertile soil of the Abrahamic family of religions, celebrates and promotes peace above all. The holy month of Ramadan embraces and encourages all to participate in the practice of mindfulness. For those devoted to the Islamic faith this is through pray and fasting. Yet, for visitors to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and other Arab nations, Ramadan creates opportunities for community gatherings for all faiths, denominations, and nationalities. Iftar (the breaking of the fast) is enjoyed in many communities which aids in promoting a sense of belonging within Islamic communities, but as importantly within the multicultural communities within the UAE. This practice and policy empower visitors to invariably become interwoven into the shared identity, history and culture of the UAE and the wider Arab World, through the peaceful embrace of Islam. This ethos of ‘Etihad’ (Union/Unity) has been a source of substance, prosperity and identity shaping the Emirates. This letter to the Editor seeks to present Ramadan as a pilgrimage that can be taken by all who may wish to enhance mental well-being and to better understand the societal benefits, enriching multicultural communities due to Etihad through Ramadan within the UAE. Societal collective effervescence: Community solidarity through Ramadan Durkheim (1965) sought to create an awareness through the framework of structural functionalism which seeks to build theory through the actualisation that society is a complex system. Durkheim (1965) was concerned with the concept of how certain societies maintain internal stability and survive over time. His proposition that societies tend to be segmented, with equivalent parts held together by shared values, common symbols or systems of exchanges is of interest to article as Ramadan is seen a shared experience positively affecting perceptions and experiences for non-Muslims. Durkheim (1965) and Goffman (1961) sought to investigate this solidarity through social bonds, based on common sentiments and shared moral values that were recognised to be strong among those exposed to ‘total institutions’. Within this seminal work, ‘total institutions’ were conceived to be institutions where a great number of people, in similar situations were detached from a sider community for a time period. The authors suggest that this concept could be applied to the ‘immigrant/expat’ communities that may be non-Muslim but reside within countries such as the UAE. Reflectively, the authors propose that Durkheim’s (1965) argument that complex societies are held together by organic solidarity, i.e., social bonds, based on specialisation and interdependence could be extended to Ramadan which appears to support a sense of belonging to those who wish to participate. Evidence from the authors own life stories living within the UAE illuminates a reported congruence between Emirati’s, residents, and visitors of this nation. The authors (both Muslim and non-Muslim) believe that the strength of Ramadan in terms of belonging, has strong links to the sociologist theory of Durkheim (1915 , 1995 ) who described a process entitled ‘collective effervescence’. This concept was used by Durkheim within his research on religion and refers to collective effervescence as moments within societal life when a group of individuals come together in order to perform a religious ritual ( Durkheim, 1995 ). During this ritual, the group communicates holistically in the same thought and participates in the same action, which serves to unify a group of individuals. Durkheim observed that when individuals come into close contact with one another and assemble in collective purpose, a certain “electricity” is created and released, leading participants to a high degree of collective emotional excitement (1995). Whilst Durkheim’s research did not focus on Islam or Ramadan the authors suggest that this concept highlights the impersonal, extra-individual force, which is a core element of Ramadan as transporting the individual into a new, ideal realm, elevating them both internally and externally from themselves, and making them feel as if they are in contact with an extraordinary energy. It is believed by the authors that this same concept relates to the unifying properties present within the establishment of belonging and Ramadan as Muslims and non-Muslims are brought together and given a shared experience within a reflective and mindful practice of fasting. Studies attest to the positive mental health experienced by those participating in Ramadan. Sulaiman et al. (2023) who noted reductions in depression and anxiety levels during Ramadan of a sample of 639 adults who participated in Ramadan. Likewise, this was mirrored within a study in Saudi Arabia that noted a reduction in depression, anxiety, and stress within sub-groups engaging in fasting, reflection and a focus on community ( Gosadi, 2025 ). Briki, Aloui, and Bragazzi (2019) stipulate that the Fasting ritual of Ramadan can act as a buffer against intense emotions, reducing both positive and negative effects, and lowering levels of depression. Similarly, Qureshi (2011) articulates how Ramadan can reshape of an individual’s character through infusing a sense of consciousness and piety. These findings link into the authors beliefs that Ramadan can be an effective therapeutic process to promote mental health and enhance a sense of belonging for all. Welcoming and fostering a sense of belonging Within a multinational community such as in the UAE, communities sharing the joys of Ramadan can create a new sense of purpose, developing a sense of worth and meaningfulness greater than themselves in which to galvanise aspirations through ‘Etihad’ to join a greater and welcoming community as exists within the UAE. Goodenow (1993) supports this view in that shared experiences can seek to establish a sense of belonging which in turn increases wider success and motivation. Mottershead (2022) argued that creating belonging and support were especially important for motivation, engagement and performance of those coming from past lives who wish to better themselves. Indeed, this is a major attraction to the UAE for so many visitors seeking better lives. This point is supported by Becker and Luthar (2002) who assert that one of the main features affecting those having experiences economically disadvantages was an absence of belonging to those former groups. The authors argue that groups could be extended to former home countries of visitors to the UAE. For visitors to the UAE who may have come hoping for new beginnings through migration, Ramadan offers a shared experience through peaceful blessings of Islam. In conclusion, the ethos of Ramadan within the multicultural, multinational society of the UAE is to create an authentic warm welcome to promote inclusion to visitors. This practice is in no small way a co-incidence. It is based in the time-honoured Arab traditions, historically stemming to nurture travellers who pass-by on their journeys. Emirati hospitality honours the ‘guest’ and seeks to ensure they feel welcomed and thereby ridding them of feeling out of place and providing a home away from their home. This most sacred of caveats is the beating heart of the Holy month of Ramadan and is interwoven into Hadiths (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him) that emphasize generosity and treating guests with kindness. This generosity has been experienced by generations of visitors to the UAE, and we (the authors) hope that many more generations experience this blessing. Ethics and consent Ethics and consent were not required. Author contributions RM conceptualization, all authors writing – original draft preparation, review and editing. Data availability No data are associated with this article. Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge those in leadership positions within the UAE who nurture a society that thrives through tolerance which creates a sense of belonging for so many. References Bandarian F, Namazi N, Atlasi R, et al. : Research gaps in Ramadan fasting studies in health and disease. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.: Clin. Res. Rev. 2021; 15 (3): 831–835. 1871-4021. Publisher Full Text Becker BE, Luthar SS: Social-Emotional Factors Affecting Achievement Outcomes among Disadvantaged Students: Closing the Achievement Gap. Educ. Psychol. 2002; 37 : 197–214. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Briki W, Aloui A, Bragazzi NL, et al. : The buffering effect of ramadan fasting on emotions intensity: A pilot study. Tunis. Med. 2019; 97 (10): 1187–1191. PubMed Abstract Reference Source Durkheim E: The Division of Labor in Society. New York: The Free Press; 1915. (Originally published as De la division du travail social: etude sur I’organisation des societes superieures. Paris: Alcan, 1915). Durkheim E: The Rules of Sociological Method. 2nd ed.The Free Press; 1965. Durkheim E: The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. The Free Press; 1995. Goffman E: Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. London: Penguin Books; 1961. Goodenow C: Classroom belonging among early adolescent students: Relationships to motivation and achievement. J. Early Adolesc. 1993; 13 (1): 21–43. Publisher Full Text Gosadi IM: Changes in Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Levels during a Religious Period: A Prospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Ment. Health Promot. 2025; 27 (1): 41–49. 1462-3730. Publisher Full Text Mottershead R: The social prescribing of psychosocial interventions in the treatment of addictions and substance use disorders with military veterans: a reclamation of identity and belonging. [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Res. 2022; 11 : 944. Publisher Full Text Qureshi AJ: Importance and obligation of fasting in the light of the holy Quran, Hadith and Jurisprudence. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 2011; 55 (4): 466–474. Reference Source Sulaiman SK, Tsiga-Ahmed FI, Arora TF, et al. : Perceived changes in the mental well-being among Nigerians due to Ramadan Intermittent Fasting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav. 2023; 13 (5): e2990. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 25 Mar 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 2 College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, Iraq 3 Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Universitas Binawan Jakarta, Indonesia, Universitas Binawan, East Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia 4 Department of Health Care Management, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 5 SEHA, Sakina, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, SEHA, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 6 College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates 7 Dubai Medical University, College of Nursing, Dubai, UAE, Dubai Medical University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Richard Mottershead Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Muhammad Arsyad Subu Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mustafa Habeb Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Wegdan Bani-Issa Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Jacqueline Maria Dias Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mini Abraham Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Vidya Seshan Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Alounoud Almarzooqi Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Maryam Butti Saeed Alshamsi Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Muna Al-Tamimi Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Janisha Kavumpurath Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sadeq AL-Fayyadh Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing John Hall Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Ghada Shahrour Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sarah Sanad Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sindya Saif Almarzrouei Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Sultan Abdullah Mohammed Alshaer Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Abdulla Yoqoub AlHammadi Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Mohammed Baqer Habeeb Abd Ali Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 25 Mar 2025, 14:327 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162960.1 Copyright © 2025 Mottershead R et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Mottershead R, Subu MA, Habeb M et al. The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.162960.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 25 Mar 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Ridho S. Reviewer Report For: The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179246.r388210 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-327/v1#referee-response-388210 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 06 Jun 2025 Sayid Ridho , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179246.r388210 My Review Report for this article: 1.Is the rationale for commenting on the previous publication clearly described? answer: Yes 2. Are any opinions stated well-argued, clear and cogent? answer: Partly The mechanisms of how Ramadan ... Continue reading READ ALL My Review Report for this article: 1.Is the rationale for commenting on the previous publication clearly described? answer: Yes 2. Are any opinions stated well-argued, clear and cogent? answer: Partly The mechanisms of how Ramadan creates these effects for all communities ( social collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health) aren't described with absolute clarity. 3.Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature or by new data and results? answer: Partly The arguments regarding how Ramadan concretely fosters inclusion and "collective effervescence" for non-Muslims still require more specific observational evidence or data. 4. Is the conclusion balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? answer: Partly There are found a lack of balance with an acknowledgment of challenges or limitations Summary: To elevate academic sound and objectivity, the theoretical and concepts should be applied precisely using sociological concepts, supported by more detailed evidence and ensuring all cited studies directly support the arguments properly. Importantly, clarify the basic mechanisms/relationship through which Ramadan can impact in human body (transforming it academically) to social collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health by make a scheme or pathway. Finally, in the conclusion, rather than just summarizing, to acknowledge the complexities, it will be better to add the synthesis of the key arguments to offer broad implications or future research directions. Is the rationale for commenting on the previous publication clearly described? Yes Are any opinions stated well-argued, clear and cogent? Partly Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature or by new data and results? Partly Is the conclusion balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Islamic Medicine; Internal Medicine; Stem Cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Ridho S. Reviewer Report For: The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179246.r388210 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-327/v1#referee-response-388210 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 23 Aug 2025 Dr. Richard Mottershead , College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 23 Aug 2025 Author Response Dear Dr. Sayid Ridho, On behalf of the research team, I would like to thank you for taking the time to review this correspondence article. Your points are ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Sayid Ridho, On behalf of the research team, I would like to thank you for taking the time to review this correspondence article. Your points are noted and in future research they will be addressed as this particular publication only allows a limited word count, the focus was to introduce the reader to the observations of societal benefits of the Holy month through concepts such as 'collective effervescence' for non-Muslims and how the United Arab Emirates creates a welcoming community experience for all through this Islamic practice. Rather than a focus on the impact on the human body the wish of the research team was to demonstrate the wider message of tolerance and community engagement within the 'Year of Community' here within the United Arab Emirates. Again we thank you for your input and in supporting fruitful ideas for future dissemination of thought through collaborative research. On behalf of the research team Dr. Richard Mottershead Dear Dr. Sayid Ridho, On behalf of the research team, I would like to thank you for taking the time to review this correspondence article. Your points are noted and in future research they will be addressed as this particular publication only allows a limited word count, the focus was to introduce the reader to the observations of societal benefits of the Holy month through concepts such as 'collective effervescence' for non-Muslims and how the United Arab Emirates creates a welcoming community experience for all through this Islamic practice. Rather than a focus on the impact on the human body the wish of the research team was to demonstrate the wider message of tolerance and community engagement within the 'Year of Community' here within the United Arab Emirates. Again we thank you for your input and in supporting fruitful ideas for future dissemination of thought through collaborative research. On behalf of the research team Dr. Richard Mottershead Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 23 Aug 2025 Dr. Richard Mottershead , College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 23 Aug 2025 Author Response Dear Dr. Sayid Ridho, On behalf of the research team, I would like to thank you for taking the time to review this correspondence article. Your points are ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Sayid Ridho, On behalf of the research team, I would like to thank you for taking the time to review this correspondence article. Your points are noted and in future research they will be addressed as this particular publication only allows a limited word count, the focus was to introduce the reader to the observations of societal benefits of the Holy month through concepts such as 'collective effervescence' for non-Muslims and how the United Arab Emirates creates a welcoming community experience for all through this Islamic practice. Rather than a focus on the impact on the human body the wish of the research team was to demonstrate the wider message of tolerance and community engagement within the 'Year of Community' here within the United Arab Emirates. Again we thank you for your input and in supporting fruitful ideas for future dissemination of thought through collaborative research. On behalf of the research team Dr. Richard Mottershead Dear Dr. Sayid Ridho, On behalf of the research team, I would like to thank you for taking the time to review this correspondence article. Your points are noted and in future research they will be addressed as this particular publication only allows a limited word count, the focus was to introduce the reader to the observations of societal benefits of the Holy month through concepts such as 'collective effervescence' for non-Muslims and how the United Arab Emirates creates a welcoming community experience for all through this Islamic practice. Rather than a focus on the impact on the human body the wish of the research team was to demonstrate the wider message of tolerance and community engagement within the 'Year of Community' here within the United Arab Emirates. Again we thank you for your input and in supporting fruitful ideas for future dissemination of thought through collaborative research. On behalf of the research team Dr. Richard Mottershead Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Othman SME. Reviewer Report For: The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179246.r374997 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-327/v1#referee-response-374997 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 14 Apr 2025 Shwikar Mahmoud Etman Othman , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Australia; School of Nursing, Curtin University, perth, Australia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179246.r374997 Please find the attached word ... Continue reading READ ALL Please find the attached word document detailing my feedback.- https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/721400.Reviewer_comments_13_4_2025.docx Is the rationale for commenting on the previous publication clearly described? Yes Are any opinions stated well-argued, clear and cogent? Yes Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature or by new data and results? Yes Is the conclusion balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Othman SME. Reviewer Report For: The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179246.r374997 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-327/v1#referee-response-374997 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 11 Sep 2025 Dr. Richard Mottershead , College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 11 Sep 2025 Author Response Dear Dr. Shwikar Othman, I would like to thank you for the time you have taken to review our correspondence article. In relation to intermittent fasting and Ramadan, ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Shwikar Othman, I would like to thank you for the time you have taken to review our correspondence article. In relation to intermittent fasting and Ramadan, RIF (Ramadan Intermittent Fasting) is cited within published articles and explains a process of abstaining and then replenishing with nutrients. Thank you for your observations. In relation to our comments that 'Islam provides a beacon of light and hope for the collective cohesion of societies within the Arab world and communities around the World'. We believe that this comment is closely linked with the sense of tolerance and inclusivity of the Holy month to all faiths and visitors to the United Arab Emirates. We thank you for your suggestions on how to restructure our paragraphs on Durkheim and if we revisit this material, we will certainly assimilate these suggestions. Again, thank you for your insight and review of our article. On behalf of the research team. Dr. Richard Mottershead Dear Dr. Shwikar Othman, I would like to thank you for the time you have taken to review our correspondence article. In relation to intermittent fasting and Ramadan, RIF (Ramadan Intermittent Fasting) is cited within published articles and explains a process of abstaining and then replenishing with nutrients. Thank you for your observations. In relation to our comments that 'Islam provides a beacon of light and hope for the collective cohesion of societies within the Arab world and communities around the World'. We believe that this comment is closely linked with the sense of tolerance and inclusivity of the Holy month to all faiths and visitors to the United Arab Emirates. We thank you for your suggestions on how to restructure our paragraphs on Durkheim and if we revisit this material, we will certainly assimilate these suggestions. Again, thank you for your insight and review of our article. On behalf of the research team. Dr. Richard Mottershead Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 11 Sep 2025 Dr. Richard Mottershead , College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 11 Sep 2025 Author Response Dear Dr. Shwikar Othman, I would like to thank you for the time you have taken to review our correspondence article. In relation to intermittent fasting and Ramadan, ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Shwikar Othman, I would like to thank you for the time you have taken to review our correspondence article. In relation to intermittent fasting and Ramadan, RIF (Ramadan Intermittent Fasting) is cited within published articles and explains a process of abstaining and then replenishing with nutrients. Thank you for your observations. In relation to our comments that 'Islam provides a beacon of light and hope for the collective cohesion of societies within the Arab world and communities around the World'. We believe that this comment is closely linked with the sense of tolerance and inclusivity of the Holy month to all faiths and visitors to the United Arab Emirates. We thank you for your suggestions on how to restructure our paragraphs on Durkheim and if we revisit this material, we will certainly assimilate these suggestions. Again, thank you for your insight and review of our article. On behalf of the research team. Dr. Richard Mottershead Dear Dr. Shwikar Othman, I would like to thank you for the time you have taken to review our correspondence article. In relation to intermittent fasting and Ramadan, RIF (Ramadan Intermittent Fasting) is cited within published articles and explains a process of abstaining and then replenishing with nutrients. Thank you for your observations. In relation to our comments that 'Islam provides a beacon of light and hope for the collective cohesion of societies within the Arab world and communities around the World'. We believe that this comment is closely linked with the sense of tolerance and inclusivity of the Holy month to all faiths and visitors to the United Arab Emirates. We thank you for your suggestions on how to restructure our paragraphs on Durkheim and if we revisit this material, we will certainly assimilate these suggestions. Again, thank you for your insight and review of our article. On behalf of the research team. Dr. Richard Mottershead Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 25 Mar 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 25 Mar 25 read read Shwikar Mahmoud Etman Othman , Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Australia; School of Nursing, Curtin University, perth, Australia Sayid Ridho , Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Ridho S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 06 Jun 2025 | for Version 1 Sayid Ridho , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Ridho S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions My Review Report for this article: 1.Is the rationale for commenting on the previous publication clearly described? answer: Yes 2. Are any opinions stated well-argued, clear and cogent? answer: Partly The mechanisms of how Ramadan creates these effects for all communities ( social collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health) aren't described with absolute clarity. 3.Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature or by new data and results? answer: Partly The arguments regarding how Ramadan concretely fosters inclusion and "collective effervescence" for non-Muslims still require more specific observational evidence or data. 4. Is the conclusion balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? answer: Partly There are found a lack of balance with an acknowledgment of challenges or limitations Summary: To elevate academic sound and objectivity, the theoretical and concepts should be applied precisely using sociological concepts, supported by more detailed evidence and ensuring all cited studies directly support the arguments properly. Importantly, clarify the basic mechanisms/relationship through which Ramadan can impact in human body (transforming it academically) to social collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health by make a scheme or pathway. Finally, in the conclusion, rather than just summarizing, to acknowledge the complexities, it will be better to add the synthesis of the key arguments to offer broad implications or future research directions. Is the rationale for commenting on the previous publication clearly described? Yes Are any opinions stated well-argued, clear and cogent? Partly Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature or by new data and results? Partly Is the conclusion balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Islamic Medicine; Internal Medicine; Stem Cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 23 Aug 2025 Dr. Richard Mottershead, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Dear Dr. Sayid Ridho, On behalf of the research team, I would like to thank you for taking the time to review this correspondence article. Your points are noted and in future research they will be addressed as this particular publication only allows a limited word count, the focus was to introduce the reader to the observations of societal benefits of the Holy month through concepts such as 'collective effervescence' for non-Muslims and how the United Arab Emirates creates a welcoming community experience for all through this Islamic practice. Rather than a focus on the impact on the human body the wish of the research team was to demonstrate the wider message of tolerance and community engagement within the 'Year of Community' here within the United Arab Emirates. Again we thank you for your input and in supporting fruitful ideas for future dissemination of thought through collaborative research. On behalf of the research team Dr. Richard Mottershead View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Ridho S. Peer Review Report For: The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :327 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179246.r388210) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-327/v1#referee-response-388210 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Othman S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 14 Apr 2025 | for Version 1 Shwikar Mahmoud Etman Othman , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Australia; School of Nursing, Curtin University, perth, Australia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Othman S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Please find the attached word document detailing my feedback.- https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/linked/721400.Reviewer_comments_13_4_2025.docx Is the rationale for commenting on the previous publication clearly described? Yes Are any opinions stated well-argued, clear and cogent? Yes Are arguments sufficiently supported by evidence from the published literature or by new data and results? Yes Is the conclusion balanced and justified on the basis of the presented arguments? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 11 Sep 2025 Dr. Richard Mottershead, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Dear Dr. Shwikar Othman, I would like to thank you for the time you have taken to review our correspondence article. In relation to intermittent fasting and Ramadan, RIF (Ramadan Intermittent Fasting) is cited within published articles and explains a process of abstaining and then replenishing with nutrients. Thank you for your observations. In relation to our comments that 'Islam provides a beacon of light and hope for the collective cohesion of societies within the Arab world and communities around the World'. We believe that this comment is closely linked with the sense of tolerance and inclusivity of the Holy month to all faiths and visitors to the United Arab Emirates. We thank you for your suggestions on how to restructure our paragraphs on Durkheim and if we revisit this material, we will certainly assimilate these suggestions. Again, thank you for your insight and review of our article. On behalf of the research team. Dr. Richard Mottershead View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Othman SME. Peer Review Report For: The Holy month of Ramadan: A blessed union (Etihad) of societal collective effervescence, belonging and positive mental health for all [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . 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