The Mediating Role of Community Development in CSR Economic Return -Sustainability Nexus: Evidence from a PLS-SEM Approach

The Mediating Role of Community Development in CSR Economic Return -Sustainability Nexus: Evidence from a PLS-SEM Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Mediating Role of Community Development in CSR Economic Return -Sustainability Nexus: Evidence from a PLS-SEM Approach Getinet Fentahun Salilew, Dr. N. Kishore Babu (Professor) This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777420/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Despite increasing attention to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), empirical studies have rarely examined how the economic dimension of CSR (CSREC) contributes to business sustainability (BS) through community development (CD), particularly in the context of industrial parks in emerging economies. This study addresses this gap by investigating the mediating role of community development in the relationship between economic CSR and sustainability outcomes. Stratified random and purposive sampling were used to select a sample of 351 employees and surrounding community members respectively, across four industrial parks found in Ethiopia's Amhara Regional State. The study employed a quantitative survey design and analyzed data using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Validated multi-item Likert scales were measured the key constructs Economic CSR, Community Development, and Business Sustainability. The findings revealed that while Economic CSR activities do not directly influence business sustainability (β = 0.031, p = 0.248), they exert a strong indirect effect through community development (indirect β = 0.373, p < 0.001). Community development showed a significant direct effect on business sustainability (β = 0.714, p < 0.001), thus confirming a full mediation effect. These results underline the crucial role of social engagement in translating CSR into sustainable business outcomes. In conclusion, economic-driven CSR alone is insufficient for sustainability unless strategically aligned with community development. The study recommends that firms operating in industrial zones embed their CSR initiatives within broader local development strategies, emphasizing health, education, infrastructure, and cultural programs to enhance social capital and business resilience. Management CSR CD BS Parks Amhara Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Today, corporate social responsibility is becoming more and more of a concern. The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) lacks a single, widely recognized definition, but all of them agree that businesses have a significant influence on the society in which they operate and that society has expectations of them. There are four main goals companies’ needs to achieve. These are: I) Organizational goals, II) Individual goals, III) Social goals and IV) national goals. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities referred as a company's social goals. CSR is a term used to describe how businesses use governance as a tool to coexist with their responsibilities to society, the environment, and the economy [1], [2]. The business's new deoxyribonucleic acid has all the instructions needed for it to grow, maintain, and reorganize. Guidelines transmitted from one nation to the next, which offer a fresh interpretation of these terms as well in every country. Sustainability and responsibility viewed as distinct but complementary components of corporate social responsibility, similar to two intertwined strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The business's new deoxyribonucleic acid comprises us:-DNA- Self-replicating material CSR-companies extend their operation, DNA- Present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes- CSR - determines the sustainability of the business in the community DNA- is the carrier of genetic information- CSR-used as a promotional tool for every business, and DNA- The fundamental and distinctive characteristics or qualities of someone or something, especially when regarded as unchangeable CSR contributions of a company differ in its nature of operation consistently in a society [3]. The economic dimension of Corporate Social Responsibility (Economic-CSR) emphasizes a firm’s role in contributing to economic growth through responsible business practices such as job creation, fair compensation, health, education, culture, and infrastructure development, and local investment [1]. In industrial contexts, especially in emerging economies, these economic contributions play a vital role not only in enhancing firm performance but also in promoting community development, which refers to the process of improving the social and economic well-being of people living in the surrounding areas [4]. A corporate investment were intrinsically connected in Economic-CSR and community development as in local infrastructure, education, health, culture, employment, and capacity building directly affects the quality of life in host communities. When companies proactively engage in economic CSR, they help build trust, reduce socio-economic disparities, and create a more stable operating environment. In turn, strong community development fosters local support, enhances social legitimacy, and contributes to long-term business sustainability). Industrial parks expected to balance profit making with social responsibility by using mediating role of community development in the relationship between Economic-CSR and sustainability has received limited empirical attention. Addressing this gap is critical for designing CSR strategies that produce not only economic returns but also sustainable and inclusive development outcomes. Statements of Research Gaps Concerning the triple-bottom-line approach used by [5], [6], [7]. Incorporating activities to planet-environment, People-social, and profit-economic issues carried out either in a philanthropy form or abiding by morals and laws. However, there is no active regulatory body to enforce those laws. It is obvious that the social, economic, and environmental-related contributions of a business are highly tied to philanthropic activities, and the governance issues are all about the international and national legal frameworks and the moral and religious ethics. Although Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has received increasing academic and practical attention in the context of industrial development, several significant research gaps remain, particularly in the setting of industrial parks. Industrial parks, often positioned as engines of economic growth and employment, are also key sites of social and environmental challenges, including land use conflicts, labor rights concerns, and community displacement. Despite their strategic importance, the application and impact of CSR practices in industrial parks remain insufficiently explored in both theory and practice. There is a persistent misalignment between what industrial firms perceive as responsible corporate conduct and what contributes to sustainable and inclusive development. Many industrial park operators and tenant firms focus primarily on compliance and economic performance, with less emphasis on meaningful community engagement or social impact. As a result, CSR initiatives often fail to generate the trust, goodwill, and long-term community relationships that are essential for business continuity and legitimacy due to suppression of variables/factors, dependency of community, and consideration of company as cost. The role of Community Development (CD) as a mediating variable. While industrial parks are often integrated into local and regional development plans, research rarely captures how firms' economic-CSR efforts contribute to community outcomes, nor how such outcomes, in turn; affect the sustainability of firms operating within these parks. The limited use of robust quantitative methods such as Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in industrial CSR studies further compounds this gap. Few studies rigorously test indirect effects or mediated relationships in the Economic-CSR and sustainability link within the industrial park context. For instance[8]and [9]provided evidence that CSR enhances corporate image and stakeholder trust, yet they largely focused on aggregated CSR indices and overlooked how specific dimensions like the economic CSR dimension uniquely impact sustainability outcomes. Their studies, conducted outside industrial zones, did not consider the distinct structural and social dynamics of industrial parks, where development often intersects with community displacement, infrastructure deficits, and environmental pressures. Likewise, [10] studied CSR practices in manufacturing firms and found positive effects on financial performance and sustainability. However, they did not test for mediating or moderating variables, leaving a methodological gap in understanding the mechanisms of how CSR works. Their use of cross-sectional designs and aggregate-level analysis limits the causal interpretation and omits community-level impacts, which are especially relevant in industrial zones. Moreover, [11] acknowledged the role of stakeholder engagement in CSR effectiveness but failed empirically model community development as a mediating construct. This is particularly problematic for industrial parks, where host communities play a pivotal role in granting the social license to operate. Without assessing how CSR affects and affected by community-level development, firms risk implementing symbolic CSR rather than impactful, strategic initiatives. In terms of methodology, many studies rely on OLS regression or simple SEM, without leveraging sophisticated methods like PLS-SEM). This allows for the analysis of latent constructs, indirect effects, and hierarchical models. Few have applied this technique to reflective-reflective models that suit higher-order constructs, such as when evaluating business sustainability outcomes influenced by multiple mediators. Thus, this study fills the empirical gap by: Disaggregating CSR into its economic dimension (CSREC) and testing it as an independent latent construct. Introducing Community Development (CD) as a mediating variable, offering insight into the indirect path through which CSR impacts business sustainability. Employing PLS-SEM for rigorous modeling of both lower-order and higher-order reflective constructs. In industrial parks, Economic-CSR and development deeply intertwined with regional planning, infrastructure investments, and community well-being that lead to conceptualize the research. Grounding the research in the context of industrial parks, particularly in emerging economies, where social license to operate increasingly tied to community value creation. Despite abundant research globally on CSR, the sustainability dimension has not dealt with in an Ethiopian context. Sustainability is under heightened focus since the UN has set Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030. In recent times, every action of an organization viewed through the lens of sustainability. Hence, it is important to explore the linkage of CSR and sustainability mediated by community development. No such study is on record in the Ethiopian context in industrial parks. By addressing these gaps, the study provides insights into how does community development mediate the link between CSR and sustainability in industrial parks. Particularly in emerging markets where industrial parks are expanding rapidly but face legitimacy challenges from local communities. Based on the above gaps, the study addressed the following objectives. Investigating the influence of Economic CSR on Community development and Sustainability in selected industrial parks Investigating the role of Economic CSR in fostering community development in selected industrial parks Examining how Economic CSR contributes to business sustainability, with a focus on the mediating role of Community Development in selected industrial parks. Theories and Hypotheses Economic CSR and Sustainability Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved from a voluntary, philanthropic activity into a strategic business approach encompassing social, environmental, and economic dimensions. Among these, Economic CSR, which includes responsible job creation, ethical profitability, local investment, and fair labor practices, serves as the foundational layer upon which other CSR dimensions are built [1], [12]. In today’s rapidly transforming global economy, Economic CSR increasingly recognized not just as a moral imperative but also as a catalyst for long-term business sustainability [13]. The link between economic responsibility and sustainability lies in the concept of shared value, where companies pursue business objectives that simultaneously enhance community well-being and economic resilience. Recent empirical studies show that firms integrating Economic-CSR tend to enjoy greater stakeholder trust, enhanced innovation capabilities, and improved financial and reputational outcomes [14], [15]. However, the mechanism by which economic CSR translates into sustainability outcomes, particularly in industrial settings and developing contexts, remains underexplored. The hypothesis is as follows: H1: Economic-CSR activities have a significant positive influence on sustainability. Economic Corporate Social Responsibility (Economic CSR) refers to a company’s commitment to economic practices that promote ethical profitability, fair labor standards, local employment, and investment in health, education, culture, and community infrastructure [1]. Beyond the pursuit of profit, Economic CSR embodies the principle of creating shared value, where business success aligns with the economic uplift the communities in which firms operate [12]. This dimension of CSR is particularly significant in contexts where companies have direct and sustained interactions with local populations, such as industrial parks and manufacturing hubs. Community development, involving initiatives that improve the social and economic conditions of local populations, increasingly recognized as a crucial conduit through which Economic CSR impacts broader social outcomes [16]. By investing in job creation, skills training, and infrastructure, companies can foster stronger community relations, social cohesion, and local capacity building, which in turn support sustainable business operations and legitimacy. Despite its importance, the empirical linkage between Economic CSR and community development remains underexplored, particularly regarding how corporate economic contributions translate into tangible community benefits and sustainable growth. The hypothesis is as follows: H2: Economic-CSR activities have a significant positive influence on community development. Community development encompasses the processes and initiatives aimed at improving the economic, social, and environmental well-being of local populations through participatory, inclusive, and sustainable approaches [17]. It plays a pivotal role in fostering resilience, social cohesion, and equitable growth, which are essential for achieving long-term sustainability goals [18]. Sustainable community development not only addresses immediate needs such as employment, health, education, culture, and infrastructure but also promotes environmental stewardship and social justice to ensure that future generations can thrive [19]. The integration of community development within sustainability frameworks has gained momentum as scholars, practitioners recognize environmental, and economic sustainability cannot achieved without social inclusion and empowerment at the community level [20]. Effective community development strategies thus serve as critical mediators, linking corporate and governmental sustainability initiatives to tangible local outcomes, particularly in developing regions and industrial settings where social challenges often pronounced [21]. Despite its importance, gaps remain in understanding how community development initiatives interact with broader sustainability efforts, especially concerning the roles of local stakeholders, governance structures, and resource allocation [22]. The hypothesis is as follows: H3: Community development has a significant positive influence on sustainability. Community development often functions as a critical mediator in the relationship between corporate initiatives such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and broader sustainability outcomes. Community development as mediator facilitates the translation of corporate actions into tangible social and economic improvements within local populations, thereby enhancing the effectiveness and legitimacy of such initiatives [23], [24]. This mediating role underscores the importance of community engagement, empowerment, and capacity building as pathways through which Economic-CSR activities yield sustainable development benefits. Theoretical frameworks such as Stakeholder Theory [25] and Social Exchange Theory [26] suggest that when companies invest in community development, they build trust and reciprocal relationships that reinforce sustainable business practices and social welfare [27]. Empirically, studies have shown that community development mediates the link between CSR and outcomes such as environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic resilience [28], [29]). This mediation effect is particularly pronounced in contexts where local communities face social vulnerabilities and where business operations directly influences community livelihoods, such as in industrial parks and emerging economies. Despite growing interest, the mediating role of community development still underexplored in many empirical CSR studies, especially with advanced modeling techniques such as Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) that can capture complex indirect effects [30]. The hypotheses is as follows: H4: Community development mediates the association between economic-CSR and sustainability. Methodology Design The study used a comprehensive methodology, i.e., descriptive and explanatory, using quantitative research approaches. The purpose of employing a mixed design is to add depth to survey information, uncover a weakness in quantitative data, or complement the objective data, and to address both quantitative and qualitative research questions in one instrument. Quantitative survey research design used in the study, which has often been widely used to investigate organizational issues. Participants and Procedure In this study, proportional stratified simple random sampling and purposive sampling methods used to draw samples from employees and the community, respectively, from four industrial parks in Amhara Regional State to select a representative sample and to avoid bias. Namely, Bahir Dar, Kombolcha, and Debre Berhan industrial parks, and the Bure Integrated Agro-processing industrial park, using the industrial parks as a stratum. Villagers and employees taken into consideration for the collection of primary data. Data from the community collected on community development issues. CSREC and Business sustainability issues had taken from the employees of those parks. Since the study, population is vast but the study takes into consideration those communities around the park in a 360-degree view from the company. Because no one knows more than those individuals about the positive and negative consequences of the companies on community issues of environmental, social, economic, governance, health, infrastructure, education, and cultural responsibilities related contributions. According to [31], since the Standard deviation not known, the proportion taken as equal to 50% for all target community groups. i.e., p=0.5 and q=1-0.5=0.5. Tools The primary data taken through standardized questionnaires accounted Cronbach alpha value ranging from 0.700 to 0.975 from the previous works that designed for employees and the surrounding communities of industrial parks. Primary data collected on economically related CSR activities and Business Sustainability (Planet, People, and Profit preservation) from employees of the parks, as well as Community Development (Health, Education, Infrastructure, and Culture-related contributions) from the community respondents. The necessary data collected to test the hypotheses from selected industrial parks that are engaged in manufacturing different products like Edible Oil, Garments & Textiles, Leather & Leather products, and Detergent industries. Measurement All the variables were assessed using measures that have been frequently applied and validated in existing researches. The study followed standardized dimensions and items on Economic-CSR, community development and Business sustainability Likert scales. Economic Corporate Social Responsibility (CSREC): one of the dimensional structures (eight items) of CSR provided by different scholars used. It reflected the responsibilities of a business to employees and managers. The questionnaire had used in the Ethiopian context and demonstrated idea reliability and validity. Community Development (CD): composed of four dimensions and sixteen items of measurements. Business Sustainability (BS): it comprised three dimensions and fifteen items with reliable and valid results. Data Analysis Statistical tools that used for the validity, reliability, and analysis of the data in this study carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0 and PLS-SEM. Inferential statistical analysis that was PLS-SEM applied to investigate the factors of organizational efforts towards Business Sustainability, and Community development concerning CSR dimensions. Results Measurement Model and Structural Model In structural equation modeling (SEM), the analysis typically divided into two core components: the measurement model and the structural model. The measurement model (also known as the outer model) evaluates the relationships between observed indicators and their corresponding latent constructs, ensuring the reliability and validity of the constructs been measured. In contrast, the structural model (inner model) tests the hypothesized relationships among the latent constructs themselves [33]. The proper assessment of the measurement model is a prerequisite before evaluating the structural model. It involves examining the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability of the constructs to confirm that the items adequately represent the theoretical concepts. Once the measurement model is validated, the structural model is assessed to test the proposed hypotheses and the overall fit of the model, including path coefficients and explained variances (R²) [34]. This section presents a comprehensive evaluation of both the measurement and structural models, guided by established SEM procedures and benchmarks in the literature. Assessing the measurement model of Lower-Order Constructs In Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), evaluating the measurement model is a critical first step to ensure the reliably and validly of the latent constructs before assessing the structural relationships [33]. For hierarchical component models (HCMs), which include higher-order constructs composed of lower-order constructs (LOCs), it is necessary to first assess the measurement quality of the LOCs. The assessment of the lower-order constructs typically involves three key criteria: indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, and validity (both convergent and discriminant). Factor Loadings for LOCs Factor loadings represent the correlation between each observed indicator and its underlying latent construct, serving as a key indicator of item reliability in measurement model assessment [33]. In the context of lower-order constructs (LOCs), evaluating factor loadings is essential to confirm that each item contributes meaningfully to measuring its respective construct. According to common benchmarks, factor loadings should ideally exceed 0.70, indicating that the construct explains more than 50% of the variance in the indicator. However, loadings may retained in between 0.40 and 0.70 if they contribute to content validity and the composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) remain within acceptable limits [35]. In this study, the factor loadings of each indicator for the lower-order constructs examined to ensure that the indicators reliably reflect their respective latent variables. Indicators that failed to meet the minimum loading criteria considered for removal or discussed accordingly. To address this issue, two indicators in the study (CSREC7 & CSREC8) had low loading less than the above recommended threshold value, dropped because they had no theoretically justified inclusion and did not adversely affect construct reliability or validity [33]. Hence, items with factor loading below 0.40 removed immediately because their removal improves Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and convergent validity requirements. The factor loadings of the measurement items for each lower-order construct (LOC) presented in the table below. These loadings represent the strength of the relationship between each indicator and its corresponding latent variable. Factor loadings presented in Table 1. Indicator Multicollinearity for LOCs Multicollinearity among indicators can inflate standard errors and distort the estimation of model parameters, making it crucial to assess during measurement model evaluation. In the context of PLS-SEM, indicator multicollinearity assessed using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), which quantifies the degree of redundancy among indicators [33]. A VIF value below five typically considered acceptable, indicating that multicollinearity is not a concern. In conservative analyses, a threshold of 3.3 may applied to ensure greater model stability [36]. VIF values above these thresholds suggest high collinearity, and such indicators may need examined for redundancy or potential removal. For this study, the VIF values for all indicators associated with the lower-order constructs were computed reveals that VIF values for each of the indicator’s range between 1.050 and 3.991, which is below the recommended threshold value of five. The results confirm that the indicators exhibit no critical levels of multicollinearity, thereby supporting their inclusion in the model. Reliability Analysis for LOCs Reliability analysis assesses the internal consistency of indicators used to measure each lower-order construct (LOC). In Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), this step is crucial to ensure that the construct indicators are consistently capturing the intended latent variable [33]. Two primary reliability metrics used in this context: Cronbach’s Alpha (α). This traditional measure assumes equal indicator loadings and provides a conservative estimate of internal consistency. A value of 0.70 or above generally considered acceptable [37]. Composite Reliability (CR): Considered more appropriate in PLS-SEM, CR accounts for actual outer loadings and provides a more accurate estimate of internal consistency. CR values should also exceed 0.70 for established constructs, and 0.60 may be acceptable for exploratory research [35]. For each LOC in this study, both Cronbach’s Alpha and Composite Reliability were calculated. The results indicate that all constructs exceed the minimum reliability thresholds, demonstrating sufficient internal consistency and supporting the adequacy of the measurement model at the lower-order level. Therefore, the results presented in Table 3. The reliability analysis demonstrated strong internal consistency across all lower-order constructs. Specifically, Cronbach’s alpha values ranged from 0.810 to 0.912, exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.70, which indicates acceptable reliability. Additionally, composite reliability ( Composite Reliability (ρC) values range from 0.867 to 0.934 , indicating excellent internal consistency. Composite Reliability (ρA) values are consistent with ρC and provide further support. Construct Validity for LOCs Construct validity refers to the extent to which a set of indicators accurately represents the theoretical latent variable it is intended to measure. In PLS-SEM, construct validity typically evaluated through two key dimensions: convergent validity and discriminant validity [33]. The other observation from the above table is that Convergent Validity-AVE values for all constructs exceed the minimum criterion of 0.50 [35]. Most constructs have AVE values above 0.65, indicating a high proportion of variance explained by their indicators. Only CSREC has a relatively lower AVE (0.531), but it still meets the acceptable threshold, suggesting adequate convergent validity. All lower-order constructs in the model demonstrate adequate to high levels of reliability and convergent validity. These results support the suitability of the measurement model for further structural model assessment. All LOCs in this study exceeded the required thresholds for AVE, with values ranging from 0.531 to 0.751 , and factor loadings for individual indicators mostly above 0.70. Composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha also met the acceptable standards. These results confirm the presence of adequate convergent validity . Discriminant Validity for LOCs : Discriminant validity ensures that each construct is truly distinct from others in the model. It assessed using: Fornell & Larcker Criterion: The square root of AVE was greater than the inter-construct correlations. Hetrotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT): All HTMT values were below 0.90, supporting construct distinctiveness [33]. The evaluation of construct validity for the lower-order constructs demonstrates that all LOCs in the model possess acceptable levels of both convergent and discriminant validity. These results confirm that the measurement model is sound and that the constructs measured accurately and distinctively. The other measure of discriminant validity is cross-loadings, which examine the degree to which an indicator correlates more strongly with its associated construct than with other constructs in the model. In the context of PLS-SEM, an indicator’s outer loading on its assigned construct should be higher than its loadings on all other constructs [35], [33]. This criterion ensures that indicators are not only relevant to their intended latent variable but also not do unintentionally measure other constructs, which could threaten the construct's distinctiveness. Validating Reflective-Reflective Higher Order Constructs In PLS-SEM, higher-order constructs (HOCs) used to model complex theoretical concepts formed by multiple interrelated lower-order constructs (LOCs). When both the HOC and its LOCs are reflective, the Reflective-Reflective modeling approach is appropriate [38], [33]. To validate reflective-reflective HOCs, the two-stage approach employed Stage 1: Estimate the first-order (LOC) measurement model and obtain latent variable scores. Stage 2: Use these latent scores as indicators for the HOC and assess its measurement properties. This method is suitable for models with multiple LOCs and allows for a clear evaluation of higher-order constructs without biasing lower-order estimates [33]. Factor Loadings for HOCs According to [33], indicator loadings between 0.40 and 0.70 considered acceptable under specific conditions. While the general threshold for acceptable indicator reliability is 0.70, indicators with loadings in the 0.40–0.70 range may be retained if their removal would adversely affect the composite reliability (CR) or average variance extracted (AVE) of the construct. This consideration allows for some flexibility, especially in exploratory studies or early-stage model development, where theoretical justification supports the inclusion of certain indicators despite marginal loadings. Thus, a loading of 0.433 and 0.688 in Table 7 is acceptable since the corresponding construct still demonstrates adequate composite reliability (≥ 0.70) and AVE (≥ 0.50), and the removal of the indicator resulted in a decline in these values, or a loss of content validity. However, in reflective-reflective hierarchical component models, such loadings can still considered acceptable, if other reliability and validity criteria are adequately satisfied (CR ≥ 0.70, AVE ≥ 0.50, and satisfactory discriminant validity). According to [39], slightly lower loadings in HOCs may tolerated in complex models, especially when the model is theoretically justified and empirically supported by strong measurement quality in related constructs. In addition, removing the indicators of HOCs will affect the face validity. Hence, it is better to retain them since it cannot affect the reliability and validity criteria requirements. Multicollinearity for HOCs Multicollinearity assessment is an essential step in evaluating the measurement and structural models in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). When assessing reflective-reflective higher-order constructs (HOCs) using the two-stage approach, multicollinearity among the lower-order constructs (LOCs), which serve as indicators for the HOC, must be evaluated to ensure that the constructs are not excessively correlated [39]. The multicollinearity assessment confirms that the lower-order constructs forming each higher-order construct do not exhibit problematic levels of collinearity. As such, the LOCs can reliably use as reflective indicators of their corresponding HOCs in the structural model. Construct Reliability for HOCs Construct reliability assesses the internal consistency of indicators measuring a construct, ensuring they consistently represent the same underlying concept. For reflective-reflective higher-order constructs (HOCs) in PLS-SEM, reliability evaluated based on the relationships between the higher-order construct and its associated lower-order constructs (LOCs), which serve as reflective indicators in the second stage of the two-stage approach [39]. Construct Validity for HOCs Construct validity refers to the degree to which a construct accurately represents and measures the theoretical concept it is intended to reflect. For reflective-reflective Higher-Order Constructs (HOCs) in PLS-SEM, construct validity assessed by evaluating two key components: convergent validity and discriminant validity [39], [30]. Convergent Validity for HOCs Convergent validity indicates the extent to which the indicators of a construct (i.e., its underlying Lower-Order Constructs or LOCs) correlate and contribute to explaining the same underlying concept. This assessed using the Average Variance Extracted (AVE). An AVE value of 0.50 or higher confirms that the construct explains at least 50% of the variance of its indicators, demonstrating adequate convergent validity [39]. In this study, all HOCs exhibited AVE values exceeding the threshold of 0.50, thereby confirming that each HOC has satisfactory convergent validity. Discriminant Validity for HOCs Discriminant validity tests whether a construct is sufficiently distinct from other constructs in the model. This assessed using two primary criteria: Fornell-Larcker. The square root of the AVE for each construct should be greater than its correlations with any other construct [40]. Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT)-HTMT values should be below 0.85 (conservative threshold) or 0.90 (liberal threshold), depending on model complexity [41]. Results showed that all HOCs met both Fornell-Larcker and HTMT criteria, indicating that the constructs are distinct from each other and exhibit strong discriminant validity. However, a few HTMT values (Table 12) slightly exceeded the threshold, which can occur in models utilizing reflective-reflective HOC. In such cases, it recommended not to rely solely on the absolute HTMT value, but rather to assess the confidence intervals (CIs) of the HTMT estimates. As suggested by [42], if the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval is below 1.00, discriminant validity can still established. Based on this guideline, the constructs in this study meet the requirement. The cross-loading assessment in Table 13 complements other discriminant validity measures such as HTMT and Fornell–Larcker, offering additional assurance of construct distinctiveness [43], [35]. Structural Model Assessment The structural model assessment in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) evaluates the relationships among latent constructs hypothesized in the research model. Following the measurement model validation, the structural model assessed to determine the predictive capability, significance, and relevance of the hypothesized paths [39], [30]. Collinearity Assessment (Inner VIF Values) Before evaluating path coefficients, multicollinearity between predictor constructs must rule out. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values were checked and all values were below the threshold of 5.0, indicating that collinearity is not a concern [39]. Some scholars recommend a more conservative threshold of 3.3 [36], which also met in this study. BS CD CSREC BS CD 1.376 CSREC 1.376 1.000 Path Coefficients and Hypotheses Testing The structural relationships tested using bootstrapping with 5,000 subsamples. The path coefficients (β), t-values, p-values, and bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals examined to test the statistical significance of the hypothesized paths. Paths considered significant if the p-value was < 0.05 and the confidence interval did not include zero. Standardized β values indicate the strength and direction of relationships. Path coefficient Standard deviation T statistics P values 95% Confidence Interval CD -> BS 0.714 0.038 18.847 0.000 (0.651;0.775) CSREC -> BS 0.031 0.046 0.680 0.248 (-0.044;0.107) CSREC -> CD 0.523 0.034 15.181 0.000 (0.472;0.585) Coefficient of Determination (R² Values) The R² value represents the percentage of variance explained by the predictor variables in an endogenous construct. R² values of 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25 can described as substantial, moderate, and weak, respectively [39]. All endogenous constructs in this study showed moderate to substantial explanatory power. R-square R-square adjusted BS 0.533 0.530 CD 0.273 0.271 Effect Size (f²) The effect size (f²) evaluates the impact of a specific exogenous construct on an endogenous construct. f² values of 0.02 (small), 0.15 (medium), and 0.35 (large) were used as benchmarks [44]. This study’s results showed that several constructs exerted medium to large effects, supporting the practical importance of the relationships. BS CD CSREC BS CD 0.792 CSREC 0.001 0.376 Predictive Relevance (Q²) Stone-Geisser’s Q² values, obtained through blindfolding, assess the model’s predictive relevance for endogenous constructs. A Q² > 0 indicates predictive relevance. All constructs in the model had positive Q² values, confirming the model's ability to predict data points accurately [39]. Q²predict RMSE MAE BS 0.152 0.929 0.725 CD 0.262 0.865 0.682 The structural model assessment supports the validity of the hypothesized relationships, showing no multicollinearity issues, statistically significant path coefficients, adequate explanatory power, and predictive relevance. These findings provide strong evidence for the theoretical model's robustness and empirical applicability. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the empirical results and corresponding discussion derived from the structural model analysis conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The focus of this analysis is on evaluating the hypothesized relationships involving the economic dimension of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its influence on key organizational and stakeholder outcomes. The economic dimension of CSR, which includes a firm’s responsibilities to be profitable, efficient, and economically sustainable, critically examined for its impact on variables such as community development and Business sustainability. Statistical indicators such as path coefficients, R² values, effect sizes (f²), and predictive relevance (Q²) used to assess the strength and explanatory power of the proposed relationships. The findings are interpreted in the context of existing CSR literature, enabling theoretical validation and offering practical implications for how economically driven CSR initiatives can create value for both businesses and stakeholders. The discussion also highlights areas of alignment and divergence with past research, providing a holistic view of the role the economic dimension plays within broader CSR frameworks. Hypotheses Testing and Discussions The structural model assessed to examine the hypothesized relationships between the economic dimension of CSR and its associated outcome constructs. Using bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples, the path coefficients, t-values, p-values, and confidence intervals calculated to determine the significance and direction of each relationship. All findings evaluated in light of the recommended thresholds by [39], where t-values > 1.96 (p 1.645 (p < 0.05) indicate statistical significance for one-tailed tests , as used in this study to evaluate directional hypotheses. The results of the structural model, including confidence intervals, provide robust evidence of the hypothesized relationships among CSR Economic Dimension (CSREC), Community Development (CD), and Business Sustainability (BS). The direct path from CD to BS was strong and statistically significant (β = 0.714, t = 18.847, p < 0.001, 95% CI: [0.651, 0.775]), suggesting that as firms enhance their developmental strategies, such as innovation capacity, operational excellence, and stakeholder orientation, they significantly increase their sustainability performance. This finding aligns with prior empirical research by [45] , [12] , who emphasized the value of internal development for long-term business sustainability. In contrast, the direct effect of CSREC on BS was statistically non-significant (β = 0.031, t = 0.680, p = 0.248, 95% CI: [−0.044, 0.107]), indicating that economic-focused CSR practices, such as cost efficiency or shareholder return, dependency on payment, do not independently result in higher sustainability performance. This outcome is consistent with [4] , who argued that CSR’s impact on performance often depends on how it strategically integrated rather than merely implemented for economic signaling. The direct relationship between CSREC and CD was statistically significant and moderately strong (β = 0.523, t = 15.181, p < 0.001, 95% CI: [0.472, 0.585]), confirming that CSR activities aimed at economic benefits positively influence internal corporate development. This supports findings by [46] , [47] , who highlighted that CSR initiatives foster internal competencies, stakeholder trust, and innovation, which contribute to strategic development. Critically, the indirect effect of CSREC on BS through CD was significant (β = 0.373, t = 11.177, p < 0.001, 95% CI: [0.323, 0.435]), indicating full mediation . This confirms that while CSREC may not directly impact sustainability, it contributes meaningfully when it enhances community development, which in turn leads to sustainability outcomes [39], 30], who stress the importance of mediators in explaining how CSR generates performance benefits, support this mediated pathway. Finally, the total effect of CSREC on BS was significant (β = 0.404, t = 9.649, p < 0.001, 95% CI: [0.340, 0.477]), indicating that CSREC does play an overall role in promoting sustainability, albeit through indirect means. This aligns with [48] , who emphasized that the effectiveness of CSR often depends on its integration within organizational processes that transform intent into performance. Although the direct effect of CSR Economic activities (CSREC) on sustainability outcomes is non-significant, the total effect is statistically significant due to a strong and significant indirect pathway via community development. This indicates a full mediation effect, wherein the impact of CSREC on sustainability fully transmitted through community development initiatives. Such findings are consistent with prior studies [49], [50] and align with the theoretical propositions of stakeholder and social capital theory, which emphasize the mediating role of community welfare in achieving sustainable outcomes. Theoretically, both stakeholder theory and social capital theory provide strong justification for this mediated relationship. Stakeholder theory posits that addressing community interests enhances a firm’s sustainability by securing social license to operate. Social Capital Theory suggests that investments in local communities improve trust and cooperation, key elements of sustainable development. Together, these empirical findings and theoretical arguments converge to support the notion that community development acts as a critical bridge through which economic CSR activities lead to enhanced sustainability outcomes. Interpretation of Hypotheses Relationships Based on previously proposed hypotheses, structural model results provide empirical evidence supporting the hypothesized relationships among Corporate Social Responsibility Economic Dimension (CSREC), Community Development (CD), and Business Sustainability (BS). These relationships were evaluated using path coefficients, t-values, p-values, and 95% confidence intervals. The following general results. H1. Economic-CSR activities have a significant positive influence on sustainability. H2. Economic-CSR activities have a significant positive influence on community development. H3 Community development has a significant positive influence on sustainability. H4. Community development mediates the association between economic CSR and sustainability. In summary, the findings reveal that while economic CSR alone is insufficient that directly drive business sustainability, it plays a pivotal role when channeled through community development initiatives . This underscores the importance of embedding CSR within broader social strategies rather than treating it as an isolated economic function. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS Introduction This section synthesizes the key empirical findings, outlines the main conclusions derived from the data analysis, and presents theoretical and practical implications. The study examined the structural relationships among Corporate Social Responsibility – Economic Dimension (CSREC), Community Development (CD), and Business Sustainability (BS), utilizing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The analysis aimed to determine both the direct and mediated pathways through which CSREC influences BS, thereby contributing to the literature on stakeholder theory and sustainable corporate practices. Summary of Findings The study explored the interrelationships among three core constructs: CSREC, CD, and BS. The key findings summarized as follows: CSREC→BS: The direct relationship between the economic dimension of CSR and business sustainability was not statistically significant. This suggests that economic-oriented CSR efforts alone (e.g., profitability, cost-efficiency) do not directly drive sustainable business practices. CSREC→CD: A significant positive relationship found, indicating that firms’ economic CSR practices contribute meaningfully to the development of local communities through job creation, health, education, culture, infrastructure, and income-generating opportunities. CD→BS: Community Development found to have a strong and significant effect on Business Sustainability, highlighting the critical role of social engagement in ensuring long-term business viability. Mediating Effect (CSREC→CD →BS): The indirect path from CSREC to BS via CD was significant, confirming that community development fully mediates the relationship. This implies that CSR efforts contribute to business sustainability only when they enhance community well-being. Conclusions The study concludes that economic CSR activities, while important, are not sufficient in isolation to drive business sustainability. Their effectiveness is contingent upon their contribution to community well-being. The data support a full mediation model, where community development acts as the primary conduit through which CSR practices influence sustainable outcomes. This insight advances the literature on stakeholder and shared value. By emphasizing the interdependence between corporate success and societal progress. It reinforces the theoretical proposition that sustainability is most robust when business strategies embedded in social responsibility frameworks that engage and benefit the broader community. Recommendations Managerial Implications Strategic Integration of CSR: Managers advised to align CSR strategies with the socioeconomic needs of local communities. Programs that directly address education, health, culture, employment, infrastructure, and public services are likely to yield stronger business returns through enhanced legitimacy and trust. Broaden CSR Performance Metrics: Beyond financial reporting, firms should develop multidimensional CSR performance indicators that include community impact assessments. Stakeholder Engagement: Active participation of local stakeholders in CSR planning and execution enhances contextual relevance, trust, and mutual value creation. Policy Implications Incentivizing Socially Responsible Investments: Governments should formulate policies that provide tax incentives or regulatory benefits for firms that engage in measurable community development activities. Multi-Sector Collaboration: Public-private partnerships can amplify the scale and impact of community-driven CSR initiatives. Directions for Future Research Exploration of Other CSR Dimensions: Future studies may extend this model to include environmental, social, ethical, or philanthropic dimensions of CSR to provide a more comprehensive understanding of its role in sustainability. Contextual and Sectoral Analyses: Replication of the current study across diverse sectors and geographic settings could reveal contextual factors that influence the CSR-sustainability relationship. Longitudinal Data Designs: Long-term studies recommended that examine the sustainability outcomes of CSR initiatives over time and account for lag effects. Limitations The current study filled some economic-CSR interactions on community development and sustainability gaps, but it has some limitations. First, its geographic focus was limited to selected industrial parks within the Amhara region of Ethiopia, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other regions or national contexts. Second, the cross-sectional nature of the research design limits the ability to establish initiatives over time and account for lag effects of the variables studied. Finally, the stakeholder representation was limited to employees and community members, without incorporating insights from policy-makers who may offer different perspectives on CSR and sustainability dynamics. Conclusions The study concludes that economic CSR activities, while important, are not sufficient in isolation to drive business sustainability. Their effectiveness is contingent upon their contribution to community well-being. The data support a full mediation model, where community development acts as the primary conduit through which CSR practices influence sustainable outcomes. This insight advances the literature on stakeholder and shared value. By emphasizing the interdependence between corporate success and societal progress. It reinforces the theoretical proposition that sustainability is most robust when business strategies embedded in social responsibility frameworks that engage and benefit the broader community. Recommendations Managerial Implications Strategic Integration of CSR: Managers advised to align CSR strategies with the socioeconomic needs of local communities. Programs that directly address education, health, culture, employment, infrastructure, and public services are likely to yield stronger business returns through enhanced legitimacy and trust. Broaden CSR Performance Metrics: Beyond financial reporting, firms should develop multidimensional CSR performance indicators that include community impact assessments. Stakeholder Engagement: Active participation of local stakeholders in CSR planning and execution enhances contextual relevance, trust, and mutual value creation. Policy Implications Incentivizing Socially Responsible Investments: Governments should formulate policies that provide tax incentives or regulatory benefits for firms that engage in measurable community development activities. Multi-Sector Collaboration: Public-private partnerships can amplify the scale and impact of community-driven CSR initiatives. Directions for Future Research Exploration of Other CSR Dimensions: Future studies may extend this model to include environmental, social, ethical, or philanthropic dimensions of CSR to provide a more comprehensive understanding of its role in sustainability. Contextual and Sectoral Analyses: Replication of the current study across diverse sectors and geographic settings could reveal contextual factors that influence the CSR-sustainability relationship. Longitudinal Data Designs: Long-term studies recommended that examine the sustainability outcomes of CSR initiatives over time and account for lag effects. Limitations The current study filled some economic-CSR interactions on community development and sustainability gaps, but it has some limitations. First, its geographic focus was limited to selected industrial parks within the Amhara region of Ethiopia, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other regions or national contexts. Second, the cross-sectional nature of the research design limits the ability to establish initiatives over time and account for lag effects of the variables studied. Finally, the stakeholder representation was limited to employees and community members, without incorporating insights from policy-makers who may offer different perspectives on CSR and sustainability dynamics. Declarations The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Management Department, Debre Markos University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants (or from their legal guardians where applicable). Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the participating Parks employees and communities for their cooperation and enthusiasm. I am equally grateful to the SmartPLS team (Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., and Becker, J.-M.) for offering free access to SmartPLS 4 software, which significantly enhanced the statistical analysis and modeling components of my research. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Getinet Fentahun, Professor N. Kishore Babu. Data curation: Getinet Fentahun. Formal analysis: Getinet Fentahun. Investigation: Getinet Fentahun. 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Tables Tables 1 to 16 are available in the Supplementary Files section Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24009,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReflective-Reflective HOC PLS-SEM Graphics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777420/v1/69ec0a83d6f5030a4915297e.png"},{"id":93031854,"identity":"42ef45dc-3137-4ca4-8f4d-b89bd85e3a19","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:19:38","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24681,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSize and Significance of Path Relationships among Variables\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777420/v1/b90d40203298f6e790293d7a.png"},{"id":93033897,"identity":"f128e02b-b51f-41af-a317-b6dbe969bd1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:43:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1622302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777420/v1/fec750f4-f573-4d5f-8e4d-fe4e26b81b02.pdf"},{"id":93031852,"identity":"6901e25f-6cb7-4997-aad5-ecf30faf67ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-08 10:19:38","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":62646,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777420/v1/226ec48a78e04373f5ce053e.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Mediating Role of Community Development in CSR Economic Return -Sustainability Nexus: Evidence from a PLS-SEM Approach\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eToday, corporate social responsibility is becoming more and more of a concern. The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) lacks a single, widely recognized definition, but all of them agree that businesses have a significant influence on the society in which they operate and that society has expectations of them. There are four main goals companies’ needs to achieve. These are: I) Organizational goals, II) Individual goals, III) Social goals and IV) national goals. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities referred as a company's social goals. CSR is a term used to describe how businesses use governance as a tool to coexist with their responsibilities to society, the environment, and the economy [1], [2].\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe business's new deoxyribonucleic acid has all the instructions needed for it to grow, maintain, and reorganize. Guidelines transmitted from one nation to the next, which offer a fresh interpretation of these terms as well in every country. Sustainability and responsibility viewed as distinct but complementary components of corporate social responsibility, similar to two intertwined strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The business's new deoxyribonucleic acid comprises us:-DNA- Self-replicating material CSR-companies extend their operation, \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDNA- Present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes- CSR - determines the sustainability of the business in the community\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDNA- is the carrier of genetic information- CSR-used as a promotional tool for every business, and \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;DNA- The fundamental and distinctive characteristics or qualities of someone or something, especially when regarded as unchangeable CSR contributions of a company differ in its nature of operation consistently in a society\u0026nbsp;[3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe economic dimension of Corporate Social Responsibility (Economic-CSR) emphasizes a firm’s role in contributing to economic growth through responsible business practices such as job creation, fair compensation, health, education, culture, and infrastructure development, and local investment [1]. In industrial contexts, especially in emerging economies, these economic contributions play a vital role not only in enhancing firm performance but also in promoting community development, which refers to the process of improving the social and economic well-being of people living in the surrounding areas [4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA corporate investment were intrinsically connected in Economic-CSR and community development as in local infrastructure, education, health, culture, employment, and capacity building directly affects the quality of life in host communities. When companies proactively engage in economic CSR, they help build trust, reduce socio-economic disparities, and create a more stable operating environment. In turn, strong community development fosters local support, enhances social legitimacy, and contributes to long-term business sustainability).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndustrial parks expected to balance profit making with social responsibility by using mediating role of community development in the relationship between Economic-CSR and sustainability has received limited empirical attention. Addressing this gap is critical for designing CSR strategies that produce not only economic returns but also sustainable and inclusive development outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatements of Research Gaps\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcerning the triple-bottom-line approach used by [5],\u0026nbsp;[6],\u0026nbsp;[7]. Incorporating activities to planet-environment, People-social, and profit-economic issues carried out either in a philanthropy form or abiding by morals and laws. However, there is no active regulatory body to enforce those laws.\u0026nbsp;It is obvious that the social, economic, and environmental-related contributions of a business are highly tied to philanthropic activities, and the governance issues are all about the international and national legal frameworks and the moral and religious ethics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has received increasing academic and practical attention in the context of industrial development, several significant research gaps remain, particularly in the setting of industrial parks. Industrial parks, often positioned as engines of economic growth and employment, are also key sites of social and environmental challenges, including land use conflicts, labor rights concerns, and community displacement. Despite their strategic importance, the application and impact of CSR practices in industrial parks remain insufficiently explored in both theory and practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a persistent misalignment between what industrial firms perceive as responsible corporate conduct and what contributes to sustainable and inclusive development. Many industrial park operators and tenant firms focus primarily on compliance and economic performance, with less emphasis on meaningful community engagement or social impact. As a result, CSR initiatives often fail to generate the trust, goodwill, and long-term community relationships that are essential for business continuity and legitimacy due to suppression of variables/factors, dependency of community, and consideration of company as cost.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe role of Community Development (CD) as a mediating variable. While industrial parks are often integrated into local and regional development plans, research rarely captures how firms' economic-CSR efforts contribute to community outcomes, nor how such outcomes, in turn; affect the sustainability of firms operating within these parks. The limited use of robust quantitative methods such as Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in industrial CSR studies further compounds this gap. Few studies rigorously test indirect effects or mediated relationships in the Economic-CSR and sustainability link within the industrial park context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor instance[8]and [9]provided evidence that CSR enhances corporate image and stakeholder trust, yet they largely focused on aggregated CSR indices and overlooked how specific dimensions like the economic CSR dimension uniquely impact sustainability outcomes. Their studies, conducted outside industrial zones, did not consider the distinct structural and social dynamics of industrial parks, where development often intersects with community displacement, infrastructure deficits, and environmental pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLikewise, [10] studied CSR practices in manufacturing firms and found positive effects on financial performance and sustainability. However, they did not test for mediating or moderating variables, leaving a methodological gap in understanding the mechanisms of how CSR works. Their use of cross-sectional designs and aggregate-level analysis limits the causal interpretation and omits community-level impacts, which are especially relevant in industrial zones.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, [11] acknowledged the role of stakeholder engagement in CSR effectiveness but failed empirically model community development as a mediating construct. This is particularly problematic for industrial parks, where host communities play a pivotal role in granting the social license to operate. Without assessing how CSR affects and affected by community-level development, firms risk implementing symbolic CSR rather than impactful, strategic initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of methodology, many studies rely on OLS regression or simple SEM, without leveraging sophisticated methods like PLS-SEM). This allows for the analysis of latent constructs, indirect effects, and hierarchical models. Few have applied this technique to reflective-reflective models that suit higher-order constructs, such as when evaluating business sustainability outcomes influenced by multiple mediators.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, this study fills the empirical gap by:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDisaggregating CSR into its economic dimension (CSREC) and testing it as an independent latent construct.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIntroducing Community Development (CD) as a mediating variable, offering insight into the indirect path through which CSR impacts business sustainability.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEmploying PLS-SEM for rigorous modeling of both lower-order and higher-order reflective constructs.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIn industrial parks, Economic-CSR and development deeply intertwined with regional planning, infrastructure investments, and community well-being that lead to conceptualize the research.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGrounding the research in the context of industrial parks, particularly in emerging economies, where social license to operate increasingly tied to community value creation.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite abundant research globally on CSR, the sustainability dimension has not dealt with in an Ethiopian context. Sustainability is under heightened focus since the UN has set Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030. In recent times, every action of an organization viewed through the lens of sustainability. Hence, it is important to explore the linkage of CSR and sustainability mediated by community development. No such study is on record in the Ethiopian context in industrial parks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy addressing these gaps, the study provides insights into how does community development mediate the link between CSR and sustainability in industrial parks. Particularly in emerging markets where industrial parks are expanding rapidly but face legitimacy challenges from local communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the above gaps, the study addressed the following objectives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInvestigating the influence of Economic CSR on Community development and Sustainability in selected industrial parks\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInvestigating the role of Economic CSR in fostering community development in selected industrial parks\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eExamining how Economic CSR contributes to business sustainability, with a focus on the mediating role of Community Development\u0026nbsp;in selected industrial parks.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTheories and Hypotheses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic CSR and Sustainability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved from a voluntary, philanthropic activity into a strategic business approach encompassing social, environmental, and economic dimensions. Among these, Economic CSR, which includes responsible job creation, ethical profitability, local investment, and fair labor practices, serves as the foundational layer upon which other CSR dimensions are built [1], [12]. In today’s rapidly transforming global economy, Economic CSR increasingly recognized not just as a moral imperative but also as a catalyst for long-term business sustainability [13].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe link between economic responsibility and sustainability lies in the concept of shared value, where companies pursue business objectives that simultaneously enhance community well-being and economic resilience. Recent empirical studies show that firms integrating Economic-CSR tend to enjoy greater stakeholder trust, enhanced innovation capabilities, and improved financial and reputational outcomes [14], [15]. However, the mechanism by which economic CSR translates into sustainability outcomes, particularly in industrial settings and developing contexts, remains underexplored. The hypothesis is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH1: Economic-CSR activities have a significant positive influence on sustainability.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic Corporate Social Responsibility (Economic CSR) refers to a company’s commitment to economic practices that promote ethical profitability, fair labor standards, local employment, and investment in health, education, culture, and community infrastructure [1]. Beyond the pursuit of profit, Economic CSR embodies the principle of creating shared value, where business success aligns with the economic uplift the communities in which firms operate [12]. This dimension of CSR is particularly significant in contexts where companies have direct and sustained interactions with local populations, such as industrial parks and manufacturing hubs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommunity development, involving initiatives that improve the social and economic conditions of local populations, increasingly recognized as a crucial conduit through which Economic CSR impacts broader social outcomes [16]. By investing in job creation, skills training, and infrastructure, companies can foster stronger community relations, social cohesion, and local capacity building, which in turn support sustainable business operations and legitimacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite its importance, the empirical linkage between Economic CSR and community development remains underexplored, particularly regarding how corporate economic contributions translate into tangible community benefits and sustainable growth. The hypothesis is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH2: Economic-CSR activities have a significant positive influence on community development.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommunity development encompasses the processes and initiatives aimed at improving the economic, social, and environmental well-being of local populations through participatory, inclusive, and sustainable approaches [17]. It plays a pivotal role in fostering resilience, social cohesion, and equitable growth, which are essential for achieving long-term sustainability goals [18]. Sustainable community development not only addresses immediate needs such as employment, health, education, culture, and infrastructure but also promotes environmental stewardship and social justice to ensure that future generations can thrive [19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe integration of community development within sustainability frameworks has gained momentum as scholars, practitioners recognize environmental, and economic sustainability cannot achieved without social inclusion and empowerment at the community level [20]. Effective community development strategies thus serve as critical mediators, linking corporate and governmental sustainability initiatives to tangible local outcomes, particularly in developing regions and industrial settings where social challenges often pronounced [21].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite its importance, gaps remain in understanding how community development initiatives interact with broader sustainability efforts, especially concerning the roles of local stakeholders, governance structures, and resource allocation [22]. The hypothesis is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH3:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Community development has a significant positive influence on\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esustainability.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommunity development often functions as a critical mediator in the relationship between corporate initiatives such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and broader sustainability outcomes. Community development as mediator facilitates the translation of corporate actions into tangible social and economic improvements within local populations, thereby enhancing the effectiveness and legitimacy of such initiatives [23], [24]. This mediating role underscores the importance of community engagement, empowerment, and capacity building as pathways through which Economic-CSR activities yield sustainable development benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTheoretical frameworks such as Stakeholder Theory [25] and Social Exchange Theory [26] suggest that when companies invest in community development, they build trust and reciprocal relationships that reinforce sustainable business practices and social welfare [27]. Empirically, studies have shown that community development mediates the link between CSR and outcomes such as environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic resilience [28], [29]). This mediation effect is particularly pronounced in contexts where local communities face social vulnerabilities and where business operations directly influences community livelihoods, such as in industrial parks and emerging economies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite growing interest, the mediating role of community development still underexplored in many empirical CSR studies, especially with advanced modeling techniques such as Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) that can capture complex indirect effects [30]. The hypotheses is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;H4: Community development\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emediates the association between economic-CSR and sustainability.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study used a comprehensive methodology, i.e., descriptive and explanatory, using quantitative research approaches. The purpose of employing a mixed design is to add depth to survey information, uncover a weakness in quantitative data, or complement the objective data, and to address both quantitative and qualitative research questions in one instrument. \u0026nbsp;Quantitative survey research design used in the study, which has often been widely used to investigate organizational issues.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants and Procedure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, proportional stratified simple random sampling and purposive sampling methods used to draw samples from employees and the community, respectively, from four industrial parks in Amhara Regional State to select a representative sample and to avoid bias. Namely, Bahir Dar, Kombolcha, and Debre Berhan industrial parks, and the Bure Integrated Agro-processing industrial park, using the industrial parks as a stratum. Villagers and employees taken into consideration for the collection of primary data. Data from the community collected on community development issues. CSREC and Business sustainability issues had taken from the employees of those parks. Since the study, population is vast but the study takes into consideration those communities around the park in a 360-degree view from the company. Because no one knows more than those individuals about the positive and negative consequences of the companies on community issues of environmental, social, economic, governance, health, infrastructure, education, and cultural responsibilities related contributions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to [31], since the Standard deviation not known, the proportion taken as equal to 50% for all target community groups. i.e., p=0.5 and q=1-0.5=0.5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTools\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary data taken through standardized questionnaires accounted\u0026nbsp;Cronbach alpha\u0026nbsp;value ranging from 0.700 to 0.975 from the previous works that designed for employees and the surrounding communities of industrial parks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary data collected on economically related CSR activities and Business Sustainability (Planet, People, and Profit preservation) from employees of the parks, as well as Community Development (Health, Education, Infrastructure, and Culture-related contributions) from the community respondents. The necessary data collected to test the hypotheses from selected industrial parks that are engaged in manufacturing different products like Edible Oil, Garments \u0026amp; Textiles, Leather \u0026amp; Leather products, and Detergent industries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the variables were assessed using measures that have been frequently applied and validated in existing researches. The study followed standardized dimensions and items on Economic-CSR, community development and Business sustainability Likert scales.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic Corporate Social Responsibility (CSREC):\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;one of the dimensional structures (eight items) of CSR provided by different scholars used. It reflected the responsibilities of a business to employees and managers. The questionnaire had used in the Ethiopian context and demonstrated idea reliability and validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommunity Development (CD): \u0026nbsp;composed of\u0026nbsp;four dimensions and sixteen items of measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBusiness Sustainability (BS): it comprised three dimensions and fifteen items with reliable and valid results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical tools that used for the validity, reliability, and analysis of the data in this study carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0 and PLS-SEM. Inferential statistical analysis that was PLS-SEM applied to investigate the factors of organizational efforts towards Business Sustainability, and Community development concerning CSR dimensions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results ","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement Model and Structural Model\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn structural equation modeling (SEM), the analysis typically divided into two core components: the measurement model and the structural model. The measurement model (also known as the outer model) evaluates the relationships between observed indicators and their corresponding latent constructs, ensuring the reliability and validity of the constructs been measured. In contrast, the structural model (inner model) tests the hypothesized relationships among the latent constructs themselves [33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proper assessment of the measurement model is a prerequisite before evaluating the structural model. It involves examining the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability of the constructs to confirm that the items adequately represent the theoretical concepts. Once the measurement model is validated, the structural model is assessed to test the proposed hypotheses and the overall fit of the model, including path coefficients and explained variances (R\u0026sup2;) [34].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section presents a comprehensive evaluation of both the measurement and structural models, guided by established SEM procedures and benchmarks in the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc201046710\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssessing the measurement model of Lower-Order Constructs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), evaluating the measurement model is a critical first step to ensure the reliably and validly of the latent constructs before assessing the structural relationships [33]. For hierarchical component models (HCMs), which include higher-order constructs composed of lower-order constructs (LOCs), it is necessary to first assess the measurement quality of the LOCs. The assessment of the lower-order constructs typically involves three key criteria: indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, and validity (both convergent and discriminant).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc201046711\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor Loadings for LOCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactor loadings represent the correlation between each observed indicator and its underlying latent construct, serving as a key indicator of item reliability in measurement model assessment [33]. In the context of lower-order constructs (LOCs), evaluating factor loadings is essential to confirm that each item contributes meaningfully to measuring its respective construct.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to common benchmarks, factor loadings should ideally exceed 0.70, indicating that the construct explains more than 50% of the variance in the indicator. However, loadings may retained in between 0.40 and 0.70 if they contribute to content validity and the composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) remain within acceptable limits [35].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the factor loadings of each indicator for the lower-order constructs examined to ensure that the indicators reliably reflect their respective latent variables. Indicators that failed to meet the minimum loading criteria considered for removal or discussed accordingly. To address this issue, two indicators in the study (CSREC7 \u0026amp; CSREC8) had low loading less than the above recommended threshold value, dropped because they had no theoretically justified inclusion and did not adversely affect construct reliability or validity [33]. Hence, items with factor loading below 0.40 removed immediately because their removal improves Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha, composite reliability, and convergent validity requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe factor loadings of the measurement items for each lower-order construct (LOC) presented in the table below. These loadings represent the strength of the relationship between each indicator and its corresponding latent variable. Factor loadings presented in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndicator Multicollinearity for LOCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMulticollinearity among indicators can inflate standard errors and distort the estimation of model parameters, making it crucial to assess during measurement model evaluation. In the context of PLS-SEM, indicator multicollinearity assessed using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), which quantifies the degree of redundancy among indicators [33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA VIF value below five typically considered acceptable, indicating that multicollinearity is not a concern. In conservative analyses, a threshold of 3.3 may applied to ensure greater model stability [36]. VIF values above these thresholds suggest high collinearity, and such indicators may need examined for redundancy or potential removal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor this study, the VIF values for all indicators associated with the lower-order constructs were computed reveals that VIF values for each of the indicator\u0026rsquo;s range between 1.050 and 3.991, which is below the recommended threshold value of five. The results confirm that the indicators exhibit no critical levels of multicollinearity, thereby supporting their inclusion in the model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eReliability Analysis for LOCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReliability analysis assesses the internal consistency of indicators used to measure each lower-order construct (LOC). In Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), this step is crucial to ensure that the construct indicators are consistently capturing the intended latent variable [33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo primary reliability metrics used in this context: Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha (\u0026alpha;). This traditional measure assumes equal indicator loadings and provides a conservative estimate of internal consistency. A value of 0.70 or above generally considered acceptable [37]. Composite Reliability (CR): Considered more appropriate in PLS-SEM, CR accounts for actual outer loadings and provides a more accurate estimate of internal consistency. CR values should also exceed 0.70 for established constructs, and 0.60 may be acceptable for exploratory research [35].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each LOC in this study, both Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha and Composite Reliability were calculated. The results indicate that all constructs exceed the minimum reliability thresholds, demonstrating sufficient internal consistency and supporting the adequacy of the measurement model at the lower-order level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the results presented in Table 3. The reliability analysis demonstrated strong internal consistency across all lower-order constructs. Specifically, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha values ranged from\u0026nbsp;0.810 to 0.912, exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.70, which indicates acceptable reliability. Additionally, composite reliability \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComposite Reliability (\u0026rho;\u0026lt;sub\u0026gt;C\u0026lt;/sub\u0026gt;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003evalues range from\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.867 to 0.934\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,\u003c/strong\u003e indicating excellent internal consistency. \u003cstrong\u003eComposite Reliability (\u0026rho;\u0026lt;sub\u0026gt;A\u0026lt;/sub\u0026gt;)\u003c/strong\u003e values are consistent with \u0026rho;\u0026lt;sub\u0026gt;C\u0026lt;/sub\u0026gt; and provide further support.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1 id=\"_Toc201046714\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConstruct Validity for LOCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConstruct validity refers to the extent to which a set of indicators accurately represents the theoretical latent variable it is intended to measure. In PLS-SEM, construct validity typically evaluated through two key dimensions: convergent validity and discriminant validity [33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe other observation from the above table is that Convergent Validity-AVE\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003evalues for all constructs exceed the minimum criterion of 0.50\u0026nbsp;[35]. Most constructs have AVE values above 0.65, indicating a high proportion of variance explained by their indicators. Only CSREC has a relatively lower AVE (0.531), but it still meets the acceptable threshold, suggesting adequate convergent validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll lower-order constructs in the model demonstrate adequate to high levels of reliability and convergent validity. These results support the suitability of the measurement model for further structural model assessment.\u0026nbsp;All LOCs in this study exceeded the required thresholds for AVE, with values ranging from \u003cstrong\u003e0.531 to 0.751\u003c/strong\u003e, and factor loadings for individual indicators mostly above 0.70. Composite reliability and Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha also met the acceptable standards. These results confirm the presence of \u003cstrong\u003eadequate convergent validity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscriminant Validity for LOCs\u003c/strong\u003e: Discriminant validity ensures that each construct is truly distinct from others in the model. It assessed using: Fornell \u0026amp; Larcker Criterion: The square root of AVE was greater than the inter-construct correlations. Hetrotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT): All HTMT values were below 0.90, supporting construct distinctiveness [33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe evaluation of construct validity for the lower-order constructs demonstrates that all LOCs in the model possess acceptable levels of both convergent and discriminant validity. These results confirm that the measurement model is sound and that the constructs measured accurately and distinctively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe other measure of discriminant validity is cross-loadings, which examine the degree to which an indicator correlates more strongly with its associated construct than with other constructs in the model. In the context of PLS-SEM, an indicator\u0026rsquo;s outer loading on its assigned construct should be higher than its loadings on all other constructs [35], [33]. This criterion ensures that indicators are not only relevant to their intended latent variable but also not do unintentionally measure other constructs, which could threaten the construct\u0026apos;s distinctiveness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eValidating Reflective-Reflective Higher Order Constructs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn PLS-SEM, higher-order constructs (HOCs) used to model complex theoretical concepts formed by multiple interrelated lower-order constructs (LOCs). When both the HOC and its LOCs are reflective, the Reflective-Reflective modeling approach is appropriate [38], [33]. To validate reflective-reflective HOCs, the two-stage approach employed Stage 1: Estimate the first-order (LOC) measurement model and obtain latent variable scores. Stage 2: Use these latent scores as indicators for the HOC and assess its measurement properties. This method is suitable for models with multiple LOCs and allows for a clear evaluation of higher-order constructs without biasing lower-order estimates [33].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc201046716\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor Loadings for HOCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAccording to [33], indicator loadings between 0.40 and 0.70 considered acceptable under specific conditions. While the general threshold for acceptable indicator reliability is 0.70, indicators with loadings in the 0.40\u0026ndash;0.70 range may be retained if their removal would adversely affect the composite reliability (CR) or average variance extracted (AVE) of the construct. This consideration allows for some flexibility, especially in exploratory studies or early-stage model development, where theoretical justification supports the inclusion of certain indicators despite marginal loadings.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, a loading of 0.433 and 0.688 in Table 7 is\u0026nbsp;acceptable since the corresponding construct still demonstrates adequate composite reliability (\u0026ge; 0.70) and AVE (\u0026ge; 0.50), and the removal of the indicator resulted in a decline in these values, or a loss of content validity. However, in reflective-reflective hierarchical component models, such loadings can still considered acceptable, if other reliability and validity criteria are adequately satisfied (CR \u0026ge; 0.70, AVE \u0026ge; 0.50, and satisfactory discriminant validity). According to [39], slightly lower loadings in HOCs may tolerated in complex models, especially when the model is theoretically justified and empirically supported by strong measurement quality in related constructs. In addition, removing the indicators of HOCs will affect the face validity. Hence, it is better to retain them since it cannot affect the reliability and validity criteria requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMulticollinearity for HOCs \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMulticollinearity assessment is an essential step in evaluating the measurement and structural models in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). When assessing reflective-reflective higher-order constructs (HOCs) using the two-stage approach, multicollinearity among the lower-order constructs (LOCs), which serve as indicators for the HOC, must be evaluated to ensure that the constructs are not excessively correlated [39].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe multicollinearity assessment confirms that the lower-order constructs forming each higher-order construct do not exhibit problematic levels of collinearity. As such, the LOCs can reliably use as reflective indicators of their corresponding HOCs in the structural model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc201046718\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConstruct Reliability for HOCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConstruct reliability assesses the internal consistency of indicators measuring a construct, ensuring they consistently represent the same underlying concept. For reflective-reflective higher-order constructs (HOCs) in PLS-SEM, reliability evaluated based on the relationships between the higher-order construct and its associated lower-order constructs (LOCs), which serve as reflective indicators in the second stage of the two-stage approach [39].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConstruct Validity for HOCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConstruct validity refers to the degree to which a construct accurately represents and measures the theoretical concept it is intended to reflect. For \u003cstrong\u003ereflective-reflective Higher-Order Constructs (HOCs)\u003c/strong\u003e in PLS-SEM, construct validity assessed by evaluating two key components: \u003cstrong\u003econvergent validity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ediscriminant validity\u003c/strong\u003e [39], [30].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConvergent Validity for HOCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConvergent validity indicates the extent to which the indicators of a construct (i.e., its underlying Lower-Order Constructs or LOCs) correlate and contribute to explaining the same underlying concept. This assessed using the Average Variance Extracted (AVE). An AVE value of 0.50 or higher confirms that the construct explains at least 50% of the variance of its indicators, demonstrating adequate convergent validity [39]. In this study, all HOCs exhibited AVE values exceeding the threshold of 0.50, thereby confirming that each HOC has satisfactory convergent validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscriminant Validity for HOCs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscriminant validity tests whether a construct is sufficiently distinct from other constructs in the model. This assessed using two primary criteria: Fornell-Larcker. The square root of the AVE for each construct should be greater than its correlations with any other construct [40]. Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT)-HTMT values should be below 0.85 (conservative threshold) or 0.90 (liberal threshold), depending on model complexity [41]. Results showed that all HOCs met both Fornell-Larcker and HTMT criteria, indicating that the constructs are distinct from each other and exhibit strong discriminant validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a few HTMT values (Table 12) slightly exceeded the threshold, which can occur in models utilizing reflective-reflective HOC. In such cases, it recommended not to rely solely on the absolute HTMT value, but rather to assess the confidence intervals (CIs) of the HTMT estimates. As suggested by [42], if the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval is below 1.00, discriminant validity can still established. Based on this guideline, the constructs in this study meet the requirement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cross-loading assessment in Table 13 complements other discriminant validity measures such as HTMT and Fornell\u0026ndash;Larcker, offering additional assurance of construct distinctiveness [43], [35].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStructural Model Assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe structural model assessment in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) evaluates the relationships among latent constructs hypothesized in the research model. Following the measurement model validation, the structural model assessed to determine the predictive capability, significance, and relevance of the hypothesized paths [39], [30].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollinearity Assessment (Inner VIF Values)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore evaluating path coefficients, multicollinearity between predictor constructs must rule out. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values were checked and all values were below the threshold of 5.0, indicating that collinearity is not a concern [39]. Some scholars recommend a more conservative threshold of 3.3 [36], which also met in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"94%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSREC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSREC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePath Coefficients and Hypotheses Testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe structural relationships tested using bootstrapping with 5,000 subsamples. The path coefficients (\u0026beta;), t-values, p-values, and bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals examined to test the statistical significance of the hypothesized paths. Paths considered significant if the p-value was \u0026lt; 0.05 and the confidence interval did not include zero. Standardized \u0026beta; values indicate the strength and direction of relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePath coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT statistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD -\u0026gt; BS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.847\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.651;0.775)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSREC -\u0026gt; BS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-0.044;0.107)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSREC -\u0026gt; CD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.472;0.585)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoefficient of Determination (R\u0026sup2; Values)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe R\u0026sup2; value represents the percentage of variance explained by the predictor variables in an endogenous construct. R\u0026sup2; values of 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25 can described as substantial, moderate, and weak, respectively [39]. All endogenous constructs in this study showed moderate to substantial explanatory power.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"63%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-square adjusted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.533\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect Size (f\u0026sup2;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect size (f\u0026sup2;) evaluates the impact of a specific exogenous construct on an endogenous construct. f\u0026sup2; values of 0.02 (small), 0.15 (medium), and 0.35 (large) were used as benchmarks [44]. This study\u0026rsquo;s results showed that several constructs exerted medium to large effects, supporting the practical importance of the relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"65%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSREC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSREC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredictive Relevance (Q\u0026sup2;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStone-Geisser\u0026rsquo;s Q\u0026sup2; values, obtained through blindfolding, assess the model\u0026rsquo;s predictive relevance for endogenous constructs. A Q\u0026sup2; \u0026gt; 0 indicates predictive relevance. All constructs in the model had positive Q\u0026sup2; values, confirming the model\u0026apos;s ability to predict data points accurately [39].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"71%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ\u0026sup2;predict\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRMSE\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAE\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.152\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.929\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.725\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.262\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.865\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.682\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe structural model assessment supports the validity of the hypothesized relationships, showing no multicollinearity issues, statistically significant path coefficients, adequate explanatory power, and predictive relevance. These findings provide strong evidence for the theoretical model\u0026apos;s robustness and empirical applicability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRESULTS AND DISCUSSION\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis chapter presents the empirical results and corresponding discussion derived from the structural model analysis conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The focus of this analysis is on evaluating the hypothesized relationships involving the economic dimension of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its influence on key organizational and stakeholder outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe economic dimension of CSR, which includes a firm\u0026rsquo;s responsibilities to be profitable, efficient, and economically sustainable, critically examined for its impact on variables such as community development and Business sustainability. Statistical indicators such as path\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ecoefficients, R\u0026sup2; values, effect sizes (f\u0026sup2;), and predictive relevance (Q\u0026sup2;) used to assess the strength and explanatory power of the proposed relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings are interpreted in the context of existing CSR literature, enabling theoretical validation and offering practical implications for how economically driven CSR initiatives can create value for both businesses and stakeholders. The discussion also highlights areas of alignment and divergence with past research, providing a holistic view of the role the economic dimension plays within broader CSR frameworks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypotheses Testing and Discussions \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe structural model assessed to examine the hypothesized relationships between the economic dimension of CSR and its associated outcome constructs. Using bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples, the path coefficients, t-values, p-values, and confidence intervals calculated to determine the significance and direction of each relationship. All findings evaluated in light of the recommended thresholds by [39], where t-values \u0026gt; 1.96 (p \u0026lt; 0.05) indicate statistical significance for two-tailed tests. Where \u003cstrong\u003et-values \u0026gt; 1.645 (p \u0026lt; 0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e indicate statistical significance for \u003cstrong\u003eone-tailed tests\u003c/strong\u003e, as used in this study to evaluate directional hypotheses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the structural model, including confidence intervals, provide robust evidence of the hypothesized relationships among CSR Economic Dimension (CSREC), Community Development (CD), and Business Sustainability (BS). The \u003cstrong\u003edirect path from CD to BS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewas\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estrong and statistically significant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(\u0026beta; = 0.714, t = 18.847, p \u0026lt; 0.001, 95% CI: [0.651, 0.775]), suggesting that as firms enhance their developmental strategies, such as innovation capacity, operational excellence, and stakeholder orientation, they significantly increase their sustainability performance. This finding aligns with prior empirical research by \u003cem\u003e[45]\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e[12]\u003c/em\u003e, who emphasized the value of internal development for long-term business sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the \u003cstrong\u003edirect effect of CSREC on BS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewas\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estatistically non-significant\u003c/strong\u003e (\u0026beta; = 0.031, t = 0.680, p = 0.248, 95% CI: [\u0026minus;0.044, 0.107]), indicating that economic-focused CSR practices, such as cost efficiency or shareholder return, dependency on payment, do not independently result in higher sustainability performance. This outcome is consistent with \u003cem\u003e[4]\u003c/em\u003e, who argued that CSR\u0026rsquo;s impact on performance often depends on how it strategically integrated rather than merely implemented for economic signaling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003edirect relationship between CSREC and CD\u003c/strong\u003e was statistically significant and moderately strong (\u0026beta; = 0.523, t = 15.181, p \u0026lt; 0.001, 95% CI: [0.472, 0.585]), confirming that CSR activities aimed at economic benefits positively influence internal corporate development. This supports findings by \u003cem\u003e[46]\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e[47]\u003c/em\u003e, who highlighted that CSR initiatives foster internal competencies, stakeholder trust, and innovation, which contribute to strategic development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCritically, the \u003cstrong\u003eindirect effect of CSREC on BS through CD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewas significant (\u0026beta; = 0.373, t = 11.177, p \u0026lt; 0.001, 95% CI: [0.323, 0.435]), indicating \u003cstrong\u003efull mediation\u003c/strong\u003e. This confirms that while CSREC may not directly impact sustainability, it contributes meaningfully when it enhances community development, which in turn leads to sustainability outcomes [39], 30], who stress the importance of mediators in explaining how CSR generates performance benefits, support this mediated pathway.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the \u003cstrong\u003etotal effect of CSREC on BS\u003c/strong\u003e was significant (\u0026beta; = 0.404, t = 9.649, p \u0026lt; 0.001, 95% CI: [0.340, 0.477]), indicating that CSREC does play an overall role in promoting sustainability, albeit through indirect means. This aligns with \u003cem\u003e[48]\u003c/em\u003e, who emphasized that the effectiveness of CSR often depends on its integration within organizational processes that transform intent into performance. Although the direct effect of CSR Economic activities (CSREC) on sustainability outcomes is non-significant, the total effect is statistically significant due to a strong and significant indirect pathway via community development. This indicates a full mediation effect, wherein the impact of CSREC on sustainability fully transmitted through community development initiatives. Such findings are consistent with prior studies [49], [50] and align with the theoretical propositions of stakeholder and social capital theory, which emphasize the mediating role of community welfare in achieving sustainable outcomes.\u0026nbsp;Theoretically, both stakeholder theory and social capital theory provide strong justification for this mediated relationship. Stakeholder theory posits that addressing community interests enhances a firm\u0026rsquo;s sustainability by securing social license to operate. Social Capital Theory suggests that investments in local communities improve trust and cooperation, key elements of sustainable development. Together, these empirical findings and theoretical arguments converge to support the notion that \u003cstrong\u003ecommunity development acts as a critical bridge\u003c/strong\u003e through which economic CSR activities lead to enhanced sustainability outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterpretation of Hypotheses Relationships\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on previously proposed hypotheses, structural model results provide empirical evidence supporting the hypothesized relationships among Corporate Social Responsibility Economic Dimension (CSREC), Community Development (CD), and Business Sustainability (BS). These relationships were evaluated using path coefficients, t-values, p-values, and 95% confidence intervals. The following general results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH1. Economic-CSR activities have a significant positive influence on sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH2. Economic-CSR activities have a significant positive influence on community development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH3 Community development has a significant positive influence on sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH4. Community development mediates the association between economic CSR and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the findings reveal that while economic CSR alone is insufficient that directly drive business sustainability, it plays a pivotal role when channeled through \u003cstrong\u003ecommunity development initiatives\u003c/strong\u003e. This underscores the importance of embedding CSR within broader social strategies rather than treating it as an isolated economic function.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section synthesizes the key empirical findings, outlines the main conclusions derived from the data analysis, and presents theoretical and practical implications. The study examined the structural relationships among Corporate Social Responsibility \u0026ndash; Economic Dimension (CSREC), Community Development (CD), and Business Sustainability (BS), utilizing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The analysis aimed to determine both the direct and mediated pathways through which CSREC influences BS, thereby contributing to the literature on stakeholder theory and sustainable corporate practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary of Findings\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study explored the interrelationships among three core constructs: CSREC, CD, and BS. The key findings summarized as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCSREC\u0026rarr;BS: The direct relationship between the economic dimension of CSR and business sustainability was not statistically significant. This suggests that economic-oriented CSR efforts alone (e.g., profitability, cost-efficiency) do not directly drive sustainable business practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCSREC\u0026rarr;CD: A significant positive relationship found, indicating that firms\u0026rsquo; economic CSR practices contribute meaningfully to the development of local communities through job creation, health, education, culture, infrastructure, and income-generating opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCD\u0026rarr;BS: Community Development found to have a strong and significant effect on Business Sustainability, highlighting the critical role of social engagement in ensuring long-term business viability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMediating Effect (CSREC\u0026rarr;CD \u0026rarr;BS): The indirect path from CSREC to BS via CD was significant, confirming that community development fully mediates the relationship. This implies that CSR efforts contribute to business sustainability only when they enhance community well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study concludes that economic CSR activities, while important, are not sufficient in isolation to drive business sustainability. Their effectiveness is contingent upon their contribution to community well-being. The data support a full mediation model, where community development acts as the primary conduit through which CSR practices influence sustainable outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis insight advances the literature on stakeholder and shared value. By emphasizing the interdependence between corporate success and societal progress. It reinforces the theoretical proposition that sustainability is most robust when business strategies embedded in social responsibility frameworks that engage and benefit the broader community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManagerial Implications \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStrategic Integration of CSR: Managers advised to align CSR strategies with the socioeconomic needs of local communities. Programs that directly address education, health, culture, employment, infrastructure, and public services are likely to yield stronger business returns through enhanced legitimacy and trust.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBroaden CSR Performance Metrics: Beyond financial reporting, firms should develop multidimensional CSR performance indicators that include community impact assessments.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStakeholder Engagement: Active participation of local stakeholders in CSR planning and execution enhances contextual relevance, trust, and mutual value creation.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolicy Implications\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIncentivizing Socially Responsible Investments: Governments should formulate policies that provide tax incentives or regulatory benefits for firms that engage in measurable community development activities.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMulti-Sector Collaboration: Public-private partnerships can amplify the scale and impact of community-driven CSR initiatives.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirections for Future Research\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eExploration of Other CSR Dimensions: Future studies may extend this model to include environmental, social, ethical, or philanthropic dimensions of CSR to provide a more comprehensive understanding of its role in sustainability.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eContextual and Sectoral Analyses: Replication of the current study across diverse sectors and geographic settings could reveal contextual factors that influence the CSR-sustainability relationship.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLongitudinal Data Designs: Long-term studies recommended that examine the sustainability outcomes of CSR initiatives over time and account for lag effects.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study filled some economic-CSR interactions on community development and sustainability gaps, but it has some limitations. First, its geographic focus was limited to selected industrial parks within the Amhara region of Ethiopia, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other regions or national contexts. Second, the cross-sectional nature of the research design limits the ability to establish initiatives over time and account for lag effects of the variables studied. Finally, the stakeholder representation was limited to employees and community members, without incorporating insights from policy-makers who may offer different perspectives on CSR and sustainability dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study concludes that economic CSR activities, while important, are not sufficient in isolation to drive business sustainability. Their effectiveness is contingent upon their contribution to community well-being. The data support a full mediation model, where community development acts as the primary conduit through which CSR practices influence sustainable outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis insight advances the literature on stakeholder and shared value. By emphasizing the interdependence between corporate success and societal progress. It reinforces the theoretical proposition that sustainability is most robust when business strategies embedded in social responsibility frameworks that engage and benefit the broader community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eManagerial Implications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrategic Integration of CSR: Managers advised to align CSR strategies with the socioeconomic needs of local communities. Programs that directly address education, health, culture, employment, infrastructure, and public services are likely to yield stronger business returns through enhanced legitimacy and trust.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eBroaden CSR Performance Metrics: Beyond financial reporting, firms should develop multidimensional CSR performance indicators that include community impact assessments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eStakeholder Engagement: Active participation of local stakeholders in CSR planning and execution enhances contextual relevance, trust, and mutual value creation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePolicy Implications\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncentivizing Socially Responsible Investments: Governments should formulate policies that provide tax incentives or regulatory benefits for firms that engage in measurable community development activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eMulti-Sector Collaboration: Public-private partnerships can amplify the scale and impact of community-driven CSR initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDirections for Future Research\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eExploration of Other CSR Dimensions: Future studies may extend this model to include environmental, social, ethical, or philanthropic dimensions of CSR to provide a more comprehensive understanding of its role in sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eContextual and Sectoral Analyses: Replication of the current study across diverse sectors and geographic settings could reveal contextual factors that influence the CSR-sustainability relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eLongitudinal Data Designs: Long-term studies recommended that examine the sustainability outcomes of CSR initiatives over time and account for lag effects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study filled some economic-CSR interactions on community development and sustainability gaps, but it has some limitations. First, its geographic focus was limited to selected industrial parks within the Amhara region of Ethiopia, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other regions or national contexts. Second, the cross-sectional nature of the research design limits the ability to establish initiatives over time and account for lag effects of the variables studied. Finally, the stakeholder representation was limited to employees and community members, without incorporating insights from policy-makers who may offer different perspectives on CSR and sustainability dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Management Department, Debre Markos University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants (or from their legal guardians where applicable).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the participating Parks employees and communities for their cooperation and enthusiasm. I am equally grateful to the SmartPLS team (Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., and Becker, J.-M.) for offering free access to SmartPLS 4 software, which significantly enhanced the statistical analysis and modeling components of my research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptualization:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun, Professor N. Kishore Babu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData curation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFormal analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInvestigation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun, Professor N. Kishore Babu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProject Administration:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResources:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoftware:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupervision:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eProfessor N. Kishore Babu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValidation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eProfessor N. Kishore Babu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVisualization:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWriting – Original Draft:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWriting – Review \u0026amp; Editing:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGetinet Fentahun, Professor N. Kishore Babu.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCarroll AB. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Bus Horizon.1991; 34(4):39\u0026ndash;48.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDahlsrud A. How corporate social responsibility defined an analysis of 37 definitions. 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Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1998. p. 295\u0026ndash;336.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDiamantopoulos A, Siguaw JA. Formative versus reflective indicators in organizational measure development: A comparison and empirical illustration. \u003cem\u003eBritish Journal of Management\u003c/em\u003e. 2006; 17(4):263\u0026ndash;282.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric theory. Third Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBecker JM, Klein K, Wetzels M. Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning. 2012; 45(5\u0026ndash;6):359\u0026ndash;394.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHair JF, Hult GTM, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Third Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFornell C, Larcker DF. 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How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. \u003cem\u003eAustralasian Marketing Journal\u003c/em\u003e. 2022; 30(3):230\u0026ndash;240. https://doi.org/10.1177/18393349211058373\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Second Ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMishra S, Suar D. Does corporate social responsibility influence firm performance of Indian companies? \u003cem\u003eJournal of Business Ethics\u003c/em\u003e. 2010; 95(4):571\u0026ndash;601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0441-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGalbreath J. Drivers of corporate social responsibility: The role of formal strategic planning and firm culture. \u003cem\u003eBritish Journal of Management\u003c/em\u003e. 2009; 21(2):511\u0026ndash;525. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00633.x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDu S, Bhattacharya CB, Sen S. Maximizing business returns to corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of CSR communication. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Management Reviews\u003c/em\u003e. 2010; 12(1):8\u0026ndash;19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00276.x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAguinis H, Glavas A. What we know and do not know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Management\u003c/em\u003e. 2012; 38(4):932\u0026ndash;968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311436079\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZientara P, Zamojska A. Green organizational identity: Evidence from Poland. \u003cem\u003eSocial Responsibility Journal\u003c/em\u003e. 2016; 12(4):706\u0026ndash;722.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAli W, Frynas JG, Mahmood Z. Determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in developed and developing countries: A literature review. \u003cem\u003eCorporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management\u003c/em\u003e. 2017; 24(4):273\u0026ndash;294.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1 to 16 are available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Debre Markos University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CSR, CD, BS, Parks, Amhara, Ethiopia ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777420/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777420/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDespite increasing attention to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), empirical studies have rarely examined how the economic dimension of CSR (CSREC) contributes to business sustainability (BS) through community development (CD), particularly in the context of industrial parks in emerging economies. This study addresses this gap by investigating the mediating role of community development in the relationship between economic CSR and sustainability outcomes. Stratified random and purposive sampling were used to select a sample of 351 employees and surrounding community members respectively, across four industrial parks found in Ethiopia's Amhara Regional State.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study employed a quantitative survey design and analyzed data using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Validated multi-item Likert scales were measured the key constructs Economic CSR, Community Development, and Business Sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings revealed that while Economic CSR activities do not directly influence business sustainability (β = 0.031, p = 0.248), they exert a strong indirect effect through community development (indirect β = 0.373, p \u0026lt; 0.001). Community development showed a significant direct\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eeffect on business sustainability (β = 0.714, p \u0026lt; 0.001), thus confirming a full mediation effect. These results underline the crucial role of social engagement in translating CSR into sustainable business outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, economic-driven CSR alone is insufficient for sustainability unless strategically aligned with community development. The study recommends that firms operating in industrial zones embed their CSR initiatives within broader local development strategies, emphasizing health, education, infrastructure, and cultural programs to enhance social capital and business resilience.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Mediating Role of Community Development in CSR Economic Return -Sustainability Nexus: Evidence from a PLS-SEM Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-08 10:19:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777420/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4e95fa4f-4c2e-4fb5-a8dd-158a7f2a39bd","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":55754394,"name":"Management"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-08T10:19:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-08 10:19:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7777420","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7777420","identity":"rs-7777420","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}